Log Book Constructing Environments
Introduction into Construction How do design ideas get translated into the built form?
Construction
Cranes Used Labour Needed who is doing what?
Site Processes
Structural principles -way bulidings are supported -how loads are supported and transferred to the ground -envelope of the building -how materials are chosen and
Efficiency of system
of materials
-how expensive they are -trades that are used -how they might differ depending on environment
WEEK 1
Impact kinetic loads of short duration due to moving objects eg. Vechiles
structures respond slowly
Wind
until reaches peak value without fluctuating
Loads
acts to reflect the dynamic nature of moving load typically vertically but can act horizontally
forces exerted by kinetic energy
Static
moving/movable loads
applied suddenly
rapid changes in magnitude and point of application develops inertial forces in relation to mass and maximum deformation
applied slowly
Live
Dynamic
Occupancy
Flutter refers to the rapid buildings must be designed to oscillations of a flexible resist wind induced movement of membrane structure cause by alteration effects of wind exerts positive pressure horizontally
weight of stored material
Dead = Permanent load
negative suction on the sides
Earthquake
Non concurrent forces have lines of actions and do not intersect Concurrent forces have lines of action intersecting at a common point
Forces
Collinear forces occur on a straight line
Tension Forces particles being pulled apart by external forces Compression Forces particles being pushed together by external forces
represented by
horizontal components considered most critical in structural design consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrations induced in the earth crust Load Path = How a load is transferred through the structure and down into the ground taking the most direct root. Applied loads have reaction to stable whole load > Equal and Opposite
vector quantity possessing magnitude and direction influence that produces a change in the shape or movement
Loads are represented as an arrow
WEEK ONE: TOWER CONSTRUCTION
TASK - Build a Tower as high as possible with the least amount of material ( **** wood) accommodating for an object to move in and out without damaging the structural integrity of building. DISCUSSIONThe first element thethe group assessed was what method and type of structure we would use to construct our tower. With the consensus that the traditional ‘brick laying’ would work best as the technique would obviously provide solid foundations.
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After this decision was made and the dimensions of our tower decided (6 blocks length x 4 blocks plus a 2.5 block archway width) it was relatively simple constructing our tower and we didn’t discover any structural issues as the build went on and this demonstrated to us that if the technique and ‘pattern’ was kept the entire way this would run smoothly. Ultimately this concept could be applied to other compression structures when being constructed.
The biggest problem faced at the beginning was going to be how we would create the archway and still have a completed tower. The solution we came up with was to use the rubber band to combine blocks together that could be placed over the entry way and then the build could continue in the same manner over the top of the created archway.
Photograph and sketch shows the process of the arch way being constructed and the continuation of building over the archway frame
Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna
Construction of the structure placed over the entryway to create closed entry point.
This method worked as a viable solution and in fact the same method was the reused to create a makeshift ‘roof’ to finish of our tower. The sketch shows the general construction of the roof referring to the method that was used to make the arch way The photograph is of the final construction including roof from a birds eye view
As a compression structure our tower successfully transferred the load through each brick component and into the ground when additional weight such as text books were applied allowing for it to maintain its structural form and integrity
Compression forces being applied to our structure
The the structure comes under compression forces the load is transferred down evenly and as it is distributed evenly it bares the addition without Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna fault. The largest difference in other rooms that I identified in their structures was the initial shape that the construction was based around. Many groups varied from a traditional structure and approached a modern circular structure which allowed them to create the arch way without in additional materials such as the rubber band.
Another groups tower who adopted a different approach to us
Although roofless the circular structure should in theory be able to bare the same weight as out more traditional structure due to the way the individual bricks would compress and therefore distribute weight and load evenly
WEEK 2 Joints
Fixed - counter lever supported on the side
Structural
Including
designed and constructed to support and transmit lateral loads to the ground
-columns -beams -load bearing walls -support walls and floor
Pin - rotates at the joint but not vertically or horizontally
Superstructure vertical extension of building above foundation
Enclosure
Roller - Rotation and horizontal movement but not vertical
the shell or envelope of the building
Aesthetic Qualities -proportion Economic Efficiencies Affordability -initial coast -life cycle costing
-colour -surface qualities (finishes) finishes based on regulatory constraints
Systems
Including -roof shelters interior spaces from -exterior walls weather and control airflow and -windows temperature -doors
Mechanical provides essential services to a building
Performance Requirements structural compatibility -fire resistant -comfort in climate -protection from rain -cope with soil movement -resistance to sound -age gracefully
Considerations
Water supply provides water for human consumption Sewage removes waste from the building
Environmental Impacts -embodied energy associated materials -efficiency of materials in moderating environment
Vertical Transport such as elevators or stairs to allow people and goods to move between floors in multi level buildings
Heating, ventilating and airconditioning controls temperature of the building Electrical controls and distributes energy and power throughout the building Fire Fighting detects and extinguishes fires
WEEK 2 Life Cycle How much energy will be used in its life time with -sourcing -manufacture -distribution -use -recovery
Embodied Energy How much energy it takes to make materials
Aesthetic Qualities -proportion -colour -surface qualities (finishes) finishes based on regulatory constraints
Environmentally Sustainable Design
ESD Strategies -local materials -materials efficiency -thermal mass -night air purging -solar and wind energy -sun smart -cross vent instaltion
WEEK TWO: FRAME CONSTRUCTION TASK: Using a 10cm by 30cm piece of Balsa Wood construct a frame structure to ultimately be the height of at-least 3 meters. DISCUSSION: First Problem. How many pieces or strips could the wood be cut into in order to allow the frame to reach its highest whilst still being thick enough to be a self supportive structure. Deciding that .5cm is the thinest we wanted to cut our wood into, we settled for 20 .5cm x 30cm pieces of balsa to construct our frame. We began discussing concepts that we could apply to our frame. Deciding not to build a base frame or support to save materials was probably our biggest concern when it came to the stability and whether or not the frame would be capable of standing on Using a Stanley knife to its on after construction. Instead we constructed 3 ‘columns’ to cut the balsa wood into fine strips. make up the frames main structure by joining 5 pieces of the wood together. Leaving us with 5 pieces to use a supporting ‘beams‘ to our frame. We choose to join our strips together with masking tape joints
Deciding to join our strips together (using masking tape) instead of constructing the tower upwards was a different concept to what the other groups in our room did. By doing this and building the very basic structure whilst the tower was on the ground we were able to work quicker and erect it to its ending height a lot faster then if we built up a story at a time. The choice of masking tape as a joint as opposed to super glue or hot glue was a matter of time and practicality. Masking tape was much faster and easier for us to work with and although not as pretty or neat as super glue by overlapping the pieces of wood when joining them the joint areas became some what stronger. The masking tape essentially acted as a fixed joint in our frame. Standing our three columns up we arranged them in a some what triangular layout drawing them in at the top so that they would meet in the centre and be connected with more masking tape. We then lay the tower back horizontally across the floor so that we could begin to add the supports. Constructing the frame whilst laying it across the ground for easier access allowing us to work more closely and carefully
The supporting pieces of wood that were used to join the three vertical supports were placed on angle as to maximise the support given but minimise the material used. Due to the flimsiness of our frame the tower began to get a slight twist as the supporting beams continued up the tower. As the supports travelled further up we decided to cut the two remaining strips into 2 (15cm) and then into 3 (10cm) so that we had more material to build a somewhat strong frame. We also used the smaller pieces to fill up any gaps or to support any areas which we considered to be slightly weaker than the rest of the frame.
The process of standing the frame up and the adding any additional support beams to help it maintain balance and strength
The skeletal structural system that is a frame acts as a very basic building structure. A frame can either be a stand alone structure such as that of the Eiffel Tower or can be the basis or feature of other buildings of a solid or membrane structural system Working with the flimsy material of the Balsa wood was a significant difference to that of working with the solid wood blocks in constructing the tower the week before.
We successfully (although somewhat uncertainly) erected our frame construction and were impressed at its ability to maintain itself even though it appeared to be somewhat unstable. It is clear that under any load, such as wind it would probably falter and due to its lack of foundational structure (connecting base) it would more than likely succumb to the load a fall over
Final images of the Frame with the some what ‘spiral’ diagonal supports standing alone at a height of just under 3 meters.
GLOSSARY LOAD PATH- How the weight of the load is distributed throughout a structure and transferred down into the ground MASONRY- Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall. COMPRESSION- An external force that acts upon material often ‘squishing’ its particles close together REACTION FORCE- Equal and opposite to the applied force to create stability
STRUCTURAL JOINTSTABILITYTENSION- External Load pulling on the members separating particles FRAME- A basic structure forming the skeleton of any object to ensure stability and equal weight distribution BRACING- additional support to particular areas of a frame allowing the structure the ability to stabilise greater forces
POINT LOADCOLUMN- Load bearing free standing structural mechanism BEAM- Structural mechanism that acts as a horizontal load bearer
REFERENCES READINGS TAKEN FROM THE WEEKLY GUIDES http://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_01_guide https://issuu.com/envs10003/docs/week_02_guide/2?e=8943534/7032196
CHING.F.D.K (2008) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED (4TH EDITION), CANADA, JOHN WILEY & SONS INC. Used to construction definitions and mind maps.