Monday, 19 May 2014
003936000000000219210
Student Name: Sarah Brophy
Student ID Number: 699156
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Assignment Due Date: May 19 2014 at 01:00 PM
Assignment Name: A01 LOGBOOK FINAL SUBMISSION (all studio sessions)
Tutorial: T04
Subject Name: Constructing Environments
Subject Code: ENVS10003_2014_SM1
This form must be attached to all submitted written work with all sections completed to the Environments & Design Student Centre, Ground Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building. An incomplete form may result in the delayed return of your assignment or of your mark for the assignment. Please keep a copy of all assignments before submitting them for assessment.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Ground Floor of the Baldwin Spencer Building
Environments & Design Student Centre
The University of Melbourne
LOG BOOK Constructing Environments
Monday, 19 May 2014
Introduction into Construction How do design ideas get translated into the built form?
Construction
Cranes Used Labour Needed who is doing what?
Site Processes
Structural principles -way bulidings are supported -how loads are supported and transferred to the ground -envelope of the building -how materials are chosen and
Efficiency of system
of materials
-how expensive they are -trades that are used -how they might differ depending on environment
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 1 Dynamic Impact
applied suddenly
kinetic loads of short duration due to moving objects eg.Vechiles
rapid changes in magnitude and point of application develops inertial forces in relation to mass and maximum deformation
applied slowly structures respond slowly
Wind
until reaches peak value without fluctuating
Static
Live
Loads
moving/movable loads acts to reflect the dynamic nature of moving load typically vertically but can act horizontally
forces exerted by kinetic energy
Occupancy
buildings must be designed to resist wind induced movement of alteration exerts positive pressure horizontally
weight of stored material
Dead = Permanent load
negative suction on the sides
Earthquake Non concurrent forces have lines of actions and do not intersect Concurrent forces have lines of action intersecting at a common point
Forces
Collinear forces occur on a straight line
Tension Forces particles being pulled apart by external forces Compression Forces particles being pushed together by external forces
represented by vector quantity possessing magnitude and direction influence that produces a change in the shape or movement
Monday, 19 May 2014
Flutter refers to the rapid oscillations of a flexible membrane structure cause by effects of wind
consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrations induced in the earth crust
horizontal components considered most critical in structural design
Load Path = How a load is transferred through the structure and down into the ground taking the most direct root. Applied loads have reaction to stable whole load > Equal and Opposite Loads are represented as an arrow
WEEK ONE: TOWER CONSTRUCTION TASK - Build a Tower as high as possible with the least amount of material ( **** wood) accommodating for an object to move in and out without damaging the structural integrity of the building. DISCUSSION- The first element the group assessed was what method and type of structure we would use to construct our tower. With the consensus that the traditional ‘brick laying’ would work best as the technique would obviously provide solid foundations.
After this decision was made and the dimensions of our tower decided (6 blocks length x 4 blocks plus a 2.5 block archway width) it was relatively simple constructing our tower and we didn’t discover any structural issues as the build went on and this demonstrated to us that if the technique and ‘pattern’ was kept the entire way this would run smoothly. Ultimately this concept could be applied to other compression structures when being constructed.
Monday, 19 May 2014
The biggest problem faced at the beginning was going to be how we would create the archway and still have a completed tower. The solution we came up with was to use the rubber band to combine blocks together that could be placed over the entry way and then the build could continue in the same manner over the top of the created archway.
Photograph and sketch shows the process of the arch way being constructed and the continuation of building over the archway frame
Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna
Construction of the structure placed over the entryway to create closed entry point.
This method worked as a viable solution and in fact the same method was the reused to create a makeshift ‘roof’ to finish of our tower. The sketch shows the general construction of the roof referring to the method that was used to make the arch way The photograph is of the final construction including roof from a birds eye view
Monday, 19 May 2014
Compression forces being applied to our structure
As a compression structure our tower successfully transferred the load through each brick component and into the ground when additional weight such as text books were applied allowing for it to maintain its structural form and integrity The the structure comes under compression forces the load is transferred down evenly and as it is distributed evenly it bares the addition without fault. Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna
Photos from group member Raymond Widjaja Trisna
The largest difference in other rooms that I identified in their structures was the initial shape that the construction was based around. Many groups varied from a traditional structure and approached a modern circular structure which allowed them to create the arch way without in additional materials such as the rubber band.
Another groups tower who adopted a different approach to us
Monday, 19 May 2014
Although roofless the circular structure should in theory be able to bare the same weight as out more traditional structure due to the way the individual bricks would compress and therefore distribute weight and load evenly
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 2 Including
Joints
Fixed - counter lever supported on the side Pin - rotates at the joint but not vertically or horizontally
Structural designed and constructed to support and transmit lateral loads to the ground
-columns -beams -load bearing walls -support walls and floor Superstructure vertical extension of building above foundation
Enclosure
Roller - Rotation and horizontal movement but not vertical
the shell or envelope of the building
Aesthetic Qualities Economic Efficiencies Affordability -initial coast -life cycle costing
-proportion -colour -surface qualities (finishes) finishes based on regulatory constraints
Systems
Including -roof shelters interior spaces from -exterior walls weather and control airflow and -windows temperature -doors
Mechanical provides essential services to a building
Performance Requirements structural compatibility -fire resistant -comfort in climate -protection from rain -cope with soil movement -resistance to sound -age gracefully
Considerations
Sewage removes waste from the building
Environmental Impacts -embodied energy associated materials -efficiency of materials in moderating environment
Monday, 19 May 2014
Water supply provides water for human consumption
Vertical Transport such as elevators or stairs to allow people and goods to move between floors in multi level buildings
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning controls temperature of the building Electrical controls and distributes energy and power throughout the building Fire Fighting detects and extinguishes fires
WEEK 2 Life Cycle How much energy will be used in its life time with -sourcing -manufacture -distribution -use -recovery
Embodied Energy How much energy it takes to make materials
Aesthetic Qualities -proportion -colour -surface qualities (finishes) finishes based on regulatory constraints
Environmentally Sustainable Design
ESD Strategies -local materials -materials efficiency -thermal mass -night air purging -solar and wind energy -sun smart -cross vent instaltion
Monday, 19 May 2014
WEEK TWO: FRAME CONSTRUCTION TASK: Using a 10cm by 30cm piece of Balsa Wood construct a frame structure to ultimately be the height of at-least 3 meters. DISCUSSION: First Problem. How many pieces or strips could the wood be cut into in order to allow the frame to reach its highest whilst still being thick enough to be a self supportive structure. Deciding that .5cm is the thinest we wanted to cut our wood into, we settled for 20 .5cm x 30cm pieces of balsa to construct our frame. We began discussing concepts that we could apply to our frame. Deciding not to build a base frame or support to save materials was probably our biggest concern when it came to the stability and whether or not the frame would be capable of standing on its on after construction. Instead we constructed 3 ‘columns’ to make up the frames main structure by joining 5 pieces of the wood together. Leaving us with 5 pieces to use a supporting ‘beams‘ to our frame. We choose to join our strips together with masking tape joints
Monday, 19 May 2014
Using a Stanley knife to cut the balsa wood into fine strips.
Deciding to join our strips together (using masking tape) instead of constructing the tower upwards was a different concept to what the other groups in our room did. By doing this and building the very basic structure whilst the tower was on the ground we were able to work quicker and erect it to its ending height a lot faster then if we built up a story at a time. The choice of masking tape as a joint as opposed to super glue or hot glue was a matter of time and practicality. Masking tape was much faster and easier for us to work with and although not as pretty or neat as super glue by overlapping the pieces of wood when joining them the joint areas became some what stronger. The masking tape essentially acted as a fixed joint in our frame. Standing our three columns up we arranged them in a some what triangular layout drawing them in at the top so that they would meet in the centre and be connected with more masking tape. We then lay the tower back horizontally across the floor so that we could begin to add the supports.
Constructing the frame whilst laying it across the ground for easier access allowing us to work more closely and carefully
Monday, 19 May 2014
The supporting pieces of wood that were used to join the three vertical supports were placed on angle as to maximise the support given but minimise the material used. Due to the flimsiness of our frame the tower began to get a slight twist as the supporting beams continued up the tower. As the supports travelled further up we decided to cut the two remaining strips into 2 (15cm) and then into 3 (10cm) so that we had more material to build a somewhat strong frame. We also used the smaller pieces to fill up any gaps or to support any areas which we considered to be slightly weaker than the rest of the frame.
The process of standing the frame up and the adding any additional support beams to help it maintain balance and strength
Monday, 19 May 2014
The skeletal structural system that is a frame acts as a very basic building structure. A frame can either be a stand alone structure such as that of the Eiffel Tower or can be the basis or feature of other buildings of a solid or membrane structural system Working with the flimsy material of the Balsa wood was a significant difference to that of working with the solid wood blocks in constructing the tower the week before.
We successfully (although somewhat uncertainly) erected our frame construction and were impressed at its ability to maintain itself even though it appeared to be somewhat unstable. It is clear that under any load, such as wind it would probably falter and due to its lack of foundational structure (connecting base) it would more than likely succumb to the load a fall over
Final images of the Frame with the some what ‘spiral’ diagonal supports standing alone at a height of just under 3 meters.
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FLIPPED CLASSROOM 3
Foundation Substructure of the building
wholly/partly below the ground to support superstructure Must respond to the design and weight of super structure
(Substructure transfers load from building to ground)
Footings & Foundations
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(Rock / ground footings sit on)
Load Transferred into footings of building Settlement - buildings compress earth beneath Shallow = conditions are stable OR Deep = soil unstable for heavy weight build DETERMINED BY GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS
Tie - Tension Strut - compression element Walls Columns Beams Floating Slabs
Structural Elements
Monday, 19 May 2014
Design: Based on the loads to be carried which then determines Materials used as well as the Shape Chosen for the particular element
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FLIPPED CLASSROOM 3 SUBSET
Mass Construction Monolithic Materials -stone -earth used in used in mud brick pyramids walls
Modular -concrete -rammed earth -monolithic stone columns and beams
Masonry
Strong in compression BUT weak in tension Inoculate well
Slabs
Smaller Units
-clay used in bricks as a stable product
Blocks
Non Modular -clay brick -mud brick -concrete block -ashlar stone
Building with units of various natural or manufactured products with mortar the usual bonding agent
Bricks -hardness -fragility -ductility -flexibility
Clay and water added and then shaped
230 long - 76 high - 110 wide
Sedimentary
Stone
Igneous (lava cooled - dense/hard/dark) Metamorphic
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Rubble Stones
390 long - 190 high - 90 long -reusability -sustainability -cost -permeability -density -conductivity -durability
Blocks Manufactured from cement, sand, gravel and water
SITE VISITS AROUND UNI #1 lot 6 structural - Column concrete frame Basement - reinforce new walls and existing walls of heritage walls of surrounding buildings Enclosure system - glass window Services - Electrical lights
#3 car park Steal reinforcement being exposed - not enough cover or being knocked Water beginning to rust and steal expanding and evading on concrete Concrete restively cheap and solid and easy to maintain Columns built onsite - different sections of mould - 'form work' Hollow to allow drainage system from the trees Independent Column bays - point load source applied to pad footing and continuous Dynamic impact loads not destabilising footing or column #2 Brick - expansion joint cant have continuous brick work cause they're always ,ovine Expansion joint at set distances accommodates for movements Weep holes allow for water to come out rather than go back into the building Perpend - vertical Bend - horizontal
Monday, 19 May 2014
SITE VISITS AROUND UNI
#6 Membrane structure Suspension cables in suspension to give membrane support Steel ring bolted to membrane to allow ties to be attached to Pulling done in centre and also pulling out at ends causing columns to be under compression Outriggers attached to Collumn to allow for additional stability and support against forces such as win
#7 Use of building- water, moisture, humidity, chlorine Portal frame structure system designed for large open spaces Roof bracing and holding together sole detail to direct water away from the building Glazing systems - high level of mag and copper to slow glass speed down
Monday, 19 May 2014
SITE VISITS AROUND UNI #4 Skeletal and frame Load baring Truss - supported at ends- truss support beams Encl. and serv. steel- square hollow sections - paint finish to prevent from rusting Stainless sheet metal
#5 Frame Materials- stainless steel railing galvanised steel steps 1 theory, load being picked up by beam and the supported up there 'Ties' purely decorative 2 theory . All suspended from suspension cables and bearing up the top
Monday, 19 May 2014
SITE VISITS AROUND UNI #8 Stumps sitting on pad footing - concrete Isolated point loads Strip footings used against a load bearing wall to support continuous load Building paper behind weather board cladding to be water proofing Expansion joints every 5 meters Water drains and go down Basement so retaining wall Solider course Brick on edge window sill to get water out and away
#9 Brick enclosure Steel frame hidden Counter lever Ventilation allow timber to breath Air underneath floor
#10 Off centre of gravity Extreme wind forces pushing up Strong and huge footings under columns To support structure and weigh it down Footing system and aesthetically pleasing - double function
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 4
Architecture it about enclosing space. How do we span space? How do you span a space according to what resources you have. The nature of the material effects how you can build. Spanning,
The stone Corbel – A large interior space is not achieved. Arch – Was first made using a brick rather than stone A very strong form Wont break unless it is allowed to distort Allowed to take enormous loads. Requires support when you build it A learning Arch was formed to allow for a space to be spanned without the use of timber.
Span Not necessarily same as length of a member
can be measured between vertical or horizontal supports
Distance measured between two structure supports
Spacing
A large interior space is the greater historical feat. The repeating distance between a series of similar elements
General measured centre line to centre line
Often associated with supporting elements and can be measured horizontal and vertical
SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of supported elements Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 4
Formwork = Reinforcement -timber -steel -concrete
Floor Systems
loads carried from slab to beam to column to the foundation and flooring
Distance of joist influences materials/ flooring strength and size
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Beams
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FLIPPED CLASSROOM 4 Properties
Finishes -sand blasted -exposed aggregate -raked finish -bush hammered -board marked -board and batten
-hardness -low fragility -medium porosity -low recyability -high density -high emodied energy -low conductivity -cost effective -durable -long lasing *greater surface are allows for concrete and steel to bond *
1 part cement 2 parts fine aggregate 4 parts coarse aggregate 0.4-0.5 parts water
Fine aggregates = sand Coarse aggregates = crushed rock too much water = weak not enough = unworkable
Concrete Curing
Formwork supported as wet mixture quite heavy
Hydration = Combination can be shaped with formwork ‘temp supports’
Artificial Stone cement mixed with water
Reinforcement = Strong in compression weak in tension Steal reinforcement added in the form of ‘mesh’ or ‘bars’ which is ‘Reinforced Concrete’
Monday, 19 May 2014
75% of compression strength at 7 days Final strength (100%) at 28 days
Sacrificial formwork -tension component Designed to protect and stay
-spreaders -ties -lining -studs -braced
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 4 In-situ Concrete
Can be applied with pressure hose Standardised out come high quality faster progression rate
poured into formwork and cured on site
Cast in place useful in non standard structural components
Due to controlled environment finishes = high quality
Delivered as fresh concrete Starter bars cast into slab limited time before hardening occurs for air bubbles to be moved out by vibration
Fast and Cheap Considerations -limited in size due to travel -aim to limit on site alterations -alterations = difficult
STRUCTURAL: Joints critical for overall building performance CONSTRUCTION: joints = joints naturally occur when one precast element meets another
fabricated in a controlled environment then moved for instillation
need to be supported in place until all structure is secured
Monday, 19 May 2014
Pre Cast Concrete
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 4 Beams mostly horizontal structure
Can be: -supported at both ends -supported at numerous points across length and end -supported at on end
function - carry loads along length of the beam and transfer to supports
Cantilevers Created when a structural element is supported at one end
Monday, 19 May 2014
Can be horizontal, vertical, angled
function - carry loads along length and transfer to support
Peter Ashford - ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN BUILDING lifting beams & lifting hooks to transport & place walls & columns delivery considered carefully * restrictions & rules
One thing started before others finished to allow for time efficiency
Structural form first then architectural layer to come -including lifts & stairwells
excavation whilst footings and ground works going in
structural connections cast to join to other structures - connections need to be considered & cast for future structures eg: wall vars and plates
Pre Cast
shape and design of windows will create interest effect
Facade attention to structural frame concrete slabs that have no structural purpose
Suspended slab & beams
Construction
white cement - polished
N W E elevation = structural pre cast concrete - permanent formwork
Time efficient - huge consideration when designing
suspended formwork to start ground level pad footings = excavated = steel support bars to prevent movement = concrete poured therefore footings are insitu
retaining wall in basement = water proofing and prevents soil coming in
Structural steel - particularly in the roof Floor and beam system to hold roof
Rapid System
sprayed concrete
Monday, 19 May 2014
cables need to be considered during casting
smooth concrete surfaces
slabs for basements started whilst excavation to prevent facade from moving retention system - steel cages
Lifts
coloured aggregates
Facade
large open areas - lecture theatres have no columns
Basement
-Pre cast concrete -pre cast structural walls
Steel
large welded beams to hold walk ways Massive steel framing system held back to the building -3 stories -12 metres -rectangular -hollow system
columns become galvanised steel galvanised steel = exposed to the weather
Cantilever
*when levels 3 & 5 were poured a 15mm drop occurred BUT this was already taken into consideration in planning and was built 15mm higher to allow for this
Building must be erect before cantilever can begin construction
150 tonne load to hold cantilever transferred to frame
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 5 become unstable & fail by buckling
structurally adequate if load applied does not exceed compressive strength become shorter when a compressive load is applied
length & how they are fixed determines how they will buckle and how much the column can carry
Slender Members which can be either short or long
Hort & Long Columns
shorter in length & thicker in the cross section
taller in length and slimmer through cross section
COLUMNS: vertical structural members designed to transfer loads ‘axial compressive’
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FLIPPED CLASSROOM 5 REINFORCED MASONRY: core filled hollow concrete blocks OR grout filled cavity BONE BEAMS over openings created using concrete blocks filled to bond together after curing temp. propping removed
CONCRETE insitu or pre cast load bearing panels provide support and link other structural elements
CAVITY MASONRY: formed with two skins better thermal insulation Load BearingADVANTAGES: better water proofing- water drainWeep holes = cavity wall rather run services within wall than solid wall Walls SOLID MASONRY: single or multiple skins of concrete masonry OR clay bricks
joined together using a brick or metal wall tiles
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 5 CONCRETE FRAMES: grid columns with concrete beams connecting
TIMBER FRAME (POST AND BEAM) grid of timber and post or poles connecting to timber beams
Structural Frames
BRACING of members required for stabilisation
STEEL FRAMES GRID of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams METAL AND TIMBER STUD FRAMED walls use smaller sections of framing means that the structural members are repeated at smaller intervals
require restraining along their lengths with rows of NOGGINGS prevent buckling
Stud Framing
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consits of -top plates -bottom plates -vertical studs -noggings -cross bracing -ply bracings
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 6 Introduction to Metals: Metals – Provenance (the place of origin or earliest known history of something o Commonly found in construction (most notably steel) • History o Sourced for thousands of years o Linked to technological revolutions (Copper age) o Industrial Era (When steel was begun to be used) • Sourcing o Prue metals found in nature – more usual to find them as parts of minerals. (combination of different minerals) • Pure metals are one element only Commonly work with alloys which is a mixture of more than one metal Behave in the same way • Atoms slide when subjected to stress – have the quality to be formed into all different forms. (Mobile electrons rearrange) • They are both malleable and ductile o Types of Metals: Ferrous Metals (Iron metals – Iron is common and therefore cheap) Non-Ferrous (All other metals – Generally less common, and have different qualities like being less likely to react with oxygen, therefore more expensive) Alloys (Combination of two or more metals) • Ferrous Alloy if it contains Iron • Non-Ferrous if it doesn't contain Iron o Eg Brass •
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FLIPPED CLASSROOM 6 • • o o o Metal Properties
Ion transfer will occur when metals are in direct contact of each other or in an environment that will facilitate such an action (Water or electrolysis) Can use materials to reduce the risk of corrosion. Or you can ensure they are not in an environment to allow for ions to move and therefore metals to corrode. Galvanized Steel – Very important Is steel coated in zinc, which ensures the steel does not rust To avoid erosion ensure the metal is placed in an environment that is not prone to water or moisture. Alternatively you may finish the steel, coat the steel or galvanize the steel to reduce corrosion.
Hardness Varies (Gold is hard whereas Lead is soft and easy to scratch) Fragility Low (Generally will not shatter) Ductility High (Due to atomic composition ie. Atoms being able to slide over each other) Flexibility/Plasticity Medium (Although HIGH when heated) Porosity/Permiability Generally impermeable (Used for guttering) Density High – All more dense than Water (3x density of water for aluminum to 19x for gold) Conductivity Great conductors of heat and electricity Can be both a advantage or a disadvantage (dependent on location) Durability Depending on treatment, detail and finishing the can be very durable Reusability Great ability to recycle Sustainability Very High energy within , and a great ability to recycle is managed properly. Generally cost effective. (in terms of strength) o Considerations Metals react with other metals by reacting or taking on other ions. Galvanic Series (Lists the tendency of metals to give up their ions to other metals and corrode)
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Structural Steel Framed Roofs: Flat: Combination of primary and secondary Roof Beams for heavier roof finishes such as a metal deck Sloping: Consists of Roof Beams and Purlins and lighter Sheet metal roofing Portal Frames Consists of a series of braced rigid frames (Two columns and a beam) with Purlins for the roof and girts for the walls. Trussed Roofs Types of roofing: Trusses are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements Concrete: Manufactured from steel or timber Are generally more expensive Trusses are efficient beams they have a high strength to material ratio Used when there are needs such as a fire Shape or form of Trusses depends on the requirement and shape of its environment. rating Space frames: Tends to be supported on a concrete frame 3D PLATE type structures that are long spanning in two direction that leads down to the foundation Members can be pipes or circular hollow sections, or square, triangular, T sections The top surface will generally be sloped Useful from accommodating two way spans towards a point of drainage. There can be many different layers within the concrete: Light framed roofs: Insulation layer on top Gable Roofs Water proofing on top and protective Characterized by a vertical, surface to ensure the membrane isn’t triangular section of wall at one punctures or both ends of the roof. Each rafter spans from the ridge beam to the wall plate. They are birds mouthed over the wall Roof is the primary sheltering element for the internal spaces of a building plate. Collect rain water The roof consists of Common Can be many different forms and influence the design of a building Roofing systems rafters, Ridge Beams and ceiling Flat Roofs joists. 1-3degrees Not as common as lightweight Not generally 100% flat Trusses have become far more Pitched and sloping Roofs Why? convenient. >3degrees Ponding can occur – Increasing weight on Materials, general timber but Forms include: the roof maybe steel on the occasion Rafters Can also result in leakage Beams and Purlins Can be constructed in many ways: Trusses Concrete slab coated in a membrane Flat Trusses Beams and Decking (steel beams and composite roof decking for example) Roof Sheet (or lighter weight joice)
Roofing Systems
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Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 7 Rubber
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Has been used for many years, Found from rubber trees, although generally use synthetic rubbers made in a laboratory
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Properties: Harder rubbers resist abrasion, whilst softer rubbers provide better seals. Generally low fragility – will not shatter or break High Ductility when heated varied in a cold state. Great flexibility, plasticity and elasticity. All rubbers are waterproof (good seals) (1.5x’s the density of water) Poor conductor of electricity Can be durable High ability to recycle Generally cost effective Uses: Seals Gaskets and control joints Flooring Insulation Hosing and piping Types: EPDM (used for gaskets and Control joints) Neopreme (Used in control joints) Silicone – Seals Considerations: Tend to deteriorate when exposed to sun
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Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 7 o
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Neutralizing the forces: Gravity Typical Strategies are: • Flashing • Double cavity • Use slopes and overlaps • External drip • Capping on top of the sub structure • Sloping ground away from construction • Valley flashing (different to a box gutter) It is a steeper slope (So water move more quickly) Momentum Typical strategies are: • To ensure wind cannot blow water into gaps more complex gaps are formed. • For example the CAPILLARY BREAK shows how the moisture is diverted away from the gap. Air pressure Typical Strategies are: • Put seal on inside to create a PEC (Pressure equalizer chamber) • Particularly common in high-rise buildings. Surface tension Typical Strategies are: • Typically use a drip of a break between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the underside of surfaces • Prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/gap location.
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Detailing Heat & Moisture
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Architecture and design is very complex when ensuring water is prevented from flowing beneath roofing and materials.
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How do we deal with moisture or water?
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For water to enter there must be three conditions An opening Water present at the opening A force to move water trough the opening. ** Remove one of these and you remove the ability of water to enter** (MORE THAN ONE IS BE DETAILING FOR MOISTUE: Remove Opening Keep water away from opening Neutralize the forces that move water through openings. Openings Can be planned: o Windows and Doors o (These can be managed) Or Unplanned: o Poor construction Deterioration •
Common techniques to remove openings include: o Sealants (eg Silicon) o Gaskets (eg Performed by shaped made from artificial rubbers) o Both will deteriorate due to weathering
• Keeping water from an opening Grading (Sloping roofs) so that water is collected in gutters Overlapping Cladding (Weatherboards and Roof Tiles) Sloping Windows and Door Sills and roof/wall flashings Sloping the ground surface away from the walls of the building.
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 7 Detailing Heat •
Heat gain and heat loss would occur when: Heat is conducted through the building envelope When the building is exposed to radiant heat Thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat throughout the building. (Effective control of heat saves money and create a more comfortable environment)
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Controlling Heat – Conduction: Thermal insulation (to reduce heat conduction) Thermal breaks Made from rubber and plastic to reduce transfer of heat Double Glazing Air spaces between glass panes reduces flow of heat Controlling Heat – Radiation: Reflective surfaces Shading System (eg eaves solar shelves) Controlling Heat – Thermal Mass: Large areas can be used effectively Temperature drop, or rise – transfer of heat take a long time.
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Monday, 19 May 2014
Controlling Air Leakage o Occurs when: An opening Air present at the opening A force to move air through the opening o Strategies to avoid this: Wrap the building in polyethylene or reflective foil sarking to provide a barrier. Weather stripping around doors and windows and other opening.
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 7 •
• Plastics are able to be molded into all manner of shapes and • Plastics we use today are made from elements such as: o Carbon o Silicon o Hydrogen o Nitrogen Monomers combine to form polymers o Polymers are long chains of Polymer’s (molecules) that make the substances that we today call plastics.
Plastics
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Paints
Types and Uses: Three groups: • Significant part of the visual environment Thermoplastics Polyethylene • Tend to be liquid forming a solid Polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex, acrylic) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC,Vinyl) • Purpose: Polycarbonate (good for roofing) (good replacement for glass) Protect and Colour Thermosetting Plastics (can only be molded once) • Clear paints are lacquers and varnishes Melamide Formaldehyde (laminex) – (finishing surfaces) Polystyrene – good for insulation • Components: Elastomers (synthetic rubbers) Binder (the film forming the component of the paint) (resins) EPDM Diluent (Dissolves the paint and adjusts its viscosity) (alcohols) Neoprene Pigment (Give the paint its colour and opacity. (can be natural : clays, carbonates… or synthetic) Silicone • Types and uses: Properties: Water based: Medium to low hardness Safer and more common Dot shatter or break (can degrade in sun light) Durable and flexible High ductility when heated – variable when cooled Brushes easier to clean High flexibility and plasticity Oil Based Many are waterproof High gloss finish can be achieved Lightweight Not water soluble • Poor conductors of heat and electricity Properties: Very durable (Depends on where they are used and how they are fixed) Different paints have different consistencies Cost effective Red most inconsistent and least durable Recycled has lower embodied energy Durability Derived from petro chemical sources Needs to resist chipping, cracking and peeling. Avoid rain, air and heat. Newer technology is assisting with this. Considerations: Gloss Deteriorate when exposed Surface finished can range from matt through to gloss Can expand and contract. Flexibility Water based paint is more flexible that oil based paint •
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Used in many different ways.
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 8 How we use a building
Openings
Role of g;ass shifted from simple enabling light to penetrate building to becoming building enclosures
-Security -Flush panel -Traditional
Makes up composition & provides facade
‘Glass Skins’
Glass is - Silica & sand melted and cooled
contribute views and character Doors & Windows
Natural = only at intense heat such as volcanic therefore glass formed in used as technology under goes changes & revolutions = mass produced
Glass
Light and ventilation Become a part of the glazing system -can accommodate moving parts
DURABLE The importance of glass in building operations *gives source of natural light -decrease energy use *allows for views -increase aesthetic qualities
Dense and hard BUT brittle and fragile (Can be altered by tempering)
over time evolved as building evolution -‘blown‘ ‘float’ Transmits heat and light NOT electricity Due to technology advancements
Monday, 19 May 2014
Monday, 19 May 2014
1:1 DRAWING I was given a section of the function room roof to draw The elements included -AL-01 = Aluminium fascia -joint sealant with backing rod -steel angle -EL-01 =compressed fibre cement cladding -WPS -02 = in ground sheet membrane -IL - 03 = impact and fibre resistant plaster board -AL - 06= Flashing -RFS-01 = metal deck roof -INS - 03 = thermal instillation roof -INS - 01 = acoustic instillation roof -IL-03 = impact & fire resistant plaster board
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 9 Health and Safety -outlined in details to highlight the importance of safety -railings on stairs - tred widths and heights all apply to a building code - material selection in wet areas -fire prevention as well REPAIRABLE SURFACES & RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE -Skirtings = act as harder surface that can be replaced & covers gaps -Corners = difficult to protect - metal protection
CLEANABLE SURFACES - Detailing and material selection important - ‘coved corners‘ prevent dirt gathering - no carpet in wet areas -suspended ceilings - services hidden as well as tiles can be removed to be clean or replaced CONSTRUCT-ABILITY often not considered when drawing but ALWAYS a concern when it comes to constructing IF detailing is wrong it becomes expensive and difficult to construct -Detail should be EASY to assemble -FORGIVING so that mistakes can be repaired -LABOUR products should be used that are affordable and accessible
Monday, 19 May 2014
DISCUSSIONS BASED ON STRUCTURE, MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION
Construction Detailing
IDEA TRANSLATED TO BUILT FORM WHY BUILDINGS LOOK THE WAY THEY DO Interdisciplinary work through different trades and specialists How materials are built together within the constructed object
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 9 Composite Materials Monolithic -a single material OR -materials combined so that composites are indistinguishable Composite -two or more materials are combined so that individual materials remain easily distinguishable
Increase research and technology advancements Increase use and need for such materials FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (FRC) Made from: cellulose fibres, portland cement, sand & water Common forms: sheet & board products, such as pipes, roof tiles Common uses: cladding for exterior or interior Benefits: will not burn, resistant to termite & water damage as well as rotting
TIMBER COMPOSITES Made from: solid timber, engineered timber & galvanised pressed steel Common forms:timber top an bottom chords with galvanised steel Common uses: beams and trusses Benefits: minimum amount of material for maximum efficiency
FORMED WHEN 1. combination or materials differ 2. remain bonded together 3.retain identities & properties 4. act together to provide specialised characteristics Fibrous -discontinuous/continuous fibres Laminar -sandwich panels Particulate -gravel and resins Hybrid -two or more composite types
Monday, 19 May 2014
Photos taken from the ‘E-Learning’ link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 9 Composite Materials FIBREGLASS Made from: a mixture of glass fibres & epoxy resins Common forms: flat & profiled sheet products & formed shaped Common uses: transparent or translucent roof/wall cladding & water tanks/ baths or swimming pools Benefits: Fibreglass materials are fire resistant, weatherproof, light weight and strong
ALUMINIUM SHEET COMPOSITES Made from: aluminium and plastic Common forms: plastic core of phenolic resin lined with external skins Common uses: feature cladding Benefits: reduced amounts of aluminium, lighter weight, less expensive to produce, a variety of finishes
FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS (FRP) Made from: polymers (plastics) with timber, glass or carbon fibres Common forms: moulded or pultrusion processed products Common uses: decking, structural elements such as beams & columns for pedestrian bridges Benefits: high strength FRP materials with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel
Photos taken from the ‘E-Learning’ link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be
Monday, 19 May 2014
SITE VISIT BASEMENT
*Car park with rotating car stacker *concrete pillars - columns(precast) reinforced *transfer slabs *suspended *sprinkler-elated area to prevent fire - also allows for gas line and pump lines(remove water) in the walls *structure = 95% complete -framework and roughings started *walls = no precasting (insitu) *transfer slabbed poured insitu *insitu concrete panels= tower crane on site - for the duration of panel and concrete work *external walls = waterproof and corrugated *drip system *formwork sheets form the roofing of basement- 99% of penetrations happens before pouring -plumbing, electricity, sewage
Monday, 19 May 2014
SITE VISIT ROOF
*concrete structure roof *transfer slab=different thicknesses *garden area- requires drainage and railings and such to make it a habitable area *concerns - water proofing - different with concrete structure - two coats of water proofing and screed as tiling - grading roof to direct water to outlet points *light wells on roof - utilise light in building *temporary work rail around edge *habitable areas =bawl-straight *concrete walls / structure = fire protection *SUSTAINABILITY = solar panels - heating for water - building was signed off before 6 star rating system *radiant heating panels *split cooling *ducted and heating cooling *PERMITS - lane way access = limited space *no room for crane
Monday, 19 May 2014
LEVEL 3
SITE VISIT
*tower crane was supported throughout the side of the building *building = 95% concrete structure *some lightweight cladding on facade *concrete walls with framing in front will be plaster boarded *metal framing = more expensive but overall cost and time effective during construction *suspended ceilings with different heights *intermingle services *not structural walls *expansion joints in between panels
Monday, 19 May 2014
Basement and stairwells will be the only visible concrete Ground & First Floor = Town houses with 3 bedrooms Project running behind due to -permit issues -council hold ups -normally from planning to finish 1.5-2years
Monday, 19 May 2014
Yellow = Gas Red = Hot Water Black = Cold Copper = Main lines
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 10 Flat sheet cladding with ply wood back stuck onto framing Creates smooth finish Asethetically pleasing
Zincalume sheets needs to be cut on site (looses coating on edges) Is the glue strong enough? Is the workman ship suitable? Is the sealant suitable? After 12 months on this occasion: Sheets blistering External edges of the sheeting are coming away from the plywood Delamination occurring Aesthetics of the building is lost. Sheets have fallen off due to weathering Issues with condensation when recladding
Collapses & Failures Condensation between framing and cladding Cladding different sizes so the difference becomes obvious Nails used as opposed to glue in the first time. Consider, Suitability of material for the application: Exposure Compatibility Fascia is wide and thin and made of timber which is difficult to build Strength and deflection Therefore warping and cracking Long term Performance Maintenance Construction and detailing
Monday, 19 May 2014
FLIPPED CLASSROOM 10 Issues to consider when selecting materials: Health and IEQ Waste/recycling/recycled Energy use and embodied energy Pollution Life Cycle Materials: 30% of raw materials are used 1% of what we use are still in use in 6 months later IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) Reduced life span Asthma Nausea Headaches Sick day
Health Heroes Bamboo products Natural products Water based items Lack of chemical based products
How do you choose a good material? Reduce Vocs Use natural Paints Reduce particles in the air Look at your cleaning processes and products
Heroes & Villains
Villains Sizes and waste Heroes Sizilation Wall board, compressed straw, recycled timbers and fabric Energy Look at embodied energy (the amount of energy it take to create a product) Paper has less than plastic Source and Waste Costs to be wasteful Limited resources How do you choose? Go for renewable resources Eg bamboo floor Recycled products
Monday, 19 May 2014
Villains Aluminum Light globes (down lights) Heroes Timber Australian Made Buy power saving downlight Pollution How do you choose? National Pollution inventory PVC free Heroes Cork Natural products – Wool Fabrics – Recycled Fabrics Think about the lifecycle of a material How easy is it to clean How long will it last How log will I need it for Design for purpose and durability Be careful for green wash
3D DRAWING Taking my section drawing of the roof and turning it into a 3D drawing required me to consider what the different parts look like and how they all fit and work together This was an easier task than the 1:1 drawing as through that I had already grasped a concept of the different parts and it was as simple as turning that drawing into a 3D sketch
Monday, 19 May 2014
Monday, 19 May 2014
WORKSHOP TASK : Group 1: Using 1200 X 3.2 X 90mm Ply X2 1200 X 35 X 35 mm Pine X2 To build a beam to withstand as much pressure as possible We choose to go with a truss mechanism, it required cutting the pieces of ply to act as the truss brace supports. Although this would put the ply wood into tension and essentially at its weakest the idea is that the weight would be distributed more evenly across and therefore could sustain more pressure
Monday, 19 May 2014
WORKSHOP RESULTS Group 2 Deflection = 75mm Weight 690kg Group 3 Deflection = 33mm Weight 680kg Group 4 Deflection = 65mm Weight 550kg
Monday, 19 May 2014
* Simple beams that involved the ply or pine just being connected together using screws or nail seemed to be quite effective. Although it was a simple design, by joining several pieces the ability to with stand pressure is increased as the pressure can span over a shorter space
WORKSHOP RESULTS Group 1 Wood defect material failure Deflection 38mm Weight 350kg
The reason our ‘truss’ system failed at a small weight was due to a wood defect which none of my group picked up in construction. Although this was a shame, the other elements within our design were able to with stand the pressure and it was a valuable way of learning the importance of selecting your material wisely. In a real construction situation a wood with such defect would not have been used in a structural element such as a beam or a structural wall.
Monday, 19 May 2014
GLOSSARY
STRUCTURAL JOINTSTABILITY-
LOAD PATH- How the weight of the load is distributed throughout a structure and transferred down into the ground MASONRY- Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall. COMPRESSION- An external force that acts upon material often ‘squishing’ its particles close together REACTION FORCE- Equal and opposite to the applied force to create stability POINT LOADBEAM- Structural mechanism that acts as a horizontal load bearer
TENSION- External Load pulling on the members separating particles FRAME- A basic structure forming the skeleton of any object to ensure stability and equal weight distribution BRACING- additional support to particular areas of a frame allowing the structure the ability to stabilise greater forces COLUMN- Load bearing free standing structural mechanism FORMERS - basic ingredient to produce glass. Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass eg. silica FLUXES: help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures eg: soda ash / lithium carbonate STABILISERS: combine with FORMERS and FLUXES to keep glass from dissolving or crumbling eg: lime stone / magnesia
Monday, 19 May 2014
GLOSSARY Rafter One of the sloping beams that supports a pitched roof. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rafter
Eaves the part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building. Google defintions
Purlin One of several horizontal timbers supporting the rafters of a roof http://www.thefreedictionary.com/purlin Cantilever
Alloy a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.
a long piece of wood, metal, etc., that sticks out from a wall or other structure to support something above it (such asGoogle defintions a balcony or bridge) http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cantilever
Soffit
Portal Frame
the underside of a part or member of a building (as of an overhang or staircase); especially :Â the intrados of an arch
a frame, usually of steel, consisting of two uprights and a cross beam at the top: the simplest structural unit in a framed building or a doorway
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soffit
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/portal-frame Cornice
Top Chord
The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are generally in compression, the bottom A cornice is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element— the cornice beams are called bottom chords and are generally in tension. over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss wall.
Monday, 19 May 2014
GLOSSARY Sheer wall
Deflect
Shear wall is a term used in structural engineering to refer to a wall made up of braced panes which are called shear panels to counter the effects of cross load acting on a building. An example of a shear wall is an elevatorTo turn or cause to turn aside from a course; swerve shaft. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/deflect http://www.ask.com/question/shear-wall-definition Soft Story
Fascia A habitable room or rooms above a living, working or storage area such as garage, carport, or other area, that was a board or other flat piece of material covering the ends of rafters or other fittings. not engineered to transmit shear and lateral forces appropriately. http://www.truss-frame.com/truss-glossary.html
Google definition
Braced Frame
Corrosion
Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal as a result of chemical reactions between it and the A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members surrounding environment. in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braced_Frame
http://metals.about.com/od/Corrosion/a/What-Is-Corrosion.htm
Lifecycle
IEQ
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) refers to the overall comfort of a building’s interior and The course of events that brings a new product into existence and follows its growth into a mature product and the comfort and health of its occupants. into eventual critical mass and decline. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lifecycle.asp
Monday, 19 May 2014
http://www.ecomii.com/ecopedia/indoor-environmental-quality
GLOSSARY Drip
Parapet
a projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway) A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. http://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/drip.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet Vapor barrier Down pipe A vapor barrier (or vapour barrier) is any material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of buildings and of packaging http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_barrier
Gutter A trough fixed under or along the eaves for draining rainwater from a roof http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gutter Flashing
a pipe for carrying rainwater from a roof gutter to the ground or to a drain. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/downpipe
Insulate to cover, line, or separate with a material that prevents or reduces the passage, transfer, or leakage of heat, electricity, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/insulate Sealant
Pieces of sheet metal or the like used to cover and protect certain joints and angles, material used for sealing something so as to make it airtight or watertight. as where a roof comes in contact with a wall or chimney, especially against leakage. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flashing
Monday, 19 May 2014
Google definitions
Window sash
GLOSSARY
a fixed or movable framework, as in a window or door, in which panes of glass are set.
Shear stress
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sash
the external force acting on an object or surface parallel to the slope or plane in which it lies; the stress tending to produce shear.
Deflection
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shear+stress
the act of changing or causing something to change direction http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deflection Moment of inertia
Sandwich Panel Aluminium composite panel (ACP) also aluminium composite material, (ACM) is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a nonaluminium core.
A measure of a body's resistance to angular acceleration, equal to the product of the mass of the body and the square of its distance from the axis of rotation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_panel
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/moment+of+inertia
Bend To cause to assume a curved or angular shape
Door A movable structure used to close off an entrance, typically consisting of a panel that swings on hinges or that slides or rotates. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/door
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bending Skirting a wooden board running along the base of an interior wall.
Stress
Google Definition
the physical pressure, pull, or other force exerted on one thing by another; strain. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stress
Composite Beam A structural member composed of two or more dissimilar materials joined together to act as a unit in which the resulting system is stronger than the sum of its parts. http://www.answers.com/topic/composite-beam
Monday, 19 May 2014
REFERENCES READINGS TAKEN FROM THE WEEKLY GUIDES YouTube Links Provided GLOSSARY REFFERENCED
CHING.F.D.K (2008) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED (4TH EDITION), CANADA, JOHN WILEY & SONS INC. Used to construction definitions and mind maps.
Monday, 19 May 2014