What is this religion?
ພຣະອາຈານ ຣ.ເຄ.ສຣີ.ທັມມະນ ັນທະ ຂຽນ ພຣະອາຈານ ໄຉຊະເ ວ ົງໂສພາ ແປ
lkltƒkoUgxaoco;.fL What is this religion? Ven.Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda
ພຣະອາຈານ ຣ.ເຄ.ສຣີ.ທັມມະນ ັນທະ ຂຽນ ພຣະອາຈານ ໄຉຊະເ ວ ົງໂສພາ ແປ
lkltƒkoUgxaoco;.fL What is this religion? Ven.Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda ພຣະຬາາຌ ຈຣ.ເ.ສຣີ.ັມມະຌ ັຌະ ຂຽຌ ພຣະຬາາຌ ໄຆງະເຈຈ ວ ຺ຄໂສພາ ແຎ ຍ ັຌຌາິກາຌ : ພຣະຣູເຌືຬຄພິລ ັກ ໂຆຉິຬຌ ້ ຌ ຂໍມ ູ າຄຍ ັຌຌາຌຸກ ຺ມຂຬຄຫໍສະໝຸຈແຫຄ່ ຆາຈ ເ.ສຣີ.ັມມະຌ ັຌະ, ພຣະຬາາຌ ຈຣ. ສາສະໜາຌີເ້ ຎັຌແຌວໃຈ? = What is this religion?/ເ.ສຣີ.ັມມະຌ ັຌະ, ພຣະຬາາຌ ຈຣ. ແຎເຎັຌພາສາລາວໂຈງ ໄຆງະເຈຈ ວ ຺ຄໂສພາ, ພຣະຬາາຌ.--ວຽຄ ັຌ: ວ ັຈຬ ຺ຄຉື້ມະຫາວິຫາຌ ອວ ັ ງາ, 2012 ່ ມກ ັຍສ ໍາຌ ັກພິມໂຆຉິຎຌ 70 ໜາ້ ; 18 ຆມ 1. ພຸຈະສາສະໜາ. I. ຆື່ ເລື່ ຬຄ 294.305—dc21 ISBN: 978-9932-00-017-3
ພິມແກເຎັຌັມມະາຌ ອູຍໜາ້ ຎ຺ກ : ອູຍແຉມ ້ ພຸຈະຎະຫວ ັຈໂຈງ ເຫມເວຈຆະກຬຌ ຬຬກແຍຍຎ຺ກ: ພຣະໄຆງະເຈຈ ວ ຺ຄໂສພາ ້ ະຫາວິຫາຌ ອວ ັຈພິມໂຈງ: ວ ັຈຬ ຺ຄຉືມ ັ ງາ ່ ມກ ັຍສ ໍາຌ ັກພິມໂຆຉິຎຌ ພິມຄີ 1: ກຸມພາ 2012 ັ້ າຌວຌພິ ມ: 5,000 ຫ ຺ວ ໍ ຂະໜາຈ: B6 (5 X 7") ພິມີ່ : ຎະລິຌຈາ ກາຌພິມ, ເຂຈຍາຄເຂຌ, ກຸຄເຍມະຫາຌະຬຌ ຉາມະຍຽຌພິມ: 046ພ08022012 ຬຸຎະຊາໂຈງ: ສິຈສາຌຸສຈ ໍ ິ ຂຬຄພຣະຬາາຌ ຈຣ.ເ.ສຣີ ັມມະຌ ັຌະ © ສະຫຄວຌລິຂະສິຈໂຈງ: ພຣະຬາາຌ ໄຆງະເຈຈ ວ ຺ຄໂສພາ
ພິມກຽປັນທັມມະທານ ຽນື່ ຬຄເນຬກາດຄານບຸນຬາຍຸວ ັດທະນະມຸຄຸນ ຂຬຄ ພຣະຬາານເຫຍ ່ ດຣ.ມະຫາຜຬ ່ ຄ ສະມາຽລີກ, ປະທານສູນກາຄຬ ຺ຄການພຸດທະສາສະໜາສາພ ັນລາວ ຺ບອຬບ 97 ປີ , 75 ພ ັນສາ ເນວ ັນທີ 10 ຽມສາ 2555 (2012) ້ ະຫາວິຫານ, ນະຬນຫົ ວຄວຼຄ ັນ. ທີ່ ວ ັດຬ ຺ຄຕືມ
ສາຣະຍ ັຌ າກສາຌ ັກຑິມ......................................................................i າຌາຂຬຄຏູ ້ ຎ..................................................................iii 1. ຽຊິຄາ່ ຌຏູຬ ້ າ່ ຌີ່ ອ ັກຑຄ.................................................1 2. ມຈຆິ ັ ມາຎະຉິຎະາ(າຄສາງກາຄ)....................................2 3. ຽອັຈສິ່ ຄໃຈໄຈສ ິ ຌ........................................................5 ັ້ ້ ່ ຄຌ 4. ຍຣ ຺ມູຏງ .່ ............................................................6 ິ ້ ູ ່ ຄໃຫງ 5. ສ ັຌຉິຑາຍ,ວາມຏາສຸກ ລະກາຌຫົຸຈຑຌ.........................10 ຺້ 6. ຍຣ ຺ມສຸກຫຄ ່ ສວຄສະຫວ ັຌ..............................................12 ້ ໃ............................12 7. ວາມຬ ຺ຈ຺ຌຬ ຺ຈກຌັ ້ ລະວາມຽຂ຺າ 8. ວິຊຆ ີ ວ ີ ຈ ິ ......................................................................13 9. ມະຌຸຈສາມາຈຐຶກຐ ຺ຌຉ ຺ຌຽຬຄໄຈ.້ .....................................14 10. ວາມຽຎັຌິຄ.............................................................15 11. ສາສະໜາີ່ ມີວາມຬິຈສະຫົະ.......................................15 12. ງຬມອ ັຍວາມສາມາຈຂຬຄມະຌຸຈ..................................16 13. ຽຎັຌໄຎໄຈຍ ້ ?.............................................................17 14. ຽຫຈລະຎັຈໄ..........................................................19 15. ຽຎັຌສາສະໜາີ່ ັຌສະໄໝ...........................................19 16. ຍ່ ມີກາຌຍຄ່ ງກ.......................................................20 17. ວາມຽຎັຌຬະຌິຈ ັຄ....................................................21 18. າຄຂ ້ ຬຄຫົ ັກສິຌັມາຄຑຸຈະສາສະໜາ...................22 19. ຸຈຎະສ ຺ຄຂຬຄຑວກຽອ຺າ................................................22 20. ຽຂ຺້າສູຑ ່ າກຑາສາຬ ັຄກິຈ................................................24 21. Glossary: າສ ັຍໃຌຎຶ້ ມຽຫົັ ້ມຌີ.້ ......................................42 22. ກຼ່ ວກ ັຍຏູຂ ້ ຼຌ.............................................................61
າກາຌ ັກພິມ ຎຶໄ ມ ັມ ມະຌ ຨ ຺ ໄ ງໂຽວົັ ໄ ມ ຌີໄ ຽວັ ຌລ ໃາ ມີ ຸ ຌ ຎະວງຈວົ າງພ ມ ລຌ ຽໝາະກ ກ ຸ ະາະໜາຉືໃ ມຨີ ກ ຈງະ ໃ າຌຌ າະຽໜີ ພ ຈ ຽພາະກ ໃ ຌ ັກຶກາ, ຎັຌງາຆ ຺ຌ, ະຌ ັກ ຺ຄແັຄວົ າງ ີໃ ງ ັຄມີຂ ໄ ຂຨ ໄ ຄເຍາຄຢໃາຄກຼໃ ລກ ັຍາະໜາຌີ.ໄ ຌຨກາກຌີໄ ຏູຂ ໄ ຼຌຎຶໄ ມຽວົັ ໄມຌີໄ ກຊືລາໃ ຽຎັຌພຣະມະວາຽຊຣະຨ ຺ຄາ ັຌຂຨຄລ ຺ຄກາຌພຸຈະາະໜາ າກີ ັຄກາ ີໃ ແຈພ ຸ ະາະໜາຈງວງໄ ໄ ະງາງາມຌາະຽໜີພຈ ໄ ເຌເລາມາ ັຌຽພືໃ ຨມຨຍຽຨ຺ າແລຽໄ ຎັ ຌູມ ຉແ ໃ ຈຽໄ ຌືຨ ໃ ເື ຌກາຌຶກ າພຸຈະາະໜາ. າຄາຌ ັກພິມິໃ ຄຂຆ ຺ມຽຆີງະະຈຄລາມມຸິຉາ ຨະຌຸມ ະຌາມາງ ັຄາໃ ຌພຣະຨາາຌ ແຆງະຽຈຈ ລ ຺ຄພາ ີໃ ພະງາງາມ ຊ າໃ ງຨຈຊຨຈລາມໝາງຂຨຄພາາຨ ຄັ ກິຈ ມາູໃພ າາາລເວໄ ພລກຽຩ຺າແຈຩ ໄ ັຍຩູ ໄ າກລ ຺ຄກາຌພຸຈະາະໜາເຌຉາໃ ຄຈຌແລຌ ໄ ະີໃ ໄ ລ ຌີຈ ໄ ງ ະງິຌຈີເວພ ໄ ິມຽຏີງຏຽໃ ພືໃ ຨຽຎັຌຎະວງຈກພ ໃ ຣະພຸຈະ າະໜາະ ັຄ ຺ມາລຽຩ຺າືຍຉໃ ແຎ. ີໃ ລ ັຈລິຈ 2012 ິ ັມມາຣາມ(ລຼຄະຽີຌ), ລ ັຌີ 29ມຄກຨຌ ັ ຉ.ຏູຨ ັ ງາ ໄ າຌລງກາຌາຌ ັກພິມຆຉິຎຌ ພຣະຣູຽຌືຨຄພິ ັກ ຆຉິຨຌ(ຎະາຌີໃ ຎຶ ກາາຌ ັກພິມ)
i
າຌາຂຨຄຏູ ໄ ຎ
ຎືໄ ມຌຨ ັ ະໜູຌກາຌພິ ມ ໄ ງໂີໃ າ ໃ ຌກາຄັ ຨາໃ ຌຢູໃຌ ີໄ ແຈຩ ໄ ັຍຶ ຌະໜຍ າກຆາລມາຽຽຆງ ຽຎັ ຌ ຎຶໄ ມ ີໃ ຂຼຌຈງພຣະຨາາຌ ຈຣ.ຽ.ຣີ ັມມະຌ ັຌະ ຽຎັຌພຣະ ຺ຄຆາລີ ັຄກາ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີາ ັຌຨ ຺ຄໜຶໃຄ ຽກີຈເຌ ຎີ 1919 ີໃ ພາກເຉຂ ໄ ຨຄີ ັຄກາ, ຽພິໃ ຌຽຎັຌພຣະັມມະູຈ າງມາ ຽຽຆງະິຄກະຎ. ຽຊິຄມຌລ ໃ າໃ ຽພິໃ ຌະລ ໃ ຄ ັຍຈ ັຍຂ ັຌແຎລ ໄ ຽມືໃ ຨ ຎີ 2006, ຉ ຏ ຺ ຄາຌຂຨຄຽພິໃ ຌກ ງ ຄັ ຽຎັ ຌ ຨະມະຉະ ຽຎັ ຌ ຉ ລ ຺ ໃ ຌ ຌວຄ ໃ າຨຌຂຨຄຽພິໃ ຌກຆ ໃ າລພຸຈຢາໃ ຄຍໃ ມີລ ັຌືຈາຄ. ໄ ເຌຍຍກະັຈ ຩ ັຈ ຎຶໄ ມ ຽວົັ ໄ ມ ຌີໄ ຉ ຌ ຺ໄ ະຍ ຍ ັ ຽຎັ ຌ ພາາຨ ຄັ ກິຈ ມີຽ ຌືຨ ກລມລມ ຽພືໃ ຨຌະຌ າເວໄ ຌ ຺ ຩູ ໄ ັກພຸຈ ະາະໜາ ຈງະ ໄ ໜກ ຽພາະມຌຽຌັ ຌ ັ ເຏ ໃ ໃ ຨ ໄ ູ າໃ ຌຆາລຉາໃ ຄຆາຈ. ຉ ໃ າ ັຍ ຺ຌາລຽຩ຺າ ີໃ ຽີງຌ ັຍຊືພຈ ຸ ະາະໜາມາຈ ຺ຌຌາຌລ ໄ ກງ ັຄຽວັ ຌລາໃ າຽຎັຌີໃ ລຌະຨາໃ ຌຢູໃ ຽພາະລາໃ ຍາຄີ ຽຩ຺າຨາຈະງ ັຄຍໃ ັຌ ຽຂ຺ໄາເເຌາ ໄ ີຎ າຌເຈ. ະຌ ຌ, ະໜາີໃ ຍ ຌ ັ ພະຍຸຸຈຽຩ຺າ ຽີງຌ ັຍຊືືຍກ ັຌມາຌີຈ ັໄ ິໃ ຄເວຊ ື າໃ ຎືໄ ມຌຨ ື ໃ ີຌາຽຨ຺ າຽືໃ ຨຄຽກ຺ໃ າ ມາ ໄ ລ ໄ ງໂຽວົັ ໄມຌີໄ ຎຼຍຽໝືຨຌູມ ໃ ຌາະຽໜີເໝໃ ຽພືໃ ຨເວຽໄ ຂ຺ໄາເຉືໃ ມຨີກ. ີໃ ິຄ ລ ໄ ຎືໄ ມຽວົັ ໄ ມຌີໄ ຨາຈະຽຎັ ຌ ິໃ ຄມາຢາໄ ຽຉືຨ ຌເວໄຽ ຩ຺າ ຩູຨ ໄ ີກ ລ າໃ ພຣະພຸຈະາະໜາຌຌ ັ ໄ ຍໃ ແຈຽໄ ຎັ ຌະຍຍ ຺ ລາມຽຆືໃ ຨຍຍວົ ໄາວົ ຄັ , ງ ັຄ ຺ຄັຌະແໝເໝຨ ໃ ຼໃ ມຢູ ໃ ະຽໝີ ຽຊິຄມຌລ ໃ າໃ ະຽຎັຌາະໜາີໃ ໄ ມາແຈ ຽກີຈຂືຌ ໄ ຨຄພ ັຌຎາງກລາໃ ຎີ ລ ໄ ກຉາມ. ຽມືໃ ຨຽຎັຌຌລຌີໄ ຽຩ຺າ
ii
ໃ ັ ີໃ ລຌພາກ ັຌວຌ ັ ມາຶກາຌ ຺ໄ ລ ໄ າພຸຈະາະໜາຉືໃ ມ ຽໝື ຨຌຈຄ ຎະຽຈີໃ ະຽີຌ ຽຆັໃ ຌ ເຌະລີຍຨາຽມຣິກາ ະຢູຣຍ ຽຂ຺ າຽ຺ໄາ ກາ ັຄຶກາະວ ັຌມາຌ ັຍຊືກ ັຌຢາໃ ຄມາກມາງ. ຌຨກາກຎຶໄ ມຌີໄ ະຽຎັ ຌູມ ື ຌະຌາພຸຈະາະໜາລ ໃ ໄ ງ ັຄຽຎັ ຌ ຎະວງຈກຌ ໃ ັກຶກາ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ ຺ຌເຩຼຌພາາຨ ັຄກິຈ ຈງະຽພາະ ມຌກ ໃ ຼໃ ລກ ັຍລາມຩູ ໄ າຄພຸຈະາະໜາ ຽຆິໃ ຄເຌີໃ ຌີໄ ຂາໄ ພະຽ຺າໄ ກ ແຈຌ ໄ າຽຨ຺ າພາກພາາຨ ັຄກິຈະຎະມລຌາ ັຍເຌຎຶໄ ມ ະັຄວາ ມາຉືໃ ມເ ຨ ູ າໃ ຌີໃ ຌ ຺ ເພາກຌີໄ າ ໃ ີກ ຽຨ຺ າ ແລ ໄ ໄາ ງຽວົັ ໄ ມ ຽພືໃ ຨເວໄຏໄຨ ມາຈເຽໃ ພືໃ ຨຎຼຍຼຍາຎເກ ໃ ັຌ. ວລ ັຄຢາໃ ຄງິໃ ຄລາໃ ຎືໄ ມຌຨ ໄ ງໂຽວົັ ໄມຌີໄ ະຽຎັຌຎະວງຈກ ໃ າໃ ຌຏູຨ ໄ າໃ ຌ ຽພືໃ ຨຽີມາໄ ຄລາມຽຂ຺ໄາເກຼໃ ລກ ັຍພຸຈະາະໜາເວຈ ີ ຌ ືໄ ຉືໃ ມຨີກຍໃ ໄ ຂ ວົ າງກຌຨ ໄ ງ ະຽຌືໃ ຨຄາກລາໃ ພາາຉາໃ ຄຎະຽຈຽຎັຌິໃ ຄີໃ ງາກພ ຺ມລຌ ະາຌລຌາຄັມມະຌຌ ັ ໄ ກຽຎັຌິໃ ຄີໃ ຽິກຽຆິໃ ຄ ຍາຄີ ຨາຈມີໃ ຄເຈຂາຈຉ ິ ຺ກຍ ຺ກຏຨ ໃ ຄ ຂາໄ ພະຽ຺າໄ ກຂຨະແພມາງ ັຄາໃ ຌຏູຩ ໄ ແູໄ ລ ໄ ໄ ລ ຌະີໃ ຌີຈ ໄ ງ. ີໃ ລ ັຈຨ ຺ຄຉືໄມະວາລິວາຌ,ລ ັຌີ 26 ມຄກຨຌ 2012 ັ ພຣະຨາາຌ ແຆງະຽຈຈ ລ ຺ຄພາ
iii
ຘາຘະໜາຌີຽໄ ຎັຌຌທເຈ? ຽຊິຄາໃ ຌຏູບ ໄ າໃ ຌີໃ ປ ັກຑຄ ຸກ ຺ຌາຽຎັຌຉບ ໄ ຄຓີຘາຘະໜາ ຖະຘາຘະໜາຌຌັ ໄ ະຉບ ໄ ຄຽຎັ ຌຘາ ຘະໜາີໃ ຘບຈບ ັ ງາ. ຊາໄ ຍຸກ ຺ຌເຈ ຍໃ ປ ັກຘາຘີຌ ໃ ຄກ ັຍກາຌເຆຘ ໄ ະຉິຎຌ ເຌຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃ ຄ ຍຸກ ຺ຌຌຌັ ໄ ກະຽຎັຌບ ັຌຉະຖາງຉໃ ຘ ັຄ ຺ຓ. ຈງ ຽນຈຌີຽໄ ບຄ ິໃ ຄຍໃ ຓີທາຓຘ ຺ຄແຘຽຖີງທາໃ ຽຎັຌນງ ັຄຌ ັກທິະງາຘາຈ ຖະ ຌ ັກິຈຉະທິະງາິໃ ຄຽຎີ ຈກທ ໄ າຄຖກະັຈຂບຄຑທກຽປ຺າ ຉຑ ໃ ທກຽຂ຺າ ຍໃ ຘາຓາຈ ີໃ ະຍບກກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຽຎ຺ໄາໝາງເຌຆີທິຈຂບຄຑທກຽປ຺າແຈ .ໄ ຉ ໃ ໄ ຈ .ໄ ຘະຌ ຌ, ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຈີຘ າຓາຈຍບກຽຖືໃ ບຄຌີແ ັໄ ຌ ຺ ຽປ຺ າ ິໃ ຄຘ ຓ ຺ ທຌ ຽຖື ບ ກຌ ັຍຊືຘ າຘະໜາ ີໃ ຓີ ທາຓໝາງ ຖະນົ ກ ັ ຽນຈຏ ຌ ຺ ຉາຓຘ ຈ ັ າ ຂບຄຉ ຺ຌ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌບີຄບາແຘຑຼຄຉຉ ໃ າຓທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ, ຉາຓ ຎະຽຑຌີ, ປີຈບຄຖະິຈຘະຈີເຈໂ. ກາຌຍຄັ ັຍເນ ໄ ຺ຌບືໃຌ ເນໄຌ ັຍຊື ຘາຘະໜາຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຈງຘທງເຆ ໄ ທາຓຸກ, ທາຓຍໃ ປູໜ ໄ ັຄຘື ຖະທາຓ ປູຘ ຶ ບບ ັ ໄ ຌຘິໃ ຄຍໃ ທຌ.ກາຌຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາທຌ ໄ ກ ໃ ຌບຂບຄ ຺ຌບືໃຌຌຌຽຎັ ະຽຎັ ຌ ແຎຉາຓຖ ກ ັ ຘະຌະຘະໝກ ັ ເ. ຓະຌຸຈ ທຌະຓີຽ ຘຖີ ຑ າຍເຌ ກາຌຽຖືບກຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຉາຓທາຓຓກັ ຖະທາຓຘາຓາຈ າຄຘະຉິຎຌ ັ ງາ. ກາຌຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາຍຍຄ ຺ຓຄທາງ ຈງຍໃ ຽຂ຺ໄາເ ກ ະຽຎັຌກາຌຽຘືໃ ບຓຽຘງຸຌາໃ າຄຈາໄ ຌິຈເ ຖະຘູຌຽຘງກຼຈຘ ັກຘີ ຂບຄທາຓຽຎັ ຌ ຓະຌຸຈ ຂບຄຏູໄຌ ັຍຊືຘ າຘະໜາຌ ຌໂ. ຓະຌຸຈ ຓີຘ ະຉິ ັໄ ຎັຌງາ ຖະຘາຓຌຘ ັ າຌຶກີໃ ະປູ ໄ ັກາຌກທາໃ ບ ັຌເຈຊືກ ຖະບ ັຌເຈ 1
ຏິຈ. ຑທກຽຂ຺າຘາຓາຈຎັຍຉ ຺ທເນຽໄ ຂ຺ໄາກ ັຍຘະຑາຍກາຌຉາໃ ຄໂແຈ.ໄ ຈທ ໄ ງ ຽນຈຌີໄ ຑທກຽຂ຺າິໃ ຄທຌະຽຖືບກຘາຘະໜາ ີໃ ຽຂ຺ໄາກ ັຍຑທກຽຂ຺າແຈ ໄ ຖະຉບຍຘະໜບຄກ ັຍຑູຓຎັຌງາຂບຄທາຓຽຎັຌຓະຌຸຈຂບຄຑທກຽຂ຺າ. ຑທກຽຂ຺າທຌະແຈປ ໄ ັຍກາຌຌະຌາຘໃຄັ ຘບຌດາ ໃ ຄຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓ. ທຌະເນ ັ ຘີຌຌ ັຍຊື ຈງຎາຈຘະ ໄ ບກາຈຽຂ຺ າຽ຺າໄ ຽນົໃ ຺ າຌຌັ ໄ ຓີຘິຈຉຈ າກກາຌຌາຍຂູໃ ຈງຎະກາຌັຄຎທຄ.
ຓ ັຈຆິຓາຎະຉິຎະາ(າຄຘາງກາຄ) ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຌາຘະຽໜີ ເຌຎຶໄ ຓຌບ ໄ ງໂຽນົັ ໄຓຌີໄ ຽຎັ ຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ກ ຼໃ ທກ ັຍຖະຍ ຍ ຺ ກາຌຘຶ ກ ຘາ ຖະຑາກຎະຉິ ຍ ຈ ັ ຽຑືໃ ບກາຌຑ ຈ ັ ະຌາ ິຈ ເ ຽຆິໃ ຄແຈ ຽໄ ຏີ ງ ຏໃ ກ ໃ ຖກຌີຽໄ ຎັ ຌ ຽທຖາ 25 ຘະຉະທ ັຈຏໃາ ຌຓາ ຈງຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓຓະູຏໄຉ ູ ັຈຘະປູໄ ຖະຓີຑຕະຓະນາກະຕຸຌາິຌ ຸ ດໃາ ຄ ງິໃ ຄ. ຑຕະຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຽຎັ ຌ ີໃ ປູ ໄ ັກບີ ກ ຆືໃ ໜຶໃ ຄເຌຌາຓຂບຄຓ ັຈຆິ ຓ າ ຎະຉິ ຎ ະາ ຽຆິໃ ຄຽຎັ ຌ ນ ຌ ຺ າຄຂບຄກາຌຈ າຽຌີຌ ຆີທິຈ ດໃາ ຄຊືກ ຉ ບ ໄ ຄ, ຽຎັຌຖະຍ ຺ຍຎັຈຆະງາະຕິງະັຓ ຖະຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜານຄ ໃ ຽຘຖີຑາຍ ຖະຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ. ຈງຓີາຘບຌດູຘ ໃ າຓນົ ັກກາຌເນງ ໃ :ື “ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັ ໄຌາກ ກາຌຽປັຈທາຓຆໃທ຺ ັຄຎທຄ, ກາຌຘາໄ ຄຉ ໃ ທາຓຈີ ຖະຆາຖະິຈເ ເນຏ ໄ ບ ໃ ຄເຘ.” າຽທ຺ໄາຌີຽໄ ຍິໃ ຄືທາໃ າຓະຈາ, ຓີທາຓໝາງຈີ, ືຆຎ ິ ະຉິຍ ັຈ ຉາຓແຈ,ໄ ຉທ ໃ າໃ ຺ຌຘທ ໃ ຌເນງຽໃ ນັ ຌທາໃ ງາກຑຘ ຺ຓທຌີໃ ະຌາຽບ຺ າ ແຎຎະຉິ ຍຈ ັ ຉທ ຺ ິຄ ຽຌືໃ ບຄາກຓະຌຸຈ ຓີທາຓບ ບ ໃ ຌບຓາຉ ໃຽຈີຓ ດູໃ ຖທ ໄ . ກາຌຎະຑຶຈາຄຘີຖະັຓຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ ຽຎັຌຑາກຘທ ໃ ຌີໃ ຘາ ັຌີໃ 2
ຘຸຈເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີ.ໄ ຑຕະຉະຊາ ຺ຈຽີງຉຈ ັ ຽບ຺ າແທທ ໄ າໃ : “າຘບຌຂບຄ ໃ ຺ ຓາ ຽປ຺າຉະ ຊາ ຺ຈ ຍໃ ແຈ ຓ ໄ ແີ ທ ຽໄ ຑືໃ ບເນຓ ໄ າຽຆືໃ ບຊືຖຈ, ຉເໃ ນໄາ ໃ ຌຄ ຽຍິໃ ຄ ຖະຎະ ຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓຽຊີຈ”. ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຘໃຄ຺ ຽຘີຓເນ ໄ ຺ຌຓາຘຶກ ຘາຉາຓາຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະຑຸຈະບ ຺ຄດາ ໃ ຄຽຖິກຽຆິໃ ຄ ຖະຽຎີ ຈບກາຈ ເນໄຑິ ຌ ຈ ິ ຑິ າຖະຌາຈ ທ ຺ ຽບຄ ຖ ໄທ ິໃ ຄຉ ຈ ັ ຘີຌ ເງບຓປ ັຍຌ ັຍຊື ໄ ງຉ ຌ ຉາຓາຘບຌ ນົື ະຍໃ ຌ ັຍຊືກແຈ.ໄ ຍໃ ຓີເຏະຊືກຍຄັ ັຍເນໄຓາຌ ັຍຊືຘ າ ໄ າ ຘະໜາຌີດ ໃ ຄຄ ຺ຓຄທາງ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌາທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເເຌາ ຘບຌຽຘງກບ ໃ ຌ. ຘ າຖ ຍ ັ ປູຍ ກາຌຑິ ີ ກ ັຓຉ ໃາ ຄໂ ງ ຄັ ຍໃ ັຌ ຓ ຌ ໃ ຸຌ ໃາ ນົື ຘໃ ິ ຄ ຘາ ັຌ ີ າຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຍຍຄ ຺ຓຄທາງ ຖະ ໄ ຄິ ຂບຄຘາຘະໜາ. ຍໃ ແຈຓ ໄ ກ ກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈ ນົືາຘບຌີໃ ຽຖິກຖ ັຍເຈໂ. ຸກດາໃ ຄຓຌຽຎີ ຈຽຏີງ ຖະ ໃ ຽຎີ ຈ ບກາຈເນໄ ຏໄຎ ູ ະຉິ ຍ ຈ ັ ຉາຓ ຓີຽ ຘຖີ ຑ າຍເຌກາຌຑິ ຘ ູຈ າຘບຌ ຖະຉ ຄ ັ ໄ າຊາຓເຌຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຑທກຽຂ຺ າ ຽ຺ໄາຘ ຄ຺ ແຘ ຽຑືໃ ບກ ແໄ ຂຂ ໄຂບ ໄ ຄເ. ບີຄຉາຓຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓຘາຘະຈາເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີ,ໄ ຺ຌຽປ຺າຍໃ ທຌະຌ ັຍຊື ຘິໃ ຄເຈໂຑຼຄຉທ ູ າາຌຘາ ັຌຘໃຄັ ຘບຌຓາ ນົືງບ ໃ າໃ ຓີບ ໄ ຌຓີ ຺ຌຌ ັຍຊື ຘືຍໂກ ັຌຓາດາໃ ຄນົ ທຄ ນົ າງ ຉ ັ າຌຶກ ຖະຎັຌງາ ໃ ທຌະເຆຘ ໄ າຓຌຘ ຑືໄຌຊາຌ ຖະຌ ັຍຊືຽຓືໃ ບຽນັ ຌທາໃ ທຌາໃ ກກ ໃ າຌຌ ັຍຊື. ໄ ບຌ ນົ ກ ຘາຘະໜາຌີຘ ັ ບະຕິງະຓ ັກຓ ີ ຺ຄຎຈຽຆິໃຄຎະກບຍຓີ: ໌ ບ ຘຓ ັ ຓາິ ຈ ຊິ, ຘ ຓ ັ ຓາຘ ຄັ ກ ັຍຎະ, ຘ ຓ ັ ຓາທາາ, ຘ ຓ ັ ຓາກ ັຓຓ ັຌຉາ, ຘ ັຓຓາບາຆີທະ, ຘ ັຓຓາທາງະຓະ, ຘ ັຓຓາຘະຉິ ຖະຘ ັຓຓາຘະຓາິ ຽຎັຌ ນຌ ຺ າຄຓ ັຈຆິຓາຎະຉິຎະາີໃ ຽຎັຌໜຶໃ ຄຈຼທ ຽຑືໃ ບຌາແຎຘູກ ໃ າຌຈາຽຌີຌ
3
ຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຎະຽຘີຈ ຖະຽປັຈເນຏ ໄ ຎ ໄ ູ ະຉິຍ ັຈບືໃຌໂບີກຘາຓາຈຌາແຎຘູກ ໃ າຌຈາ ຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຓີທາຓຘະນຄຍຘຸ ຺ ກແຈ.ໄ ໄຌາຄນຄ ຓຈຆິ ັ ຓາຎະຉິຎະາ ຍໃ ຓຌັຄຽຘັ ັ ຆະງາ1 ໃ ໃ ບະຑິຎຈ ໄຌາຄີໃ ຽຌັຌ ໄ ແຎາຄຑິີກ ັຓ, ຍໃ ຓຌຖ ຖະຍໃ ຓຌຽຘັ ໃ ໃ ັຈິາຑີຉາງຉ ຺ທ, ຍໃ ຓຌຖ າຉາຓເ ິ ຈ ິ ຘາ(ທາຓຘ ຺ຄແຘ), ຍໃ ຓຌກາຌກະ ໃ ັຈິນຄ ໃ ທິກ ໃ ຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ, ັຄຍໃ ຓຌກາຌ ຖະຓາຌຉ ຺ຌ, ຍໃ ຓຌຖ ິ ັຌຈບຌຌິງ ຺ຓ, ຍໃ ໃ ໃ ັຈິຌຕ ຓຌຖ ັ ິ ຌ ັຈຊິຌງ ິ ຺ຓ(ຖຈ ັ ິ ຽ ຆືໃ ບທາໃ ຸກດໃາ ຄຘູຌຽຎ຺ໃ າ), ຍໃ ຓຌຖ ັ ິ ໃ ີ ໃ ຈ ໃ ຈ ຽນັ ຌ ຸກ ດໃ າ ຄຽຎັ ຌ າຄຖ ຍ ຺ ຖະັຄ ຍໃ ຓ ຌ ັ ິ ໃ ີ ຽນັ ຌ ຸກ ດໃາ ຄຽຎັ ຌ ໃ ຖຈ າຄຍທກ; ຉ ໃຓ ັຌຓຌນ ຺ າຄຘູກ ັ ຘະປູ,ໄ ຽຎັ ຌ ທິີາຄຂບຄ ໃ ຌ ໃ າຌຉຈ ກາຌນົຸ ຈຑ ຌ ຺ໄ ບບກາກທາຓຸກ . ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄຍໃ ຽນັ ຌ ຈີທ າໃ ຓະຌຸຈ ີໃ ໄ ຈ ກາຖ ັຄຸກຖະຓາຌເຌຖກຌີຎ ັ ຸຍ ັຌຌີໄ ງບ ໄ ຌຓີຽນຈຓາາກຍາຍກ ັຓີໃ ຍຌ ັ ຑະຍຸຖຸຈຂບຄຉຌ ຺ ຽບຄແຈກ ໄ ະາຓາ; ຉເໃ ຌາຄກ ຺ຄກ ັຌຂາໄ ຓ ຸກ ໂ ຺ຌຓີຍຌ ຸ ຖະຍາຍຽຎັຌຂບຄຘະຽຑາະຉ ຺ຌ. ຓະຌຸຈຽບຄຽ຺ໃ າຌຌຽຎັ ຌຏູແ ັໄ ໄ ຈໄ ປ ັຍທາຓຘຸກ ນົືທາຓຸກຈທ ໄ ງຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ. ຏູຎ ັ ຓາຎະຉິຎະາ ນົືາຄຘາງກາຄ ທຌີໃ ໄ ະຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓຓຈຆິ ະຘະນທຄນາຘ ຌ ັ ຉິ ຘ ຸກ ຖະທາຓຘຸກ ຖະທຌີໃ ະຘາຓາຈ ຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຈີຌ ີໄ ຈງຎາຈຘະາກກາຌຉ ຺ກຽຎັຌາຈນຄ ໃ ບາ ງະຉະ ຌະຂບຄຉ ຌ ຺ , ິໃ ຄະຎະກບຍຘ ໃທ ຌຘູໃຘ ຌ ັ ຉິ ຑ າຍຖະທາຓຘາຓ ັກີ ກ ຺ຓກຼທຂບຄຖກຌີແໄ ຈ.ໄ
1
A metaphysical path: ຽຘັໄຌາຄີໃ ຽຎັຌບະຑິຎຈ ູ ແຈງ ັ ຆະງາ, ຽຆິໃ ຄຽຎັຌຽຘັໄຌາຄີໃ ຑິຘຈ ໄ າກ.
າທາໃ ບະຑິຎຈ ັ ຆະງາ ໝາງຽຊິຄຎັຈຆະງາີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ຖະຽຎັຌຌາຓັຓ.
4
ຽປັຈຘິໃ ຄເຈແຈຘ ິ ຌັໄ ໄ ໃ ຄຌ ຘາຘະໜາຌີແໄ ຈຓ ໄ ບຍປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເບ ັຌຽຖິກຽຆິໃ ຄ ຖະຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ກຓ ັ ໄ ໃ ທາຓຽັໃ ຄຉຶຄທຸຌ ໃ ະຌຸຈ ຌບກາກຌີໄ ງ ັຄບ ຺ຈ຺ຌບ ຺ຈກຌຉ ໃ ທາງເຌ ຆີທຈ ິ ຎະາທ ັຌຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ, ຆທ ຺ ຑຌ ັ ກ ັຍ ໃ ງຽນົື ບຓະຌຸຈເຌກາຌຉິຈຉໃ ຑທ ຽຑືໃ ບຌຓະຌຸຈຈທ ໄ ງກ ັຌ ຌບກາກຌີໄ ງ ັຄຆີໄຌາຘູຽໃ ຎ຺ໄາໝາງນຄ ໃ ກາຌຈາ ຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ . ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຍໃ ຽປັຈເນຓ ໄ ະຌຸຈຽກີຈທາຓດໄາຌກ ຺ທ. “ຽປັຈ ຈີງບ ໃ ຓແຈຈ ໄ ,ີ ຽປັຈຆໃທ຺ ງບ ໃ ຓແຈຆ ໄ ໃທ຺ ”. “ຸກກາຌກະາງບ ໃ ຓຓີຏ ຺ຌຉາຓຓາ”. ໄ ືກ ຺ຈຽກຌຂບຄຘາກ ຺ຌ. ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຽນັ ຌ ຈີຉ າຓນົ ກ ຌີ ັ 3 ຎະກາຌຌີ,ໄ ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີໄ ຺ຌຽປ຺າງບ ໃ ຓແຈປ ໄ ັຍ “ເຌຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຉ ຺ຌຽບຄກະາຖ ຺ຄແຎ”. ກ ັຓ ໄ າກ ທາຓຖຍ, ທາຓກຈ ຖະບະທິຆາ ຆໃທ຺ ງບ ໃ ຓຽກີຈກໃ ຽກີຈຂືຌ ຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ . ຘະຑາຍທາຓບ ບ ໃ ຌບຽຆັໃ ຌຌີໄ ຘາຓາຈຽບ຺ າຆະຌະແຈ ໄ ຈທ ຺ ຽບຄ. ທາຓຘຸກ ຖະທາຓ ຸກີໃ ຓະຌຸຈ ໄ ງກາຌປູ ໄ ຄໄ ຈທ ໄ ງຉຌ ກາຖ ັຄຎະຘ ຺ຍດູເໃ ຌຖກຌີໄ ຍໃ ແຈຽໄ ກີຈຓາາກບິຈິຑ ຺ຌຑາງຌບກຉດ ໃ າໃ ຄ ໄ າກກາຌກະາຈີ ຖະຆໃທ຺ , າຽທ຺ໄາຖະກາຌກະາີໃ ເຈ ຉຽໃ ກີຈຂືຌ ໄ ໃ ຄກ ຉຌ ຺ ຽບຄແຈ ຽໄ ປັ ຈ ຖ ຄ຺ ແຎ. ຈ ທ ຺ ຌີຽໄ ບຄ, ຘາຘະໜາຌີ ິ າໃ ທທ າໃ : ໄ ງຽນຈຏ ຌ “ຑທກຽປ຺າຽຎັຌດູ ໃ ຌທຌີໄ ງບ ໄ ຌຓີຏ ຺ຌຓາາກບະຈີຈ,ຖະຽປ຺າກະແຈປ ໄ ັຍ ຏ ຺ຌເຌບະຌາ ຺ຈ າກຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຽປ຺າຽຎັຌເຌຎັຈຸຍ ັຌ”. ບີຄຉາຓາຘບຌຌີ,ໄ ຽນຈ ຖະຎັຈແ ຽຎັຌຘທ ໃ ຌໜຶໃ ຄີໃ ຘາ ັຌນົ າງເຌ ຆີທຈ ິ ຂບຄຑທກຽປ຺າ. ເຌທ ຺ຄບຌຂບຄຽນຈ ຖະຎັຈແຌີ,ໄ ຽນຈີໜໃ ຶຄ ຍໃ ຘາຓາຈດັໃ ຄຽນັ ຌແຈ ໄ ຽຑາະທາໃ ຽນຈກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈຏຌ ຺ ຖະຏຌ ຺ ຎໃຼຌຽຎັ ຌ ຽນຈບີກ. 5
ຍຕ ຺ຓູຏງ ິ ໄ ູ ໃ ຄເນງ ໃ ຏູໄຽ ຎັ ຌ ຑຕະຍ ຕ ຺ຓຘາຘະຈາຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ຽບກະຖ ກ ັ ຈຈ ຽຈັໃ ຌຌີໄ ຍໃ ຓຌຏູ ິ ິ ໃ ຽໄ ຖິກຖ ັຍ ຉຽໃ ຎັຌຍຕ ຺ຓູຏງ ໄ ູ ໃ ຄເນງ ໃ ີໃ ຽີງຈາຖ ຺ຄຆີທຈ ດູໃຄິ ເຌຖກຌີ.ໄ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຍໃ ຽີງຎະກາຈຉ ຺ຌຽບຄທາໃ ຽຎັ ຌຏູໄທຽິ ຘຈ ຉ ໃ ຽຎັ ຌຑຼຄຓະຌຸຈຏູໜ ິ ຖະ ໄ ໃ ຶ ຄີໃ ປູ ໄ ຄໄ ຘ ັຈະັຓ, ຎິ ຈຘະໜາຂບຄຆີທຈ ຘາຽນຈີໃ ໄ ຄິ ຂບຄທາຓຸກ ຖະທາຓຘຸກ. ເຌຎັຈຸຍ ັຌ ຍຕ ຺ຓູ ບ ຺ຄຌີໄ ຍໃ ຑຼຄຉແ ໃ ຈປ ໄ ັຍກາຌເນກ ໄ ຼຈງ ຺ກງບ ໄ ຄາກຍ ັຌຈາຘາທ ຺ກ ຉງ ໃ ັຄ ແຈ ໄປ ຍ ັ ກາຌງ ກ ຺ ງ ໄບ ຄາກຎັຌ ງາຆ ຌ ຺ ຏູໄໃ ີ ບ ຍ ຺ ປຓ ຺ ຈີ ຖ ໄທ ເຌ຺ໃ ທ ຖກ. ຍຸກ ຺ຌຏູຎ ູ ຘ ັຄ ຺ຓ, ຌ ັກຎະຆາິ ໄ ະຽຘີຈ, ຌ ັກບິຈຘະຑາຍ, ຌ ັກຎະຉິປຍ ຎະແຉ ຖະັຄຽຎັຌປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເເຌກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ າໃ ຌ ຌີໄ ແຈຈ ິ ຑາຌແຎຖທ ໄ ັຍຂ ັຌະຎະຕິຌຍ ໄ ຉບຌບາງຸແຈ ໄ 80
ສາ,
ຽນົືບແທ ໄ ຉ ໃ ະຕິງະັຓບ ັຌຎະຽຘີຈກຓ ໃ ທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ ຽຑືໃ ບຌາຽບ຺ າແຎ ເຆຽໄ ຎັຌທິີາຄເຌກາຌກາ ັຈຽຆິໃຄທາຓຸກ, ທາຓຂ ັຈຂບ ໄ ຄໝບຄເ, ທາຓຉຶຄຼຈ, ທາຓດາໄ ຌ ຖະທາຓກ ັຄທ ຺ຌເັຄນົ າງ, ກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈ ທາຓຘຸກເຌຆີທຈ ິ ຌີໄຖະຆີທິຈເຌຑາງຑາກໜໄາ ຌາແຎຘູກ ຺ໄ ໃ າຌນົຸ ຈຑຌ າກທາຓຸກີໃ ຘູຄຘຸຈຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ. ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູບ ຺ຄຌີໄ ຆ ຺ຄຎບຍເຍຸກ ຺ຌຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ ຎະຘ ຺ຍກ ັຍທາຓຘູຌ ຽຘງ ຈທ ໄ ງຑຕະທາາີໃ ບບ ໃ ຌງຌ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຆ ຺ຄຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ ຺ຌຸກີໃ ຊືກ ຎໃບງຎະຖະແຖ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຆ ຺ຄເນກ ິ ຂບຄ ຺ຌີໃກາຖ ັຄນົ ຺ຄາຄ ຖະ ໄ ຼຈຆີທຈ ຖາໄ ຄຓ ຺ຌິ ຌຆີທິຈຂບຄຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ ກາ ຖຄັ ຽຎັ ຌບາຆະງາກບຌ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຆ ຺ຄເນໄ ກ າຖ ຄັ ເກ ູ ຌ ຺ ຏູໄບ ບ ຺ ີໃ ໃ ຌ ໃ ຌບ ຖະຎະຘາຌທາຓຘາຓ ັກີ ກ ຏ ໃ ໄ ກາຖ ັຄຉກງກ, ເນ ໄ ຘຄຘະນທາໃ ຄກຏ ໃ ໄ ູ ໃ ີກາຖ ັຄຍບຈແຍບ ໄ ະທິຈຆາ, 6
ຽຏີງທາຓກະາໃ ຄຄໄ ກຏ ໃ ໄ ູ ໃ ີກາຖ ັຄຓຶຈຓ ຺ຌ, ງ ຺ກຘູຄຖະຈ ັຍິຈເກ ໃ ໃ ັ ຓີຖະ ຺ຌຸກ, ັຄຌ ັກຍທຈ ຖະບາຆະງາ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ ຓີຉະກູຌຈີ, ັຄ ຺ຌປຄ ກບຌຖທ ໄ ຌຉຽໃ ຺າຖ ຺ຍປ ັກຉໃ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄ. ັຄຑຕະຕາຆາຏູຽໄ ຎັຌບຓຏະຽຈັ ຈ ກາຌ ຖະຑຕະຕາຆາຏູຆ ໄ ຺ຄັຓ, ັຄຽ຺າໄ ຆາງຏູ ໄ ໃ ີແຈປ ໄ ັຍທາຓຌິງ ຺ຓຈຈ ຽຈັໃ ຌ ຖະຍໃ ຈຈຽຈັໃ ຌ ຖະຍ ຌ ັ ຈາບະຕິງະຆ ຺ຌ, ຽຘຈຊີຏເ ໄ ູ ຽບືໄບ ຽຒືໄ ບ ຖະຂີໄຊໃ ,ີ ັຄຌ ັກຎາຈຏູ ຺ , ຺ຌບະຌາຊາ ຖະ ໄ ບບ ໄ ທຈ ຖະຊບ ໃ ຓຉຌ ຺ຌ ຺ຌ, ັຄ ຺ຌຽຈີຌຊະໜ ຺ຌຆບກຽຘຈບານາຌກິຌແຎທ ັຌໂ, າຉະກບຌ ຏູໄຎໃ າ ຽຊືໃ ບຌ, ຌາຄຍາຽຖີຏໄຊ ູ ືກດຼຍນງາຓ ຸກ ຌ ຺ ຖທ ໄ ຌຉ ໃແ ຈປ ໄ ັຍຎະ ນງຈ ຖະຘາຓາຈຈາຽຌີຌຆີທິຈ ີໃ ຘະນຄ ຺ຍຎະຽຘີຈາກກາຌແຈຒ ໄ ຄັ າຘບຌີໃ ຎໃຼຓຈທ ຸ ຖະຓະນາກະຕຸຌາິ ຌ ຸ ຂບຄ ໄ ງຑຕະຎັຌງາິ ຌ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄ. ຍຍດໃາຄບ ັຌຎະຽຘີຈ ຂບຄຑຕະບ ຺ຄ ຽຎັ ຌຽໝື ບ ຌຍໃ ຽກີຈຂບຄ ປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເຉໃ ຸກ ຺ຌ. ຑຕະຑກ ັ (ເຍໜາໄ )ບ ັຌຘະນຄ ຺ຍຽດື ບກຽດັຌ ຖະຘ ຌ ັ ຉິ ຘ ຸ ກ ຂບຄຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ຽຎັ ຌ ຑາຍີໃ ກໃ ເນໄ ຽ ກີຈ ທາຓຘະນຄ ຺ຍ ຏບ ໃ ຌາງດາໃ ຄງິໃ ຄກຘ ໃ າງຉາຂບຄຏູຘ ໄ ັຈາີໃແຈຑ ໄ ຺ຍຽນັ ຌ. າຘບຌີໃ ກໃ ເນໄຽ ກີຈຘ ຌ ັ ຉິ ຑ າຍ ຖະທາຓບ ຺ຈ຺ຌ ຽຎັ ຌ ີໃ ງບຓປ ັຍຉໃ ຸກ ຌ ຺ ຈທ ໄ ງ ທາຓຘຸກ ຽໜື ບ ຑ ຌ ັ ຖະຌາ ຖະັຄ ງ ຄັ ຽຎັ ຌ ຎະນງຈບ ຌ ັ ຌິຖ ຌ ັ ຈບຌ ຘາຖ ັຍຸກ ຺ຌ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຓີບກາຈຆກຈີແຈປ ໄ ັຍຒັຄ ຖະຎະຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓ. ຎະ ຌິາຌບ ັຌຽຂັ ໄຓຂຄ,ຑຕະຎັຌງາບ ັຌຽຖິກຽຆິໃ ຄາຑີ ຖະຑາຍ,ທາຓປ ັກ ບຌ ັ ຽຎັ ຌ ຘາກ ຺ຌ, ຑຕະຓະນາກະຕຸຌ າີໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ບ ຍ ັ ຎະຓ ັຌງາ(ແປ ຽໄ ຂຈ ຈຌ), ກາຌເນໄ ທາຓຆ ໃທ ງຽນົື ບ ີໃ ຍໃ ຽນັ ຌກ ຉ ຺ , ກາຌຘະຖະຉ ຌ ຺ ໃ ທ ບບກຍທຈີໃ ຽຎັຌຽນຈກາຌຎະນທ ັຈຘາຈ, ທາຓຍຖິຘຈ ຸ ຍຖິຍຌ ູ , ຓີຍກ ຸ 7
ະຖິກີໃ ຓີຘະນຄາຄາຓ, ຍຍທິີກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຽຎັຌຍຍດໃາຄເຆ ໄ ໃ ເຌກາຌຌະຌ າ າຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ຖະຏຌ ຺ ຘາຽຖັ ຈ ບ ັຌຘຸຈ າ ໄ ງຎັຈຸຍ ັຌ ບ ຺ຄຎະກບຍຎັຈແຸກດໃາຄຽນົໃ ຺ າຌີໄ ຖທ ໄ ຌຉຽໃ ຎັຌປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌ ເ ເນ ໄ ກໜ ໃ ໃ ຶຄຘທ ໃ ຌນາໄ ຂບຄາຌທຌຎະຆາກບຌເຌຖກ ຖທ ໄ ຌຆໃ ຆບ ໄ ຄ ຘາຸກາຌຉໃ ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູບ ຺ຄຌີໄ ຖະເນກ ໄ ຼຈຑຕະບ ຺ຄເຌຌາຓຽຎັຌຏູຘ ໄ ບຌ ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຎະຽຘີຈຂບຄຑທກຽຂ຺າ. ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູຏຎ ໄ ູ ະຽຘີຈຑຕະບ ຺ຄຌີໄແຈຽໄ ຘງຘະນົ ະທາຓຘຸກາຄ ຖກຂບຄຉຌ ຺ ຽຑືໃ ບຘະນທຄນາາຄຑຌຸ ຺ໄ ກຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ ຽຑືໃ ບຆີໄ າຄນຄ ຺ໄ ບບກາກກບຄຸກ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄແຈແໄ ຎດໄຼຓດາຓ ຺ຌ ໃ ກາຌນົຸ ຈຑຌ ຸກ ຺ຌຽຂັ ຌເ ເຌຂະຌະີໃ ຑຕະຕາຆາ ຖະຽຘຌາຕາຆຓ ຺ຌຉີຽຂ຺ໄາຽຐ຺ໄ າ ຑຕະບ ຄ຺ . ຽຎັ ຌ ຽທຖາ 45 ຑ ຌ ັ ຘາ ນົ ຄັ າກຉ ຈ ັ ຘະປູ ໄ ຖ ໄທ ຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ແຈ ໄ ບຸິຈຆີທິຈຽຑືໃ ບຆທ ັ ງາປູ ໃ ງຽນົືບຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ ຽຑືໃ ບເນຽໄ ກີຈຘະຉິຎຌ ໄ ຄໄ ໄ ຺ຌາຄນຄ ຖະຆ ຺ຄຆີນ ຽໃ ຑືໃ ບຌຓະຌຸຈຏູ ໃ ກາຌປູ ໄ ຄກ ໄ ໄ ໃ ີນົ ຺ຄາຄ. ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູ ຍໃ ແຈດ ໄ ໃບຌດໄາຌຉໃ ຏູເໄ ຈ ຖະກຍໃ ຽປັຈເນໄ ຺ຌບືໃຌ ໄ ຓຌໜຶໃ ດໄາຌບີກ. ຌີ ັ ກາຌີໃ ທຌຘາໄ ຄຘ ຺ຓແທເໄ ຌຖກຂບຄຑທກ ໃ ຄເຌນົ ກ ຽປ຺າ ີໃ ຽຉັ ຓແຎຈທ ໄ ງຘ ຺ຄາຓ ຽຆິໃ ຄຽຎັ ຌຘະຊາຌີໃ ີໃ ຓີຘໃ ິຄີໃ ຓີາໃ ີໃ ຘຸຈຌຌື ັ ໄ ຆີທິຈ ີໃ ບຸິຈ ຍູຆາກບ ໃ າຌາຈບ າຓະນິ ຈຂບຄຘ ຄ຺ າຓ ຍບ ໃ ຌີໃ ບາ ທຸຈຘ ຺ຄາຓແຈກ ໄ ໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈທາຓດາໄ ຌກ ຺ທ, ທາຓຽັໃ ຄຼຈຖະກຼຈຆ ັຄ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽຎັຌຌ ັກທິະງາຘາຈີໃ ຽຖີຈີໃ ຘຸຈເຌຘາຂາຘາຈນຄ ໃ ຆີທຈ ິ ັຄງ ັຄຽຎັຌຌ ັກິຈຉະທິະງາີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ ຏູຽໄ ຆິໃ ຄຘາຓາຈທິຽາະ າຓະຆາຈີໃ ໄ ຄິ ຂບຄິຈແຈ ໄ ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີຽໄ ບຄ າຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະບ ຺ຄ 8
ິໃ ຄຊືກຎະກາຈເນຽໄ ຎັຌີໃ ປ ັຍປູທ ໄ າໃ ຽຎັຌຑຼຄຘາຘະໜາຈຼທຽ຺ໃ າຌຌັ ໄ ີໃ ຓີ ຖ ັກຘະຌະາຄທິະງາຘາຈ. ຉໃ ຌ ັກຎັຈຆະງາຏູງ ິ ໄ ໃ ຄເນງ ໃ ຖະຌ ັກິຈີໃ ຎາຘະາກບະະຉິ, ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽຎັຌຽໝືບຌຍຕ ຺ຓູ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຽຂ຺ໄາເ ເຌັຈຘະຌະີໃ ຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ ຂບຄ ຘະຑາທະກາຌຂບຄຖກ. ຉໃ ຌ ັກຘີຖະັຓຖທ ີ ີຖ ະ ໄ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽຎັ ຌຏູຓ ໄ ຘ ັຓບ ັຌຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ຖະຽຎັຌຘ ັຌງະຖ ັກຂບຄທາຓຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍີໃ ຘຸຈ. “ຑຕະ ບ ຺ຄຽຎັ ຌຍຍດໃາຄີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌ ຉໃ າຘບຌຸກດໃາຄີໃ ແຈຘ ໄ ໃຄັ ຘບຌ”. ຉໃ ຌ ັກ ຽນຈຏຌ ຺ , ຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ຽຎັ ຌຍ ຕ ຺ຓູ ຏູໄຓ ີ ຈ ິ ເນົຸ ຈຑ ຌ ຺ໄ ຖ ທ ໄ ຖະຽຎັ ຌ ຏູໄໃ ີ ຽຎັ ຌປຄຍຌ ັ ຈາຌເຏູໄ ຺ຌ ເຌກາຌຌິ ຺ໄ ຈ ດໃາຄຽຎັ ຌບິຈຘະນົ ະ ຈງ ຎາຘະາກທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ ຍຍຖຈ ັ ິ າຑີ ຉາງຉທ ຺ . ຉໃ ຺ຌີໃ ຍໃ ຽຆືໃ ບຽຖືໃ ບຄ ຑຕະຽ຺າໄ , ຽຂ຺າະຽນັ ຌທາໃ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽຎັຌຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຓີທາຓກະຕຸຌາ, ຽຂ຺ໄາເ ຖະຽຎັຌຍ ັຌຈິຈ. ຑຕະຑຸຈ ະບ ຺ຄຽຎັ ຌ ຏູໄໃ ີ ຈຶຄ ຈູຈທາຓຘ ຌ ຺ ເຉໃ ຍ ຌ ັ ຈາູຘບຌ ຘາຘະໜາັຄນົ າງດາ ິ ີກາຌຍຍ ໃ ຄຍໃ ຉບ ໄ ຄຘ ຺ຄແຘ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຍໃ ຽີງເຆທ ໄ ຍ ັຄ ັຍ ນົືທາຓດໄາຌກ ຺ທຽຑືໃບຈຶຄຈູຈເນ ໄ ຺ຌຎໃຼຌຘາຘະໜາ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄແຈ ໄ ຘະຽໜີທ ິ ີາຄນຄ ິ າຄຘາຘະໜາຽຑືໃ ບຎທຄຆ ຺ຌ ເນໄ ໃ ກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ກາງຽຎັຌ ຺ຌຊືຘາຘະໜາຈງຎາຘະາກທາຓດຶ ຈຉິຈຊືໝຌເຌຽືໃ ບຄ ັໄ ໝາງຘາຘະໜາເຈໂ. ໃ ັ ແນທ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽຎັຌຏູ ໄ ໃ ີປ ັຍເຆຓ ໄ ທຌຓະຌຸຈຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ ຊບ ໃ ຓຉ ຺ຌ, ຍໃ ນທຌ ໃ ັ ແນທຉໃ ຕາຑະງາຈີໃ ໜ ັກໜທ ຉໃ າຉາຌິຉິຆ ຺ຓ, ຖະຍໃ ນທຌ ໃ ຄີໃ ຘຸຈ.
9
ໄ ຘ ັຌຉິຑາຍ, ທາຓຏາຘຸກ ຖະ ກາຌນົຸຈຑ຺ຌ ຑຕະຍ ຕ ຓ ູ ໃ ິ ຄເນງ ໃໃາ ຌຌີໄ ແຈ ຘ ຺ ູຏໄງ ຺ າຄຘູຘ ັ ຉິ ໄ ະຈຄນ ຌ ໃ ຌ ຑາຍ, ທາຓຏາຘຸກ
ຖະທາຓນົຸ ຈຑຌ ຺ໄ . ທິີນໃຄກາຌຘບຌຂບຄ
ຑຸຈະບ ຺ຄ ຓີຖກ ັ ຘະຌະຽຎັຌແຎຽຑືໃ ບທາຓບິຈຘະນົ ະ, ຓີຽນຈຓີຏຌ ຺ , ຽຎັຌຖ ັກຘະຌະທິະງາຘາຈ ຖະຽຂ຺ໄາເຄາງ ຌາແຎຘູກ ໃ ໃ າຌຉ ັຈ ຘະປູ.ໄ ເຌຎັຈຸຍ ຌ ັ າຘບຌນຄ ໃ ຘ ັຌຉິ ຑາຍຂບຄຑຕະຍ ຕ ຺ຓູຂບຄ ຖກາໃ ຌຌີໄ ງິໃ ຄຘາ ັຌກທາໃ ກບ ໃ ຌີໃ ຓະຌຸຈ ະນົ ຄ຺ ຓ ຺ທຽຓ຺າຈທ ໄ ງທາຓ ກຈ, ທາຓຖຍ, ທາຓບິຈຘາ, ທາຓຓີຓາຌະຊືຉ ຖະກາຌຓີ ທາຓິຈດາກບຍບຄຖກ. ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູໃາຌຌີໄ ແຈບ ຸ ຈ ັ ຂືໄຌເຌຖກຽຑືໃ ບກາ ັຈຎັຈຽຎ຺ໃ າ ໄ ຍ ທາຓຓືຈຍບຈນຄ ໃ ບະທິຈຆາ ຖະຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບຖກບບກາກຘະ ຑາຍ ີໃ ນຈປາໄ ງຌີ.ໄ ເຌ຺ໃ ທຖກ ງ ັຄຓີຏ ໄ ູ ຺ຌຓາກຓາງີໃບາແຘດູໃຈງຎາຘະ າກກາຌຌ ັຍຊື ນົືຍໃ ຎະຉິຍ ັຈເຌປູຍຍຍຂບຄຘາຘະໜາເຈໂກຓີ. ຉ ໃ ຽຊິຄ ດໃາ ຄເຈກ ຉາຓ, ຊ າໄ ນາກຑທກຽຂ຺ າ ຽນົໃ ຺ າຌ ຌ ັ ໄ ະຑ ຓີຽ ທຖາຌ ໃ ັກ ຽຖັ ກໜບ ໄ ງຽຑືໃ ບຘຶກຘາ ຖະຘາໄ ຄທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເຉໃ ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄແຈຘ ໄ ບຌ, ຑທກຽຂ຺ າ ຄ຺ ະຘາຓາຈຎ຺ຈ ຽຎືໄ ບ ຄທາຓຘ ຄ຺ ແຘຂບຄຽຂ຺ າ ຽ຺ໄາ ແຈ ດ ໄ ໃາ ຄ ຄາງຈາງ, ຊາໄ ນາກຑຓີ ຖະຌ ັຍຊືຘ ັຈາກະຽຎັຌ ຽໝືບຌຘາຘະໜາ ໃ ໄ ກູຌກ ີໃ ຓີຌ ຸ ຎະນງຈຽກືບ ໃ ທາຓຘຸກຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ. ຍໃ າຽຎັຌທາໃ ະຓີຏຌ ັ ໄ າຘໃຄັ ຘບຌຂບຄ ໄ ູ ັຍຊືຑຕະບ ຺ຄນົືຍໃ ຌຌ, ຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ກງ ັຄະຓີຏຌ ຺ ຉໃ ຸກ ຺ຌ. າຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະບ ຺ຄີໃ ແຈຓ ໄ ບຍແທ ໄ 10
ກໃ ຖກຈງຎາຘະາກທາຓປຸຌປຄ ນົືຑຼຄຉຽໃ ຖືບຈດາຈຈຼທກຍໃ ໄ ຘ ຽີງຓີ ເຌຌາຓຂບຄຑຕະບ ຺ຄ. ຌີ ື ໃ ຄີໃ ິ ຽຎັຌຎະນທ ັຈກາຌີໃຊືກຍ ັຌຶກ ແທເໄ ຌຎະນທ ັຈຘາຈຖກ ີໃ ທຌາຽຖິກແທຈ ໄ ທ ໄ ງໜຄັ ຘືາ. າຘບຌຌີໄ ຽຎັຌຘຄຘະນທາໃ ຄຽງືບຄາຄເນ ໄ ກຓ ໃ ທຌຓະ ຌຸຈຆາຈ ຽຑືໃ ບຂາໄ ຓຏາໃ ຌ າກຖກນຄ ໃ ທາຓຸກຂບ ໄ ຄໝບຄເ ຘູ ໃ ຖກີໃ ຓີຘຄຘະນທາໃ ຄຈທຄ ເໝໃ ີໃ ຎະກບຍຈທ ຸ , ທາຓຏາຘຸກ ຖະທາຓ ໄ ງທາຓປ ັກ, ຘ ັຌຉິຘກ ຽຑິໃ ຄຑເ. າຘບຌີໃ ຓີບາງຸກາຌງາທຌາຌຽຊິຄ 25 ຘະຉະທ ັຈຂບຄຑຕະ ຍຕ ຺ຓູ ຂຄກ ຌ ໃ ຑຼຄຑ ີໃ ະຎະຽຆີຌໜໄາ ກ ັຍຘິໃຄໄາ າງັຄນົ າ ງ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌຎັຍ ຎໃ ຼ ຌ ນົື ກ າຌຎທາຓໝາງເໝໃ າກ າ ຘບຌຽຈີຓີໃ ຓີດ ໃ ູ ຖທ ໄ ໃ ັ ກາໃ ທ ຍໃ ແຈຂ າຘບຌຈຄ ຺ ກາຌຌ ຺ໄ ໄ ັຈຉໃ ທາຓຘາຽຖັ ຈ ຖະຏຌ ທ ຺ ຘາຽຖັ ຈ ໄ າຂບຄຌ ັກທິະງາຘາຈຘະແໝເໝໃ ີໃ ຽຎັ ຌກາຌຎະຘ ຺ຍຏຌ ເຌາຄຖກຉຎ ໃ ະກາຌເຈ. ຽຊິຄຓຌທ ັ ຖຸທາຓ ໃ າໃ ຘີຌັຓ ະຽຎັ ຌຘິໃ ຄາຽຎັ ຌຉໃ ກາຌຍຌ ນົຸ ຈຑຌກ ຺ໄ ຉາຓ, ເຌຉຂບຄຓ ັຌຽບຄກງ ັຄຍໃ ັຌຑຼຄຑຽືໃ ບ. ງ ັຄະຉບ ໄ ຄ ຎະກບຍຈທ ໄ ງຎັຌງາ. ຘີຌ ຖະຎັຌງາ ຎຼຍຽໝືບຌຈທຄຉາ ຖະຂາ ຂບຄ ຺ຌ. ຘີຌ ຘາຓາຈກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈຽຎັຌຑານະຌະ ີໃ ະຌາຓະຌຸຈແຎຘູໃ ນ ຺ຌາຄນຄ ຸ ຉ ຺ທິຄີໃ ະຽຎີ ຈຎະຉູຌຌັ ໄ ກືຉ ຺ທ ຺ໄ ຉກ ໃ ກາຌນົຸ ຈຑຌ, ໃ ຌ ຎັຌງາ.
11
ຍຕ ຺ຓຘຸກນຄ ໃ ຘທຄຘະນທ ັຌ ຘາທ ກ ຺ ເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ຽີ ງ ຊືຉ ຌ ຺ ຽບຄທ າ ໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ຏູໄໃ ີ ຆ ຄ຺ ຊື ກ ຽຖືບກຑຼຄຏູໄຈຼທີໃ ະຓີບກາຈຽຂ຺ໄາຽຊິຄຍຕ ຺ຓຘຸກນໃຄຘທຄຘະນທ ັຌ. ຑທກຽຂ຺ າຽຆືໃ ບໝຌທ ັ ໄ າໃ ຓະຌຸຈຸກ ຺ຌຘາໄ ຄຘະນທ ັຌ ຖະຌະຕ ຺ກຈທ ໄ ງ ຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ ຉາຓທິີາຄ ນຄ ິ ຂບຄຉ ຺ຌ ຽຆິໃ ຄທາຓຸກ ໃ ກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ເຌຌະຕ ຺ກ ຖະກາຌປູ ໄ ຄໄ ເຌທາຓຘຸກາກຘທຄຘະນທ ັຌ ຘາຓາຈ ຘາຏຈ ັ ແຈເໄ ຌຎັຈຸຍ ັຌຆາຈຌີໄ ຌກາຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຍຍ຺ໃ ທແຎທາໃ ຘະຑາຍ ຽຆັໃ ຌຌຌະຘາຓາຈຘ າຏ ັຈແຈເໄ ຌຆາຈຉໃ ແຎຑຸຌ ັໄ ໄ . ໃ ັ ກາໃ ທ, ຽຎັຌີໃ ປ ັຍປູໄ ຖະຽຂ຺ໄາເ ຽຑືໃ ບຘບຈບ ໃ ຄຉໃ າຘບຌຈຄ ໄ າຍເຈີໃ ຺ຌຌຌັ ໄ ກ ັຌທາໃ ຸກ ຺ຌຘາຓາຈຘາຏຈ ັ ກ ັຍທາຓຘຸກດາ ໃ ຄງິໃ ຄຌີຉ ຈາຽຌີຌຆີທິຈດູໃເຌາຄີໃ ຊືກ ຉບ ໄ ຄ. ຘະນທ ັຌຍໃ ຓຌຘິໃ ໃ ຄີໃ ະ ັຍບຄ ນົື ຽຑືໃ ບຏູກຂາຈຈທ ັ ິ ຌກ ິ າງຂບຄຏູຌ ໄ ງຖຈ ໄ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃ ຄ. ຉຓ ໃ ັຌ ທຌະຽຎີ ຈກທ ິ ເຌາຄີໃ ຎະຽຘີຈຌີ.ໄ ໄ າຄຉໃ ຸກ ຺ຌຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ
ທາຓບ ຺ຈ຺ຌບ ຺ຈກຌັໄ ຖະທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເ ທາຓບ ຺ຈ຺ຌບ ຺ຈກຌ, ັ ໄ ທາຓຑາກຑຼຌ ຖະທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເ ຽຎັ ຌຘີຌ ັຓ ບ ຌ ັ ຘູຄ ຘໃ ຄ຺ ີໃ ງ ກ ຺ ຘູຄ ຈ ທ ຺ ຌ ັຍຊືເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີ.ໄ ໄ ງຏູໄຽ ຺ າຖ ຍ ທາຓຽຓຈຉາ, ທາຓກະຕຸຌ າ, ທາຓຓຸິຉ າຉໃ ຍຸກ ຌ ຺ ບືໃ ຌ ຍໃ ແຈ ໄ າ ກ ັຈຑຼຄຉຉ ັ ໄ ຉ ໃງ ັຄຏໃແຑຘາຌແຎຘູຘ ັ ໃ ໃ ຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ ຽ຺ໃ າຌຌ ໃ ັຍຑະຘ ຈ ັຄ ນົ າງ ເຌຂະຌະີໃ ກາຌ າຖາງຆີ ທິ ຈ ະຽຎັ ຌ ຉໃ ຓະຌຸ ຈ ນົື ຘ ຈ ັ
12
ຽຈງຕ ັຈຘາຌ ງບ ັ , ຖະກຽຎັ ຌ ໃ ຓຽຎັ ຌກາຌຎໃາຽຊືໃ ບຌ ຖະຍໃ ງຸຈຉິຓ ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຂ ັຈງຄໄ ຉໃ າຘບຌເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີ.ໄ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ງ ຄັ ຌະຌ າຘໃຄັ ຘບຌຓະຌຸຈ ເນໄປ ູໄ ັກຽ຺ າ ຖ ຍ ຺ ຌ ັຍຊື
ຉໃ ທາຓຽນັ ຌຂບຄ ຺ຌບືໃຌ ຽຑືໃ ບຽຎັຌກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ດໃາຄຘະ
ໝາຌຘາຓກີ ັ .ີ
ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓ ຺ ຖະ ໃ ຄໄ ຖະຓີຽນຈຏຌ ຘາຓາຈຉບຍາຊາຓແຈດ ໄ ໃາຄ ຺ຍຊທ ໄ ຌຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຉໃ ຸກັຈຘະຌະີໃ ຘາ ັຌ ຖະຍຌ ັ ນາກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຆີທິຈ . ຽຎັ ຌ ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີຑືໄຌ ຊາຌໝຌ ັ ໄ ຺ຄ ີໃ ະ ຆທ ິ ີ າຄຍທກ ຖະ ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ີໃ ຈີກທ ໃ ງຽນົືບຓທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈຘູທ ໃ ຊ ໃ າຌີ.ໄ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ແຈ ໄ າຌກຓທຌຓະຌຸຈບບກຽຎັຌກຸຓ ໃ , ທາໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ໄ ” ຉງ ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ “ຊືກຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ” ນົື ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີ “ຊືກຎະຊິຓ ໃ ບ ໄ ຌຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຘີ ທິແ ຖ ຖະຽຂ຺ໄ າ ເ ິໃ ຄແຈ ຘ ູໄ ິີຐຶ ກ ຏູໄໃ ີ ຎໃ າ ຽຊືໃ ບຌ ໄ ບຌຑທກຽປ຺ າ ເນໄປ ທ ໄ . ຖະຽງຖະແຌ ຏູ ີ ໃ ຄຂື ິ ຌ ໄ ໃ ີຐຶກຖທ ໄ ເນຈ ໄ ງ ຏູ ຺ າເຌກາຌບບ ໄ ໃ ີຌ ັຍຊືຉາຓຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ແຈຓ ໄ ທຽຓ຺ ໄ ຌທບຌ ນົື ຂຑບຌຉຎ ັ ໄ າ ັຌເຌທາຓຑາກ ໃ ະກາຌເຈ. ຉຑ ໃ ທກຽຂ຺າະຽຆືໃ ບໝຌຘ ຑຼຌຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ ຖະເຌກາຌຐຶກຐຌ ຺ ຘະຓາິ ໃ ີ ຑຼຄຑ ີໃ ະຌາຉຌ ຺ ແຎຘູກ ຺ ໃ າຌຽບ຺ າຆະຌະຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ, ກາຌທຍຸຓຉ ຺ຌຽບຄແຈ,ໄ ກາຌຐຶກຐຌ ຉ ຺ຌຽບຄເນຍ ຸ , ຍ ັຌຽ຺ າຸກ ຖະຘູກ ໄ ຖິຘຈ ໃ າຌປູ ໄ ຄໄ ຽຑາະທາໃ ກາຌຐຶກ ຘະຓາິຎຼຍຽໝືບຌັຄດາຆູກາຖ ັຄກ ິ ຖະເ. ໃ ຈ 13
ຓະຌຸຈຘາຓາຈຐຶກຐ຺ຌຉ ຺ຌຽບຄແຈ ໄ ໄ ື ຌ ດັຌ ທ າໃ ິຈ ຓ ຌ ຘາຘະໜາຌີດ ໃ ຍໃ ຽກີຈ ຑະຖ ຄັ ບ າຌາຈຸກ ດາໃ ຄ ຽຎັຌັຄຏູຘ ໄ າໄ ຄ ຖະາຖາງຓະຌຸຈ ຖະຽຎັຌັຄຌ ັກທິຘະທະກບຌຏູໄ ກາໜ ຺ຈຆກຆະຉາຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ. ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີຽໄ ບຄ ຓະຌຸຈິໃ ຄຘ ຺ຓທຌີໃ ະຘາໄ ຄຸກດາໃ ຄແຈ ໄ ຂຑຼຄຉຓ ິ ີ ຑຈ ັ ະຌາ ຖະຌາເຆ ິ ຌີໄ ໃ ະຌຸຈປູທ ໄ ໄ ຈ ດາໃ ຄຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓ. ເຌທາຓຽຎັ ຌ ິຄຖທ ໄ ຘາຘະໝາຌີໄ ຽຎັ ຌຽໝື ບຌຓແຒີໃ ໜາໄ ຘ ັຌຖະຽຘີຌ ີໃ ຽງືບຄາຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈແຎຘູຘ ໃ ັຌຉິຑາຍ, ທາຓຘຸກ ຖະທາຓຏາຘຸກ ຌິຖ ຌ ັ ຈບຌ. ຓ ັຌຽຎັ ຌ ທາຓິຄ ີໃ ທ ໃາ ຖກຽປ຺ າ ຎັຈ ຸຍ ຌ ັ ຌີໄ ກ າຖ ຄັ ຊືກ ກໃ ກທຌທຸຌ ໃ ທາງຈ ທ ໄ ງທາຓຍໃ ຽຂ຺ໄ າ ເາຄຈ າໄ ຌ ໄ ຆາຈ, ກາຌຽຓືບຄ, ຘາຘະໜາ, ກຸຓ ຽຆືບ ໃ ຺ຌ ຖະບຸຈ ຺ຓກາຌຍາຄດໃາຄ. ໄ ຽຑືໃ ບກແໄ ຂຍ ັຌນາີໃ ນງຸຄ ັ ຘ ຺ຌຌີ,ໄ ຓະຌຸຈະຉບ ໄ ງາກຘ ຍ ໄ ຄຓີຌາເນ ໃຄ ໄ ບາບຌ ຖະທາຓບ ຺ຈ຺ຌບ ຺ຈກຌຉ ທາຓຽບືບ ັ ໄ ໃ ກ ັຌ ຖະກ ັຌ, ຖະຉໃ ຍຌ ັ ນາຌີໄ ຘາຓາຈຐຶ ກ ຐຌ ຺ ບຍ ຺ ປ ຺ຓເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຽຆິໃ ຄຘາຓາຈຎູກ ຐ ຄັ ກາຌປທ ໃ ຓຓືາຄຈາໄ ຌຘີຖະັຓ ຖະາຕິງະັຓ ຽຑືໃ ບທາຓຈີຄາຓຂບຄ ຘາກ ຺ຌ. ຓະຌຸຈ ທຌະຽຂ຺ໄ າ ເຎະ ັກ ຄໄ ທາໃ ກາຌຑ ຈ ັ ະຌາາຄ ຈາໄ ຌິຈເ ຘາ ັຌງິໃຄກທ ຺ ຘາຽຖັ ຈຂບຄກາຌຑຈ ັ ະຌາາຄຈາໄ ຌ ໃ າຏຌ ທ ັຈຊຸຽຑືໃ ບທາຓຘຸກີໃ ໄ ຄິ ຖະທາຓຏາຘຸກຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ. ໄ າງຽຎັຌຖກີໃ ໜາໄ ດູງ ໄ ກທ ຊາໄ ດາກເນ ິ ຌ ໄ ຖກຌີກ ໃ ໃ ຄຂຶ ໃ າຌີໄ ຑທກຽຂ຺າທຌ ະຎະຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓທາຓິຄ, ຓີທາຓງຸຈຉິ ັຓ, ກາຌຍຖິກາຌຽຑືໃ ບຌຓະ ຌຸຈ, ກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບຘ ຺ຄຽາະ ຖະທາຓປ ັກ. 14
ທາຓຽຎັຌິຄ ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູຂບຄຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ແຈຆ ັ ຘະປູຂ ໄ ຺ຄຎະກາຈຏາ ໃ ຌກາຌຉຈ ໄ ບຄ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄທາໃ : 1. ຘີຖະັຓີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ີໃ ຘຸຈ ຉບ ໄ ຄຓຌຘີ ໃ ຖະັຓີໃ ແຈປ ໄ ັຍາກກາຌ ຑ ັຈະຌາທາຓປ ັກີໃຽຎັຌຘາກ ຺ຌ; 2. ທາຓຘຸກີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ີໃ ຘຸຈ ຓຌທາຓຘຸ ກ ີໃ ແຈປ ໃ ໄ ັຍາກທາຓ ຘະນຄຍຑາງເຌິ ຈເ; ຺ 3. ທາຓິຄີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍີໃ ຘຸຈ ຉບ ຄີໃ ແຈ ໄ ຄຓຌທາຓິ ໃ ໄ າກ ທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເເຌຽນຈນຄ ໃ ທາຓຸກຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ; 4. ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ີໃ ຘຸຈ ຉບ ຘບຌເນ ໄ ຄຓຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ໃ ໄ ຺ຌ ຑ ັຈະຌາຘະຉິຎຌ ຸ ັ ງາ, ຘີຌັຓ ຖະກາຌຽປັຈເນ ິ ເຍຖິຘຈ ໄ ຈ ຏບ ໃ ຄເຘ; ໄ າຄຈາຽຌີຌ 5. ຎັຈຆະງາີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ີໃ ຘຸຈ ຉບ ໄ ຄຓຌຎັ ໃ ຈຆະງາີໃ ຆີ ຆີທິຈ ີໃ ຘາຓາຈຎະຉິຍຈ ັ ຉາຓແຈ ໄ ໄ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌ ບີຄບາເຘຑຼຄຉ ຺ ໃ ິຈຘະຈີຖະທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຄຓຄທາງ.
ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີທາຓບິຈຘະນົະ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ແຈກ ີ ກຌຏູ ັ ໄ ເໄ ຈາກກາຌບາໃ ຌ ຖະກາຌປຼຌ ໄ ຈ ປູ ໄ າຘບຌເຌຘາຘະໜາບືໃ ຌ; ຽຑາະທາໃ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ຓີຍບ ໃ ຌເຈີໃ ະ ຽຎັຌກາຌຄແ ເໄ ຌຘາຘະໜາ. ຏູ ັໄ ໄ ໃ ີຊືຽັໃ ຄ ຺ຌຽກີຈແຎເຌຘາຘະໜາ ະຍໃ ຎໃບງເນ ັ ຽນຈຏຌ ຺ , ຈທ ັ ກາຌຘ ັຄຽກຈ ໄ ຉຽບຄຊືກຌະຌາຈທ ໄ ງນົ ກ ໄ ງນົ ກ 15
ຖະທິຽາະາຄທິະງາຘາຈ. ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີ,ໄ ຘາທ ຺ກເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ິໃ ຄ ຽຎັ ຌ ຺ຌບິຈຘະນົ ະີໃ ຓີຈ ິ ເຽຎີ ຈກທ ໄ າຄ ຖະກຍໃ ແຈຽໄ ຎັ ຌປບຄຉໃ ຏູໄເຈ ເຌກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາິຈເຂບຄຉ ຺ຌ. ຊ ໄາ ໃ າ ຌຘ ຌ ຺ ເີໃ ະຘຶ ກ ຘາຉືໃ ຓບີ ກ ຈ ໃ ັກໜໃ ບ ງກ ໃຼ ທກ ຍ ັ ຖະຍຼຍທິແຌ ນົືະຕິງະັຓ ຖະກາຌຐຶກບ ຺ຍປ ຺ຓິຈເເຌຘາຘະໜາ ຌີ,ໄ ໃາ ຌກ ະຽນັ ຌ ທ າໃ ທຌະຎ຺ຈ ຽຎືໄ ບ ຄທາຓຽຂ຺ໄ າ ເຏິ ຈ ີໃ ຏໃາ ຌຓາ ຍາຄດໃາຄ ີໃ ໃາຌທຌະຽປັ ຈເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີ.ໄ ຍໃ ທຌະຑິ ຑ າກຘາ ຸຌາໃ ຂບຄຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃ ຄ ຑຼຄຉຏ ໃ າໃ ຌາກກາຌຘ ັຄຽກຈກາຌາກ ກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈເຈໜຶໃຄ ີໃ ຽປັຈຓາຈງຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຊືກຌະຌາເຌາຄີໃ ຏິຈ; ຌ ີໃ ທຌະຑະງາງາຓ າທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເຑືໄຌຊາຌາຘບຌຂບຄຘາຘະ ໜາຌຌກ ັໄ ບ ໃ ຌ.
ງບຓປ ັຍທາຓຘາຓາຈຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ ຌີໃ ະຎໃບງເນຓ ຺ ຖິຂິຈຂບຄຽຂ຺ າຉກ ຺ ດູໃຑາງ ໄ ະຌຸຈ ຖະຑຓ ເຉ ໄບ າຌາຈທຍຸຓ ຂບຄບ າຌາຈີໃ ຍໃ ປູຽໄ ນັ ຌ ຑາງຌບກ ຖະຽປັ ຈ ເນໄ ຓະຌຸຈບບ ັ ໄ ຘາຘະໜາຌີແໄ ຈງ ໃ ຌງບຓຉໃ ບາ ຌາຈງິໃ ຄເນງຽໃ ຆັໃ ຌຌຌ, ໄ ຺ກຊາຌະ ຍ ຺ຈຍາຈຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ ຖະງ ຺ກຘູຄທາຓຘາຓາຈຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ ຉໃ ທາຓຘະນົ າ ຈຂບຄຉ ຌ ຺ ຖະງ ຄັ ຘບຌຓະຌຸຈ ເນໄ ຽ ຘີ ຓ ຘ ໄາ ຄທາຓ ຘາຓາຈຍໃ ຓ ຺ ຆບ ີ າຌຑ ຈ ັ ະຌາຉືໃ ຓບີ ກ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ໄ ຌີໃ ຓີດໃູ ຖ ໄທ ເນໄຓ ກ ຘບຌຑທກຽປ຺າເນປ ູໄ ັກຆທ ຺ . ຏູໄ ໄ ໃ ງຽນົື ບ ຺ຌບືໃຌຈທ ໄ ງທາຓຍໃ ຽນັ ຌກຉ ໃ ທ ໄ າກກາຌກະາທາຓຆໃທ ຌ ັຍຊືຉາຓຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ະຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ຺ ຍໃ ຓຌ ໃ ທາໃ ງບ ໄ ຌທາຓດາໄ ຌາກກາຌຉບຍຘະໜບຄາກບາຌາຈີໃ ຽຍິໃ ຄຍໃ ຽນັ ຌ 16
ຉ ໃງ ບ ຺ ຌຌ ັ ໄ ະຌ າຓາຽຆິໃ ຄທາຓຸກ ກ ໃ ໄ ຌຎະ ັກ ຄໄ ທ າໃ ທາຓຆໃ ທ ຘ ັຍຑະຘ ັຈັຄນົ າງ ປຄຍຌ ັ ຈາຌເເຌກາຌຘາໄ ຄທາຓຈີຽຑືໃ ບຆທ ື ຍໃ ໃ ງຽນົືບຏູໄບໃ ຌ ຓຌຽປັ ຺ ແຈ ໄ ໃ ຈຽຑືໃ ບຽບ຺ າບ ຺ກຽບ຺ າເກຽໃ ຍຑະຽ຺າໄ ຏູຘ ໄ ຄູ ຘໃຄ຺ ຽຑືໃ ບນທ ັຄຏຌ ປ ັຍຉບຍຌຉດ ຶ ກະຖຸຌາຉໃ ຺ຌ ໃ າ ໃ ຄເຈ, ຉງ ໃ ບ ໄ ຌຽກີຈາກທາຓປູຘ ໄ ກ ບືໃ ຌຖະຽຑືໃ ບຎ຺ຈຎບ ກ. ັໄ ໃ ງຑທກຽຂ຺າຽ຺າໄ ຽນົໃ ຺ າຌຌບບກາກທາຓຸ ເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ າໃ ຌຘາຓາຈຌຽນັ ຌນ ຌ ຺ໄ ຺ າຄຘູ ໃ ທາຓຈີໃ ີຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ ຖະ ຎັຌງາີໃ ຎາຘະາກກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບເຈໂາກບາຌາຈຑາງຌບກ. າ ັ ຖຸຽຊິຄຎັຌງາບ ັຌຘູຄຘໃ ຄ຺ ຏາ ໃ ຌຘາຓາຈຍຌ ໃ ຌກາຌປູ ໄ ຄໄ (realization) ຉຍ ໃ ໃ ຓຌຏ ໃ ໃາຌກາຌຽຎີ ຈຽຏີ ງທາຓິຄ(revelation). ໃາຌຘາຓາຈແຈ ໄ ປ ັຍກາຌແຊຍ ໃ າຍ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບາກຏູແ ໄ ຊຍ ໃ າຍີໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ຍາຈນົ ທຄ(a vicarious redeemer). າ ຺ໄ ບບກາກ ໃ ຌຘາຓາຈນົຸ ຈຑຌ ທາຓຸກ ຑາງເຌຆາຈຌີໄ ຈງຏໃາຌກາຌຎະຉິຍຈ ັ ຉາຓຂະຍທຌກາຌ ງຸຉິ ັຓນຄ ໃ ກາຌຐຶກຐ ຺ຌບິຌຆີຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌຖບງ ໄ ແຈເໄ ຌຆາຈຉໃ ໂແຎຽ຺ໃ າຌຌ. ທາໃ ຓຌະຽກີ ຈຂືຌ ັ ັໄ
ຽຎັຌແຎແຈຍ ໄ ? 1. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກທາຓຘຸກີໃ ຽກີຈາກກາຓະຖ ຺ຓ ຆິງ ັຄຓີຆີທຈ ິ ດູໃ ແຈຍ ໄ ? 2. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກທາຓຽຆືໃ ບເຌທາຓຽຎັຌບະຓະຉະ(ຆີທຈ ິ ນົ ັຄ ທາຓຉາງ) ຓະຌຸຈະຓີຘີຌຍ? 17
3. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບາກບາຌາຈຘິໃ ຄຘ ັກຘິຈຑາງ ຌບກ ຓະຌຸຈຘາຓາຈຓີທາຓກາໄ ທໜາໄ ເຌກາຌຘາໄ ຄທາຓຈີ ແຈຍ ໄ ? 4. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກຑິີກ ັຓ ຖະຑິີກາຌ ຓະຌຸຈຘາຓາຈຈາຽຌີຌ ຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄແຈຍ ໄ ? 5. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກກາຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຈທ ໄ ງບາຕ ຺ຓ ຖະທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ ຓະຌຸຈະຘາຓາຈຎະຉິຍ ັຈຘາຘະໜາແຈຍ ໄ ? 6. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກທາຓຸກີໃ ຽກີຈາກກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈຍຍຽັໃຄ ຽັຈ(ຍຍຘຸຈຉຄໃ )ເຌຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃ ຄ ຓະຌຸຈະຘາຓາຈ ຍ ັຌຖຸທາຓນົຸ ຈຑຌແຈ ຍ ຺ໄ ໄ ? 7. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກກາຌກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈທາຓດາໄ ຌກ ຺ທຑາງເຌເ ຓະຌຸຈະຌ ັຍຊືນົ ັກຘີຌັຓເຌຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃ ຄຍ? 8. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກກາຌຍ ັຄ ັຍຂູຽໃ ຂັຌ ຺ຌບືໃຌ ຽປ຺າກງ ັຄະຘາຓາຈ ໃ ັ ຘບຌຘາຘະໜາດາໃ ຄຊືກຉບ ຘຄ ໄ ຄຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓຍ? 9. ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກກາຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຍຍຄຓຄທາງ, ຖະທາຓຽຆືໃ ບເຌ ຺ ຖ ັຈິ ເຌຌາຓຂບຄຘາຘະໜາ ຓຌຽຎັ ັ ຌແຎແຈຍ ໄ ີໃ ະຈຶຄຈູຈ ຽບ຺ າຓະນາຆ ຺ຌຽຑືໃບຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ າຄຘາຘະໜາຍ? 10. ຺ຌຽປ຺າຘາຓາຈຆືໃ ຌຆ ຺ຓຖະຍ ັຌຈາຌເຘາຘະໜາເຈໜຶໃຄແຈຍ ໄ ຊາໄ ຎາຘະາກທາຓຽຆືໃ ບເຌຽຖືໃ ບຄຽຖິກຖ ັຍ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຊືເຌ ຖ ັຈິຽທຈຓຌາຊາ ຖະຑຕະຘ ຺ຄີໃຓີຽທຈຓຌ? ຺ ຺
18
ໄ າໃ “ຽຎັຌແຈແໄ ຈ ຏູກ ທ ັໄ ຺ ຌີໄ ຘາຓາຈຍ ັຌ ໄ ໃ ຉຄຘາຘະໜາຌີ ໄ ”ໄ , ຉໃ ກ ັຍຽນຈຏຌ ຖຸແຈ ຸ , ຈທ ໄ າກກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈໜາໄ ີ, ຈທ ໄ ງທາຓຍຖິຘຈ ໄ ງທາຓຓີຖະ ຍຼຍທິແຌຖະຎັຌງາ.
ຽນຈຖະຎັຈແ ກາຌປູ ັ ຂບຄຽນຈ ຖະຏຌ ຺ ີໃ ແຈບ ໄ ຄໄ ເຌນົ ກ ໄ ະິຍາງເຌຘາ ຘະໜາຌີໄ, ຓ ັ ໃ ຄໄ ຖະຘາຓາຈຆ ທ ໃ ງຽນົື ບ ເຌກາຌກ ແໄ ຂຍ ຌ ທາຓຸກຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ, ທາຓຽຖິກຖ ັຍຂບຄຆກຆະຉາກ ັຓ ຖະ ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຽຎັ ຌຖາຄຍບກຽນຈຖທ ໃ ຄໜາ ໄ ແທ ໄ ຖທ ໄ , ຖະທາຓຍໃ ຘະຽໝີ ຑາຍ ຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈັຄນົ າງັຄຎທຄ. ທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເຉໃ ກ ຺ຈຽກຌຌີໄ ແຈຽໄ ປັຈ ເນຓ ໄ ະຌຸຈປູ ໄ ັກກາຌຎບຍງຌ, ຓີທາຓນທ ັຄ, ກາຌປູ ໄ ັກຽຑິໃຄຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ ຖະຽຎັຌປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເາຄຈາໄ ຌຘີຖະັຓ.
ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາັຌຘະແໝ ໄ ໃ ຓ ຌ ຌີຍ ໃ ຽຎັ ຌ ຑຼຄິ ຈ ຘະຈີ ນົື ຘາຘະໜາ ຑຼຄຽຑືໃ ບຽຆືໃ ບຊື ຉງ ີ າຄຂບຄກາຌຎະຉິຍຈ ັ ເຌກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທິຈີໃ ຎະຽຘີຈ ໃ ັຄຽຎັຌທິຊ ໄ ຓຌໜຶໃ ບີກຈທ ໄ ງ. ຌີ ໃ ຄເຌຍ ັຌຈາຘາຘະໜາີໃຽກ຺ໃ າກ ໃ ໃ ີຘຸຈ ເຌຎະ ນທ ັຈ ຘາຈຖກ ີໃ ຌາຓາຽຆິໃ ຄທ ັຈະຌະັຓ ຖະຘະຑາຍກາຌຈາຖ ຺ຄຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຈີກ ທ ໃ າຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ ຆາຈ, ຌບກາກຌີໄ ງ ຄັ ຽຎັ ຌ ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ັຌ ຘະແໝີໃ ຘຸຈເຌນົ າງັຈຘະຌະ, ຽຓືໃ ບະຎຼຍຼຍກ ັຍກາຌຎະຘ ຺ຍຏຌ ຺ ໃ ັ ຘບຌ ຘາຽຖັ ຈເຌກາຌຌ ຺ໄ ທ ໄ າຘະແໝເໝ.ໃ ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຌະຌາຘຄ ຓະຌຸຈ ຍໃ ເນໄຉກ ຺ ຽຎັ ຌາຈຂບຄບາຌາຈເຈໂີໃ ດູໃຑາງຌບກ ຉ ໃ ທຌ 19
ະຑ ັຈະຌາທາຓຘາຓາຈຍໃຓ ູ ຖທ ຺ ຆບ ໄ ຌີໃ ຓີດໃ ໄ ຂບຄຉ ຺ຌ ຈງກາຌຌາ ເຆ ໄ ທາຓຑາກຑຼຌຑະງາງາຓຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ ຖະທາຓຘະນົ າຈຽຑືໃ ບ ກແໄ ຂຍ ັຌນາຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ. ຓຌຽຎັ ຸ ຖ ັກຘະຌະຸກດໃາຄີໃ ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາ ັ ຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີຌ ນຄ ໃ ຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ ີໃ ະຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓຉໃ ກ ັຍຖກຎັຈຸຍ ັຌຖະບະຌາ ຺ຈ. ຽຎັຌ ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີນົ ັກຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ, ກາໄ ທໜາໄ ຖະຓີຽນຈຏ ຺ຌຈີ. ຽຎັຌທາຓຑູຓເ ຂບຄຸກໂ ຌ ຺ ີໃ ແຈ ຘ ໄ ຶກຘາ ຖະປ ັຍປູ ໄ ຸຌ າໃ ຘາຘະໜາຌີເໄ ຌຖກງຸກ ຎັຈຸຍ ັຌ. ຌບກຌີໄ ງ ັຄຊືທາໃ ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີຖ ັກຘະຌະທິ ະງາຘາຈ ງິໃ ຄກທ ໃ າທິະງາຘາຈ ຖະງິໃ ຄກ າໄ ທໜໄາ ກທ ໃ າບ ຄ຺ ຎະກບຍຂບຄທາຓ ກ າໄ ທໜໄາ າຄຈ າໄ ຌິຈ ເ. ຽຎັ ຌ ໜຶໃ ຄເຌທິີ າຄີໃ ຓີຎ ະຘິຈ ິ ຏ ຌ ຺ ີໃ ຘຸຈ ຽຑືໃ ບະຌາເຆ ຽໄ ຂ຺ໄາ ກ ັຍກາຌຈ າຖ ຄ຺ ແທ ຽໄ ຆິໃ ຄຘ ັຌຉິຑ າຍຖກ, ທາຓຘາ ຓກີ ຖະທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເ. ັ
ຍໃ ຓີກາຌຍຄໃ ງກ ຘາຘະໜາຌີຽໄ ບຄ ີໃ ຽຎັຌຘາຘະໜາາບິຈເຌຎະນທ ັຈຘາຈຂບຄ ຖກ ີໃ ຎະຉິ ທ ຈ ັ ຉໃ ຉ ໄ າ ຌກ ຍ ັ ຖະຍ ຍ ຺ ຆຌ ຺ ຆ ຌທ ັໄ ຌ ັ ຌະີໃ ຉ າໃ ຉ ໄບ ງ ຖະ ຘບຌທາຓຘະຽໝີຑາຍເຌຓທຌຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ ຖະຽຎີ ຈບກາຈເນ ຸ ໄ ກ ຺ຌຓີທາຓຘະຽໝີ ຑາຍຽ຺ໃ າຼຓກ ັຌຽຑືໃ ບເນກ ຺ ຽບຄເຌຸກໂຆຌ ັໄ ໄ ຼຈຉຌ ຺ຌເຌຘ ຄັ ຓ ຺ . ຖະງ ຄັ ຓ ຌ ໃ ຘາຘະໜາຌີຽໄ ບຄີໃ ເນ ໄ ທາຓຽຎັ ຌ ບິຈ ຘະ ນົ ະ ຑາຍໄ ຄ ູ ິ ຄ ຽຑືໃ ບຘຶກ ຘາ ຖະຎະຉິ ຍ ຈ ິ ກ ຏ ັ ຘາຘະໜາ ີໃ ຘບຈ ໃ ໄງ ບ ັ ໄ າບິຈເຌຎະນທ ັຈຘາຈ ໃ ຄກ ັຍທາຓຘະຽໝີຑາຍາຄຘ ັຄ ຺ຓຽຎັຌຄ ຂບຄຖກ. 20
ຑຕະຍ ຕ ຓ ຺ ູ ຎະກາຈທ າໃ ນ ຌ ຺ າຄຘູໃ ທາຓຘ າຽຖັ ຈ ຖະ ທາຓທ ັຈະຌະຊາທບຌ ຽຎີ ຈ ບກາຈເນໄກ ຸ ຌ ຺ ເຌຸກ ໂຘະຑາຍ ຽຄືໃ ບຌແຂເຌຆີທຈ ິ ຍໃ ທາໃ ະຘູຄນົືຉາໃ , ະຽຎັຌຌ ັກຍທຈນົືບາຈງາກບຌ, ຏູໄໃ ີ ຘ ຌ ຺ ເ, ຘະນທຄນາ ຖະຎາຊະໜາຽຊິຄ ທາຓຘ ຓ ຺ ຍູຌ ຍຍ. ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຍໃ ແຈ ຍ ຺ ຽຎັ ຌ າຈຉໃ າຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະບ ຄ຺ ໄ ຄັ ັຍຘາທ ຺ກ ເນໄຉກ ຖະຉໃ ຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽບຄ ຉເໃ ນ ໄ ບກາຈກຑ ໃ ທກຽຂ຺າດໃາຄຓີບິຈ ຘະນົ ະຑາຍ ດາໃ ຄຘ ຺ຓຍູຌາຄຈາໄ ຌທາຓິຈ, ທາຓຉຶກຉບຄ ຽຑືໃ ບກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈທາຓ ຽຆືໃ ບໝຌຘ ັ ໄ ັຈາ.
ທາຓຽຎັຌບະຌິຈ ັຄ ຍໃ ຓີຘ າຘະໜາເຈໂີໃ ະ າຌກຘ ຍ ັ ຑະຘ ຈ ັ ບບກຽຎັ ຌ ຘບຄ ຖ ັກຘະຌະື ປູຍ ຖະຌາຓ(ທ ັຈຊຸຖະິຈເ) ຽຆິໃ ຄດູໃເຌຘະຑາຍຂບຄ ທາຓຎໃ ຼ ຌຎຄດໃ າ ຄຽຌືໃ ບຄຌິຈ , ຍໃ ຄ຺ ີໃ ຊາທບຌຽໝື ບ ຌຽຈີຓ ເຌຘບຄ ໄ ຖະຽຘືໃ ບຓຘະນົ າງແຎ ຂະຌະີໃ ຉໃ ຽຌືໃ ບຄກ ັຌ. ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີໄ ິໃ ຄຽກີຈຂືຌ ໃ ັ ກາໃ ທຌີກ ໄ ຘືຍຉໃ ແຎ. ຈຄ ໃ ັ ຌຌັ ໄ ິໃ ຄຍໃ ຓີຘໃ ຄເຈຈ ຖະທ ຺ຄບຌຈຄ າຖຄ຺ ດູໃດໃາຄ ິ ີຕ ັຄ ຍໃ ຘະຽຑາະຉເໃ ຌຖກຌີໄ ນົື ຖ ະຍ ຍ ຺ ຖກບືໃ ຌເຌ຺ໃ ທ ັກກະທາຌຌີ.ໄ ຽຑາະທາໃ ຸກດໃາຄີໃ ຓີດເ ິ ໃູ ຌຸກໂຑາກຘທ ໃ ຌຂບຄ ັກກະທາຌຌີໄຍໃ ຓີຘໃ ຄເຈ ຌບກາກກາຌຎະກບຍຽຂ຺ໄາກ ັຌຂບຄາຈ ຖະຑະຖຄັ ຄາຌຉາໃ ຄໂ. ຓ ັຌ ໄ ໃ ທ ັຌເຈກທ ັຌໜຶໃຄ ຽຎັຌຖ ັກຘະຌະີໃຂບ ໄ ຌຂາໄ ຄຽຎັຌາຓະຆາຈີໃ ຘິໃ ຄຽນົໃ ຺ າຌີຍ ໄ ແຎ. ະຉບ ໄ ຄຉກຘະນົ າງ ຖະຘ ັຄຂາຌັຄນົ າງກະຘິຌ
21
າຈຂ ັ ຘີຌັຓາຄຘາຘະໜາ ໄ ບຄນົກ ຘີຌີໃ ແຈປ ຺ ຍ ັຌງ ັຈເຈໂ. ຈງ ໄ ັກຘາເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຍໃ ຓຌຍ ໃ ຈ ໄ າກກາຌຂາໄ ຘ ັຈ, າກກາຌຖ ັກຆ ັຍ, າກ ກາຌຊືຘຌ ີ ຽຆັໃ ຌ ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ກາຌຎະຑຶ ຈຏິ ຈ ເຌກາຓ, ກາຌຽທ຺ໄາ ຂີໄຉ ທ ຺ ະ ຖະກາຌຽຘຍຘິໃ ຄຓຶຌ ຽຓ຺າ , ຓະຌຸຈ ຘາຓາຈຽປັ ຈ ເນໄຉ ຌ ຺ ຽບຄຍ ຖິ ຘ ຸຈ ຏໃບ ຄເຘ ຖະຽຓືໃ ບ ຽປັ ຈ ຌທຌີໄ ຖທ ິ ດູໃດໃາຄຓີທາຓຏາ ໄ ງ ັຄຘາຓາຈຆທ ໃ ງຽນົື ບ ຺ຌບືໃຌ ເນຈ ໄ າຖ ຺ຄຆີທຈ ຘຸກບີກຈທ ໄ ງ.
ຸຈຎະຘ ຺ຄຂບຄຑທກຽປ຺າ ຸຈຎະຘ ຺ຄເຌກາຌຑິຓຎືໄ ຓຌບ ບຎໃຼຌ ຺ຌ ໄ ງໂຽນົັ ໄຓຌີໄ ຍໃ ຓຌຽຑືໃ ໃ ບືໃ ຌເນໄນຌ ັ ຓາຌ ັຍຊືເຌທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຂບຄຉຌ ຺ ຉຽໃ ຑືໃ ບຽປັຈເນໄຽຂ຺ າຽ຺ໄາປູໄ ຄຽຑືໃ ຸ ຖະທາຓຘຸກ ຖະຽຑືໃ ບຎະຉິຍ ັຈຘາ ໄ ບຘະນທຄນາຘ ັຌຉິຘກ ຘະໜາຂບຄຑທກຽຂ຺າຉາຓທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຊືໃ ີຽຂ຺າຽ຺າໄ ຽຆືໃ ບຊືຘ ັຈາດູໃຖທ ໄ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌຌ ັຍຊືຘ ັຈາຍຍຄຓຄທາງ. ຑທກຽປ຺າຘໃຄ຺ ຽຘີຓຸກ ຺ ຺ຌເນຌ ໄ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາຂບຄຉ ຺ຌດາໃ ຄຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ ຊາໄ ນາກທາໃ ຑີໃ ະຘາຓາຈ ເນໄຘ ຈ ັ ະັຓ , ຘ ຌ ັ ຉິ ຘ ຸກ , ຎັຌ ງາ ຖະກາຌນົຸ ຈຑ ຌ ຺ໄ ບບກາກທາ ຓຸກແຈ.ໄ ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຑທກຽປ຺າຉບ ໄ ຄກາຌຘາຖ ັຍຓະຌຸຈ ກືທາໃ ດາກເນຈ ໄ າຽຌີຌ ຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ ເຌາຄຘາຘະໜາ ຈງຎາຘະາກກາຌຽປັຈເນກ ໄ ຼຈຘ ັກຘີ ເຌທາຓຽຎັຌຓະຌຸຈຂບຄຉ ຺ຌຽຘືໃບຓຽຘງ. ຉຽໃ ຊິຄດໃາຄເຈກຉາຓ, ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ບາຈະຽຎັ ຌາຉບຍຉໃ າຊາຓເຌຘາຘະໜາຂບຄາໃ ຌ, ຉໃ ຍ ັຌນາາຄິຈເ ຖະຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ 22
ນົື ຍ າຄີ ຓ ັຌບາຈະຽຎັ ຌ ິ ຈ າຄີໃ ເໝໃບ ຼໃ ຓຉໃ ກາຌ ຌິ ຺ໄ ຈ ເຌຍ ຌ ັ ນາ ຂບຄາ ໃ ຌກຼໃ ທກ ັຍາຄຘາຘະໜາ ຖະຎັຈຆະງາກຽຎັ ຌແຈ.ໄ ຖະບາຈ ະຘາຓາຈຆທ ີ ີທຈ ິ ຖະຓຖະຈ ຺ກາຄຈາໄ ຌທ ັຈະ ໃ ງເນຽໄ ຂ຺ໄາເເຌທິຊຆ ໄ ໄ ຌະາເຌບາຆີ.າໃ ຌບາຈຘາຓາຈຌຑ ຆ ຺ໄ ຺ຍເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີເຌຂ ີ ິຈນຄໃ ິຈທິຌງາຌຖະັຄຽຎັຌທາຓຉບ ໄ ຄກາຌາຄຖກຘະແໝເໝຌ ໃ ີໄ ໄ ບ ັຌເໝ ຘາຘະໜາຌີໄແຈຌ ໄ າຽບ຺ າທາຓຓີຌາເ ໃ ກໃ ຖກ, ທາຓ ນທ ັຄເໝ,ໃ ຽຘັ ໄຌາຄຘາງເໝ,ໃ ຖະຘ ັຈະັຓທາຓິຄີໃ າຽຎັຌີໃ ຽນັ ຌ ໃ ັ ຽຓືໃ ບກບ ຖະຘາຏ ັຈແຈເໄ ຌຎັຈຸຍ ັຌຽໝືບຌຈຄ ໃ ຌ. ຽຊິຄ ຓ ຌ ໃ ທ າໃ ບາຈະຓ ຌ ໃ ທາຓຎະຘ ຄ຺ ຂບຄໃາ ຌດູໃ ຖ ທ ໄ , ຑທກຽປ຺ າຂ ຽຆີຌຆທຌໃາຌເນໄນຌ ັ ຓາຽຍິໃ ຄດໃາຄຖະບຼຈເຌຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ຖະບຸຈ ຺ຓກາຌຂບຄຏູກ ັ ໄ ຑທກຽປ຺າຑໄບຓີໃ ະຆທ ໄ ໃ ຉຄ. ໃ ງຽນົືບາໃ ຌ. ບ ຺ຄ ກາຌຂບຄຑທກຽປ຺າ ະຌະຌາາໃ ຌເຌກາຌບາໃ ຌ ຖະຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບາໃ ຌ ເນຽໄ ຂ຺ໄາຽຊິຄນົ ຄ ໃ ກາຌບາໃ ຌີໃ ຘາຓາຈຽຆືໃ ບຊືແຈ.ໄ ໄ ື “ຑຸຈະ ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ງິໃ ຄເນງ ໃ ໃ ີຑທກຽປ຺າກາໃ ທຽຊິຄເຌຎຶໄ ຓຌບ ໄ ງໂຌີກ ຘາຘະໜາ” ຖະຏູຽໄ ຎັຌຑຕະຘາຘະຈາຂບຄຘາຘະໜາຌີໄ ກຍໃ ຓຌເຏ ໃ ບືໃ ຌແກ ຌບກຽຘງາກ “ຉະຓະຑຸຈະຽ຺າໄ ”.
ໄ າກທາຓບະະຉິາຄ ຄໃ ຺ ຈາຖ຺ຄຉ຺ຌດູໃຈທ ໄ ງທາຓຍໃ ຖາບຼຄ, ນົີກຽທັຌ ຘາຘະໜາ, ຽຑືໃ ບຑະງາງາຓຘະນທຄນາຘ ັຈະັຓ.
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WHAT IS THIS RELIGION ? By Ven. Dr K Sri Dhammananda MESSAGE FOR ALL Every man must have a religion and that religion must be one which will appeal to the intellectual mind. A man failing to observe religious principles, becomes a danger to society. There is no doubt that scientist and psychologists have widened our horizon but they have not been able to tell us our purpose in life. A proper religion can do this. Man must therefore choose a rational and meaningful religion according to his conviction without depending on mere beliefs, traditions, customs and theories. No one has the right to force another person to accept any religion. No one should exploit poverty, illiteracy or arouse human emotional feelings to induce others to accept a religion. Religion should be a free choice. Man should be free to choose his own religion according to his liking and intellectual capacity. To follow a religion blindly without any understanding, would deprive the religion of its spiritual value and the follower of his human dignity. Human beings have intelligence and common sense to differentiate what is right and wrong. They can adapt themselves according to circumstances. They should therefore choose a religion that is adaptable to them 24
and one that meets with their human intelligence. They must be properly guided. Give them a chance to decide freely without any undue coercion. THE MIDDLE-WAY The religion that is being introduced in this booklet is a practical educational system for mental culture which was revealed to the world some twenty five centuries ago, by a most enlightened and compassionate Teacher. This religion is also known as the “MIDDLE-WAY, righteous way of life, ethico-philosophical system and a religion of freedom and reason.” It teaches us to do three main things: namely, “KEEP AWAY FROM BAD DEEDS, DO GOOD AND PURIFY THE MIND.” This message is very simple, meaningful and practical, yet people experience difficulties when they put them into practice due to inherent human weaknesses. The moral conduct of man plays a most important part in this religion. Its great Teacher once said, “My teaching is not to come and believe, but to come, see and practise.” It encourages people to study His teachings fully and allows them to use their own judgment to decide as to whether they should accept the teachings or otherwise. No one is asked to come and embrace this religion blindly without first having an understanding of its teachings.
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Superfluous rites and rituals have no real religious value or significance. There are no superstitious beliefs and practices or secret doctrines in this religion. Everything is open to the choice of the followers who are at liberty to investigate the teachings and ask questions whenever they want to clear their doubts. According to the founder of this religion, one should not believe anything merely because a great sage has introduced it or because it is traditionally accepted by many but one should use one’s common sense and intelligence and accept it only if it is worthwhile to do so. This religion teaches that the Noble Eight-fold Path which consists of Right Understanding, Right-thought, Right-speech, Right-action, Right-livelihood, Right-effort, Right-mindfulness and Right-concentration is the unique middle way to lead a noble life and allow others also to lead a peaceful life. The middle way is neither a metaphysical path nor a ritualistic path; neither dogmatism nor skepticism, neither self-indulgence nor self mortification; neither eternalism nor nihilism, neither pessimism nor optimism; it is a path of Enlightenment, a means of deliverance from suffering. This religion does not agree that human beings are suffering in this world today because of the sins committed by their ancestors; on the contrary every person carries his or her own merits or demerits individually. Man himself is solely responsible for his own pain or pleasure.
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One who follows the middle path or moderation should find real peace and happiness and should be able to lead a respectable life without being a slave to one’s senses, thus contributing to the peace and harmony of the world. REAP WHAT YOU SOW This religion satisfies man’s most profound and lofty aspirations and yet is able to bear the stress and strain of man’s everyday life, helping him in his contact with his fellow men, besides giving a purpose in life. It does not instill fear in people. “Good begets good and bad begets bad”. “Every action has its reaction.” These are universal laws. This religion fully agrees with these laws, hence people have to ‘reap what they sow’. Evil deeds are perpetrated by people due to their greed, anger and ignorance. Such weaknesses can only be overcome through self realization. Pleasure and pain which people experienced in this world are not due to some external influences but due to the good and bad actions, words and deeds which they themselves have committed. For this very reason, this religion says: ‘We are the results of what we were, and we will be the results of what we are.’ According to this teaching, cause and effect play a very important part in our lives. In a circle of cause and effect a first cause is inconceivable for cause ever becomes the effect and the effect in turn becomes the cause. 27
A GREAT TEACHER The founder of this unique religion is not a myth but a Great Teacher who really lived in this world. He never tried to introduce himself as a supernatural being but as a human being who realized the truth, the secret of life and the real cause of suffering and happiness. Today this Teacher is not only honoured by hundreds of millions of his followers but also by every cultured and intellectual man throughout the world. This Noble man, this Liberator, this Social Reformer, this Democrat and Inspirer into higher living, passed away at the age of eighty leaving behind a noble code for humanity to utilize as a means for the elimination of human suffering, misery, tension, fear and worry, consequently gaining happiness in this life and the life hereafter leading to ultimate liberation of all human suffering. This Great Teacher comforted the bereaved by His consoling words. He helped the poor that were neglected. He ennobled the lives of the deluded and purified the corrupted lives of criminals. He encouraged the feeble, united the divided, enlightened the ignorant, clarified the mystic, elevated the base and dignified the noble. Both rich and poor, saints and criminals loved Him alike. Despotic and righteous Kings, famous and obscure princes and nobles, generous and stingy millionaires, haughty and humble scholars, destitutes, paupers, down trodden scavengers, wicked murderers, despised courtesans – all benefited to 28
lead a peaceful noble life by His words of wisdom and compassion. His noble example was a source of inspiration to all. His serene and peaceful countenance was indeed a soothing sight to the pious eyes. His message of peace and tolerance was welcome by all with indescribable joy and was of eternal benefit to everyone who had the fortune to hear and practise it. His iron will, profound wisdom, universal love, boundless compassion, selfless service, historic renunciation, perfect purity, magnetic personality, exemplary methods employed to introduce His Teachings and His final success – all these factors have inspired about one fifth of the population of the world today to hail this teacher and to honour him as their supreme religious master. This noble Teacher sacrificed his worldly pleasures for the sake of suffering humanity to seek the Truth in order to show the path of deliverance from suffering. He visited the poor people whilst Kings and Ministers visited him. For forty five years after his enlightenment he had dedicated his life for enlightening misguided human beings. This great Teacher feared none nor did He instill fear in anyone. This is one of the principles that should be cultivated in this war-torn world of ours where the most precious thing – life – is sacrificed at the altar of brute force and where armaments are creating fear, tension and hatred. 29
He was the perfect scientist in the field of life. He was the perfect psychologist who was able to analyse the real nature of the mind – so much so that His teaching was acclaimed as the only scientific religion. To great philosophers and unbiased thinkers, he is a teacher who understood worldly conditions in its proper perspective. To moralists He has the highest code of discipline and He is the symbol of perfection. ‘He was the perfect model of all the virtues he preached’. To rationalists, he is the most liberal minded religious teacher who appreciated the vexed human problems. To free-thinkers, He is a religious teacher who encouraged people to think freely without depending on religious dogmas. To agnostics, he is a very kind, understanding and wise man. He was no doubt the most persuasive of all the religious Teachers. He never used compulsion or fear as a means of gaining converts. He has introduced a religious way of life for people to be religious even without the attachment of a religious label. He was the humble servant of humanity, unperturbed by either praise or blame, and undeterred even by the most acute illness. PEACE, HAPPINESS AND SALVATION
This Great Teacher has shown the path to Peace, 30
Happiness and Salvation. His way of teaching is liberal, rational, scientific and understandable, leading towards enlightenment. Today the message of peace of this Great Universal Teacher is more important than ever before when human beings are intoxicated with anger, greed, jealousy, pride and world domination. This Teacher was born to this world to dispel the darkness of ignorance and to save the world from its ills. Throughout the world many people lived on without believing or practicing any form of religion. However, if they would only take a little bit of trouble to study and understand what this Great Teacher had taught, they could easily clarify their doubts, if any, and be convinced as to the religion that could best contribute to man’s happiness. Whether one believes in Him or not, his teaching nevertheless has its effect on all people. His message was given to the world without any violence nor was a single drop of blood ever shed in its name. This is a remarkable record in world history which could be imprinted in letters of gold. This teaching illuminates the way by which mankind could cross from a world of unsatisfactoriness to a new world of light, love, peace, happiness and satisfaction. The twenty five centuries old teaching of this great teacher is strong enough to face any challenge without reversing or giving any new interpretation to its original teaching. 31
This teaching does not contradict the achievements and discoveries of modern scientists which are worldly achievements. Although virtue is necessary for the attainment of salvation, it in itself would not be sufficient. It must be combined with wisdom. Virtue and wisdom could also be compared to the eyes and feet of a man. Virtue can be constituted as a vehicle that brings man up to the gate of salvation, but the actual key that opens the gate is wisdom. HEAVENLY BLISS The followers of this religion never regard themselves as being the only chosen people who could get the chance to attain heavenly bliss. They believe that man creates his own hell or heaven according to his own way of life and that suffering in hell or realization of heavenly bliss can be experienced in this earthly life instead of the common belief that such conditions could be experienced only in the life hereafter. In accordance with these teachings, it is understood that anyone can enjoy heavenly bliss so long as one leads a righteous way of life. Heaven is not reserved for or to be monopolized by any one particular sect of religious community. It should be open to all – anyone who leads a noble life. 32
TOLERANCE AND UNDERSTANDING Tolerance, patience and understanding are worthy virtues upheld by the followers of this religion. Loving kindness, compassion and sympathy towards others are not limited to human beings only but extended to all living beings – as destruction of life, be it human or animal, is cruel and unjust, and is against the teaching of this religion. This religion also advises people to respect the other man’s views in order to lead a harmonious life. WAY OF LIFE This religion is clear and reasonable and it gives complete answers to all important aspects and questions about our life. It provides a solid foundation to help mankind towards a positive and a better way of life. This religion does not divide mankind into groups, the “saved” and the “lost” but as a civilized and understanding religion it teaches us how to tame the wild and refine the tamed. Followers of this religion do not indulge in petitional or intercessory prayer. They believe in the importance of selfexertion and in the efficacy of meditation that leads one to self conquest, self-control, self purification, relief and enlightenment because meditation serves as a tonic both to the heart and the mind. 33
MAN CAN MOULD HIS LIFE This religion contends that mind is the all powerful force – the creator and destroyer of man and the architect of man’s fate. Therefore, man should be capable of moulding anything if he only knows how to develop and make use of this mind properly. In fact this religion has been an admirable lighthouse for guiding mankind towards peace, happiness, and eternal bliss. It is true that the world today is riddled with racial, political, religious, communal, and ideological misunderstandings. To solve these complex problems, people must exercise the spirit of benevolence and tolerance towards each other, and this can be cultivated under the guidance of this religion, which inculcates ethical-moral co-operation for the universal good. Man must come to realize that spiritual development is more important than the attainment of material development for the real happiness and welfare of mankind. They must also practise truth, justice, service, charity and love if this world is to be turned into a better place to live in. ACTUALITY This religious teacher through his enlightenment, declared that:(1) The greatest virtue is the virtue gained in the cultivation of universal love; 34
(2) The supreme happiness is the happiness derived from mental tranquility; (3) The absolute truth is the truth acquired through the understanding of the causes of human suffering; (4) The highest religion is the religion that teaches intellectual development, morality and mental purification; (5) The greatest philosophy is the philosophy that introduces a practical way of life that can be followed without depending on theories and mere beliefs. FREE RELIGION This religion does not obstruct anyone from reading and learning the teachings of other religions; because there is no place for fanaticism in this religion. A fanatic cannot allow himself to be guided by reason or better still by the scientific principle of observation and analysis. Therefore, the follower of this religion is a free man with an open mind and is not subservient to anyone for his spiritual development. If you would care to learn a little more of the religious discipline or moral code of ethics and mental training of this religion, you will find that you would have to withdraw any previous misunderstandings you would have had about this religion. One should not merely judge the value of a religion by just observing certain practices performed by some
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misguided followers; instead one should always try to understand the fundamental teachings of that religion. CREDIT TO MAN’S INTELLIGENCE Instead of placing man and his destiny under the arbitrary control of an unknown external agency and making him subservient to such a supreme power, this religion raised the status of mankind and accorded man the credit due to him for his intelligence and also taught him how to cultivate this submerged human potential. This religion teaches us how to render selfless service to others. Followers of this religion abstain from evil not because of fear of retribution from some unseen being but because of realization that evil would bring about suffering to living beings. Their motive of doing good to help others is not to please any supreme being in expectation of a reward, but due to feelings of compassion towards others and to release them from their sufferings. Here in this religion you can find the way to perfect goodness and wisdom without any aid from any external power. You can achieve the highest wisdom through realization but not necessarily through ‘revelation’. You can attain redemption without the assistance of a vicarious redeemer. You can gain salvation within this life-time by the 36
judicious exercise of your own faculties without waiting for it to happen only in the life hereafter. IS IT POSSIBLE? 1. Without sensuous pleasures would life be endurable? 2. Without belief in immortality (life after death) can man be moral? 3. Without any aid from external agency can man advance towards righteousness? 4. Without rites and rituals can man lead a religious life? Without emotional faiths and beliefs can man practise a religion? 5. Without suffering through certain religious penances can man attain his liberation? 6. Without creating fear in the mind can man follow certain religious principles? 7. Without using force and threatening others can we introduce a proper religion? 8. Without superstitious beliefs and dogmatic ideas in the name of religion is it possible to convince the masses to lead a religious life? 9. Can a man appreciate and inspire a religion without mysticism, occultism and priest craft? “Yes�, said the founder of this religion, these ends could be attained by service, by purity, discipline and wisdom.
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CAUSE AND EFFECT The realization of the law of cause and effect as explained in this religion, clarifies and help to solve the problems of human suffering, the mystery of fate and predestination, and above all the inequality of mankind. Understanding of this law gives them consolation, hope, self-reliance and moral courage. MODERN RELIGION This is not a theory or a religion just to believe but a practical and noble way of life. This is one of the oldest religions in history that brought culture and betterment to mankind, yet most modern in every respect, when compared with modern achievements. It advises one not to become a slave to any external power but to cultivate one’s own hidden potentialities using one’s own effort and intelligence to resolve one’s problems. It has every quality required of a rational religion that will fit into the present and future world. It is rational, progressive and reasonable. It will be a pride for anyone to study and realize the value of this religion in the modern world. It is acknowledged to be more scientific than science and more progressive than all the progressive elements in the spiritual field. It is one of the most effective means to be utilised for the maintenance of world peace, harmony and understanding. 38
NO DISCRIMINATION It was this religion which for the first time in the history of the world that revolted against the degrading caste system and taught equality in mankind and accorded equal opportunities for all to distinguish themselves in every walk of life. It was also this religion that gave real freedom to the women to study and practise a religion that accorded social equalities for the first time in the history of the world. The Great Teacher declared that the gates to success and prosperity were open to all in every condition of life whether high or low, saint or criminal, who would care, seek and aspire for perfection. He did not force his followers to be slaves either to himself or his teachings but granted them complete freedom of thought and investigation for gaining confidence. IMPERMANENCE This religion classified the living being into mind and matter which are in a state of constant change, not remaining the same for two consecutive moments. Thus they arise and perish and the cycle goes on. Therefore nothing will remain permanently either in this world or in any other world system throughout the universe. Because everything which exists in any part of the universe is nothing but combination of elements and energies. It is quite natural that these things one day disintegrate and the formations disappear. 39
THE NATURE OF THE RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES The principles observed by this religion are not commandments. By observing the precepts such as abstaining from Killing, Stealing, Sexual Misconduct, Telling Lies and Taking Intoxicating Drinks, they could purify themselves and in so doing help others to live peacefully.
OUR AIM Our aim in publishing this booklet is not to convert others into our faith but to enlighten them to seek peace and happiness and to practise their religion according to their own convictions without resorting to blind faith. We encourage every person to practise his own religion properly if he could really find truth, peace, happiness, wisdom and salvation in it. What we want is for man to lead a respectable religious life without abusing his human dignity. However, this religion may be the answer to may of your religious, spiritual and human problems or it may give fresh direction to your thinking on religious and philosophical matters. It may also help you to understand the way of life and cultural heritage of Asia. You may find in this religion the spiritual guidance the modern world needs.
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This religion brought into the world a new spirit, a new hope, a new path, the truth of which and the necessity of which is seen and felt today as of old. Whatever may be your purpose, we invite you to take a closer look at this religion and ideals of the founder. We are ready to help you. Our organization will guide you in your reading and assist you to obtain reliable reading material. The great religion referred to in this booklet is “BUDDHISM” and the founder of this religion is none other than “GOTAMA THE BUDDHA”. BE UNBIASED, AVOID RELIGIOUS PREJUDICES, TRY TO FIND THE TRUTH.
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Glossary: າຘ ັຍເຌຎຶໄ ຓຽນົັໄຓຌີ:ໄ ໄ ຘະຽຑາະທາຓໝາງກຼໃ ທກ ັຍັຓຓະ ຽຑືໃ ບເນຏ າຘ ັຍີໃຽບ຺າຓາຖ ຺ຄເຌຌີໄ ະແຈຽໄ ຌັຌ ໄ ຘ ໄູ ຺ຌເຘຶກ ຘາາຘ ັຍັຓຓະແຈປ ໄ ຼຌປູຽໄ ບ຺າແທ ໄ
ຖະາຘ ັຍຽນົໃ ຺ າຌີໄ
ຘທ ໃ ຌເນງ ໃ ຓຌຓີ ໃ ທາຓໝາງຎຘະ
ຽຑາະເຌຎຶໄ ຓຽນົັໄຓຌີຽໄ ຺ໃ າຌຌັໄ ຘະຌຌັໄ ຊາໄ ຽນັຌເຌຍບ ໃ ຌບືໃ ຌບາຈະຎທາຓໝາງແຎຉາໃ ຄາກຌີ.ໄ
Abbreviations: ານງໄ adj: adjective
າຸຌຌາຓ
adv: adverb
າກາຓະທິຽຘຈ
n:
າຌາຓ
noun
prep: preposition
າຍຸຍຑະຍ ຺ຈ
v:
າກາຓະ
verb
A absolute (adj)ດາໃ ຄຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ absolute happiness (n)ຓີທາຓຘຸກດາໃ ຄ ໄ ຄິ , ຓີທາຓຘຸກດາໃ ຄຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ absolute truth(n) ທາຓິຄີໃ ຘຸຈ, ທາຓິຄ,ໄ ທາຓິຄີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ acquire(v) ແຈຓ ໄ າ adaptable (adj) ຘາຓາຈຎັຍຉ ຺ທແຈ,ໄ ຘາຓາຈຈ ັຈຎຄແຈ,ໄ ຘາຓາຈກແຂແຈ ໄ ໄ accept(v) ງບຓປ ັຍ, ປ ັຍຽບ຺າ accord (v) ຘບຈບ ໃ ຄ, according to (prep) ບີຄຉາຓ actuality (n) ທາຓຽຎັຌິຄ acute illness(n) ບາກາຌຎໃທງຂຌຘານ ັໄ ັຈ, ບາກາຌຎໃທງຂຌຆບຓເ ັໄ adapt (v)ຎັຍຎຼໃ ຌ, ຎັຍຉ ຺ທ admirable (a) ດາໃ ຄໜາໄ ຘ ັຌຖະຽຘີຌ, ໜາໄ ຘ ັຌຖະຽຘີຌ agnostics (n) ຺ຌຍໃ ຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາເຈ, ຺ຌຍໃ ຽຆືໃ ບທາໃ ຑຕະຽ຺າໄ ຓີຄິ aim (n) ຽຎ຺ໄາໝາງ, ຸຈຎະຘ ຺ຄ
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altar (n) ປາໄ ຌຑຕະ, ຌ ໃ altar of brute force (n) ຍບ ໃ ຌປ ັຍຘາຘະໜາຍຍຂູຽໃ ຂັຌ, ຍຍຍ ັຄ ັຍເນຌ ໄ ັຍຊື analysis (n) ກາຌທິຽາະ anger (n) ທາຓດາກປາໄ ຌ, ທາຓກຈ appeal (v) ທິໃ ຄທບຌ, ປບ ໄ ຄຂ, ຈຶຄຈູຈ appreciate (v) ຆືໃ ຌຆ ຺ຓ, ງິຌຈີ arbitrary (adj) ຍຍຘຄ຺ໃ ຽຈຈ, ຍຍຍໃ ຓີກ ຺ຈຍໃ ຓີຽກຌ, ຉາຓຑະຖະກາຌ, ຉາຓບາຽຑີເ arbitrary control (n) ກາຌທຍຸຓຈງຑະຖະກາຌ, ກາຌທາຓຸຓຍຍຘໃຄ຺ ຽຈຈ architect of man’s fate (n) ຘະຊາຎັຈຉະງະກ ັຓນຄໃ ຆກຆະຉາຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ armament (n) ບາທຸຈຘ ຺ຄາຓ, ກາຌຘ ຺ຄາຓ arouse (v) ກະຉຸຌ ີ າຖ ັຄເ ໄ , ຉຸກຽຉືບຌເ, ຽປັຈເນຓ ໄ ກ assistance (n) ກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ, ກາຌບຸຓ ໄ ຆູ attachment (n) ກາຌດຶຈໝຌຊື ັໄ ໝຌ, ັໄ ບຸຎາາຌ attain (v) ຍ ັຌຖຸ, ແຈປ ໄ ັຍ attainment (n) ກາຌແຈຍ ັ ຂຌຘູ ັໄ ຄ, ກາຌຍ ັຌຖຸຽຎ຺ໄາໝາງ ໄ ັຌຖຸຓ attainment of material development (n) ກາຌຍ ັຈຖຸຽຊິຄທາຓຘິທແ ິ ຖ attainment of salvation (n) ກາຌຍ ັຌຖຸຽຊິຄທາຓນົຸຈຑຌ ຺ໄ
B belief (n) ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ, ກາຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຘາຘະໜາ benevolence (n) ບ ັຈຊະະຕິງາ, ກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ ຺ຌຘທ ໃ ຌເນງ ໃ betterment (n) ທາຓກາໄ ທໜາໄ , ກາຌຽປັຈເນຈ ີ ຌ ືໄ , ກາຌງ ຺ກຸຌຌະຑາຍ ໄ ຂ blindly (adv) ດາໃ ຄຓືຈຓ ຺ຌ, ດາໃ ຄຄ ຺ຓຄາງ, ດາໃ ຄຄ ຺ຓຓືຈ, ດາໃ ຄຉາຍບຈ, ດາໃ ຄຍໃ ຌຶກຶຈ blame (v) ຉາຌິ, ງຌທາຓຏິຈເນ ໄ booklet (n) ຎຶໄ ຓຌບ ໄ ງໂ, ຎືໄຓຽນົັໄຓຍາຄໂ boundless compassion (n) ທາຓກະຕຸຌາຍຍຍໃ ຓີຂບຍຽຂຈ Buddhism (n) ຑຕະຑຸຈະຘາຘະໜາ
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C capable of (adj) ຘາຓາຈີໃ ະ, ຘາຓາຈ capacity (n) ທາຓຘາຓາຈ, ຘ ັກກະງະຑາຍ causes (n) ຘາຽນຈ, ຓູຌຽນຈ, ຽນຈ causes of human sufferings (n) ຘາຽນຈຂບຄທາຓຸກຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ chance (n) ບກາຈ, ທາຓຍ ັຄຽບີຌ, ຆກຆະຉາ charity (n) ກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບຘ ຺ຄຽາະ, ກາຌກຸຘ ຺ຌ choice (n) ບກາຈ, າຄຽຖືບກ choose (v) ຽຖືບກ circumstance (n)
ຽນຈກາຌ, ຘະຊາຌະກາຌ, ກຖະຌີ
ໄ ຺ຄແຘ clarified, clarify (v) ຽປັຈເນ ຄ, ໄ ຓ ໃ ໄ າງທາຓຘ ຺ຄແຘ, ແຂຂຘ coercion (n) ກາຌຌາຍຂູ,ໃ ກາຌຂູຽໃ ຂັຌ, ກາຌຍີຍຍ ັຄ ັຍ code (n) ຖະນ ັຈ, ຎະຓທຌ, code of conduct ັຌງາຍ ັຌ common sense (n) ຘາຓ ັຌຘາຌຶກ, ທາຓຘາຌຶກ, ທາຓປູປ ໄ ບຍຉ ຺ທ compassionate (adj)
ຓີທາຓກະຕຸຌາ,
compassion (n) ທາຓກະຕຸຌາ compulsion (n) ກາຌຍ ັຄ ັຍ, ກາຌຍີຍຍ ັຄ ັຍ confidence (n) ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບໝຌ, ັໄ ຘ ັຈາ, ທາຓໝຌເ ັໄ conquest (v) ຽບ຺າຆະຌະ consequently(adv) ຽຎັຌຏ ຺ຌຉາຓຓາ, ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌຌັໄ contradict (v) ກ ຺ຄກ ັຌຂາໄ ຓ, ຂ ັຈງຄໄ ກ ັຌ, ຂ ັຈງຄໄ contribute (v) ຓີຘທ ໃ ຌປທ ໃ ຓ, ຎະກບຍຘທ ໃ ຌ conviction(n) ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຊື, ຘ ັຈາ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບໝຌ, ັໄ ທາຓໝຌເ ັໄ convinced, convince(v) : ຽປັຈເນໝ ັໄ ໄ ຌເ coercion (n) ກາຌຂູຽໃ ຂັຌ, ກາຌຍີຍຍ ັຄ ັຍ commandments (n) ຍ ັຌງ ັຈາຄຘາຘະໜາ common (adj) ຺ໃ ທໂແຎ, ຘາຓ ັຌ communal (adj) ຽຎັຌຂບຄຆຸຓຆ ຺ຌ, ກຼໃ ທຽຌືໃ ບຄກ ັຍຆຸຓຆ ຺ຌ complex (adj) ຘ ັຍຘ ຺ຌ, ີໃ ຘ ັຍຘ ຺ຌ
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complex problems (n) ຍ ັຌນາຘ ັຍຘ ຺ຌ conduct (n) ກາຌຎະຑຶຈ, ທາຓຎະຑຶຈ, ຑຶຈຉິກາ consecutive(adj) ຽຆິໃ ຄຉາຓຓາດາໃ ຄຉໃ ຽຌືໃ ບຄ, ຽຆິໃ ຄຉິຈຉໃ ກ ັຌ consecutive moments(n) ຂະຌະຽທຖາີໃ ຉິຈຉໃ ກ ັຌ contend (v) ຉໃ ຘູ,ໄ contend that…ດືຌດັຌທາໃ corrupt (v) ຏິຈຑຼໄ ຌ, ຽຘືໃ ບຓຆາຓ, ຽປັຈເນຓ ຸ , ກິຌຘິຌຍ ຺ຌ ີ ຺ຌິຌ, ຍໃ ຍຖິຘຈ ໄ ຓ credit(v) ຘ ັຌຖະຽຘີຌ, ງ ຺ກງບ ຸ , ຽຎັ ຌກຼຈ ັໄ ກຼຈຉິຌ ໄ ຄ, ຆ ຺ຓຽຆີງ, ຽປັຈເນຽໄ ຆືໃ ບໝຌ, criminals(n) ບາຈງາກບຌ cruel(adj) ນຈປາໄ ງ, ດາໃ ຄນຈປາໄ ງຎາ ໃ ຽຊືໃ ບຌ cultivate (v) ຂ ັຈຽກ຺າ(ຓາຖະງາຈ), ະຌຸຊະໜບຓ, ຎູກຐ ັຄ, ຘາໄ ຄ(ທາຓຈີ) cultivation (n) ກາຌຘາໄ ຄທາຓຈີ, ກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາ, ກາຌບ ຺ຍປ ຺ຓ(ິຈເ) cultivation of universal love (n) ກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາທາຓປ ັກີໃຽຎັຌຘາກ ຺ຌ culture (n) ທ ັຈະຌະັຓ, ກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາ customs (n) ຎະຽຑຌີ, ປີຈບຄ
D danger(n) ບ ັຌຉະຖາງ, ທາຓບ ັຌຉະຖາງ darkness of ignorance(n) ທາຓຓືຈນຄໃ ບະທິຆາ, ທາຓຓືຈຂບຄທາຓຍໃ ປູໄ decide(v) ຉ ັຈຘິຌເ declare (v) ຎະກາຈ, ຊະນົຄ dedicate(v) ບຸິຈ deeds(n) ກ ັຓ, ກາຌກະາ degrading caste system(n) ຖະຍ ຺ຍຆ ຺ຌຆຌທ ັໄ ັຌຌະ deluded, the (n) (ຓີ the ເຘຂ ໃ າໄ ຄໜາໄ ) ຺ຌນົ ຺ຄາຄ, ຺ຌີໃຓີຓນະບຍຄາ democrat(n) ຌ ັກຎະຆາິຎະແຉ, ຏູຓ ໄ ັກຎະຆາິຎະແຉ ໄ ດູກ ໄ ກ ັຍ, ບີຄເຘ ໃ depending on(pre) ຂືຌ ໃ ັຍ, ຂືຌ deprive(v) ຑ ັຈຑາກ, ຽປັຈເນຘ ູ ຽຘງ ໄ ຌ despised courtesans (n) ຏູງ ິ ຘຽຑຌີໃ ີຉາໃ ຉບ ິ ຘຽຑຌີໃ ີຊືກຈູຓໃ ຌ ິ ໄ ຄ ໄ ງ, ຏູງ ໄ ຄ despotic and righteous kings (n) ຑຕະຕາຆາຏູຎ ໄ ໃາຽຊືໃ ບຌຖະຏູຓ ໄ ເີ ຽຎັຌັຓ
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destiny(n) ຑ ຺ຓຖິຂຈ ິ (ຑຕ ຺ຓຕິຂຈ ິ ), ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຊືກຖິຂຈ ິ ແທ ໄ ຖທ ໄ destitute (n) ທາຓຸກ, ຺ຌຸກ destroyer(n) ຏູ ໄ າຖາງ destruction of life(n) ກາຌາຖາງຆີທຈ ິ develop(v) ຑ ັຈະຌາ, ຽປັຈເນຈ ີ ຌ ືໄ ໄ ຂ differentiate(v) າຌກ, ຽປັຈເນຽໄ ນັ ຌຉກຉາໃ ຄ, ງກງະ dignified, dignify (v) ຓີກຼຈຘ ັກຘີ dignity (n) ກຼຈຘ ັກຘີ disappear (v) ຽຘືໃ ບຓຘະນົາງແຎ, ຘູຌນາງ discoveries, discovery (n) ກາຌຌຑ ຺ໄ ຺ຍ discrimination (n) ກາຌາຌກ disintegrate (v) ຽປັຈເນ ໄ ຉກງກ, ຍຄໃ ງກ dispel (v) ຎັຈຽຎ຺ໃ າ, ກາ ັຈ dispel the darkness of ignorance (n) ຎັຈຽຎ຺ໃ າທາຓຓືຈນຄໃ ບະທິຆາ distinguish (v) າຌກ(ທາຓຉກຉາໃ ຄ) divided, the (n) ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຊືກຍຄໃ ງກ dogmatic ideas (n) ທາຓິຈາຄຘາຘະໜາ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຊື ໄ ຺ຄແຘ doubt(n) ທາຓຘ ຺ຄແຘ, ຂຘ down trodden scavengers(n) ຺ຌຽຈີຌຊະໜ ຺ຌຏູຉ ໄ າໃ ຉບ ໄ ງ, ຺ຌຆບກນາຽຘຈ ບານາຌກິຌແຎທ ັຌໂ due to(prep) ຽຌືໃ ບຄາກທາໃ , ຽຌືໃ ບຄາກ, ຽນຈີໃ
E Educational(adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌຘຶກຘາ effect(n) ຏ ຺ຌກະ຺ຍ, ຏ ຺ຌຉາຓຓາ effective means, the most effective means(n) ທິີກາຌີໃ ຓີຎະຘິຈິຑາຍ efficacy (n) ກາຌເນຏ ໄ ຺ຌຈີ, ຓີຎະຘິຈິຑາຍ efficacy of meditation (n) ຏ ຺ຌຈີຂບຄກາຌຐຶກຘະຓາິ , ບາຌິຘ ຺ຄກາຌຐຶກຘະຓາິ elevated (v) ງ ຺ກຘູຄ, ງ ຺ກຖະຈ ັຍ(ິຈເ)
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elimination (n) ກາຌາກ ັຈ, ກາຌຖ ຺ຍຖາໄ ຄ embrace (v) ຌ ັຍຊື(ຘາຘະໜາ), ຌາແຎຎະຉິຍ ັຈ emotional (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍບາຖ ຺ຓ, ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍທາຓປູຘ ຶ ໄ ກ emotional faith (n) ກາຌຌ ັຍຊືຍຍຏິທຽຏີຌ, ກາຌຌ ັຍຊືຍຍຉາຓບາຖ ຺ຓ emotional feelings (n) ທາຓປູຘ ຶ າຄບາຖ ຺ຓ, ຽທະຌາ ໄ ກ encouraged(past participle)ຘໃຄ຺ ຽຘີຓ, ຆຸກງູ,ໄ ເນກ ໄ າຖ ັຄເ enlightened ( past participle) ຉ ັຈຘະປູ,ໄ ປູ ໄ ຄໄ Enlightenment (n) ກາຌຉ ັຈຘະປູ,ໄ ກາຌປູ ໄ ຄໄ ennoble (v) ຽປັຈເນຎ ໄ ະຽຘີຈ, ຐຶກເນຽໄ ຎັຌຏູຎ ໄ ະຽຘີຈ equal (adj) ຽ຺ໃ າຼຓ, ຽ຺ໃ າກ ັຌ equality (n) ທາຓຘະຽໝີຑາຍກ ັຌ, ທາຓຽ຺ໃ າຼຓກ ັຌ eternal benefit (n) ຏ ຺ຌຎະນງຈງາທຌາຌ, ຏ ຺ຌຎະນງຈຌິຖ ັຌຈບຌ eternal bliss (n) ທາຓຘຸກຌິຖ ັຌຈບຌ ethico-philosophical system (n) ຖະຍ ຺ຍຎັຈຆະງາະຕິງະັຓ exploit (v) ຽປັຈເນຽໄ ຘືໃ ບຓຽຘງ, ຂູຈປີຈ, ຍີຍຍ ັຄ ັຍ external (adj) ຑາງຌບກ, ກຼທກ ັຍຑາງຌບກ ໃ external power (n) ບາຌາຈຑາງຌບກ(ຽຆັໃ ຌ ຽທະຈາ, ບິຌຑ ຺ຓ, ຑຕະຽ຺າໄ ...) evil (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍທາຓຍໃ ຈີ, ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍທາຓຆໃທ຺ evil deeds (n) ກາຌກະາທາຓຆໃທ຺ , ກາຌກະາຍໃ ຈີ
F faculties, faculty ບິຌຆີ(ທາຓຽຎັຌເນງຂ ໃ ບຄບາງະຉະຌະ ຽຆັໃ ຌ ຉາ, ນູ, ຈ ັຄ, ຖີໄຌ, ກາງ ຖະເ ນົື ບິຌຆີ ີໃ ຽຎັຌຑະຖະນາໄ ດາໃ ຄ ຽຆັໃ ຌ : ທິຕງ ິ ະຑະຖະ ຓີທາຓຑຼຌ ຽຎັຌເນງ ໃ ຽຎັຌຉຌ) ຺ໄ ໄ ຺ກຏບ failing (n) ທາຓຏິຈຑາຈ, ກາຌຑາຈບກາຈ, ຂຍ ໃ ຄ faith (n) ຘ ັຈາ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ famous and obscure princes (n) ຽ຺າໄ ຆາງຏູ ໄ ຈຈຽຈັໃ ຌ ຖະຍໃ ຽຎັຌີໃ ປູ ໄ ັກ fanaticism (n) ກາຌຽັໃ ຄຘາຘະໜາ fear (n) ທາຓດາໄ ຌ, (v) ດາໄ ຌ
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feeble, the (n) ຏູບ ໄ ບ ໃ ຌບ feelings (n) ທາຓປູຘ ຶ , ຽທະຌາ ໄ ກ feelings of compassion (n) ທາຓປູຘ ຶ ຓີຽຓຈຉາ ໄ ກ follow (v) ຉິຈຉາຓ, ຎະຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓ force (v) ຍ ັຄ ັຍ, (n) ກາຌຍ ັຄ ັຍ formations (n) ຘ ັຄຂາຕ(ກາຌຎຸຄຉຄໃ າຄິຈ) founder (n) ຏູກ ຑຕະຘາຘະຈາ ັໄ ໄ ໃ ຉຄຘາຘະໜາ, freedom (n) ບິຈຘະນົະ, ທາຓຓີບຈ ິ ຘະນົະຑາຍ freely ( adv) ດາໃ ຄຄາງຈາງ, ຉາຓຘະຍາງ ໃ free-thinker (n) ຌ ັກິຈບິຈຘະນົະ, ຏູຍ ໄ ໃ ຽຆືໃ ບຊືຘາຘະໜາເຈ fundamental teachings (n) ນົ ັກຑືໄຌຊາຌຂບຄາຘບຌ
G gained ( past participle) ແຈປ ໄ ັຍ gaining confidence (n) ແຈປ ໄ ັຍກາຌຘ ັຈາ gaining converts (n) ກາຌນ ັຌເນ ໄ ຺ຌຓາຌ ັຍຊື(ຘາຘະໜາ) Gautama Buddha (n) ຑຕະຘະຓະຌະຈ ຺ຓ, ຑຕະຑຸຈະຈ ຺ຓ generous and stingy millionaires (n) ຽຘຈຊີຏເໄູ ຍຸຌຖະຽຘຈຊີຂຊ ີໄ ໃ ີ goodness (n) ທາຓຈີ, ຸຌຄາຓທາຓຈີ granted (past participle) ເນ,ໄ ບະຌຸງາຈ, ຽຎີ ຈບກາຈ, ບະຌຸຓ ັຈ Great Teacher, the (n) ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓຘາຈຘະຈາ, ຑຕະຉະຊາ ຺ຈ, ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູ Great Universal Teacher (n) ຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓູ, ຏູຽໄ ຎັຌູຂບຄຖກ greed (n) ຉ ັຌນາ, ທາຓດາກ ໄ ຌະ guided ( past participle) ຌະຌາ, ຆີ
H hail (v) ຘາຸກາຌ, ຆໃ ຆບ ໄ ຄຘາຸກາຌ, ຆືໃ ຌຆ ຺ຓງິຌຈີ happiness (n) ທາຓຘຸກ
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harmonious life (n) ຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຽຎັຌຓີທາຓຘາຓ ັກີ, ຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຘບຈບ ໃ ຄກ ັຍ... harmony (n) ທາຓຘາຓ ັກີ, haughty and humble scholars (n) ຌ ັກຎາຈີໃບບ ໄ ທຈ ຖະຌ ັກຎາຈີໃຊບ ໃ ຓຉ ຺ຌ hatred (n) ທາຓຼຈຆ ັຄ, ທາຓຌ ໄ , ຽທຌ heavenly bliss (n) ທາຓຘຸກນຄໃ ຘທຄຘະນທ ັຌ heart (n) ນ ຺ທເ hereafter ( adv) ນົ ັຄາກຌຌັໄ heritage (n) ຓຖະຈ ຺ກ hidden ( past participle) ຽຆືໃ ບຄ, ຽຆືໃ ບຄຆບຌ, ຍໃຓ ຺ ຆບ ໄ ຌ hidden potentialities (n) ທາຓຘາຓາຈຍໃຓ ຺ ຆບ ໄ ຌ, ທາຓຘາຓາຈີໃ ຓີດູໃ Him (pronoun) ຑຕະຑຸຈະບ ຺ຄ, His (possessive determiner) ຂບຄຑຕະຑຸຈະບ ຺ຄ (ັຄ ໄ ຼຌຽຎັຌຉເນງຉ ຘບຄຘ ັຍຌີຂ ໃ ະນົບຈ ໝາງຽຊິຄຌຌາຓຑຕະຑຸຈະຽ຺າໄ ) historic renunciation (n) ກາຌບບກຍທຈີໃ ຽຎັຌຎະນທ ັຈກາຌ(ຽຌກຂ ັຓຓະ) ໄ ຎທາໃ ຖກະັຈ) horizon (n) ຽຘັໄຌຂບຍຒາ ໄ ( ເຌຍ ຺ຈຌີ honour (adj), ດາໃ ຄຓີກຼຈຘ ັກຘີ, ດາໃ ຄຓີກຼຈ (n) ກຼຈຘ ັກຘີ, ກຼຈຉິງ ຺ຈ human being (n) ຓະຌຸຈ human emotional feeling (n) ບາຖ ຺ຓທາຓປູຘ ຶ ຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ ໄ ກ human dignity (n) ກຼຈຘ ັກຘີຂບຄທາຓຽຎັຌຓະຌຸຈ human intelligence (n) ຑູຓຎັຌງາຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ human suffering (n) ທາຓຸກຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ
I ignorant (adj) ບະທິຆາ, ຄ,ໃ ຍໃ ປູ ໄ ຄິ illuminate (v) ຘບ ໃ ຄຘຄຘະນທາໃ ຄ, ຽຎັຌຘຄຘະນທາໃ ຄ, ຎະກາງຘຄ inculcate (v) ກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈ, ຽກີຈຓີ impermanence (n) ທາຓຽຎັຌບະຌິຈ ັຄ, ທາຓຍໃ ຼໃ ຄ ໄ ຌຌ ໃ ບຌ imprinted (past participle) າຖຶກ, ຘະນົ ັກແທ,ໄ ຍ ັຌຶກແທ,ໄ ຘະນົ ັກເ in accordance with (phrase) ຘບຈບ ໃ ຄກ ັຍ, ກ ຺ຓກຼທກ ັຌ, ຽຂ຺ໄາກ ັຍ, ຘ ຺ຓກ ັຍ indescribable joy (n) ທາຓຘຸກຽໜືບຑ ັຌຖະຌາ
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inequality(n) ທາຓຍໃ ຘະຽໝີຑາຍ inherent human weakness (n) ທາຓບບ ໃ ຌບຂບຄຓະຌຸຈີໃ ຓີຓາຉຽໃ ກີຈ instead of (pre) ຌີໃ , ຌີໃ ະ Intellectual capacity (n) ທາຓຘາຓາຈາຄຎັຌງາ, ຘ ັກກະງະຑາຍາຄຑູຓຎັຌງາ intellectual man (n) ຑູຓຎັຌງາຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ intellectual mind (n) ິຈເີໃ ຓີຎຌ ັ ງາ, ຏູຓ ີ ຌ ັ ງາ ໄ ຎ illiteracy (n) ທາຓຍໃ ປູໜ ໄ ັຄຘື, ກືກໜ ັຄຘື ideological misunderstandings (n) ທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເຏິຈາຄບຸຈ ຺ຓກາຌ ນົືທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ induce (v) ຌາແຎຘູ,ໃ ກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈ inspiration (n) ປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເ, ທາຓຍ ັຌຈາຌເ inspirer (n) ຏູຽໄ ຎັຌປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເ interpretation (n) ກາຌຎ, ກາຌຊບຈທາຓໝາງ, ກາຌຎທາຓໝາງ introduce (v) ຘະຽໜີ, ຌາຘະຽໜີ intelligence (n) ຎັຌງາ, ທາຓຘະນົາຈ intercessory (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌທິໃຄທບຌ, ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌບບ ໄ ຌທບຌ instil (v) ຆາຍຆືຓ investigate (v) ກທຈຘບຍ, ແຉຉ ໃ ບຄ investigation (n) ກາຌກທຈຘບຍ, ກາຌແຉຉ ໃ ບຄ iron will (n) ຎະຌິາຌຉຄໝ າໃ ຄຽຈັຈຈຼໃ ທ ັໄ ຌ, ັໄ ທາຓຉຄເດ ັໄ
J Jealousy (n) ທາຓບິຈຘາ judge(v) ຉ ັຈຘິຌ Judgment (n) ກາຌຉ ັຈຘິຌ judicious exercise (n) ກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈດາໃ ຄຓີຽນຈຓີຏ ຺ຌ, ກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈດາໃ ຄປບຍບຍ
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K kind (adj) ກະຕຸຌາ kindness (n) ທາຓກະຕຸຌາ(ທາຓຘ ຺ຄຘາຌຽຓືໃບຽນັ ຌ ຺ຌບືໃຌຉ ຺ກຸກແຈງ ໄ າກ), ຑຕະຓະນາກະຕຸຌາິຌ ຸ
L law (n) ກ ຺ຈໝາງ liberal (adj) ບິຈຘະນົະ, ດາໃ ຄບິຈຘະນົະ liberal minded religious teacher (n) ຏູຘ ີ ຈ ິ ເກທ ໄ ບຌຘາຘະໜາຏູຓ ໄ ໄ າຄຂທາຄ liberty (n) ທາຓຓີບຈ ິ ຘະນົະຑາຍ, ບິຈຘະນົະຑາຍ, ຽຘຖີຑາຍ, ຽຘຖີຓ ັ liberator (n) ຏູຓ ໄ ັກບິຈຘະນົະຑາຍ, ຌ ັກບິຈຘະນົະຑາຍ liberation (n) ທາຓຓີບຈ ິ ຘະນົະຑາຍ life-time (n) ຉະນົບຈຆີທຈ ິ , ຆທ ິ ໃ ຄຆີທຈ lighthouse (n) ຎະຑາາຌ, ຎບ ໄ ຓງາຓີໃ ຓີຘຄແຒປຸຄໃ ຘະນທາໃ ຄ, ນແຒ lofty(adj) ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ lofty aspirations (n) ປຄຍ ັຌຈາຌເບ ັຌຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ loving-kindness(n) ທາຓຽຓຈຉາ
M magnetic personality (n) ຍຸກະຖິກບ ັຌຘະນຄາຄາຓ, ຍຸກະຖິກີໃ ຓີຘະຽໜ ໃ ໃ maintenance (n) ກາຌປ ັກຘາແທ,ໄ ກາຌຊະຌຸຍາຖຸຄ man(n) ຏູຆ ໄ າງ, ຓະຌຸຈ mankind(n) ຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ, ຓະຌຸຈແຘງະຆາຈ matters(n) ຍ ັຌນາ, ຽຖືໃ ບຄຖາທຉາໃ ຄໂ meaningful(adj) ຓີທາຓໝາງຘາ ັຌ means(n) ທິີກາຌ, ທິີາຄ meaningful religion(n) ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີທາຓໝາງຘາ ັຌ
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means of gaining converts (n) ທິີກາຌຈຶຄ ຺ຌເນນ ໄ ັຌຓາຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາ meditation (n) ກາຌຐຶກຘະຓາິ mental culture(n) ກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາິຈເ mental purification (n) ທາຓຍຖິຘຈ ຸ າຄິຈ mental training (n) ກາຌຐຶກິຈ mere beliefs (n) ຑຼຄຉ ໃ ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບ ໄ ຌ message of peace (n) ຂຓ ູ ນຄໃ ຘ ັຌຉິຑາຍ, າຘບຌນຄໃ ຘ ັຌຉິຑາຍ metaphysical path (n) ຽຘັໄຌາຄີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ , ຽຘັໄຌາຄນຄໃ ບະຑິຎຈ ັ ຆະງາ Middle way, the (n) ຓ ັຈຆິຓາຎະຉິຎະາ(າຄຘາງກາຄ) mind (n) ິຈເ misery (n) ທາຓຸກງາກ, ທາຓຂ ັຈຂບ ໄ ຄໝບຄເ misguided followers (n) ຏູຎ ໄ ະຉິຍ ັຈີໃຍໃ ຊືກບຄ, ຏູຎ ໄ ະຉິຍ ັຈີໃຏິຈຑຼໄ ຌ misguided human beings (n) ຓະຌຸຈຏູນ ໄ ົ ຺ຄຏິຈ, ຓະຌຸຈຏູຽໄ ຈີຌາຄຏິຈ mould (v) ນົໃ ນົບຓ, ຽຘີຓຘາໄ ຄ monopolized (v) ຏູກຂ ັຈ, າກ ັຈຘິຈິຂບຄ ຺ຌບືໃຌ moral code of ethics (n) ັຌງາັຓ(ນົ ັກກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈຉາຓປີຈບຄັຓ) moral conduct of man, the (n) ຘິຌັຓຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ moralist (n) ຌ ັກຘີຖະັຓ must (adv) ະຉບ ໄ ຄ, າຉບ ໄ ຄ, າຽຎັຌຉບ ໄ ຄ mystic (adj) ຖຶກຖ ັຍ mysticism (n) ຖ ັຈິຖຶກຖ ັຍ
N necessarily (adv) ດາໃ ຄາຽຎັຌ necessity (n) ທາຓາຽຎັຌ, ຎັຈແ ໄ neglected (past participle) ຎໃບງຎະຖະແຖ, ຍໃ ຘ ຺ຌເ, ຍໃ ຽບ຺າເເຘ,ໃ ຎະຊິຓ nevertheless (adv) ຽຊິຄດາໃ ຄເຈກຉາຓ noble code for humanity (n) ັຌງາັຓບ ັຌຎະຽຘີຈຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ
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noble man (n) ຏູຎ ໄ ະຽຘີຈ, ບະຕິງະຆ ຺ຌ, ຺ຌຓີຉະກູຌຘູຄ Noble teacher (n) ູຘບຌຏູຎ ໄ ະຽຘີຈ
O observation (n) ກາຌຘ ັຄຽກຈ, ກາຌຘະຓາາຌຘິຌ obstruct (v) ຂ ັຈຂທາຄ, ກີຈກຌ, ັໄ ນ ັກນາໄ ຓ, ຘະກ ັຈກຌ, ັໄ ກີຈຂທາຄ, ທ ໃ ຄຈຶຄ obtain (v) ແຈປ ໄ ັຍ occultism (n) ຖ ັຈິແຘງະຘາຈ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບຽຖືໃ ບຄຽທຈຓ ຺ຌກ ຺ຌາຊາ original teaching (n) າຘບຌຈຄຽຈີ ັໄ ຓ, າຘບຌຉຌຘະຍ ຺ໄ ັຍ otherwise (adv) ຊາໄ ຍໃ ຈຄໃ ັ ຌຌັໄ
P Path of deliverance, the (n) ຽຘັໄຌາຄນຄໃ ທາຓນົຸຈຑຌ ຺ໄ Path to peace, the (n) ຽຘັໄຌາຄຘູຘ ໃ ັຌຉິຑາຍ patience (n) ທາຓຑຼຌ, ທາຓຑາກຑຼຌ, ທິຕງ ິ ະ paupers (n) ງາ ຺ກ, ຺ຌບະຌາຊາ, ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຸກງາກນົາງ peaceful noble life (n) ກາຌຈາຽຌີຌຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຎະຽຘີຈຖະຘະນຄ ຺ຍຘຸກ peace (n) ຘະນຄ ຺ຍຘຸກ, ທາຓຘະນຄ ຺ຍ, ຘ ັຌຉິຘກ ຸ peacefully (adv) ດາໃ ຄຘະນຄ ຺ຍຘຸກ, ດາໃ ຄຘ ັຌຉິທ ິ ີ, ດາໃ ຄຄຼຍຘະນຄ ຺ຍ penance (n) ກາຌຖະຓາຌຉ ຺ຌ, ກາຌຍາຽຑັຌຉະຍະ, ກາຌາທາຓຑຼຌຽຏ຺າກິຽຖຈ perfect model (n) ຍຍດາໃ ຄີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌ perfect purity (n) ທາຓຍຖິຘຈ ຸ ີໃ ຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ perfection (n) ທາຓຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ, ຎາຕະຓີ, ກາຌຽປັຈເນຘ ໄ ຺ຓຍູຌ perish (v) ຽຘືໃ ບຓຘະນົາງ, ຉາງແຎ, ຘາຍຘູຌ permanently (adv) ດາໃ ຄໝຌ ັໄ ຺ຄຂະໜ ຺ຄກຌ ັໄ ຺ຄ, ດາໃ ຄຊາທບຌ ໃ , ດາໃ ຄໝຌ persuasive (adj) ດາໃ ຄຈຶຄຈູຈເ petitional (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌປບ ັຍກາຌບບ ໄ ຄຂ, ກຼທກ ໃ ໄ ຌທບຌ philosophy (n) ຎັຈຆະງາ pious eyes (n) ຘາງຉານຄໃ ທາຓຈີ, ຘາງຉານຄໃ ທາຓຽຓຈຉາ, ຘາງຉາ ຺ຌເຍຸຌ
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political (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌຽຓືບຄ poverty (n) ທາຓຸກ ໄ າຄຎະຉິຍ ັຈ practical educational system (n) ຖະຍ ຺ຍກາຌຘຶກຘາີໃ ຽຌັຌ ໄ ກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈຸຌທາຓຈີ practical way of life (n) ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ີໃ ຽຌັຌ practise (v)(British English) ຎະຉິຍ ັຈ praise (v) ຆ ຺ຓຽຆີງ, ງບ ໄ ຄງ, ຘ ັຌຖະຽຘີຌ prayer (n) ທິໃ ຄທບຌ, ແນທທ ໄ ບຌ, ບບ ໄ ຌທບຌ, ແນທຑ ໄ ຕະ practical (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍກາຌຎະຉິຍ ັຈ precepts (n) ຘິຌ, ທິແຌ prejudice (n) ທາຓຖາບຼຄ, ທາຓບະະຉິ pride (n) ທາຓຑູຓເ, ທາຓບບ ໄ ທຈ, ກາຌບບ ໄ ທຈ priest craft (n) ຑຕະຘ ຺ຄີໃ ໜ ັກແຎາຄແຘງະຘາຈ, ຑຕະີໃ ຽກັໃ ຄແຘງະຘາຈ principle (n) ນົ ັກາຌ, ຖະຍຼຍກາຌ profound wisdom (n) ຎັຌງາີໃ ຽຖິກຽຆິໃ ຄ, ຎັຌງາີໃ ຘຸຂຓ ຸ າຑີຕະຑາຍ proper (adj) ຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓ properly (adv) ດາໃ ຄຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓ prosperity (n) ທາຓທ ັຈະຌະຊາທບຌ, ທາຓະຽຖີຌ, ທາຓປຸຄໃ ຽປືບຄ psychologist (n) ຌ ັກິຈຉະທິະງາ purpose (v) ຓີຈ ຸ ຎະຘ ຺ຄ, ຓີຽຎ຺ໄາໝາງ purified, purify (v) ຽປັຈເນຍ ຸ , ຆາປະຘະຘາຄ ໄ ຖິຘຈ
R rational (adj) ຓີຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ rationalist (n) ຌ ັກຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ rational religion (n) ຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຓີຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ reasonable (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຽນຈຏ ຺ຌ realization (n) ທາຓປູ ໄ ຄ, ໄ ກາຌຽຂ຺ໄາເຄໄ redemption (n) ກາຌແຊ,ໃ ກາຌຉບຍຌືຌ redeemer (n) ຏູແໄ ຊຍ ໃ າຍ refine(v) ຽຖະແຌ, ຂ ັຈຽກ຺າ, ຽປັຈເນ ໄ ຺ຍຄາຓ
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ໄ ຌ reliable reading materials (n) ນົຄໃ ຂຓ ູ ີໃ ໜາໄ ຽຆືໃ ບຊືແຈ ໄ religious (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຘາຘະໜາ religious community (n) ຆຸຓຆ ຺ຌ ຺ຌຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາ religious discipline (n) ທິແຌາຄຘາຘະໜາ religious dogmas (n) ຖ ັຈິທາຓຽຆືໃ ບາຄຘາຘະໜາ religious label (n) ຽືໃ ບຄໝາງາຄຘາຘະໜາ(ຽຆັໃ ຌ: ຘາຘະໜາຕິຘ, ຘາຘະໜາຑຸຈ...) religious life (n) ຆີທຈ ິ າຄຘາຘະໜາ, ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ຌ ັກຍທຈ religious and philosophical matters (n) ຽຖືໃ ບຄກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຎັຈຆະງາຘາຘະໜາ religious way of life (n) ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ຂບຄ ຺ຌຌ ັຍຊືຘາຘະໜາ, ທິຊຆ ີ ທ ີ ຈ ິ ຌ ັກຍທຈ religious principles (n) ນົ ັກກາຌາຄຘາຘະໜາ religion (n) ຘາຘະໜາ remarkable record (n) ຎະນທ ັຈີໃຈຈຽຈັໃ ຌ remain (v) ງ ັຄ ຺ຄດູ,ໃ ງ ັຄຽນົືບາໄ ຄດູໃ reserved (past participle) ປ ັກຘາແທ,ໄ ຘະນຄທຌແທ ໄ respect (v) ຽ຺າຖ ຺ຍ, ຌ ັຍຊື respectable religious life (n) ຆີທຈ ິ າຄຘາຘະໜາີໃ ແຈປ ໄ ັຍກາຌຽ຺າຖ ຺ຍຍູຆາ retribution (n) ກາຌບຄຽທຌ, ກາຌຉບຍຌ, ກາຌກ ໄ ຌ ໄ revealed ( past participle) ຽຎີ ຈຽຏີງ revelation (n) ກາຌຽຎີ ຈຽຏີງ, ກາຌຘະຈຄເນຽໄ ນັ ຌ revolted against (past participle) ຉໃ ຉາໄ ຌກ ັຍ, ຎຖະຎັກກ ັຍ, ຎະຉິທ ັຈ riddled ( past participle)ຽຎັຌຎິ ຈຘະໜາ righteousness (n) ທາຓຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ, ທາຓຈີຄາຓ, ທາຓຆບຍັຓ
S Salvation (n) ກາຌນົຸຈຑຌາກຍາຍ(ຌິ ງ ຺ຓເຆເໄ ຌຘາຘະໜາຕິຈ), ຘທ ຺ໄ ໃ ຌເນງເໃ ຌຑຸຈະຘາ ຘະໜາຌິງ ຺ຓເຆ ຽຖຈ, ກາຌນົຸຈຑຌ ຺ໄ ຺ໄ ໄ າທາໃ liberation ກາຌນົຸຈຑຌາກກິ satisfaction (n) ທາຓຽຑິໃ ຄຑເ, ທາຓຑເ, ທາຓຘຸກ scavenger (n) ຺ຌຽກັຍຽຘຈຂີຽໄ ນງືໃ ບຉາຓາຄຊະໜ ຺ຌ scientific principle (n) ນົ ັກກາຌາຄທິະງາຘາຈ scientific religion (n) ຘາຘະໜານຄໃ ທິະງາຘາຈ
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scientist (n) ຌ ັກທິະງາຘາຈ selfless service (n) ກາຌຍຖິກາຌຽຑືໃ ບຌຓະຌຸຈຍຍຍໃ ນທ ັຄຘິໃຄຉບຍຌ, ກາຌຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ self-exertion (n) ກາຌຉຄທາຓຑຼຌເຌຉ ັໄ ຺ຌ self conquest (n) ກາຌຽບ຺າຆະຌະຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ self-control (n) ກາຌທຍຸຓຉ ຺ຌຽບຄ self indulgence(n) ກາຌຎບ ໃ ງຉ ຺ທຽບຄແຎຉາຓບາຖ ຺ຓ, ກາຌຎບ ໃ ງຉ ຺ທຽບຄແຎຉາຓບາຌາຈ ຂບຄກິຽຖຈ, ກາຌຊະນົາຉ ຺ທຖ ຺ຄແຎຉາຓບາຖ ຺ຓ self purification (n) ທາຓຍຖິຘຈ ຸ ນຄໃ ຉ ຺ຌ secret doctrines (n) ຖ ັຈິຎິຈຖ ັຍ senses(n) ບາງະຉະຌະ(ໝາງຽຊິຄຉາ, ນູ, ຈ ັຄ, ຖີໄຌ, ກາງ, ຖະເ) serene and peaceful countenance (n) ຑາຍີໃ ກໃ ເນຽໄ ກີຈທາຓຘະນຄ ຺ຍຖະຘ ັຌຉິຘກ ຸ should (adv) ທຌະ society (n) ຘ ັຄ ຺ຓ social reformer (n) ຌ ັກຎະຉິປຍ ູ ຘ ັຄ ຺ຓ solid foundation (n) ຘະຊາຍ ັຌີໃໝຌ ັໄ ຺ຄ, ຘະຊາຍ ັຌີໃຂຄກຌ ໃ soothing sight (n) ຑາຍີໃ ຎະັຍເ spiritual (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍິຈທິຌງາຌ, ກຼທກ ັຍິຈເ ໃ ໄ ໄ ບາບຌ, ກາຌຓີຌາເຽຑືໃ ໄ spirit of benevolence (n) ກາຌຓີຌາເຽບື ບ ບຆທ ໃ ງຽນົືບ ຺ຌບືໃຌ spiritual development (n) ກາຌຑ ັຈະຌາາຄິຈ ໄ າາຄິຈ, ກາຌຆີຌ ໄ າາຄຈາໄ ຌິຈເ spiritual guide (n) ກາຌຆີຌ spiritual value (n) ຸຌາໃ າຄິຈເ ໄ spirit (n) ິຈເ, ຌາເ ໄ າກ submerged (past participle) ຑຌບບກຓາ, ຑຌຂື ຺ໄ ຺ໄ ຌ subservient (adj) ຽຎັຌປບຄ, ບບ ໃ ຌຈບ ໄ ງກທາໃ suffering (n) ທາຓຸກ superfluous rites (n) ຑິີກ ັຓີໃຍໃ າຽຎັຌ superfluous beliefs (n) ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບີໃ ຽຖີງຽຊີຈ, ທາຓຽຆືໃ ບີໃ ຍໃ າຽຎັຌ supernatural being (n) ຘິໃ ຄຽໜືບາຓະຆາຈ(ຽຆັໃ ຌ ຽທະຈາ ຽຎັຌຉຌ) ຺ໄ superstitious beliefs (n) ກາຌຽຆືໃ ບຊືຍຍຄ ຺ຓຄາງ supreme (adj) ດາໃ ຄຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ , ດາໃ ຄຈູຽຖີຈ
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supreme being (n) ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ (ຽຆັໃ ຌ ຽທະຈາ, ຽຍຑະຽ຺າໄ ຽຎັຌຉຌ) ຺ໄ supreme power (n) ບາຌາຈີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ supreme religious master (n) ຏູຘ ໄ ບຌຘາຘະໜາີໃ ຘູຄຘໃຄ຺ symbol of perfection (n) ຘ ັຌງະຖ ັກຂບຄທາຓຘ ຺ຓຍູຌຍຍ sympathy (n) ຓຸິຉາ (ທາຓຎາຈຊະໜາຈີຽຓືໃ ບຽນັ ຌ ຺ຌບືໃຌແຈຈ ໄ )ີ
T tame (v) ຐຶກຐ ຺ຌ the tamed (n) ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີຐຶກຈີຖທ ໄ tension (n) ທາຓຉຶຄຼຈ therefore (adv) ຈຄໃ ັ ຌຌ, ັໄ ຈທ ໄ ງຽນຈຌີໄ theories (n) ິຈຘະຈີ theories and mere beliefs (n) ິຈຘະຈີຖະທາຓຽຆືໃ ບາຓະຈາ through (prep) ຏາໃ ຌ, ຈງຏາໃ ຌ tolerance (n) ທາຓບ ຺ຈ຺ຌບ ຺ຈກຌ, ັໄ ທາຓຓີເກທ ໄ າຄ tonic (n) ດາຆູກາຖ ັຄ, ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຽຎັຌກາຖ ັຄເ tradition (n) ຎະຽຑຌີ traditionally (adv) ດາໃ ຄຈຄຽຈີ ັໄ ຓ, ດາໃ ຄຎະຊ ຺ຓຎະຊາຌ tranquillity(n) ຘະຓະຊະ, ທາຓຘະນຄຍ຺ trodden (past participle) ງາໃ ຄ, ງາໃ ຄແຎຽຖືໄບງໂ truth (n) ທາຓິຄ the Truth (n) ທາຓິຄ, ຘ ັຈະັຓ towards (prep) ຘູ,ໃ ຓຸຄຘູ ໄ ໃ
U ultimate liberation of all human suffering (n) ກາຌນົຸຈຑຌບ ຺ໄ ັຌຘູຄຘຸຈາກທາຓຸກ ຂບຄຓທຌຓະຌຸຈ(ະໝາງຽຊິຄກາຌຽຂ຺ໄາຘູຌ ິ ຑາຌກແຈ)ໄ ໃ ຍ unbiased (past participle) ຍໃ ຖາບຼຄ, ຍໃ ຓີບະະຉິ unbiased thinker (n) ຌ ັກິຈີໃ ຍໃ ຓີບະະຉິ
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understandable (adj) ດາໃ ຄຽຂ຺ໄາເຄາງ ໃ understanding(n) ທາຓຽຂ຺ໄາເ undeterred (past participle) ຍໃ ຊືກກີຈຂທາຄ, ຍໃ ຊືກຂ ັຈຂທາຄ, ຍໃ ຊືກກີຈກຌັໄ undue (adj) ຍໃ ຘ ຺ຓຈູຌ, ຍໃ ຽໝາະຘ ຺ຓ universal (adj) ກຼໃ ທກ ັຍຘາກ ຺ຌ universal love (n) ທາຓປ ັກີໃຽຎັຌຘາກ ຺ຌ, ທາຓຽຓຈຉາ universe (n) ຘາກ ຺ຌ, ັກກະທາຌ unjust(adj) ຍໃ ງຸຈຉິຓ ັ unknown external agency (n) ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ດູຌ ໃ ບກຉ ຺ທີໃຍໃ ຓີຉ ຺ທຉ ຺ຌ ໃ ັ ແນທ unperturbed (past participle) ຍໃ ຊືກຖ ຺ຍກທຌ, ຍໃ ຘະ຺ກຘະາໄ ຌ, ຍໃ ນທຌ unsatisfactoriness (n) ທາຓຸກ, ທາຓຍໃ ຑບ ຺ກຍໃ ຑເ unseen being (n) ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຌຓຍໃ ຽນັ ຌ, ຘິໃ ຄີໃ ຉາຍໃ ຽນັ ຌ utilize (v) ຆ ຺ຓເຆ,ໄ ເຆ ໄ
V value (n) ຸຌາໃ vicarious redeemer (n) ຏູແໄ ຊຍ ໃ າຍ, ຍາຈນົທຄຏູແໄ ຊຍ ໃ າຍ vex (v) ຽປັຈເນດ ໄ າກປາໄ ງ, ຖ ຺ຍກທຌ, ກທຌເ vexed human problems (n) ຍ ັຌນາີໃນງຸຄໄ ງາກຂບຄຓະຌຸຈ virtue (n) ຘີຖະັຓ, ຸຌທາຓຈີ
W war torn world (n) ຖກີໃ ຊືກນງາໃ ງີຈທ ໄ ງຘ ຺ຄທາຓ, ຖກີໃ ຽຉັຓແຎຈທ ໄ ງຘ ຺ຄາຓ welfare of mankind (n) ທາຓຘະນທ ັຈຈີຑາຍຂບຄຓະຌຸຈຆາຈ whilst ( adv) ຂະຌະີໃ , ຖະນທາໃ ຄ wicked murderers (n) າຉະກບຌຏູ ໄ ນຈນຼໄ ຓ widened (past participle) ຽປັຈເນກ ໄ ທ ໄ າຄຂທາຄ, ຽຎີ ຈກທ ໄ າຄ wise man (n) ຍ ັຌຈິຈ, ຺ຌຘະນົາຈ wisdom (n) ຎັຌງາ
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without (prep) ຎາຘະາກ worldly achievements (n) ກາຌຎະຘ ຺ຍຏ ຺ຌຘາຽຖັຈາຄຖກ world domination (n) ກາຌບຍບຄຖກ world peace (n) ຘ ັຌຉິຑາຍຖກ worldly pleasure (n) ທາຓຘຸກາຄຖກ, ທາຓຘຸກາຄຖກີ worry (n) ທາຓກ ັຄທ ຺ຌ, ທິຉ ຺ກ worthwhile (adj) ຓີາໃ , ຓີທາຓຘາ ັຌ, ຸຓ ຸໄ າໃ
ບະຕິງະຓກ ັ ຓ ີ ຺ຄຎຈ: າຄຎະຽຘີຈຘູ ຺ໄ ກ ໌ ບ ໃ ທາຓຑຌຸ The Noble Eightfold Path the middle way : ຓ ັຈຆິຓາຎະຉິຎະາ(າຄຘາງກາຄ) the Noble Eightfold Path : ບະຕິງະຓ ັກຓ ີ ຺ຄຎຈ(ຽຘັໄຌາຄຎະຽຘີຈຎຈຽຘັໄຌ) ໌ ບ Right understanding : ຘ ັຓຓາິຈຊິ(ທາຓຽນັ ຌີໃ ຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right thought : ຘ ັຓຓາຘ ັຄກ ັຍຎະ(ທາຓຖະຌຶກຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right speech : ຘ ັຓຓາຘ ັຄກ ັຍຎະ(ກາຌຽທ຺ໄາາຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right action : ຘ ັຓຓາກ ັຓຓ ັຌຉາ(ກາຌຽປັຈໜາໄ ີໃ ກາຌຄາຌຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right livelihood : ຘ ັຓຓາບາຆີທະ(ກາຌຖຼໄ ຄຆີທຈ ິ ີໃ ຊືກຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right effort : ຘ ັຓຓາທາງະຓະ(ກາຌຉຄທາຓຑຼຌຊື ກຉບ ັໄ ໄ ຄ) Right mindfulness :ຘ ັຓຓາຘະຉິ(ກາຌຓີຘະຉິຊກ ື ຉບ ໄ ຄ) Right concentration : ຘ ັຓຓະຘະຓາິ(ກາຌຓີຘະຓາິຊກ ື ຉບ ໄ ຄ)
ບະຕິງະຘ ັະ 4 : ທາຓິຄບ ັຌຎະຽຘີຈຘີໃ ຎະກາຌ The Four Noble Truths 1. Dukkha: Suffering: unsatisfactoriness: ຸກຂະ : ຸກ 2. Dukkha-samudaya: The cause of suffering; the origin of suffering ຸກຂະຘະຓຸະ ງະ : ຽນຈນຄໃ ຸກ, ຘາຽນຈີໃ ເນ ຸ ຽກີຈ ແຈ ໄ ກ ໄ ກຉ ໃ ັຌນາັຄ 3 ື: ກາຓະຉ ັຌນາ, ຑາທະ ຉ ັຌນາ ຖະທິຑາທະຉ ັຌນາ.
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3. Dukkha-nirodha: The cessation of suffering; ຌິຕະາຓິຌຎ ີ ະຉິຎະາ : ຑາທະີໃ ໄ ແຎ, ນົຸຈຑຌ. ຉ ັຌນາຈ ັຍຘິຌ ຺ໄ 4. Dukkha-nirodha-gāminī paṭipadā :The path leading to the extinction of suffering: ຓ ັກະ : ນ ຺ຌາຄຘູ ັໄ ື ບະຕິງະຓ ັກຓ ີ ຺ຄຎຈ ຈຄໃ ັ ີໃ ກາໃ ທແທຂ ໃ ທາຓຈ ັຍຸກ ຌຌກ ໌ ບ ໄ າໄ ຄຽິຄ.
ຘິຌນາໄ : The Five Precepts ໄ າກກາຌຂາໄ ຘ ັຈ Abstaining from killing ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ໄ າກກາຌຂີຖ ໄ ັກ Abstaining from stealing ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ໄ າກກາຌຎະຑຶຈຏິຈເຌກາຓ Abstaining from sexual misconduct ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ໄ າກກາຌຉ ຺ທະງ ຺ທະນົບກຖທຄ Abstaining from telling lies ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ ໄ າກກາຌຈືໃ ຓຽນົ຺ໄາຽຓ຺າຘຸຕາ Abstaining from taking intoxicating drinks ກາຌຄ ຺ຈຽທັຌ
ແຉົຘະຕະຌະ ຺ຓ : ກທ ໄ ຘາຓຎະກາຌ The Triple Gems 1. Buddha : ຑຕະຑຸຈ 2. Dhamma : ຑຕະັຓ 3. Sangha : ຑຕະຘ ຺ຄ ຑຕະຑຸຈ ໝາງຽຊິຄຑຕະຑຸຈະຽ຺າໄ , ຽຎັຌຏູປ ື ຏູຽໄ ຍີກຍາຌ, ຽຎັຌຑຕະຍຕ ຺ຓຘາຘະຈາ ໄ ,ູໄ ຏູຉ ໄ ໃ ຌ, ນຄ ໃ ຑຸຈະຘາຘະໜາ ຉ ັຈຘະປູຆ ໄ ບຍແຈຈ ໄ ທ ໄ ງຑຕະບ ຺ຄຽບຄ, ຽກີຈຽຓືໃ ບຎີ 543 ກບ ໃ ຌ .ຘ. ີໃ ກຸຄ ກະຍິ ຌ ຖະຑ ຈ ັ ຎັຈ ຸຍ ຌ ັ ຽຎັ ຌ ຆາງຈຌຖະນທ ໃາ ຄຎະຽຈຽຌຎາຌ ກ ຍ ັ ບິ ຌ ຽຈງ. ໄ຺ ຍ ຑຕະັຓ ໝາງຽຊິຄັຓຓະາຘໃຄັ ຘບຌີໃ ຑຕະຑຸຈະບ ຺ຄແຈຆ ຺ ຖທ ໄ ຺ຄຉ ັຈຘະປູໄ ນົືຌຑ ໄ ຌາ ຓາຽຏີງຏຽໃ ຑືໃ ບຽຏີຈຘ ັຍຑຕະຘ ັຈັຄນົ າງເນນ ຺ໄ ບບກາກທາຓຸກ ເຌທ ັຈຉະຘ ຺ຄຘາຌ. ໄ ຸ ົ ຈຑ ຌ ຑຕະຘ ຺ຄ ໝາງຽຊິຄ ຑິກຂຸ(ູຍາ), ຑິກຂຸຌ(ີ ູຍາຏູງ ຑໃ ຂາທ ິ ), ຘາຓະຽຌຌ( ຺ທ), ຓຂາທ, ໄ ຄ ໃ ຖະຘ ຄ຺ ຌີໄກ ຓີ 2 າຑທກ ື : ຑຕະຘ ຄ຺ ຺ໃ ທແຎີໃ ງ ຄັ ຍໃ ັຌ ແຈ ຽໄ ຎັ ຌ ຑຕະບ ຕະນ ຌ ັ ຽບີໄຌ ທ ໃາ ໄ ທາໃ ບະຕິງະຘ ຺ຄ. ຽຎັຌຏູຘ ຘ ຺ຓຓຸຈຉິຘ ຺ຄ, ຏູ ໄ ໃ ີແຈຽໄ ຎັຌຑຕະບຕະນ ັຌຖທ ໄ ຽບີຌ ໄ ືຍບຈຑຕະຑຸຈ ໃ ັ ຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະຑຸຈະຽ຺າໄ ບບກຽຏີງຏ ະຘາຘະໜາ ຌາຽບ຺າັຓຓະາຘຄ ໃ ກຎ ໃ ະຆາຆ ຺ຌ. ີໃ ໄ ທາໃ ກທ ຽບີຌ ໄ ຘາຓຎະກາຌຽຑາະທາໃ ຎະຽຘີຈຽໝືບຌກທ ໄ ີໃ ຓີາໃ ຘູຄ ຘະຕະຌະ ຺ຓ ໝາງຽຊິຄີໃ ຽຑິໃ ຄ. ຘະຌຌ, ັໄ ຽຓືໃ ບຑທກຽປ຺າຽຎັຌຆາທຑຸຈິໃ ຄທຌຊືຽບ຺າກທ ໄ ັຄຘາຓຌີຽໄ ຎັຌີໃ ຽຑິໃ ຄບ ັຌຘູຄຘຸຈ.
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ກ່ຽວກັບຜູ້ຂຽນ: ຑ ຕ ະ ບ າ າ ຌ ຈ ຕ . ຽ . ຘ ຕີ ັ ຓ ຓ ະ ຌ ຌ ັ ະ Ven.Dr.K.Sri Dhammananda (1919-2006)
ຽກີຈດູ ໃ າຄຑາກເຉຂ ໄ ບຄຘີຖ ັຄກາ. າໃ ຌຽຎັຌຑຕະ ຘ ຺ຄບ ຺ຄຘາ ັຌຏູໜ ໄ ໃ ຶຄເຌທ ຺ຄກາຌຑຸຈະຘາຘະໜາ ຈງຘະຽຑາະຓ ຌ ໃ ກາຌຽຎັ ຌ ຑຕະັຓ ຓະູຈ ຘາງຎະຽຈຓາຽຖຽຆງ ຖະຘິ ຄ ກະຎ, ແຈ ໄ ບຸິຈຆີທຈ ິ ຽຑືໃ ບກາຌຽຏີ ງຏ ັ ຓະາຘໃຄັ ຘບຌຂບຄຑຕະຑຸຈະຽ຺ໄາ ໃ ຓ ຉະນົ ບຈແຖງະຽທຖາ 50 ຎີ ເຌຓາຽຖຽຆງ ຺ຌຽປັຈເນຑ ໄ ຕະຑຸຈະຘາ ຘະໜາດັໃ ຄປາກບ ັຌໜຌ ັ ໄ ຽຎັ ຌຑຕະຘ ຺ຄ ໄ ກຌ ໃ ຖຄ຺ ເຌຈິຌຈຌນຄ ໃ ຌຌ, ບ ຺ຄໜຶໃ ຄ ີໃ ຓີຏ ຌ ຺ ຄາຌາຄກາຌຂີຈ ຂຼຌຖະຎາຊະກະຊາຽຏີ ງຏໃຓ ັ ນົ າງຑຘ ຺ຓທຌ. ຽຊິຄຓຌທ ຺ ຄາຌຂບຄຽຑິໃ ຌ ໃ າໃ ຽຑິໃ ຌະາກແຎ ຉຏ ໃ ຌ ງ ັຄ ຺ຄຽຎັຌບະຓະຉະ ຖະຘິຈຘາຌຸຘຈ ິ ຏູດ ໄ ຽໃູ ຍືໄບຄນົ ັຄ ກງ ັຄຘືຍຉໃ ຌາຽບ຺ າ ັຓຓະີໃ ຽຑິໃ ຌຽີງແຈຂ ີ ຂຼຌຖະຽຈແທຌ ໄ ຈ ໄ ຌັ ໄ ບບກຽຏີງຏດ ໃ ໃາຄຍໃ ດຸຈ ໄ ດັຄຖະຎບບກນົ າງຑາຘາ ຽຎັຌີໃ ປູ ໄ ັກກ ັຌ຺ໃທຖກ ເຌທ ຺ຄກາຌຑຸຈ ະຘາຘະໜາຖະຎັຌງາຆ ຺ຌ຺ໃທແຎ.
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“...ສຳລບ ຸ ທະສຳສະໜຳມຳດ ົນນຳນແລວ ັ ຄ ົນລຳວເຮົຳ ທີ່ ເຄີຍນ ັບຖືພດ ້ ກຍ ັງ
ເຫັ ນວຳ່ ຈຳເປັນທີ່ ຄວນຈະອຳ່ ນຢູ່ ເພຳະວຳ່ ບຳງທີເຮົຳອຳດຈະຍ ັງບ່ ທັນຮູ້ ້ ພ ພຸດທະສຳສະໜຳທີ່ ບ ັນພະບູລດ ຸ ເຮົຳເຄີຍນ ັບຖືກ ັນມຳນີດ ີ ຽງພ. ສະນນ, ັ ້ ຈິ່ ງ ຖືວຳ່ ປື້ ມນອ ື ່ ີນຳເອົຳເລື່ ອງເກົ່ ຳມຳນຳສະເໜີໃໝ່ ້ ຍໆເຫຼັ ້ມນີ້ ປຽບເໝືອນຄູມ ່ ທ ເມື່ ອໃຫເ້ ຂົຳ້ ໃຈຕື່ ມອີກ.”
ຈຳກຄຳນຳຜູ້ແປ
“ປຶ້ ມທັມມະນອ ຸ ປະໂຫຍດຫຼຳຍພສ ົມຄວນ ເໝຳະແກກ ້ ຍໆເຫຼັ້ມນີ້ ເຫັ ນວຳ່ ມີຄນ ່ ຳນ
ນຳສະເໜີພດ ຸ ທະສຳສະໜຳຕື່ ມອີກ ໂດຍສະເພຳະແກນ ່ ັກສຶກສຳ, ປັນຍຳຊ ົນ, ້ ອ ແລະນ ັກສ ົງໄສທັງຫຼຳຍ ທີ່ ຍ ັງມີຂຂ ້ ງໃຈບຳງຢຳ່ ງກຽ່ ວກ ັບສຳສະໜຳນີ”້
ສຳນ ັກພິມໂຊຕິປນ ັ ຍຳ
ກຽ່ ວກ ັບຜູແ ້ ປ ສ ງັ ກ ັດຢູ່ວ ດ ັ ອ ງົ ຕື້ ມ ະຫຳວິ ຫ ຳນ, ນະຄອນຫຼ ວ ງວຽງຈ ັນ. ເປັ ນ ອຳຈຳນສອນປະຈ ຳ ວິທະຍຳໄລສ ົງ(ອ ົງຕື້)ເລີ່ ມແຕປ ່ ີ 2001 ແລະຊ ວ ່ ຍວຽກຫອ ້ ງກຳນ ອ.ພ.ສ ສູນກຳງ ໜວ ັ ແລະວິປດ ັ ສະນຳກ ັມມະຖຳນເລີ່ມແຕປ ່ ຍງຳນເຜີຍແຜສ ່ ີລະທມ ່ ີ 2005 ເຮັດວຽກ ໃຫທ ົ້ ົນຮອດປັດຈຸບ ັນ. ້ ັງສອງແຫງ່ ນີເ້ ປັນຕນມຳຈ
For Free Distribution ພິມແຈກເປັນທັມມະທຳນ