Sizing PV
Summer Wind Rose
has higher efficiency than polycrystalline (right). The only problem is when temperature goes up. However, sea breeze can cool the roof therefore efficiency of PV would not be influenced significantly.
The average residential electici- The house is in the west coast so we take wind rose of Laverton to analyse. Wind come from north and south most in winter and summer respectively ty use in Australia per person is therefore dense planting are placed to filter strong wind and give client 7.37 Kwh per day. The Ngs has two dogs and therefore electric- more comfort. In addition, sea breeze blows from east therefore east faced windows are necessary to enhance ventilation and meet the client’s need. ity they use per day is approxiReference: mately 20 Kwh. The standard https://www.brilliantlighting.com.au/products/air-movement/ceiling-fans/brighton-fan/ input rate of solar panel is 1Kw http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/sunpath2d.html http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/average-houseand the efficiency rate is 20%. hold-electricity-consumption The sun hours is around 12 hours https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/considering-getting-solar-panels-here-are-the-right-questions-toper day and about 2/3 year it ask/2018/03/09/3190c71a-20c0-11e8-94da-ebf9d would not rain. By calculation, it 112159c_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.8 e92bb2d0fa8 is most efficient to have 16 square meters solar panels. Winter Wind Rose
Monocrystalline (left)
Wind Rose
Client Profile
The Ngs are a couple planning to move to a site opposite the beach. The couple has no children, but does have two dogs. They often have guests stay, and like to throw fancy dinner parties. They both work for a solar power company. They would like their house to feel natural with lots of daylight. They like the idea of having sea breezes coming through their house and would like a house with really good passive design strategies. 12°
Winter Wind Rose Winter Solstace 28.5°
Sitting and Orientation Dense cool bush
Reference: https://helpsavenature.com/monocrystalline-vs-polycrystalline-which-solar-panel-is-better
Cool Roofsolve.org/cool-roofs-attack-response Reference: https://climatere-
is made of high reflective material which results in less solar heat absorption therefore reduces cooling need. Since the east side of house facing sea whose breeze will help cool the east roof down, cool roof is only applied on the west side.
Lawn Car Wash
Solar Panel
Landscape
Dense cool bushes are planted near the north and south of the site acted both as a windbreak and privicy protection. Deciduous trees are planted near the west side of the house in front of the two bedroom to provide shading same as the influence of the exsiting tree in the east side. Reflects Reflects 20% 80%
Solar HWS
Summer Solstace 75.5°
Cool Roof Cool Roof
Gardening Area
The house is placed about 12° west of north. Benefit: 1. More living area facing north provides better passive design. 2. Edges of bedroom and ensuite in the south side is aligned to make it as close as possible to the south.
Party Area
Dense cool bush
12°
Green Roof
5.5 m
Land Use
Sea Breeze
1. It helps to save the cost of service connection since almost all service pits are located near the beach. 2. Similar set back with its south neighbor provides better aesthetic along the street. 3. Thirdly, the house can block the cold sea breeze at night when the dinner party is held in the back yard in the west.
Site Analysis Reference: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ high
The backyard is divided into two parts. The land closer to the house is used for the dinner party and the other one is used for gardening to improve the environmental influence of the site.
spring
Adjacent Properties
Summer Wind Rose
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Closer to the east side
To avoid preventing the solar access of the neighbor on south, the distance between two house need to be at least 5.5m since house of the Ngs is single storey.
low 8 C° 14 C°
rain
26 days summer 26 C° 14 days autumn 20 C° 10 C° 19 days winter 14 C° 5 C° 23 days Melbourne is in Zone 6 with four distinct seasons. According to the statistic, the diurnal range is around 10°, which implies the house will benefit from the thermal mass influence as a rule of thumb. 19 C°
Sewage
Electric meter
Stormwater
PCD
Potable water
Tank
Electric
Lawn
Telecom
Bush
Summer 75.5° Equinox 52° Winter 28.5°
N Position of the sun at midday
Calculating sun angle
The latitude of Melbourne west coast is 37.8° to 37.9° (we take 38° approximately). Therefore the equinox is 90° 38° = 52°. Summer solstice is equinox + 23.5° = 75.5°. Winter solstice is equinox 23.5° = 28.5°.
Upward raked eave
Summer Sun Block
Winter Sun Access
To allow more southern space of the house to have winter solar access in the north side, upward raked eave is utilized instead of the normal eave since temperature of this area is cooler than the inland. The width of eave is designed corresponding to the noon mid summer sun and the upward angle is same as the noon mid winter sun. Also, stack ventilation will help the whole room warmer since the heated air will rise up.
Thermal mass
To avoid overheating, the glass to mass ratio for Melbourne should be 16%. From the house plan, the living area is 8800*6650 hence the glass area need to be 8800*6650*0.16 = 9363200. The height of doubled glazing door on the north side is 2400 hence the width should be 3500. To make the design more practicable, the width is set to be 3500. From the site analysis, the diurnal range is around 10°,therefore earth coupling is desirably employed for living room and achieved by using slab-on-ground construction without carpet covered. 3500
Upward Raked Eave
Louvres
Instead of sliding window and casement window, lourves are installed in the east side to allow the maximum sea breeze to enter the house since the opening area of lourve and casement or sliding is 80% and 45% repectively. Also, the adjustable lourve angle can change the ventilation path. In summer, the lourve can be put upward inside to make the upper room cooler. Then the stack ventilation will help the whole room get cooler since the breeze will come down.
Flyscreen Security Door
The outer door is a flycreen door to allow ventilation in hot days while the inner door is a wood door to prevent heat loss in winter and left open in summer. Also a solid inside door provides privacy protection.
Pergola
West side detached pergola
Cross ventilation
Since Melbourne is in Zone 6 with cool temperate climates, west side shading is more significant than the east side. Also, east side pergola will influence the sea view therefore not considered.
Smaller windows in the east side contributes to a better cross ventilation therefore enable more sea breeze entering the house which meets the client’s need and also not obstruct the sea view. The door orientation of the master bedroom is changed to the north side and the walldrobe is extended along the wall to produce a narrower layout, which both enhances the ventilation between living room and bedroom.
Calculating lourves Spacing and Width Spacing (S)
Wi
dt
h(
W)
Mid winter
Set lourves to noon mid winter sun angle (28.5°) and the spacing between adjacent louves is 75% of their width to allow the winter sun to pass throuth
Fan
To improve the air movement of the whole house espectially of the two bedroom on west, a fan can be installed in the centre of the living room to draw the sea breeze inside.
Mid summer
West side outside pergola
Another undetached pergola is built between the party area and house. The purpose of this pergola is, firstly, provides a shaded open space if the Ngs want to do outside activities during the day. And secondly, some vine or fruits can be planted along the bar therefore improve the environmental influence of the site.
South dense planting
West side bedroom opening
Through the site analysis, the summer wind will come from south, therefore it is necessary to have wind breaks on the south side. Dense planting are desirable choice as the windbreaks since, firstly, its high density will make it act as a wall to block the wind and secondly plants’ ability of transpiration would help cooling down the environment. Also, height of the plant needs to be taken into consideration since it could not be too high to obstruct the north solar access of neighbour.
Windows in west side bedroom is used to enhance the ventilation, however, if not well shaded, it will result in overheated. Since the tree needs time to grow up, it is essential to have the awning window to reduce the heat gain.
Passive Thermal (Ventilation/Solar)
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Bush Circulation
Reference http://timberscreendoors.com.au/gallery/timber-screen-door-raw-427x640-2/ http://wmblanchardco.com/awnings-all/window-awnings/ https://www.thespruce.com/free-pergola-plans-1357132 https://www.amazon.in/Surya-Royale-1200mm-Ceiling-Titanium/dp/B077NJV7HW
Roof - Material & Ventilation
Apart from the green roof, other roof consists of tile, battern, sisalation and battern from the outermost to innermost. The sarking is used to reflect the unwanted heat to come into house and reduce the roof heat gain as well, which allows the roof to have a longer life span. For the ventilation, it can be achieved by different methods as illustrated in the diagram.
Wall material - Reverse BV
Bevel-back weatherboard
Reverse brick veneer is used for the external wall of the living room. Compared with the regular brick veneer, the brickwork is built on the inside, which contributes to a higher thermal performance of the house. The method of wall building is stud frame with cladding, which means a timber frame is erectd first with insulation between the studs, weather board cladding is installed on the outside and a layer of brick is built on the inside.
Rusticated horizontal weatherboard
Bevel-back horizontal weatherboard
Insulation - Wall & Ceiling - Earthwool
W1
Floor Slab on ground
Concrete floor
high thermal mass
Ground
500
W5
2700
700
W14 W13
0.55mm sheet stainless steel weathering and protectio cover
500
W6
W11
1000
Insulation for Floor Floor Slab
1000
W7
W7 W11 W8 W12 W9 W14
W9 W10 1000 2000
3500
SD2
W8 1000
FG Fixed Glass CW Casement Glass AW Awning Sash SD Sliding Door LVR Louver
2700
2700
700
1000 500
500
SD1
W4
Floor
W12
W5 W10 W6 W13
700
W3
Pergola
1000
W1 W3 W2 W4
W2
Frame & Insulation
SD2
LVR
Brick Inside
Outside Cladding
To achieve higher energy effiency in this house, the R - value of insulation used for ceiling and wall is 5 and 3.5 respectively.
1000
SD1
2000
500
Upward Raked Eave
Wall material - Straw bale
As a renewable and biodegradable material, straw bale have a low embodied energy and can store carbon when using in construction. Though its thermal mass is low therefore only used for external walls of bedrooms and ensuites, it have a high insulation value, which helps to reduce the heating and cooling energy. Straw bale has other desirable properties as well, for instance, it could resist fire and vermin. After rendering, it is similar to the mansonry wall and also need a weatherboard for further protection.
700
3500
Insulation is installed in the ceiling to make the space between roof and ceiling isolated from the inner space, which contributes to less extra heating or cooling for roof. Compared with pink batts, earthwool can be compressed into a smaller volume, which saves the storage space and transportation cost. Also, for the same R-value, pink batt is double price than earthwool. The minimum R - value is 4.1 and 2.8 for ceiling and wall respectively in Melbourne. 700
To extend the house life span, outside cladding need to be considered carefully, since it is the outermost protection for the building. Weatherboard is a sustainable material with low embodied energy and it can not only act as a thermal and acoustic barrier, but also offer a hign level flexibility in design. Compared with the rusticated one, the bevel-back design can perform better to allow air to enter and water to dry.
Scale: 1:75
Materials and construction
Double Glazing Window & Door
To attain high insulation level, double glazing windows are mounted and gas between two panels is argon rather than air since gas of higher density act as a better insulator with low conductility. Apart from its thermal and acoustic advantages, double glazing window reduces internal condensation as well since the temperature of the inner panel is similar to the room. Frame is made by uPVC since it not only has higher insulation level than aluminium but also provides better air seal than timber. The U value and SHGC of the window and door is 2.0 and 0.31 respectively. Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Reference http://www.ecobuildingmaterials.com.au/Reverse-Brick-Veneer https://buildabroad.org/2017/02/07/straw-bale-construction/ https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/detail-solutions/wall-cladding-selection/weatherboards/ http://www.simondale.net/house/straw.htm http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/concrete-slab-floors
Compared with the insulation under the slab (R=2) , edge insulation will be more efficient and can reduce the thermal loss to a large extent. Also, it act as a barrier to ensure the house termite-free. The common material used for edge insulation is XPS or EPS.
Sealing
Gaps and draughts need to be sealed up by using silicone sealants or expandable form fillers with caulking gun to improve the energy efficiency of house.
https://www.proctorgroup.com/products/roofshield http://energysmartohio.com/how_it_works/attic-ventilation/ https://www.bradfordinsulation.com.au/home-insulation/ceilings/gold-ceiling-batts https://www.windowsanddoors.build/News/DoubleGlazing.aspx https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/You-and-your-home-Save-energy/ Draught-proofing/Seal-gaps-around-walls-and-floors
Light-coloured room
Zone
Average Area
Lumens
Watts
Application (w)
Living Room
30 m^2
10*10.76*30 ≈ 3300
50
Ceiling 30 Wall 10
Kitchen
20 m^2
30*10.76*20 ≈ 6500
100
Ceiling 50 Task 30
Bed Room
10 m^2
10*10.76*10 ≈ 1100
16
Ceiling 16
Corridor
5 m^2
5*10.76*5 ≈ 270
4
Ceiling 4
Bathroom
5 m^2
30*10.76*5 ≈ 1600
23
Ceiling 8 Task 15
Downlight
Downlight is more directional therefore used for task lighting in kitchen and bathroom. It will be placed near the wall to avoid shadow casting.
2
The wall of the house will be painted in white. Compared with the dark-coloured wall, the white wall will absorb less light and reflect more light therefore helps the light using and make the energy more efficient. Also, the light-coloured walls can make the room feel bigger and inviting. Since the Ngs like to have the night party, it is better to make their house more open https://www.huffpost.com/entry/8-home-deand airy. Reference: cor-tricks-to-brighten-a-dark-room_n_57b74a91e4b029a9a465cb40 Calculation for Lumens & Watts https://www.archdaily.com/897277/how-to-determine-how-many-led-lumens-youll-need-to-properly-light-your-space 1 footcandles = 1 lumens/square feet Dimmer = 10.76 lumens/square meter Dimmer can be used to lower the brightness of light when the occupant doesn’t need too much illumination and therefore reduce the energy con- Lumens to watts conversion for LED is sumed. Also, adjusting light brightness changes the mood of a room closer approximately 70 to 1. to the client’s need hence provide more comfort. Dimmer is not necessarily used in a room where people would not spend too much time. For this reason, dimmer will be employed for four ceiling light with fan and the dining room light. 2
2
Reference: https://www.bunnings.com.au/hpm-240v-white-trailing-edge-dimmer-light-controller_p4330560
Ceiling fan with light
Reference: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Yeelight-Recessed-Ceiling-Downlight-Bedroom/dp/B0771JN1YDv
Pergola
Walllight
2
To improve ventilation and also save space, ceiling fan with light is installed in the centre of living room and three bedrooms. It is controlled by two switches (one is near the door and the other is besides the bed and far away from the door), which makes the occupant easier to turn off the light on bed.
W/m^2
Living
3.2
Bedroom
1.6
Wet Area
3.9
NCC
All value is less than 5 therefore meet the standard.
Walllights act as the supplementary light for the living room. The one near the main entrance are controlled by double switches, which gives the client the convience to close the lights when leaving the living room.
2 2
2 2
2
Reference: https://www.gearbest.com/outdoor-lights/pp_801007.html 2
2
2
General Ceiling Lamp
This LED lamp is installed on the ceiling of laundary, bathroom, corridor and dining room. The wattage is same in bathroom and laundry. Also, dimpled lens technology is applied to make larger space illuminated.
Reference: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/133067363974750423
LED VS CFL
Zone
Reference: https://www.pinterest.es/pin/635852041114441459/
LED will be more cost-saving in the long term.The only possible disadvantage of LED is that its light is directional. However, the innovation of dimpled lens make LED also achieve the diffusing property therefore LED will be chosen or all lightings in the house.
2
2
2
Warm light VS Cool light
Solar power
PV & Wind
Battery Wind generator
Warm light can provide people with more sense of cosy environment hence except bathrooms and laundry using cool light other rooms will https://www.integral-led.com/eduse warm light. Reference: ucation/warm-white-or-cool-white
Telecom connection
Electrical and Telecom
Reference: https://www.oceanlighting.co.uk/flush-ceiling-lights-c72/astro-7831-osaka-led-flush-ceiling-light-polished-chrome-ip44-p28912
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
PCD -> NTD -> PSU
PV is the dominant renewable power generator for this home since the Ngs works in solar power company. In addition, wind power will be utilised as well since wind is quite strong in melbourne and the house is located near the sea. The generated electric will store in the battery and back to grid when battery is sufficient.
Ceiling light fitting
Double power point
Wall light fitting Single power point
2
Reference: http://www.windenergy.com/community/blog/wind-power-remote-homes
Double light switch
Smoke and fire alarm
PCD
Electric pole
Battery
Weather proof power point
Triple light switch
Electric meter
NTD
Telecom pit
Wind generator
Single light switch
Exhaust fan
Switchboard
PSU
Fan
Electric
Collector type - Evacuated tube
The diagram on the right indicates evacuated tube collector is about 160% and 50% more efficient than the flat plate collector in winter and summer respectively since the energy the flat plate collector absorbed depends on the sun angle to a large extent.
Solar HWS
Boosting options - Heat Pump
Powered the sun, solar HWS can achieve no greenhouse gas emission therefore have a more positive environmental effect compared with other types of hot water service. Moreover, it saves the heating bills in long term though the cost of installation is more expensive and the energy is unlimited and renewable.
When sunlight is insufficient, water need to be heated by other energy. Gas booster will produce greenhouse emission and electric booster operate whenever the temperature of the tank water drops, which means much energy will be wasted. Hence heat pump is applied for this house. It compresses the warm air and transfers the heat to the water. It is quite efficient and usually has COP more than 3. Reference: https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2017/07/what-heck-are-heat-pumps
Reference: http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/solar-hot-water/evacuated-tube-collector.html
Reference: https://www.gwstore.co.za/product/evacuated-tubes-15-tube-collectors/
Reference: https://www.energymatters.com.au/solar-hot-water/flat-vs-evacuated/
Gas
No gas will be used in this house. Since the client work in solar power company, the house will utilise the solar power to largest extent. PV panels produce electric and evacuated tubes provide hot water therefore there is no need to use gas as energy source. Also, it causes much greenhouse emission hence it is better to free from gas to make home with less carbon footprint.
Tankulator
The average daily water consumption in Australia is 340 L per person. Since two people live in this house, we assume their total daily water use is 700 L. The roof catchment area is 87 square meter since a part of roof is planned to be green roof therefore do not contribute to rainwater collection. According to the tankulator result, the most efficient size of rainwater tank is 1000L and tank water is available in 41 days of a year.
Pergola
Dual flush VS Single flush
Compared to the single flush, dual flush has different machanisms for flushing liquid waste using 0.8 gallons of water (half flush) and solid waste using 1.6 gallons of water (full flush).
Bladder
Bladder is used as water tank hided under the deck in front of the dining area to achieve more aesthetic outlook.
Reference: https://connor-plumbing.com/2017/09/16/how-a-dual-flush-toilet-saves-you-money/
Water-saving shower head
Reference: https://www.waterplex.com.au/product/accessories/other-accessories/eco-sac-covers/
Downpipe every 9 meters
Rainwater Collection
Rainwater flow through the eave gutter downpipes then be collected in bladder tank.
Rainwater Reuse
Rainwater will be reused in garden, bathroom, laundry and kitchen. Though it can be reused for toilet, greywater is Wet system is used to collect sufficient to flush toilet water from whole therefore only serve as a roof catchment. backup.
Water and Gas Supply
GAS
Filter
Rainwater is filtered before flowing into the tank. The role of this filter is to block leaf and insect as first-flush filter. Since rainwater will reused for drinking, further filtering is required to use UV light treatent to destroy bacteria and make water cleaner.
Shower is the most contributor to the household water usage. The standard and water-efficient showerhead uses 12-22 L and 6-9 L per minute repectively, which means choosing a water-saving shower head can make a significant difference to the total Reference: https://www.thesavergroup.com.au/showerheads water use. Tap Aerator is a water fixture that can Pump reduce water flow from 18L to 5L per minute. A free-standing pump Also, it can act as a filter to keep water is installed outside and dirt-free and a controller to limit the splashing, used to deliver water which can both increase the comfort of to the whole house to water use. Reference: https://www.ecocamel.com/tap-aerators/39/product achieve reusing.
Reference: https://rainwatermatters.com.au/water-pump-supply-and-service/
standards scheme is a labelling scheme. Higher stars rating the product get, more water can be conserved. Using appliance with high star WELS can make the house more environmental friendly.
Reference: https://rainharvesting.co.uk/portfolio/pre_uv_filter/ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Superhead-Filter-First-Flush-Diverter/dp/B0068WMX6I
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
WELS Water efficiency labelling and
Reference: http://www.waterrating.gov.au/news/inkwels-february-2018
Potable water
Eave gutter
Filter
Hot water
Downpipe
Pump
Rain water
Water pipe
Tank
Reference http://tankulator.ata.org.au/interactive.php http://kidskunst.info/linked/solar-panels-system-diagram-solar-water-heater-panel-736f6c6172.htm https://www.gardenerswatertanks.com.au/water-tank-installation/how-to-install-your-water-tank/wet-sysem/
Sewer System
Position
Stormwater
The highest and lowest place on the site is at the corner of two bathrooms (59.77) and the sewer pit (59.46) respectively. Taking the advantage of the gradient, the main sewer pipe is placed through these two points. The distance of these two points is around 26 metre and the fall is 0.31 meter, therefore the ratio is 0.31/26 = 0.0119 or 1 in 84. Distance = 26m
Gradient= 1 in 84
Flow direction Fall = 0.31m
If the ratio is smaller than 1 in 40 (steeper than 1 in 84), the liquid will run faster than the solid, which leads to block problem.
Water collected from the eave gutter and downpipes will be first stored in rainwater tank and reused. According to the tankulator, only one day in a year the water tank will overflow then the excessive water flows to SEP as stormwater. Apart from rainwater catched on roof, rainwater on ground is regarded as stormwater and flows to SEP with soil, residues, litter and fertilisers. It will not be treated before getting to lake or river, hence it is necessary to make stormwater with less pollutant.
Collection
Grey Water System
Grey water is collected from shower, hand basin, washing machine and laundry tap. (Water from kitchen tap, dishwasher and toilet are regarded as black water which can not be reused.)
Reuse
Grey water is reused for toilet flushing, gardening and washing clothes. Clothes usually will be rinsed twice. Grey water will be used for the first rinse and rainwater or portable water will be used for the second rinse. Same strategy will be adopted for laundry tap.
PH
Reference: https://www.boroondara.vic.gov.au/parking-roads/drains-and-stormwater
Grey water is quite alkaline and requires neutralization.
Reference: https://www.okc.gov/departments/utilities/protect-your-pipes/sewer-backups
Overflow to stormwater through underground pipe by pump
Connected to sewer pit
Kitchen sink
Filter
Upward Raked Eave
Pergola
To LPD
Lint filter is used to ensure grey water flowing smoothly. Reference: http://www.thepartsbiz.com/Whirlpool-Dryer-Lint-Trap-Replacement-Generic-8531964_ p_13766.html
Dishwasher
Toilet Used for gardening
Connection
Blackwater and grey water stored more than 24 hours are flown to sewer pit and then to public sewer line.
Reference: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/688839705476986492/
Reference: https://www.hoselink.com.au/blog/were-a-nation-of-dirty-cars/
Water Recycling and Drainage 5
Hibiscus
Reference: https://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/perennial/yucca/6.html
Reference: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/hibiscus/ how-to-care-for-hibiscus-plants.htm
Dietes
Liliope
Washing car on lawn
Vent
Vent is used to remove smell out of the house and also allow fresh air into the sewer pipes to maintian the pressure in drainage system. It is better to be installed on the roof to keep the client away from unpleasant gas.
Yucca
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
If directly washing car on the ground, the water will flows to SEP with detergent, which contains plenty of chemicals and will contaminate environment. The suggesting way is washing car on lawn which will absorb the water with detergent.
Reference: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/dietes-plants/growing-dietes-flowers.htm
Reference: https://barlowflowerfarm.com/product/lilyturf/
Gardening
Grey water is available regardless of the weather compared with the rainwater. Using less product with phosphorus and neutualizing PH of grey water can make the plants healthier.
Resetting
Grey water can not be stored more than 24 hours. The Ngs usually go to their company at 9AM, hence grey water is set to flow to sewage at 10AM and begin another cycle.
Sewerage
Into greywater system
Stormwater
Sewer vent
Out of greywater system
Downpipe
Grey Water System
Water tank
Eave gutter
Intergration with Passive Design
Zoning
The house is divided into 5 parts corresponding to the varying degrees of the need of heating. Bedrooms
Living room
Hydronic panel heating
Hydronic in slab heating
Polished concrete
Main bedroom
Bathroom Radient heater
‘In slab’ heating is applied instead of ‘on slab’ heating. For ‘on slab’ heating, the pipes with heated water are placed on the concrete slab and under the floor finishes, which will reduce the efficiency of concrete slab to absorb the heat to take advantage of its high thermal mass since the slab cannot directly receive the sunlight. However, for ‘in slab’ heating, the wires are attached to the reinforcement before slab poured. After the concrete dry the pipes are inside the concrete. If well-insulated the heat can be stored in concrete and radiated after the water cool down because of the thermal lag.
When sunlight is efficient, water is heated on the roof and sent to the slab. When sunlight is not efficient, water is heated by electric generated by solar panel. This strategy makes the best use of solar power and the Ngs can most involve this design because of their job relativity.
Benefit
Bedroom usually need to be heated in short time and heater will be turn off by timer after guests sleeping therefore require heater with high reactivity where panel has better performance than slab heating. Compared with HVAC which generates forced air circulation and annoying noise, it provides more comfortable radient heat without draft and dust therefore create more cosy background for sleeping.
Living room colored in pink needs high efficiency
Tile HWS
Bedrooms colored in yellow are left empty
T
when no guest stay. The area of two bedroom are less than 10 square meter therefore one hydronic panel is enough for each room. It is installed under the window to avoid temperature difference in the east and west side of the room.
T H
Benefit
H
Reference: https://dpphydronics.com.au/underfloor-heating/in-slab/
Heating water results in higher efficiency compared with the air since water performs better in conductility. Besides, when water run through the pipes in concrete, heat leaves water and warms the ground and room by radiant heat, which is more ambient and gentle than convective heat.
T
More comfortable
Bathrooms colored in blue will use radiant heaters mounted
on the ceiling. Though it seems not efficient since the heated air will go up, the area is too small (around 5 square meter) therefore the air will nowhere to go but down to heat whole room.
Benefit
Laundry and corridor colored in green do not need any
heater since the client will not spend too much time in these two areas.
Heating
Reference: http://www.australiansunenergy.com.au/dshh-solar-heating/
Source of Energy - Solar
No heater Convective heat from living room and bathroom
space heater. Compared with other zones, the heated area is quite large and required temperature is quite high. If using hydronic panels several ones need to be installed around the room to achieve high performance therefore will take up a lot space in the room and be not quite efficient. Hence hydronic slab heating will be installed in the living room.
Insulated footing
Reference: https://bdlt.com.au/products/brilliant-andromeda-3-in-1-bathroom-mate-with-ptc-heater-led-light-white
Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Heat lamp directly heats people while heated towel rack heats air therefore is not quite efficient for the Ngs since they only take 5 - 10 minutes shower. Underfloor heating will not cover this area as well for its low reactivity. 3 in 1 PTC bathroom heater is desirable since it not only save energy but space as well.
Thermostat
T
Water pipe on ground
Hydronic heater
H
Water pipe under ground
Bathroom heater
Switch
Uncomfortable
Main bedroom colored in orange is connected to the living room only through a door hence convective heating strategy is used to heat this room and no heater will be installed. The suggesting way is to open the door half hour before they enter the bedroom to allow air circulation between two rooms and heated air is less wasted and reused when they leaving the living room. Same strategy can be applied to the sliding door between bathroom and bedroom. After taking a shower, the bathroom is filled with heated air, which can be reused to warm the bedroom. Reference http://www.build.com.au/underfloor-and-slab-heating https://dpphydronics.com.au/product-category/hydronic-radiator-panels/ https://www.gardenerswatertanks.com.au/water-tank-installation/how-to-install-your-water-tank/wet-sysem/
Zoning
Intergration with Passive Design
The house is divided into 3 parts corresponding to Selective openthe varying degrees of the need of cooling. ings on the north side to avoid Fan & overheating Earth tubes
Small windows are installed to enhance ventilation. Insulation are needed throughout the whole house to improve the efficient of cooling system.
Living room & Main bedroom
Bedrooms Fan & Evaporative cooling
Awning window on west to reduce heat gain Laundry & Bathroom No cooling system needed
Living room &Main bedroom
-> Cool roof with
lighter color absorbs less heat.
<- Louvre windows
Benefit
Evaporative cooling system adds moisture to the air while reverse cycle air conditioner drys the air making body not quite comfortable. Moreover, doors and windows must be closed when using AC to trap the cooled air inside. From this point, evaporative cooling system is unbeatable since in order to force hot air out of the house, windows must be left open which can improve the ventilation as well.
Bedrooms
colored in blue will use evaporative cooling systerm. Since these two bedrooms have less access to the sea breeze and the air is relatively dry, evaporative cooler is more efficient. Moreover, laundry, bathroom and corridor require no need for cooling, therefore pipes and energy will be wasted if installing earth tube across whole house foundation. These two bedrooms are next to each other, therefore ducts can be saved .
Reference: https://www.veekenplumbing.com.au/shop/2kw-m itsubishi-heavy-industries-rever se-cycle-inverter-split-sys tem-air-conditioner/
colored in pink use earth tube cooling. Compared with reverse cycle air conditioner, it requires no need to generate cooling air but exchanges heat between air and earth therefore comsume less energy. Since the temperature underground is pratically stable throughtout a year, it can also be used in winter, which improves the utilization of the system.
Water evaporate and absorb heat from the hot air
The living room and main bedroom is on the east side of the house (near the sea), therefore could not be quite dry in summer because of the sea breeze, which makes the evaporative cooling system less efficient.
Earth tube
Reference: https://permaculturenews.org/2017/07/10/earth-tubesnatural-way-air-condition-home/
Reference: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Earth_to_air_ heat_exchangers
Reference: http://ecohvac.com.au/pr oducts/why-choose-evaporative-cooling/
Reference: https://www.climateking.com.au/cooling/192-evaporative-cooling
Distance between each fan should be at least 3 times the fan diameter.
For stormwater
Hot air is blowed into the earth tube system by a small fan in the entrance and runs through PVC pipes installed 3m underground to release the heat to the earth. Then the cooling air is released back to house through the foundation.
Cooling
on east side to maximize the catchment of sea breeze.
Fan
Reference: https://www.brilliantlighting.com.au/products/air-movement/ceiling-fans/brighton-fan/
Fan makes the room feel cooler because of the wind chill effect. In human cooling mechanism, perspiration is the most obvious way and more sweat evaporated, cooler people will feel. Fan accelerates the air circulation and evaporation becomes quicker. Fan does not cool the space but make people feel cooler. Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Fan
Power needed for unit
Switch
Evaporative cooling unit
Main water
Water discharge
Hot air is drawn into the cooling system from outside
Cooled air is blown into the house by a fan
Portable Fan
can be adopted as supplemantary cooling equipment at home. It can help saving energy since at most time it is not necessary to use high effective cooling system. Moreover, sometimes people only need cooling for few minutes and somewhere at home is not covered by any cooling system therefore portale fan can act as a backup. Reference: https://www.target.com/c/fans-home-appliances/-/N-5xtul
Reference https://homeenergyheroes.com/2018/10/30/what-are-cool-roofs/ http://susanaamura.blogspot.com/2010/09/ventana-con-persiana-en-la-camara-de.html http://wmblanchardco.com/awnings-all/window-awnings/
Resilience
Day-to-day Maintenance Window cleaning
Particularly in winter, north-facing windows need be to cleaned at least once a week to ensure the living room concrete slab absorbing as much as sunlight during the daytime to reduce extra heating need.
Unban Heat Island Effect
Global warming is more notable in city due to unban heat island effect, which results temperature in city 5.5° higher than its surrounding. Melbourne is a modern city with 4.269 million people and plenty of high-rise building, which causes more heat trapped.
Rainwater
Filters for downpipe and water tank need to be cleaned at least monthly to ensure rainwater flowing smoothly and free from bateria.
Power Outage Water greenwall
To make greenwall serve better for the house, it is better to water it at least once a week. Weeding is also important for aesthetic outlook and high performance.
Heatwave
Heatwave is a period when the weather is usually hot and people will feel extremely uncomfortable.
Pergola
Greenroof
To mitigate this problem, greenroof is adopted as a part of roof design. Water is absorbed into soil rather than collected into tank and then evaporated through transpirations of plants, which contributes to make the surrounding cooler.
Greenroof consists of six layers. 1. Vegetation & Growing Median Myoporum parvifolium is recommended as vegetation since its height is less than 0.2m therefore not obstruct sun access of neighbour. 2. Filter Membrane 3. Draindge & Root Barrier 4. Insulation 5. Waterproof Membrane 6. Structural support
If the main grid doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t work, the client can obtain electric from PV panels and store it in the battery. If the sunlight is not sufficent, the wind can generate power stored in the battery for the house as well.
Window
Bathroom Encourge the VS Ensuite Bedroom
gustes not to use heating or cooling whole night. Double check Greenwall whether the Greenwall is desirable for not only providing systems have habitat but its insulation property as well. In addi- been turned tion, it can act as another evaporative cooling off after the system in summer to help saving energy. guests gone.
Home User Manual
It is better to use ensuite rather than bathroom. Since ensuite has two windows in adjacent walls, there will be still ventilation if door closed, which is not the case for bathroom. Student Name LU ZHANG SCARLETT Student Number 953964
Leaking tap
Tap and showerhead are easily to be left open. It is recommended to doublecheck them when the last people leave home or go to sleep.
If there is a problem causing it leaking, fix it as soon as possible.
To invite more sea breeze, windows need to be opened to maximum, which reduces the need of fan. Spraying Tranpiration of plants gives cooling effect therefore it is an efficient way to cool the house and surrounding by spraying lawn and greenwall. In addition, gardening area is quite away from the house therefore it is recommended to be covered by reflective membrance to avoid overheating. Window shading When heatwave coming windows need to be shaded to the largest extent. To achieve this, the reflective cover is applied and it can be attached on windows manually.
Reference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHXw_eZLhII https://zinco-greenroof.com/systems/pitched_green_roof https://modularwalls.com.au/blog/diy-ideas-green-wall/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6W0PcsO7LQ https://www.ecosia.org/images?c=en&p=4&q=living+plant+wall+outdoor
https://www.alwindows.com.au/product/aluminium-louvre-windows/ https://fixedtoday.com.au/service/leaking-tap-repairs/ https://www.wikihow.life/Fix-a-Leaking-Shower-Head http://www.blindshade.com/product/silver-screen-shades/ https://uae.souq.com/ae-en/car-reflective-sun-shades-36738200363/u/ https://iloveturf.com/library/articles/lawn-spraying-value-added-service https://news.energysage.com/grid-tied-solar-vs-solar-battery-backup/
Environmental Building Systems - ABPL20036 Semester 1 - 2019
First Rate Energy Assessment Project Information Mode Climate Site Exposure Client Name Rated Address Accredited Rater Date
Walls New Home 21 Melourne RO suburban Ngs West coast Lu Zhang 12/04/2019
Type Reverse Brick Veneer Straw Blae 450mm Finished Internal Platerboard Stud Wall
Type CSOG: Slab on Ground Energy (MJ/m2)
Insulation 2.0
Ventilation encl
Area (m2) 95.3
Roof/Ceiling
31.5 23.2 8.2
Total Heating Cooling
Area (m2) 53.1 73.5 78.4
Floors
Energy Usage Mode
Insulation 3.5 3.5 3.5
Type Disc: Attic-Discontinuous
Insulation 5.0
Area (m2) 95.3
Areas Area Net Conditioned Floor Area (NCFA) Unconditioned Room Area Garage Area
Windows
Size (m2)
Type
84.9 10.4 0.0
PVC-006-03 W uPVC B DG Argon Fill High Solar Gain low-E -Clear
Zones
Window Directions Zone
Living Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Laundry Ensuite Bathroom Corridor
Student Name:
Area (m2) 46.9 9.6 10.2 9.3 3.9 4.8 5.7 5.1
Heating (MJ/m2) 21.9 44.0 22.3 31.2 87.6
Total Heating (MJ) 1026.8 422.2 226.4 288.9 340.8
44.3
227.7
LU ZHANG (SCARLETT)
Cooling (MJ/m2) 15.6 3.5 4.1 1.8 16.7
1.8
Total Cooling (MJ) 733.4 33.8 41.7 16.5 65.0
Direction
Area (m2)
WSW
7.2
Direction ENE
U-value
SHGC
Area (m2)
2.00
0.31
95.3
Area (m2)
Direction
Area (m2)
8.9
NNW
8.4
Direction SSE
Area (m2) 4.0
Roof/Ceiling Penetration Type Downlight Exhaust Fan
Location Bathroom Kitchen Bathroom Kitchen
9.5
Student Number: 953964
Final Star Rating: 8.8
Quantity 3 3
Sealed 3 3
Area (m2)