Everything Is Architecture Hans Hollein (Bau 1/2 – 1968) Limited and traditional definitions of architecture and its means have lost their validity. Today the environment as a whole is the goal of our activities—and all the media of its determination: TV or artificial climate, transportation or clothing, telecommunication or shelter. The extension of the human sphere and the means of its determination go far beyond a built statement. Today everything becomes architecture. “Architecture” is just one of many means, is just one possibility. Man creates artificial conditions. This is Architecture. Physically and psychically man repeats, transforms, expands his physical and psychical sphere. He determines “environment” in its widest sense. According to his needs and wishes he uses the means necessary to satisfy these needs and to fulfill these dreams. He expands his body and his mind. He communicates. Architecture is a medium of communication. Man is both—self-centered individual and part of a community. This determines his behavior. From a primitive being, he has continuously expanded himself by means of media which were thus themselves expanded. Man has a brain. His senses are the basis for perception of the surrounding world. The means for the definition, for the establishment of a (still desired) world are based on the extension of these senses.
TOWARDS THE ONTOLOGY These are the media of architecture—architecture in the broadest sense.
To be more specific, one could formulate the following roles and definitions for the concept “Architecture”: Architecture is cultic; it is mark, symbol, sign, expression. Architecture is control of bodily heat—protective shelter. Architecture is determination—establishment—of space, environment. Architecture is conditioning of a psychological state. For thousands of years, artificial transformation and determination of man’s world, as well as sheltering from weather and climate, was accomplished by means of building. The building was the essential manifestation and expression of man. Building was understood as the creation of a three-dimensional image of the necessary as spatial definition, protective shell, mechanism and instrument, psychic means and symbol. The development of science and technology, as well as changing society and its needs and demands, has confronted us with entirely different realities. Other and new media of environmental determination emerge. Beyond technical improvements in the usual principles, and developments in physical “building materials” through new materials and methods, intangible means fa spatial determination will also be developed. Numerous tasks and problems will continue to be solved traditionally, through building, through “architecture”. Yet for many questions is the answer still “Architecture” as it has been understood, or are better media not available to us? Architects have something to learn in this respect from the development of military strategy. Had this science been subject to the same inertness as architecture and its consumers, we would still be building fortification walls and towers. In contrast, military planning left behind its connection to building to avail itself of new possibilities for satisfying the demands placed upon it. Obviously it no longer occurs to anyone to wall-in sewage canals or erect astronomical instruments of stone (Jaipur). New communications media like telephone, radio. TV, etc. are of far more import. Today a museum or a school can be replaced by a TV set. Architects must cease to think only in terms of buildings. There is a change as to the importance of “meaning” and “effect”. Architecture affects. The way I take possession of an object, how I use it, becomes important. A building can become entirely information—its message might be experienced through informational media (press, TV, etc). In fact it is of almost no importance whether, for example, the Acropolis or the Pyramids exist in physical reality, as most people are aware of them through other media anyway and not through an experience of their own. Indeed, their importance—the role they play—is based on this effect of information. Thus a building might be simulated only. An early example of the extension of buildings through media of communication is the telephone booth —a building of minimal size extended into global dimensions. Environments of this kind more directly related to the human body and even more concentrated in form are, for example, the helmets of jet pilots who, through telecommunication, expand their senses and bring vast areas into direct relation with themselves. Toward a synthesis and to an extreme formulation of a contemporary architecture leads the development of space capsules and space suits. Here is a “house”—far more perfect than any building—with a complete control of bodily functions, provision of food and disposal of waste, coupled with a maximum al mobility. These far-developed physical possibilities lead us to think about psychic possibilities of determinations of environments. After shedding the need of any necessity of a physical shelter at all, a new freedom can be sensed. Man will now finally be the center of the creation of an individual environment. The extension of the media of architecture beyond pure tectonic building and its derivations first led to experiments with new structures and materials, especially in railroad construction. The demand to change and transport our “environment” as quickly and easily as possible forced a first consideration of a broad range of materials and possibilities—of means that have been used in other fields for ages. Thus we have today “sewn” architecture, as we have also “inflatable” architecture. All these, however, are still material means, still “building materials”. Little consequent experimentation has been undertaken to use nonmaterial means (like light, temperature or smell) to determine an environment, to determine space. As the use of already existing methods has vast areas of application, so could the use of the laser (hologram) lead to totally new determinations and experiences. Finally, the purposeful use of chemicals and drugs lo control body temperature and body functions as well as to create artificial environments has barely started. Architects have to stop thinking in terms of buildings only. Built and physical architecture, freed from the technological limitations of the past, will more intensely work with spatial qualities as well as with psychological ones. The process of “erection” will get a new meaning, spaces will more consciously have haptic, optic, and acoustic properties, and contain informational effects while directly expressing emotional needs. A true architecture of our time will have to redefine itself and expand its means. Many areas outside traditional building will enter the realm of architecture, as architecture and “architects” will have to enter new fields. All are architects. Everything is architecture.
SHUNING LIN PORTFOLIO Shuning Lin (Scott) +86 15867226717 saysl3@nottingham.edu.cn
BEng in Arch University of Nottingham Ningbo Applying for M.Arch. I Program of Harvard Graduate School of Design
TOWARDS THE ONTOLOGY A book of my explorations on arhchitecture's nature, and resistances from architecture's nature. Theoretical speculation is my tool to understand architecture. From reading, observation, practice and thinking, I developed my understanding of architecture's relations with object and with human. These two respectively reflects arhictecture's quality as an art and a machine in society. Therefore, this portfolio presents my understanding of architecture through two chapters. Each project is presented from one or two pages of theoretical thinking to several pages of expressive images to show my ability from rational thinking to sensitive creativity. Despite of being calm as a thinker, I am eager to find architecture's particularity and architects' unique value in today's common sense that architecture is a generalist discipline.
I: From Artistic Angle: "Designing Material" Supported by developing building technologies, architects could create freer and freer forms with indifference to material. We are always working on drawings and models, regarding materiality as the last step of realization. There is a voice from Anne Holtrop who introduces "Material Gesture" a new way of making. As Holtrop wrote in his text Material Gesture:"we can deploy the full potential of the inherent qualities of the material itself and our way of working it", "material gesture" tends to focus on expressing material's property, while architect is more as a designer of space instead of solely focusing on material. Therefore, as architects we could take "Material Gesture" as a reminder to think on material's property and cultivate its relation with space, based on which we could intendedly use materiality to create spatiality, which I call "Designing Material". It is different from traditional materiality design as it includes material througout design process and regards it equally important as form.
II: From Social Angle: Disciplinary Space and Third Space Disciplinary Space is the concept introduced from Michel Foucault, which describes a phenomenon that space is conceived by governors as a machine to rule the governed; Third Space, attributed to Homi Bhabha, is to challenge the duality of colonized and colonizer. In Disciplinary Space, architecture is to some extent colonized by the designer as its character is pre-determined to meet the demands for governing. Such phenomenon is actually prevailing as architecture is usually the realization of architect(conceiver)'s key idea, instead of being able to perform itself naturally; users (perceiver) are also forced to accept architecture as an embodiment of personal will. However, through Hybridity (by Homi Bhabha) such a centralization in conception could be shaken and an uncertainty could be brought in not only conception but also perception, as they are both hybrid which cannot be totallized into one idea. An interstitial zone is thus formed between conception and perception as the Third Space.
CONTENTS Chapter I: Everything becomes Architecture
1. TYPOLOGIES OF BOOK Slab - Roof - Wall, Stair, Furniture (Book)
2. SOFT POCHÉ OF WATER Solid - Fluid (Water) - Void
Chapter II: From Governing to the Other
3. FILTER BETWEEN HALFS Human
Architecture
Human
4. SMOOTH THE STRIATED Human
Architecture
Human
I
Chapter
EVERYTHING BECOMES ARCHITECTURE
Object (Source of Form)
Form
Property Analysis Object (Source of Material)
8 Villas in Dali, Junya Ishigami
Materiality
Space
Materiality
"Architecture"
Space
Architecture
Form Spatiality
Today the prevailing desisgn procedure for architects is generating the form first then directly apply them on materials, during which materiality is ignored as a participator of architecture but served for realization in last step. Form is regarded as the sole language to design architecture. As form becomes freer and freer supported by didgital design technologies, architecture is closer to plasticine and far from "build" or "construct" in tectonic sense. Everything could be the inspiration of architects, paradigms are regarded as limitations; but it is limitation that could build identity, and freedom leads to aphasia. This chapter is to propose another way to define and design architecture: Designing Material. Everything could be the source of material, as long as its materiality could be realted to spatiality through property analysis. Once the raltion is found, materiality could be regarded as another language to design architecture, equally important as form and cooperate with form to as two kinds of languages design space, In this chapter, book and water are the objects I present to "architecturalize". By presenting these two works, I aim to show the possibility to design any strange object as architecture and architecs' ability to architecturalize everything instead of seeking inspiration from everything.
1
Section
TYPOLOGIES OF BOOK Slab - Roof - Wall, Stair, Furniture (Book) 2020 Spring Public Library Individual Work Academic Project: University of Nottingham Ningbo, 2020 Spring, Unit 1 "Library+" Instructor: Maycon Sedrez, Jing Xie, Wenjuan Li, Shiyuan Chen
BOOKSHELF AS ARCHITECTURE Bookshelf in different size and shape could be defined as different architecture elements, from building components to furniture and ladnscape. Based on these definitions, I first combine these different bookshelves to become "combination". In these combinations planning of bookshelves largerly determines the space quality and its functionality, through which the materiality of book is designed in spatiality. In the "Unit" scale, combinations are planned in a maze layout to realize the idea of "explorative library" that people are moving along the bookshelves while entering a certain"stop" area to discover different events. In the system scale, books are considered as volume and elevation to deal with the relation with context and form a huge atrium.
Definition
Combination
Architecture
Furniture
Perception
Functionality
Enclosure
Opening
Unit
Furniture Setting
System
Layout
Publicity Privacy Accessibility Visibility Activity
Composition
Movement
Program
READING BOOK
READING TALKING
BOOK
Relation
Volume
Circulation
Landscape
BOOK
VIEWING
COFFEE VIEWING
BOOK
TALKING
...
Traditional Library
COFFEE
BOOK
Container
Wall
Private+Chatting
Public+Communication
Explorative Library
Intersection of Heterogeneity
Structure
Spectacle
Private+Chatting
Private+Reading
Maze
Intersection
Stair
Chair
Private+Reading
Public+Communication
Fluidity
Acitivate atrium
Landform
Shelf
Public+Reading
Public+Chatting
Transparency
Book into Structure
Spectacle
O
H
G
Staff Audience
Medical Patient
Staff Visitor
Passer
Watching... Working...
Lying... Working...
Walking... Working...
Exploring...
Others
An inclusive place for rest, explore, read, learn or play.
H
PLAZA
NG ARNI /LE NG
/S AT
AT
H
I ES AD ELV RE SH NING AR LE /SHOP
S NG READIN OO VE ARNI G LE HOP KIDS/C /
K
READIN G/L E
Public-Private-Public
G READIN ARNIN G/L /LE EA R ING AD OK SHELVES NING BO RE B
BOOK ARNI N READ SHE G IN L KIDS G / /C
Permeable zonings
SKY ENTRANCE
Transparent facade
SKY ENTRANCE
RIVER
Huge Enclosure of Book My intention on the site is to create an inclusive gathering place. From site analysis I list different people's demands and their life routine, from which I define the program of the library: Reading, chat, kids area, shopping and so on. These programs are based on people's demands for leisure and exploration in this library, and such a diversity of programs could trun this library into an inclusive place that are welcome for different groups. From the observation on the physical context on site, I choose a huge enclosure of book to surroud the folly, which is the feature of the masterplan. Programs are arranged around this enclosure, therefore the materiality of book contributes to the atmosphere in these programs' spaces. Massing Strategy
Gesture with Skywalk The voulume of bookshelf is truned into library area structured by bookshelves. Separated bookshelevs form a volume and create a dialogue with the skywalk. People walking on the skywalk will pass the library the view the scenario of bookshelves. From the street, the skywalk extends into the library, conducts people's eyes to view the bookshelves. The facade of glass, which is not indicated in this model, provides transparency and exposes bookshelves to outside. Book is thus become the spectacle not only for artrium but also for the street. Model inserted in site, 1:200
5 1
2
4
View in library area, fourth floor
Transparency and Barrier
3
When people walk through the library, bookshelf define openings and enclosures to make people feel sometimes tranparent but sometimes obstructed. Different openings invite people to enter the private space surrounded by bookshelves. This phenomenon, together with plan, reflects the idea of "explorative library" that bookshelves form circulation and enclose used space, people are guided to move along the bookshleves but cannot see what is in the enclosed space; then they can enter these hiden spaces and find different interests. This mechanism turns the library into a place for exploration, as it is a combination of "move" and "stop". 1. Toilet 2. Study room 3. Folly 4. Workshop 5. Reading Corridor
Fourth Floor Plan
5 2 4
1
View in library area, fifth floor
Flow and Framing
3
The "U"-shape pattern is the dominant element in cirulation system due to its quality to create flow of circulation. As "U" shape could increase the length of circulation and block people's views, it contributes to the idea of "explorative library": used spaces are enclosed and hiden from people's eyes, people need to walk along the circulation to explore these spaces. In addition, bookshelves also form frames of view, which connects outside with private library area, enrich the experience of walking around library. 1. Media Room 2. Study Room 3. Folly 4. Workshop 5. Reading Corridor
Fifth Floor Plan
3
5
2
4
1
Public's Spectacle and Private's Maze The library area plays two roles: for artrium, which is the public gathering space, it is a spectacle viewed by people and create a atmosphere of learning; for people within the library area, it is a maze of books, where people are surrounded by books, guided by bookshelves and explore the library. Poeple in library could have eye contact with people walking on skywalk and playing in artrium.
Short Section through Artrium 1. Storage 2. Toilet 3. Reading Corridor 4. Skywalk 5. Coffee
2
Section
SOFT POCHÉ OF WATER Solid - Fluid (Water) - Void 2020 Summer
Water as Architecture
Individual Work Self-Driven Project from 2019 Fall School Studio "Water Sensitive Design" Instructor: Lifeng Lin
WATER AS "FLUID" BETWEEN SOLID - VOID Water, as the most common liquid in the nature, has complicated physical properties which are not exploited in architecture yet bear much potential to be realted to spatiality. Through analysing the properties of water I found water shares the quality of both "solid" and "void", a typical pair of relation in architecture, while it has more properties than pure solid or void. Therefore I regard water as a complicated totallity as "fluid" and attempt to operate it from these different aspects into part of architecture.
PROPERTIES
Static
Dynamic
Refraction
Volume
Transparency
One of the nature of water is the tendency to keep static. Water with static surface feels "hard" thus could be regarded as solid.
Water with danymic surface feels more soft, but it does not affect the feeling that water's volume is an entity.
Another water's property is refraction. It produce a feeling that inside and outside of water are insulated by water surface.
The form of water's existence is volume, which is undoubtedly an embodiment of water's solidity.
Water is naturally transparent, which gives it a quality of void, as human's view could pass the water surface and enter the volume.
Permeable
Temperature
Water is also naturally permeable. The volume of water could be literally occupied,indicating water could be regarded as void.
The tempetature of water directly links human's perception, reminding people to enter the water to feel the temperature.
Viscosity The viscosity of water is related to the feeling of walking in water, which is an embodiment of water's void quality.
"FLUID" Therefore, water is fluid, which has the qaulity of both solid and void as a complicated totallity.
"SOLID"
"VOID"
Due to above properties, water could be regarded as solid in some ways, but different from real solid as it is dynamic and soft. Here "solid" is a way to understand water in spatial way and lead to following arguments about water's apatiality.
These properties raises the awareness that water is void in some ways as it could be ocuupied as a space. However, as water is concrete volume, being in water is totally different from being in air, thus "void" is also a way to understand water spatially and support following arguments.
SPATIALITY
Hard Surface As water has the tendency to remain its surface flat, it could be regarded as the surface of "solid" thus to define a hole of void.
Connection As water surface has unique dynamic texture, it could visually connect different space through the continuity of water surface.
Orientation
Occupied Space
Double Reading
"Heavy" Space
Fluctuant "Weight"
Double Perception
Again due to the quality of water surface, its from could produce an conduction to our eyes in a space.
As water is actually permeable, it could be regarded as void when people stand in it.
As above, water share the quality of composing solid and being void, thus it could create a double reading of both solid and void.
According to the drag equation in fluid mechanics, people walking in water will get more resistance, which makes people feel more "heavy" in the space of water than pure void.
Water depth affects its resistance on people, thus walking on ramp or stair under water becomes a subtle experience as the perception of water "weight" gradually changes along the way you are walking.
As people has different perception to water and air, being in water will get a hybrid of feeling to the space. Besides, such hybridity is also visual, as water surface interrupts eyes to read the space under water surface.
Erosion of Solid If regarding the water as a solid, I can use it to "subtract" the real solid to create a "Void". Here I try to "use" the water to "dig" a "Void" on the wall and slab, and the edges cut on them suggest a shape of cube and extend into the inner space.
Cold Bath
Long Section
3 2
1
7 4
5
8 6
10
9
1.Water Corridor 2.Viewing Balcony 3.Hot Bath 4.Cold Bath 5.Water Corridor 6.The Pool 7.Viewing Balcony 8.Swimming Corridor 9.Hall 10.Rest Room
Halving the Void If regarding water as void, as human's perception to water and air are different, the water surface becomes a division: Body in water sense a sticky space due to the viscosity of water, and body above water sense a pure void space in air.
Viewing Balcony
Long Section
3 2
1
7 4
5
8 6
10
9
1.Water Corridor 2.Viewing Balcony 3.Hot Bath 4.Cold Bath 5.Water Corridor 6.The Pool 7.Viewing Balcony 8.Swimming Corridor 9.Hall 10.Rest Room
Extension into Solid The tendency of moving forward of water surface could influence our perception of space. Therefore, I attempt to manipulate the water surface the create a space with a tendency to flow into another space. People will percerive the space's end is extending towards another direction.
Corridor-Hot Bath
1.Water Corridor 2.Viewing Balcony 3.Hot Bath 4.Cold Bath 5.Water Corridor 6.The Pool 7.Viewing Balcony 8.Swimming Corridor 9.Hall 10.Rest Room
2 3 1
7
4 5
6
10
8
Servant 9 Served
Void to Outdoor
Projection in Void The dynamic, lively texture of water surface could largely affect atmosphere. A space with water surface as enclosure will be perceived differently from other spaces, and I attempt to articulate this by creating a spot that are surrouded by these water-enclosed space.
Pool
1.Water Corridor 2.Viewing Balcony 3.Hot Bath 4.Cold Bath 5.Water Corridor 6.The Pool 7.Viewing Balcony 8.Swimming Corridor 9.Hall 10.Rest Room
2 3 1
7
4 5
6
10
8
Servant 9 Served
Void to Outdoor
II
Chapter
FROM GOVERNING TO THE OTHER
By sierralit
Human (Governor)
Disciplinary Architecture
Human (Governed)
Human (Conceiver)
Hybrid Architecture
Human (Perceiver)
As architecture is essentially designed by human, it is deeply influenced by the way human think and sense, especially on the conception and perception. Disciplinary architecture, such as panopticon, is conceived by governor to be a space machine in order to controll the governed. Disciplinary architecture is validated by a small group of people to rule a large amount of people through violence, which, turns architecture into a tool to form the power asymmetry in human society. Architecture also loses its autonomy, relies on human power to justify its existence. As a way to resist such power assymetry, hybridity has the quality to challenge dominant dualities. Through bybridization, spatiality is liberated from the power of conceiver and becomes "the other" that can neither be defined by conception nor perception. The power hierarchy between space conceiver (architect) and space perceiver (user) is thus resolved. This chapter presents a process from disciplinary architecture to hybrid architecture as a resistance to the governmentality on architecture and on people, as well as a calling for third space under the dominance of binary.
3
Section
FILTER BETWEEN HALFS Human
Architecture
Human
2020 Summer Wall and Prison Studio Work Groupwork: Evenly divided Collaborator: Zhiyuan Xin Instructor: Yu Yan
RESEARCH: ARCHITECTURE DISCIPLINE Studying on a wide range of disciplines, we found architecture could be a tool of discipline through space violence. This page is a report of our research on wall and prison as two prototypes of architecture violence, as well as the foundation of our narrative inspiration of architecture design.
Wall
0 00
ASIA EU / NA AFIRICA
300 300 300
Long Wall (Thracian Chersonese) Turkey, 6th(Thracian century BCE Long Chersonese) LongWall Wall (Thracian Chersonese) Turkey, Turkey,6th 6thcentury centuryBCE BCE
1000 1000 1000
Great Wall of Gorgan Iran, century Great Wall of Great5th Wall ofGorgan Gorgan Iran, Iran,5th 5thcentury century
Cheolli Jangseong North Korea and China, 11th century Cheolli Jangseong Cheolli Jangseong North NorthKorea Koreaand andChina, China,11th 11thcentury century
Limes Germanicus Germany, 83 AD Limes Germanicus Limes Germanicus Germany, Germany,83 83AD AD
1970 1970 1970
The Great Wall China,1368 The TheGreat GreatWall Wall China,1368 China,1368
Long Wall of Quang Ngai Vietnam,1496-1568 Long of LongWall Wall ofQuang QuangNgai Ngai Vietnam,1496-1568 Vietnam,1496-1568
Walls of Kumbhalgarh India,15th century Walls Wallsof ofKumbhalgarh Kumbhalgarh India,15th India,15thcentury century
UN Buffer Zone Cyprus,1974 UN Buffer UN BufferZone Zone Cyprus,1974 Cyprus,1974
1990 1990 1990
Kuwait/Iraq Barrier 1991 Kuwait/Iraq Kuwait/IraqBarrier Barrier 1991 1991
Ranikot Fort Pakistan,Fort 17th century Ranikot Ranikot Fort Pakistan, Pakistan,17th 17thcentury century
Wall of Severus United century Wall of Severus Wall ofKingdom,3rd Severus United UnitedKingdom,3rd Kingdom,3rdcentury century Offa's Dyke&Wat's Dyke parallel Trajan's Wall United Kingdom, 8th century Romania,3rd Dyke parallel Trajan's Offa'sDyke&Wat's Dyke&Wat's Dyke parallel Trajan'sWall Wall century Offa's Romania,3rd UnitedKingdom, Kingdom,8th 8thcentury century Romania,3rdcentury century United
Hadrian's Wall Antonine Wall United Kingdom, United Kingdom, Hadrian's Wall Wall Hadrian's Wall 122 AD Antonine Antonine Wall 142 AD United UnitedKingdom, Kingdom,122 122AD AD United UnitedKingdom, Kingdom,142 142AD AD Aurelian Walls Italy, 271-275 Aurelian Walls Aurelian WallsAD Italy, Italy,271-275 271-275AD AD
1980 1980 1980
Peace Lines North Ireland,1970 Peace Lines Peace Lines North NorthIreland,1970 Ireland,1970
Melilla border fence Spain,1988 Melilla border Melilla borderfence fence Spain,1988 Spain,1988
Silesia Walls Walls of Ston Poland,1413-1467 Croatia, 1358 Silesia Walls of SilesiaWalls Walls Walls ofSton Ston Poland,1413-1467 Croatia, Poland,1413-1467 Croatia,1358 1358 Walls of Constantinople Turkey,5th century Walls Wallsof ofConstantinople Constantinople Turkey,5th Turkey,5thcentury century
Kruger National Park Moroccan Western Sahara Wall SouthKruger Africa&Mozambique,1975 Morocco,1987 National Moroccan Western Kruger NationalPark Park Moroccan WesternSahara SaharaWall Wall South Morocco,1987 SouthAfrica&Mozambique,1975 Africa&Mozambique,1975 Morocco,1987
Fossatum Africae Algeria and Tunisia, 122 Fossatum Africae Fossatum Africae Algeria Algeriaand andTunisia, Tunisia,122 122
Wall as Entrance Wall Wall as as Entrance Entrance Army of foreigns Army Army of of foreigns foreigns
Time of Intruder Time Time of of Intruder Intruder
Time of Divergent Time Time of of Divergent Divergent
Berlin Wall Berlin Berlin Wall Wall
2010 2010 2010
0 Saudi Arabia/ 00 Yemen Wall,2004 Saudi Arabia/ Saudi Arabia/ Yemen YemenWall,2004 Wall,2004
Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan Wall,1999 China/Democratic People's Republic of KoreaPeople's Barrier China/Democratic People's Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan/KyrgyzstanWall,1999 Wall,1999 China/Democratic 2006 Republic Republicof ofKorea KoreaBarrier Barrier Kashmir Wall 2006 2006 India,2004 Kashmir Wall Kashmir Wall India,2004 India,2004 Mexico–United States Barrier 2006 Mexico–United Mexico–UnitedStates StatesBarrier Barrier 2006 2006 Ceuta border fence Spain,2001 Ceuta fence Ceutaborder border fence Spain,2001 Spain,2001 Via Anelli Wall Italy,2006 Via ViaAnelli AnelliWall Wall Italy,2006 Italy,2006
Botswana/Zimbabwe Barrier 2003 Botswana/Zimbabwe Botswana/ZimbabweBarrier Barrier 2003 2003
Wall as Insulation Wall Wall as as Insulation Insulation
Capitalism Capitalism Capitalism
Propagandist Propagandist Propagandist
Propagandist Propagandist Propagandist
Communism Communism Communism United States United United States States
Time of Refugee Time Time of of Refugee Refugee
Mexico Mexico Mexico
Information wall Information Information wall wall
Capital Drive Capital Capital Drive Drive
Proposed London Asylum(1814) Proposed ProposedLondon LondonAsylum(1814) Asylum(1814)
New Jersey State Prison(1836) Trenton, NJ New NewJersey JerseyState StatePrison(1836) Prison(1836) Trenton, Trenton,NJ NJ
Eastern State Penitentiary(1836) US Eastern EasternState StatePenitentiary(1836) Penitentiary(1836) US US
Illenau(1842) Baden Illenau(1842) Illenau(1842) Baden Baden
Kingston Penitentiary(1834) Ontario Kingston KingstonPenitentiary(1834) Penitentiary(1834) Ontario Ontario
Auburn Correctional Facility(1816) US Auburn Correctional Auburn CorrectionalFacility(1816) Facility(1816) US US
Pentonville Prison(1844) UK Pentonville PentonvillePrison(1844) Prison(1844) UK UK
Moabit Prison(1844) Prussia Moabit MoabitPrison(1844) Prison(1844) Prussia Prussia
Ratibor Prison(1851) Prussia Prison(1851) Ratibor Ratibor Prison(1851) Prussia Prussia
1861 1861 1861
1990 1990 1990
UK Wormwood Scrubs Prison(1874) UK UK Wormwood WormwoodScrubs ScrubsPrison(1874) Prison(1874)
Contra Costa County Detention FacilityCosta At Martinez(1978) Contra County Contra Costa CountyDetention Detention Facility FacilityAt AtMartinez(1978) Martinez(1978)
Occoquan Prison(1916) Occoquan OccoquanPrison(1916) Prison(1916)
Minnesota State Prison(1914) MN Minnesota MinnesotaState StatePrison(1914) Prison(1914) MN MN
Eastern State Penitentiary(1871) Eastern EasternState StatePenitentiary(1871) Penitentiary(1871)
Detroit House of Corrections(1861) MI Detroit DetroitHouse Houseof ofCorrections(1861) Corrections(1861) MI MI
Baltimore Central Booking And Intake Booking Facility(1987) Baltimore BaltimoreCentral Central BookingAnd And Intake IntakeFacility(1987) Facility(1987)
Maryland Reception Diagnostic and Classification Center(1976) Maryland Reception Diagnostic Maryland Reception Diagnostic and andClassification ClassificationCenter(1976) Center(1976)
Federal Correctional Institution At Otisville(1981) Federal Institution FederalCorrectional Correctional Institution At AtOtisville(1981) Otisville(1981)
Crack Methods Crack Crack Methods Methods
B.C.218 B.C.218 B.C.218
Control Control Control Maintanance Maintanance Maintanance
1961 1961 1961
1965 1965 1965
Illegal Immigrant & Drug Trade & Illegal & Drug Drug Trade Trade Illegal Immigrant Immigrant Prevention Prevention Prevention
Real world Real Real world world Images of world Images Images of of world world Class Status Consolidation Class Class Status StatusConsolidation Consolidation
Form Form Form
Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle
Radial Radial Radial
Telephone pole Telephone Telephone pole pole
Courtyard Courtyard Courtyard
Urban Urban Urban
Campus Campus Campus
Urban+ Urban+ Urban+ Campus Campus Campus
Urban+ Urban+ Urban+ Campus Campus Campus
Discipline Discipline Discipline
Hard labor Hard Hard labor labor
Penalty Penalty Penalty
Penalty Penalty Penalty
Reprieve Reprieve Reprieve
Electrocution Electrocution Electrocution
Imprisonment Imprisonment Imprisonment
Confinement Confinement Confinement
Labor and Labor and Labor and education education education
System System System
Congregate Congregate Congregate
Separate Separate Separate
Separate Separate Separate
Congregate Congregate Congregate
Separate Separate Separate
Congregate Congregate Congregate
Congregate Congregate Congregate
Congregate Congregate Congregate
Purpose Purpose Purpose
Absolute rule Absolute rule Absolute rule and imprisonment and and imprisonment imprisonment
Manipulation Manipulation Manipulation
Security and Security and Security and surveillance surveillance surveillance
Security Security Security
Implement Implement Implement efficiency efficiency efficiency
Security and Security Security and and surveillance surveillance surveillance
Management Management Management
Control and Control and Control and segregation segregation segregation
1211 1211 1211
Keep Western Keep Keep Western Western “Fascists”Away “Fascists”Away “Fascists”Away
Intrusion Prevention Intrusion Intrusion Prevention Prevention
Revolution Revolution Revolution
First Western Penitentiary(1820) Pittsburgh First FirstWestern WesternPenitentiary(1820) Penitentiary(1820) Pittsburgh Pittsburgh
Defence Defence Defence
Racism Racism Racism
Time of Hacker Time Time of of Hacker Hacker
1860 1860 1860
Sharm el Sheikh Egypt,2005 Sharm elelSheikh Sharm Sheikh Egypt,2005 Egypt,2005
Synopticon Synopticon Synopticon
Legal immigrants Legal Legal immigrants immigrants
Trump wall Trump Trump wall wall
1796 1796 1796
NJ New Jersey State Prison(1870) NJ NJ New NewJersey JerseyState StatePrison(1870) Prison(1870)
Appendages Appendages Appendages Tributes Tributes Tributes Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Prison
The Retreat(1796) Silgo County Jailhouse(1818) England The Ireland TheRetreat(1796) Retreat(1796) Silgo SilgoCounty CountyJailhouse(1818) Jailhouse(1818) England England Ireland Ireland
The Wall Nigeria,800–1000 AD The Wall The Wall Nigeria,800–1000 Nigeria,800–1000AD AD
Architecture Architecture Architecture
The Great Wall The The Great Great Wall Wall
2000 2000 2000
2018 2018 2018
2018 2018 2018
Synopticon ellaborated in Synopticon ellaborated in Synopticon ellaborated in 1987 by Thomas Mathiesen, 1987 Mathiesen, 1987by byThomas Thomas Mathiesen, Norwegian sociologist,indiNorwegian sociologist,indiNorwegian sociologist,indicating asociety of voyeurs, cating of catingasociety asociety ofvoyeurs, voyeurs, where few control many, like where few wherehappens fewcontrol control many, like what withmany, publiclike what happens with public what happens with figures and media. public figures figuresand andmedia. media.
Panopticon Panopticon Panopticon
Panopticon was seen as a Panopticon Panopticon wasseen seenas asato a machine, a was technology, machine, aatechnology, to machine, technology, to watch, measure, shape and watch, shape watch,measure, measure, shape and control behaviour. A and control AA to watch, controlbehaviour. behaviour. technology of control technology of control technology ofproduce controlto towatch, watch, measure and ‘ideal’, measure and produce ‘ideal’, measure and produce ‘ideal’, reformed, human beings. reformed, reformed,human humanbeings. beings.
Controllers Controllers Controllers
Media Media Media
Surveillance Surveillance Surveillance
Citizen Citizen Citizen
Prisoner Prisoner Prisoner
Misbehaviour Misbehaviour Misbehaviour
Control Control Control
Jailer Jailer Jailer
Banopticon Banopticon Banopticon
Citizen Citizen Citizen
Profile Profile Profile
Database Database Database
Jail Jail Jail
People People People
Media Media Media
Global network Global Global network network
People People People
Banopticon describes a situation Banopticon describes aasituation Banopticon describes situation where observation is used as a where observation isisused as where observation usedby asaa disciplinary tool, namely disciplinary tool, namely by disciplinary tool,for namely byand creating profiles people creating profiles for people creating profilesto fordetermine peopleand and using databases using determine usingdatabases databases to determine whether or not ato person should be whether aaperson should be whetheror ornot not person should be granted the right to move freely. granted grantedthe theright rightto tomove movefreely. freely.
Omniopticon Omniopticon Omniopticon
When monitoring becomes When Whenmonitoring monitoring articulated inside becomes abecomes framework articulated inside aaframework articulatedby inside framework operating coordination, operating operatingby bycoordination, coordination, incorporating both the incorporating both incorporating both the panopticon and thethe synopticon panopticon panopticon andthe the synopticon effects, butand also thesynopticon control of effects, the effects,but butalso also thecontrol controlof of everybody by everybody. everybody everybodyby byeverybody. everybody.
THE GOVERNED OF ARCHITECTURE Combining the wall and prison, we regard wall as a filter instead of insulation, and prison as a disciplinary prison serving the mechanism of filter. We set four walls and insert four prisons into these walls to reach a quadruple censor from apparatus, body, mind to desire to create a progressive but irresisble discipline to govern the people, who do not have tool, power, intelligence and even will to resist.
Narrative of Quadruple Censor
1
dormitory if wrong
behavioral unity
3
HOMOGENIZE
through
Seek self
apparatus elimination
execution execution
farmland workshop
interrogation room
labor reform
interrogation
BODY
CONFINE
interrogation room
library
newspaper office
interrogation
brainwash
right reflections
2 literary inquisition
IDEOLOGY
desire production
homogenization
Think
prison
1 I. Execution City
execution
Violence
inquest
interrogation
prison
Weapon
interrogation room
APPARATUS
FORBID
Space and Events
QUEUERS
electrical shock
desire destruction
scan room
DESIRE
interrogation
if wrong
execution
4
RECONSTRUCT
Apparatus Ban Disciplined Body
Escape?
The Governed
Homogenious Ideology Governor Homogenious Desire
Reality relations
Production of Freedom Consumption of Freedom
2 II. Rotating Factory
3
III. Knockout Library
4
IV. Future Machine
Crowd in for the good half
I. Execution City Human are supposed to own apparatus. But governers, in the name of law and order, ban the weapon and execute the people own and hide it. They force the innocents to watch criminals interrogated, prisoned, executed and hanged on the wall. Governors draw a picture of great harmony and tell their people that no one can hurt others any longer, but they will never say neither one can have the apparatus to resist the governing any longer.
Disciplined and move
II. No-stop Factory Then what is law or order? Civilization is excuse. Law is the tool to control people's body, punish any form of resistance and keep them on working. Fresh people are censored and sent to the factory, being under the surveillance. Governors drink and eat, labors work and work, never stop.
Disciplined and move
III. Knockout Library After physical resistance is eliminated, mind is the next target. People are required to take lectures and read books from the library. Everyone will be tested, and will be executed if they do not gain the right knowledge and idea. People pass the test are the qualified product, be transported to station and observed. Only those perfrom perfectly will be allowed to move on.
Which is the Good Half?
IV. Future Machine One step to the beautiful world. Whithout any ability and sense of resistance, people will accept anything given.They are attracted by the speech of the free world, run into the machine but brainwashed. Their original desire is eliminated, then exposed to the vision of money, car and house. They become the symbol of success, and everyone could reach success by hardworking in the new world.
4
Section
SMOOTH THE STRIATED Human
Architecture
Human
2020 Fall Hybrid of Urban Park Academic Project: University of Nottingham Ningbo, 2020 Fall, Unit 3 "City Placemaking" Groupwork: Leader of Group, Manager of Unit Booklet (80-page Site Documentation) Instructor: Eugenio Mangi, Yat-Ming Loo, Yimin Su, Hui Zhang Collaborator: Yimin Feng, Kan-Wen Fang, Xiaoqi Wang, Adithya Kolitha
RESEARCH: THIRD SPACE AND DUALITY In this project we are exploring the idea of Third Space from Homi Bhabha and its expression in architecture. While these concepts has the quality of Hybridity, our site is characterized by division, which is the main mitivation to explore the Hybridity in this site.
References
Site analysis:Divisions
Qingan Hall and surroundings in Ningbo, Zhejiang
Smooth Sapce Smooth space is figured there as topologically complex, in continuous variation and fluid. This is a space – a sea or a desert – through which one drifted, nomadically. (Peter Eisenman)
Striated Sapce Gilles Deleuze
Striated space is defined by its rigid geometry, a space carved up into functional categories channelling the movements of its occupants along the pre-inscribed lines of its Cartesian grid. Striated space is standardized, disciplinary and imperial. (Peter Eisenman)
Third space
A zone that disturbs the binaries and hierarchies that uphold power, yet that does not erase or resolve difference into a new totalizing or homogeneous ideology. (Homi Bhabha)
Hybridity Homi Bhabha
By studying hybridity it becomes possible to identify a space between opposites, since the production of hybridity occurs in an interstitial and formative zone that does not merely hold a space between two contrasting elements, but instead disturbs, disorders, deconstructs, and ultimately reconstructs those opposing forces. (Peter Eisenman) Striated Space
Perceived space
Smooth Space
The First space is a physical space. It is our way of being able to reproduce that physical space. It is a material, visible and measurable, objective determination to space as a formal science. It is about the relations between society and nature and the human built environment. (Claire Kramsch)
View in void space
Division between two spaces The strongest division on this site is between park as smooth space and urban structure as striated space.
Division between solid and void Striated space insulates interior and exterior, making the void space narrow and limiting.
Conceived Space Henri Lefebvre
Conceived space can be taken as the conceptualized space or space without life, the ‘peopleless’(Gronlund). The conceived space is the space of scientists, urbanists and architects.
Attemptive Methodology Through Hybridization, hybridity not only exists in architects' conception but also user's' perception. In hybrid the difference between two opposites is allowed, while there is a uncertainty between these two opposites, hybrid thus becomes a interstitial zone where conception and perception could be either overlapped or detached, thus becomes a Lived Space as a combination of perception and conception.
Striated Sapce
Conception
+
Smooth Sapce
Conceived Space Hybrid Smooth/ Striated
Hybrid
Hybrid' Striated Sapce
?
Perception
Smooth Sapce
Perceived space
Third Space 1920s
1950s
2000s
2020
Division between zonings The grwoing diversity in functional zonings create gaps in original collective factory/residential zonings.
House House House
Students
Residents
Tourists
Workers School
Community
School
Community
School School School
Community Division people School between
People around this site is also divided and insulated in Community School School their own daily life routines.
House Spots Spots Spots
Commercial Commercial Commercial
Workplace Workplace Workplace
Dwelling Dwelling Dwelling
Spots
Commercial
Workplace
Dwelling
HYBRID OF SMOOTH AND STRIATED Based on site observation, we aim to create a hybrid of smooth space and striated space from many aspects. While we introduce the qualities of both two spaces in one scheme, we keep their difference co-existing in one totality. Therefore our scheme is both free and limiting, gathering and separate, enclosed and opened...
+
Perception 1: Striated Space
Perception 2: Smooth Space
Hybrid of Smooth and Striated Space
Hybrid of Centralization and De-Centralization
Hybrid of Interior and Exterior
Combining buildings and park through slopes, we found this combination has the quality of being perceived in two ways: Slopes are enclosures limiting people or connections bringing people up. Such an uncertainty between Smooth and Striated produces a Hybridity in our slopes as a hybrid of street and park.
We aim to bring people in different life routines in our site, while respect their different preferences for program, therefore, we develope a hybrid of centralized system and de-centalized grid to create a feeling that "we are all together in one place, but we can do different things as we like."
We aim to challenge the duality of solid and void. Using glass we weaken boundaries of building and create a connection between interior and exterior. Through this manipulation in every building there is a part of space given the quality of gray space.
Roof of Finance building
Hybrid of Territorialization and De-Territorialization
Hybrid of Limitation and Nomad
Hybrid of "Move" and "Stop"
After the manipulation of gray space, the smooth connection between learning interior and playing exterior are constructed, while the volume of building is still remained. Therefore the feeling of terriroty is kept, but people could freely move between in and out from one territory to another.
Another effect of the glass is the boundary between slope system and interior is broken. Therefore people can stay at limiting interior space or enter the continuous topography system and move between them easily, as a hybrid of nomadical park and limiting interior.
On buildings' roofs, stones are set to define small squares as territories, as response to the ground floor plan. People could stop in the stone area or move freely on the remaining glass area, which has the quality of hybridity of "move" and "stop".
Section at the gate to park
Between Park and Building Our hybrid space is sit between residences and park, existing as a hybrid of them. From this view, the fabric of park is partly transitioned to our hybrid space, while it forms volume of building and streets enclosed by buildings, thus differentiated from the park and given some quality of residence area behind. In the connection between park and hybrid, gray space serves as a gate to keep distance from park to avoid "mixture" and enhance the autonomy of hybrid as a new totality. View from park
Section of a typical place between slopes
Between the Slopes In this street park, slopes could be regarded as the ecnlosure defining "void", or ramps bring people to the continuous topography. Glass further weaken the boundary of building and make the space more ambiguous and uncertain. Such an uncertainty is my conception as well as users' perception. I do not define this space in a word, but let it be in anyway people could perceive or itself could speak. View on street
Overlook view
A Third Space Sitting in front of the division between buildings are park, this place is characterized by its quality of hybridizing builings and park. It is hard to define this place is a park or groups of buildings with streets. Compared to the buildings and park behind, this place could be regarded as a "Third Space" that we(designer) and people define it together.
Short Section
Long Section
Towards a New Urban Structure Compared to the urban structure at background, this hybrid space is a manifesto of new urban structure, which is not totally conceivd by architects through one homogeneous idea, but from hybrdity to explore the uncertainty in spatiality and create the "Lived Space".
7 8
6
3
13
11
12
5
9
16 15 14
4 10
2
Model inserted in site, 1:750 17 18
1
The Engagement and Autonomy in Hybrid 1.Mall 2.Music 3.High-Tech 4.Game 5.Movie 6.Co-working
7.Kids 8.Fashion 9.Food 10.Pet 11.Sport 12.Gym
13.Elderly 14.Market 15.Hotel 16.Finance 17.Sculpture 18.Painting
The quality of cenralization circulation system is a gesture engaging in the site, but plus the grid it becomes autonomous in scale and fabric. Under the idea of hybrid the formal language of this scheme is derived from structures on site, but after hybridization the formal language in new totality is "enstranged" from site. Therefore, Hybridity could also be a way to practice "Engaged Autonomy", as it has the ability to allow engagement and autonomy co-exist in one scheme. Roof Plan
Thinking and Knowing -Story behind "Towards the Ontology" Since I touched philosophy, I enjoyed absorbing knowledge from theories and sometimes be proud of "what I have known". However, such satisfaction usually soon dissapears and be replaced by disappointment of "I know too little" when I think more and find numerous unknowns. More than one time I have been informed by professors or instructors that working on theory will make my life really hard, but I like thinking, and like the feeling when I know a little more. While I can talk with my friends and professors about philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michell Foucault, Immanuel Kant, Graham Harman....I gradually realized the distance between philosophy and architecture. One is textual and one is visual, one tends to explain everything through one theory and one is dealing with everything through one object. Compared to direct application of philosophy concept on architecture, I prefer to use "philosophical thinking" in architecture that treating philosophy as a tool to better understand the world and architecture.
Kant's former residence by Alexey Milovanov, 2015, Veselovka, Russia
As architecture is dealing with everything through one object, I believe there are numerous unknowns in this complex totallity that are to be discovered by us, and I believe through persistently thinking can we move close to these unknowns. Therefore, it is "Towards the Ontology" that we are always on the way of learning, thinking, manifesting and criticizing for this fascinatingly complicated subject. Although in this portfolio I summarize into material gesture and lived space, I am not afraid of making mistakes nor presenting mistakes, as this is the way to learn and move forward. Thanks for reviewing this book, the sincere presentation of me.
Shuning Lin