SCIENCESTARS Issue 21 | 2019
CLIMATOLOGY
CONTENTS CONTENTS
FEATURES
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0
national science week 2019
2
budget vote:– a summary
6
ARC – PROFILE
9 INSPIRATION
0
GREENHOUSE GASES
2
HOW NATURE IS AFFECTED
4
PLASTIC POLLUTION
6
WATER SCARCITY
8
RECYCLING
REGULARS
5 9 3 3 3 3 3 3
COVER STORY
SCIENCE NEWS
0
AVAILABLE BURSARIES
2
QUIZ
3
PUZZLES
4
ANSWERS
5
FACTS
6
SCIENCE CENTRE
ED’S NOTE
team Science Stars
LETTER FROM
THE EDITOR
Editor • Shani Rhoda
Changing climate change
As an animal lover, the effects of climate change are devastating. Not only am I frightened by the images of polar bears stranded, desparately searching for the life that giant icebergs provided before, but I am frightened by the excessive panting of my mixedbreed Chow who pants throughout those long, unbearable summer days in the Cape. On page 28 we highlight the importance of recycling and give you tips on how to implement programmes in your class and at home. Page 24 starts an eyeopening and very necessary conversation on how human action is affecting the life around us. And if you’re not entirely sure what the causes of climate change are, flip over to page 20. But, where there are big thinkers and dedicated innovators, there is hope. It may be seen in the hundreds of schoolgoers demanding political attention be drawn to the cause and also in the corporates ditching their plastic straws for biodegradable ones. It’s evident even in those individual households who have toddlers pioneering change and challenging their parents to do better for the generations to come.
Graphic designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Contributing designer • Stacey Okkers Contributing writers • Zakiyah Ebrahim • Nicole Ludolph • Zoe Fick Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi
Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.
National Science Week kicks off on 27 July at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley, Northern Cape, and we can’t wait to hear more about this year’s theme: “Facing the harsh realities of climate change”. We may not be able to erase the damage but we are in the perfect position to make a change. Let’s do this!
Shani Rhoda Editor
10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za
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ABOUT ARMSCOR Armscor is an Acquisition Agency for the Department of Defence and other organs of state. Renowned for its acquisition expertise, Armscor provides turnkey defence solutions to its clients. The organisations’ experience in acquisition is spread over six decades, its technology know-how ranges from technology development, development and upgrading of products as well as maintenance and disposal of products.
Armscor has a number of initiatives aimed at addressing critical human capital challenges and this includes developing and retaining the skills that lead to the achievement of strategic and business objectives. Skills development is identified as a priority in the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030. Armscor is responding to this call through its Talent Development Programme (TDP). The TDP aims to empower the newly appointed graduates with opportunities to acquire skills by working on advanced technologies at Armscor and other industry partners. Armscor as a pioneer to technological innovation has ensured that it does not remain behind the pack when it comes to cyber innovation. The institution has been over the years funding bright students interested in anything cyber related. These students, upon graduating, are offered an internship at many of its facilities to practically exercise their new found fields. One such field is Cybersecurity, which is vital to counter cyber threats in their many facets. The company prides itself with one of its graduates in cybersecurity who is contributing immensely to curbing cyber threats which might be instituted against it. Not only will the graduate’s knowledge benefit the company it will also be used to secure South Africa’s national security against dishonest characters intending on destabilizing our country. Mr Ndaedzo Rananga has qualifications in BSc Computer Science, Engineering Certificate N4 with his highest qualification been a BSc Honours in Computer Science. Ndaedzo believes that “Cybersecurity is still in the forming phase, so it requires lots of dedication and willingness to face new challenges and learn”. He enjoys been exposed to cybersecurity platforms in the real world, as he gets a chance to be part of a team that creates solutions to new vulnerabilities, as well as patching those security flaws. Computer sciences evolve by the second, so in order to be ahead of your peers and be the best in the field, all around, a will power to succeed is required. Ndaedzo aims to be the best, and he believes his self-ambition and hardwork will see him become exactly that in this fast paced and innovation seeking field. When probed about why he choose Armscor as a learning spring board for his career he simply states “Innovation”. Such a response clearly demonstrates Armscor’s technology leadership as a hub for production of individuals who will contribute immensely to our country’s role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
APPLICATIONS
Feynman
To be part of the TDP, students must send their latest CV and transcript to tdp@armscor.co.za Bursaries: bursaries@armscor.co.za Careers: tdp@armscor.co.za Contact: web 4 www.armscor.co.za Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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COVER FEATURE
CLIMATE CHANGE: WILL WE SURVIVE IT? It’s a hot topic right now with individuals and organisations actively fighting for a change – but will our situation improve over the years?
By: Zakiyah Ebrahim
Imagine walking along our beautiful country’s beach coasts, but the beaches were no more – all you see is seawater. Sounds crazy, right? But at the rate that global sea levels are rising, the ocean could be 1.3 metres higher by 2100. While it may not sound that worrisome, here are some of the rippling effects: • More than 200 million people displaced • Plants and animals losing their habitats • Increased shortages of food and water • Weather patterns becoming increasingly unpredictable • People’s physical health affected, especially those in urban areas And there’s more…
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COVER FEATURE
You’ve heard it: global climate change is
Port Elizabeth and East London are at risk
To prevent further dangerous levels of
real, and it is happening right now. Human
of flooding by 2050, notes a C40 Cities
climate change, countries around the
activity, from pollution to overpopulation,
report. On the flip side, the World Weather
world signed up to the Paris Agreement.
is driving up the earth’s temperature and
Attribution estimates that climate change
This Agreement aims to strengthen the
radically changing the world around us. It
has tripled the likelihood of drought in
ability of countries to deal with the
has consequences for our oceans, weather,
Cape Town – remember the low dam
impacts of climate change together.
food sources and our health.
levels and how the city was bracing for the dreaded ‘Day Zero’ last year? Although
South Africa is undertaking significant
From heat waves to hurricanes and
the Mother City narrowly missed it, the
actions to respond to the risks and
droughts to major storms and floods,
water crisis continues.
impacts, said Tourism Minister Derek
extreme weather events are becoming
Hanekom last year and added that the
more frequent. Last year, unseasonal
Can climate change be corrected?
Renewable Energy Independent Power
dust storms killed more than 500 people
Many climate scientists suggest it may
Producers Procurement Programme
in India; Europe has been experiencing
be too late to reverse the worst impacts
(REIPPP) has achieved a reduction of
sizzling heat waves; torrential and extreme
of climate change. This means we need
25.3 mega tonnes of carbon emissions
rains in Japan and tropical cyclones in
a backup plan like never before. We need
and saved 2.99 million kilolitres of water.
Southeast Africa are destroying crops and
to drive innovation at an incredibly high
homes – all these weather events are far
pace, and this accelerated transition from
We need to believe in a comfortable
beyond normal variability, and the rate of
carbon-emitting energy to renewable
planet for our future, and we need to
strange weather is intensifying.
energy like solar and wind energy, which
realise it’s not too late. We need to
don’t produce greenhouse gas emissions,
forestall disaster, and quickly. Climate
But South Africa is safe, right?
will take a lot. Fossil fuels, such as coal,
change targets us all so we must all share
No, it’s not. No country is immune to
oil and gas, use needs to be drastically
in the responsibility.
climate-related devastation. South Africa’s
reduced by 2030: coal by 67%, oil by 50%
four coastal cities – Cape Town, Durban,
and gas by 33%.
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Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
COVER FEATURE
SINGLE-MINDEDLY
IN PURSUIT OF
SUPER-SENSITIVE GAS SENSORS Zamaswazi Tshabalala is pursuing a PhD in physics and specialises in solid-state semiconductor physics – studying smart materials that can be used to enhance gas-sensing properties such as sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, her research looks at which materials will improve the gas-sensing mechanism employed to detect toxic gases. Tshabalala was named the CSIR’s best doctoral student at its 2018 Excellence Awards.
Solving a life or death problem Gas sensors have broad application, such as detecting and monitoring gases in our living and working environments. They are also used for medical diagnosis and monitoring in the form of breathalysers; determining and measuring air quality in the automotive and aerospace industries; and monitoring industrial processes in the brewing, mining and food sectors.
King’s Pawn opening Tshabalala recalls how her career in science began on the chess board. “When I was in Grade 6 at Qophumlando Senior Primary School in KwaZulu-Natal, you had to excel in mathematics to be allowed to take chess as a sport code. Mathematics teachers Messrs Zulu and Mbonane were chess masters and before you could even sit down to face an opponent, you had to solve a math problem.” Tshabalala went on to obtain a BSc Hons in applied physics and mathematics from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and an MSc from the University of the Free State. Problem-solving has since been part of her repertoire. “Doing a PhD has been a roller-coaster ride; I have grown a lot as a person, a researcher and as a professional. The support and mentorship from my supervisor, CSIR principal researcher Prof. David Motaung, has been outstanding and I am really grateful. Since joining the CSIR, I have completed training in state-ofthe-art equipment such as the Kinosistec UHV and thin film gas sensing system, Panalytical X’pert PRO X-ray diffractometer, and the ZEISS focused-ion-beam field emission scanning electron microscope. I’ve managed to author and co-author nine articles in peer-reviewed journals such as Sensors and actuators B.” Obstacles are part and parcel of the journey. In her case, a major setback presented itself in the form of a major equipment failure. “The gas sensing system, the core instrument in my study and the only one in the country at the time, was down.” Like any grand master, Tshabalala’s will to excel pulled her through and she will soon submit her thesis. She is also preparing innovation disclosures to create international patents for her work on the simple synthesis of metal oxides with novel properties. QUALIFICATIONS
• BSc Hons (Applied Physics and Mathematics), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2014 • MSc (Physics), University of the Free State, 2016
ACCOLADES:
• Best Doctoral Student, CSIR Excellence Awards, 2018 • Frank Nabarro Prize for Outstanding Oral Presentation: Condensed Matter Physics, South African Institute of Physic, 2018 • Best Poster Presentation Award, Photonics Conference, 2017 • Best MSc Publication Award, South African Institute of Physics Conference, 2016 • Best MSc Student, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Excellence Awards, 2016
NEWS
Making headlines Here are the stories making local and international news. Smooth sailing Shanice Pedro from Bonteheuwel in Cape Town is going down in the history books as South Africa’s very first shipbuilder! The 26-year-old matriculated from Spes Bona Technical High School and pursued the study field of engineering sciences. What does she have to say about being a woman in what’s believed to be a man’s world? “I wouldn’t say I know everything, but I’m willing to absorb everything this trade has to offer”. Sounds like pretty good advice to us!
The butt of no joke It has been found that the chemicals a single cigarette butt contains is enough to pollute about 500 litres of water. According to studies, the damage of these non-biodegradable butts is comparable (or arguably worse, according to NBC News) to that of a plastic straw! It seems that plastic-free campaigns alone are not enough to save the oceans.
Aaah! Tissue! A study by the Lung Institute at the University of Cape Town (UCT) has recently found that the pollen levels present in the Mother City is at a 10-year high. In the past few years, allergies in general have taken a hike due to the drier air and droughts experienced nationally. Through the study, the researchers also developed a way of tracking the allergy-causing pollen in Cape Town’s air – you can find it at lunginstitute.co.za.
Sip, sip… and away! Single-use plastics may be banned in Canada by 2021, according to prime minister Justin Trudeau. This is a great step that may eventually lead to a change in the way people consume products and services such as transport, technology, clothing and food. A recent study on almost 100 of the world’s cities showed that the consumption patterns of the citizens combined make sup 10% of the world’s greenhouse gases!
May we get the Bill, please? South Africa is on its way to finalising the national Climate Change Bill, according to President Cyril Ramaphosa. This is an effort to manage and stabilise the emission of greenhouse gases in the country and to contribute towards global efforts to build a sustainable low carbon economy.
A shaky experience California recently experienced a 7.1-magnitude earthquake – the strongest recorded in the past two decades! The natural disaster had many physical effects on the area that were immediately seen but, according to CNN, the damage can even be seen on satellite images! The images show a crack that has formed in the epicentre of the area, which is evidence that the land’s topography has also been affected.
Safe food for all Following the recent deadly listeriosis outbreak, measures have been put in place to ensure that the food being sold is safe to consume. One of these measures is the first Centre for Food Safety to be opened in South Africa. The centre is a collaboration between Tiger Brands and Stellenbosch University and aims to refine the existing food systems in the country.
EVENT CONTENTS
National Science Week
2019
10
It’s our favourite time of the year – a weeklong, national celebration of all things STEM!
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
EVENT
Each year, scholars and industry leaders from all over South Africa come together to discuss, discover and spread the love of Science. National Science Week 2019 kicks off on 27 July 2019 at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley, Northern Cape. After the opening event, the spirit is spread nationally with expos and workshops taking place at various schools and science centres. This year’s theme – Facing the harsh realities of climate change – is not only an exciting one, but also an increasingly important conversation that needs to be had. Keep an eye on Facebook and Twitter for updates on this year’s activities. Last year’s National Science Week was organised around the theme: Deepening our democracy through science. It was decided because of what would’ve been Nelson Mandela’s 100th birthday. Here are some pictures of what the week’s activities entailed.
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DST
Date held: 9 July 2019
Statement by: Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology: Dr Blade Nzimande
Who was present:
• • • •
Deputy Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology: Honourable Bhuti Manamela Director-General of the Department: Dr Phil Mjwara Officials of the DST
THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION’S BUDGET VOTE 2019
Chairpersons and CEOs of the entities
Reflecting on last year
the economy and making social
These include:
The department was rated among the top
advancements. The National Development
The launch of the Mandela Mining
performers, according to a Management
Plan and the policies it supports is still a
Precinct – will facilitate the coordination
Performance Assessment Tool process by
priority for 2030.
of mining research, development and
the Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation.
innovation activities and collaboration He said that the department will invest in
among stakeholders.
building a digitally enabled economy in He said: “In the 2017/18 financial year,
line with the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The expansion of the agriculture and
the department obtained a clean audit
(4IR). To kickstart this, the 1st South
agroprocessing sector – the country’s
outcome and our performance against
African Digital Economy Summit, led by
reliance on imports will be reduced and
predetermined objectives was maintained
President Cyril Ramaphosa, took place
new markets will be developed.
at 89%.”
at the Gallagher Convention Centre in Johannesburg in July.
Talking numbers
Value chain development – in the next five years, the department hopes to
There is an increase in the allocated
Unlocking economic development
improve grains (wheat, maize, soybean,
budget– from R7,790 billion in 2018/19
The department will support initiatives
sorghum and canola), fruit and vegetables,
to R8,150 billion for 2019/20.
that aim to expand our export reach a
and the forestry interventions of the
well as those that promote the growth
Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP).
Going forward
of the marginalised and excluded
The department's plan for the next
communities through innovators at
Transport – Quicloc8, a technology
decade is to further develop science
grassroot innovation programme. The
company proudly owned by a young black
and technology and drive innovation in
aim is to provide funding and support to
entrepreneur Mr Mbavhalelo Mabogo,
South Africa with the aim of boosting
100 beneficiaries.
allows taxi owners to track their vehicles
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DST
via their mobile phones. All rips, routes
biorefineries that can yield renewable
(ABIPP), the department has funded
and passenger head counts can be viewed
chemicals and liquid fuels.
agroprocessing initiatives through the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) in
in real time, meaning owners will be aware of any speeding or overloading
The Indigenous Knowledge-Based
support of marula, honeybush and Cape
of their vehicles.
Bioinnovation unit covers these six
aloe. The three projects aim to develop
stems: African natural medicines,
and commercialise these indigenous
Satellite success
cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, health
MeerKAT – the world's largest radio
infusions, technology transfer and
telescope (64-dish) was launched and
commercialisation.
completed. As the precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), it is contributig to
Over 60 scientifically evaluated products
radio astronomy on a global scale.
are being commercialised locally and internationally by SMMEs. Three
ZACube-2 satellite – Described as the
commercial patents for tuberculosis
most advanced satellite on the continent,
therapies, and two for cosmeceuticals,
ZACube-2 provides cutting-edge remote
have been registered by the University
sensing and communication services.
of Pretoria.
The South African National Space Agency
Through theAgriculture Bioeconomy
(SANSA) – has been selected by the
Innovation Partnership Programme
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as a regional centre to provide space weather services to the global aviation sector for the African region, as well as aviation safety. The Biorefinery Innovation Programme – will receive R18 million over three years as funding to address issues of sustainability.
Going green The department will support green manufacturing solutions such Biocatalysis can be used in the manufacturing of value-added products, the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and the development of
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DST
crops, exploiting new market opportunities
additive manufacturing machine,
high concentration of skills, expertise
for job creation and local benefit.
Aeroswift, as well as the Fluorochemicals
and infrastructure in the field of medical
Expansion Initiative and the fuel
devices and diagnostics. The initiative
A new project to expand the processing of
cell development initiative. With an
is aimed at stimulating and intensifying
honeybush to more communities, coupled
investment of over R100 million, Aeroswift
technology innovation within the sector as
with support for innovation to speed up
is currently the largest and fastest hot-
well as creating an enabling environment
the fermentation process, is currently being
bed additive manufacturing platform
for increased competitiveness.
supported at the Agricultural Research
in the world, and has progressed to the
Council (ARC).
point where components have been
Developing and manufacturing locally
manufactured for a South African high-
manufacture vaccines and biologics is
performance light reconnaissance aircraft.
proceeding well under the South African
A new Carbon Capture Storage by using RDI Flagship Programme aims
Biologics and Vaccine Institute (Biovac).
to integrate aspects of digitisation and
Hydrogen economy
the circular economy in order to extract
The HySA programme has led to product
Existing partnerships with Pfizer and
chemical elements from waste gases in an
development, attracting market interest.
Novartis have moved the department
environmentally sustainable manner. The
Platinum-based hydrogen fuel cells are
closer to realising the dream of
programme has the potential to ensure
also currently being used for the provision
manufacturing vaccines locally, while
security of supply for selected chemical
of electricity and mobility. There will be
research partnerships with the Bill
commodities, while creating new asset
a collaboration with the Department
& Melinda Gates Foundation are
classes, new local manufacturing industries,
of Energy, iLembe District Municipality,
working to develop new vaccines for
and new export opportunities into Africa
global fuel cell manufacturers and local
developing countries.
and the rest of the world. In doing so, it
black-owned companies to power over
also honours South Africa’s international
200 households in a rural community in
The fund is designed to largely
greenhouse gas commitments.
KwaZulu-Natal using HySA-generated
de-risk the early stages of technology
intellectual property.
commercialisation and/or business
Titanium rejuvenation
development. An injection of R1 billion
Initiatives to rejuvenate the titanium
Medical advancements
per year for five years is expected to make
industry in the country have been done
In 2018, we established the Medical
a significant impact in making these
through the manufacturing of titanium
Devices and Diagnostic Technology
businesses more attractive to investors for
powder, developing the next-generation
Innovation Cluster to exploit the country's
significant scale-up.
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It’s what we build
3112
We all dream of a better future. For ourselves, our families and our country. SANRAL, as part of the National Development Plan, is improving and expanding vital road infrastructure. In the process we are creating jobs, transferring skills and developing opportunities for all South Africans. We are proud to be a part of the National Development Plan, because we know that roads are more than just roads, they pave the way to a better future.
More than just roads 15
ARC PROFILE
AGRICULTURE AS A WAY OF LIFE Improving livelihoods by sharing agricultural information.
T
hembisile Charity Mapumulo is
Understanding that the world is generous
through science weeks or exhibitions at
a Soil Science Researcher at the
to the givers, Charity explains that her
conferences and provincial summits.
Agricultural Research Council
life’s purpose of serving others was
(ARC) – Soil, Climate and Water based at
realised when she joined the ARC. She saw
Charity says we all have an important
Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). She has a
agricultural sciences providing a vehicle
piece of advice to share to effect change.
specific focus on sustainable smallholder
for the fulfilment of a passion to serve
In an effort to prevent perpetual poverty
agriculture, including soil health,
especially the most vulnerable young
brought about by the effects of climate
vermiculture, conservation agriculture,
and old in different communities and
change in recent years, it has become
climate-smart production technologies,
households. Also, propelled by the vision
our social responsibility as development
organic farming, rural development, food
and mission of the ARC in executing its
practitioners to go beyond the call of duty
security and agro-processing.
mandate through a set of values – Truth,
in helping productive farmers gain access
Accountability, Respect, Growth, Excellence
to markets. This is one way of ensuring
Brought up by her maternal grandmother,
and Trust – Charity has ensured that the
sustainable livelihoods as Charity has seen
maDlamini, who was a devoted organic
ARC gained respect and trustworthiness in
first-hand with the organic amadumbe
gardener in Soweto (Orlando East),
all eleven districts of KZN.
farmers of Umbumbulu, butternut ladies in
Charity was taught at a very early age the
the Valley of a Thousand Hills (kwaXimba),
philosophies of Ubuntu and humility. In
She says that researchers need to
cabbage farmers of Mphalwini village
her three-room township house maDlamini
acknowledge that working in “silos”
(Nkandla) and many others who produce
raised six grandchildren, inculcating the
has never and will never advance their
crops on a very small scale (< 0.5 ha) and
importance of growing food at home with
disciplines and effect change to the
sell relatively small quantities at local
a wide variety of fruits (peaches, apricots,
endeavours of small-scale farmers
informal markets.
figs and apple trees) and vegetables,
everywhere. Thus, in keeping with Nelson
including rhubarb. She also cultivated wild
Mandela’s statement that “Education
Farmer support through in-field visits
sage and other medicinal plants as she
is the most powerful weapon which
cannot be over-emphasised as a means
had indigenous knowledge of traditional
can be used to change the world”,
of giving encouragement and impromptu
healing herbs. Unknowingly, the seed of
the ARC is disseminating agricultural
advice. By sharing their knowledge with
becoming an agriculturist was sown in
information to various sectors of society
such farmers, Charity and other ARC
little Charity’s heart and mind as she has
where agriculture is a livelihood and
researchers are ensuring that they will
always wanted to study aspects related to
has the potential to bring about social
not die without imparting the information
the natural resources.
change, including rural high schools
that others need to live!
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TRENDING ARC PROFILE TOPIC
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INSPIRATION
INSPIRATION: DR WANGARI MAATHI LOOKING BACK ON THE LIFE OF AN ACTIVIST, ENVIRONMENTALIST AND SCIENTIST. By: Nicole Ludolph
A
s human beings, we often talk about the earth as it is an entity separate from us. We talk about it as if we can live without it, when the reality is that the earth
is as much a part of us as the blood that runs through our veins. The air we breathe, the food we eat, where we live and how we live; all of these things come from the earth. Despite this, humanity has managed to destroy so much of that earth that our species and every species in the world is in danger of extinction. In 2018, the United Nations released a report that gave us less than 12 years to change how we live before the effects of climate change become completely irreversible.
Image source: earthsky.org
Dr Wangari Maathai, world-renowned environmental activist, understood how important it is for us to look after the earth. She viewed environmental activism through a human rights lens and was especially aware of how the poor are affected by environmental issues.
“We owe it to ourselves and to the next generation to conserve the environment so that we can bequeath our children a sustainable world that benefits all.”
Dr Maathai was born in 1940 in Nyeri, a rural area in Kenya.
disenfranchised during their educational workshops and
In 1971, she became the first African woman to obtain a
became an organisation that advocated for democracy and
doctorate in East and Central Africa.
political change. Since its inception, GBM communities have planted 51 million trees in Kenya, helping rural people
She founded the Green Belt Movement (GBM) in 1977, in
secure their food and water sources.
response to reports of dried-up streams and insecure food supply from women living in rural Kenya. Dr Maathai and
As more and more people heard of Dr Maathai’s work, she
her organisation encouraged women to plant trees, as this
started earning international acclaim. She won dozens of
allowed them to store water and provided them with food
prestigious awards for her work, most notably the Nobel
sources, firewood and a small income.
Peace Prize in 2004. She is the author of several novels and the recipient of 14 honorary degrees from universities
It is through her work at the GBM that Dr Maathai started
across the world.
seeing how environmental hardships affected the poor, and how those hardships are linked to deeper issues caused by
Dr Maathai passed away in September 2011 at the age of
class and economic politics.
71. Her work is still being continued by the GBM to this day, and her legacy remains an inspiration to environmental
The GBM started educating people on why they were
activists across the globe.
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FOCUS ON
A GAS OVERLOAD Greenhouse gases play an important role in the earth’s functioning, but only in the right quantity.
By: Zakiyah Ebrahim
What are greenhouse gases?
greenhouse effect and is what keeps our
overload of gases in our atmosphere is
Greenhouse gases are heat-trapping
earth’s surface nice and warm.
consequently causing the temperature to
gases in the earth's atmosphere.
rise on our planet.
Some of them include methane (CH4),
Without the natural greenhouse effect,
carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide and
temperatures would drop to -18°C. Earth
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
Factories, cars, trucks, homes, shopping would be uninhabitable as humans, plants centres and businesses all require energy and animals would not be able to survive. in order to be powered, and all of the
What do they do?
smoke generated from powering energy result in a lot of methane and carbon
heat, from the sun in our atmosphere,
What is global warming and the greenhouse effect?
preventing it from bouncing off the earth
Humans are negatively affecting the
of greenhouse gases also mean that
and back into space. It does so by forming
greenhouse effect by causing a lot of
climate is set to change for the worse –
a layer around the earth, acting as a light
pollution. We are producing far too
dry seasons are becoming longer and wet
blanket. This process is known as the
much greenhouse gases, and this
seasons are starting later.
Greenhouse gases trap energy, or
dioxide emissions. Rising global emissions
What can YOU do? If we stop creating excessive greenhouse gases, we can slow down global warming. South Africa is committed to a 34% reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2020, and a 42% reduction by 2025. Here are some of the steps you can take to reduce your CO2 emissions footprint: • Plant a tree. • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. • Buy energy-efficient products, such as compact fluorescent light bulbs. • Save electricity by turning off lights when you leave a room. • Walk, cycle or take public transport.
20
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
EXTINCTION
FAUNA, FLORA AND SURVIVAL Will our plants and animal life be able to handle the effects of climate change? By : Zoe Fick
C
limate change has impacted every species on the planet. Rising temperatures and sea levels, less rain and more droughts are of the many adverse effects that have and will
impact plant and animal life. It is predicted that by 2100, an estimated total of 50% of the world’s species could go extinct due it. It has been reported recently that a number of important species have gone extinct including the mosaic-tailed rat which is native to Australia and the Hawaiian tree snail. Although these species may seem insignificant to us they play a major part in the ripple effect of an ecosystem. This is what is known as ‘co-extinctions’, where an organism dies out because of its interdependence on another species that is inevitably doomed. This places 22
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
even the most resilient species at risk and they will
the degradation of
fall victim to the synergies among extinction drivers as
water quality through
extreme factors which cause ecosystems to collapse.
pollution,â&#x20AC;? says Paul Harvey Skelton of the South African Institute for Aquatic
Endangered species are closely linked to potential
Biodiversity in Grahamstown.
extinction. The threat of extinction could mean the loss of vital species such as bumblebees, whales, elephants,
Notably, the giraffe population has declined by 40% in the
giraffes, coral reefs, butterflies, sharks and great apes.
last 30 years. In addition to illegal poaching, two of the most
Insects also stand to be affected severely.
pressing factors are shrinking habitats and fewer acacia trees, which is their main food source.
Rising temperatures force bee populations to migrate northward to remain in cool climates and thus spring
Habitat destruction and overfishing are currently the main
flowers bloom earlier than normal, leaving less time for
causes of biodiversity decline. However, the driving force
bees to pollinate. The potential extinction of bees can pose
behind declining plant and animal species are due to the
detrimental results for the human population as well.
accelerating rate of climate change.
As sea temperatures rise, these changes disrupt habits
Plants are essentially the only organisms that can make their
necessary for whale survival. Other aquatic species,
own food, as well as provide food and shelter for animals.
such as sharks will have difficulty hunting and a higher
They also give off water and oxygen, making them important
embryo mortality rate as ocean temperature and acidity
for sustaining life.
rise worldwide are to be expected. Coral reefs are also endangered as a result of rising sea temperatures.
There are over 400 organisations in South Africa that focus on conservation, wildlife and the environment, with more
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The most significant changes to the environment of
than 30 botanical and horticultural organisations. A few of
fresh water fishes in South Africa are caused by manmade
them includeBirdLife South Africa, Botanical Society of South
structures including large dams and inter basin transfer
Africa, Centre for Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Conservation
schemes, the abstraction of large volumes of water and
International and Delta Environmental Centre. Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
23
FOCUS ON
SAY GOODBYE TO SINGLE-USE PLASTICS! We already know that plastic pollution is a threat to the environment, but how do we prevent further damage? By: Nicole Ludolph
E
nvironmental activists across the
life sustains marine animals, which in turn
Oakridge High School, does not think that
world have ramped up efforts to stop
plays a huge role in sustaining human
enough people know how much single-
the spread of single-use plastics in
life. In other words, the plastic that is
use plastics affects the environment. “In
the environment, but most companies have
slowly destroying the ocean is also slowly
medium to high income communities,
been slow to stop the spread.
destroying us. At the moment, there is
there is more of a consciousness
no available estimate for the amount of
around recycling. Poorer people do not
plastic floating in our oceans.
always have the same focus because
What are single-use plastics? They are items of plastic that are not
of the circumstances they tend to live
reusable such as plastic utensils, the tops
Plastic and climate change
in. However, that may change. Look at
on disposable coffee cups, cling wrap,
A study by the Centre for International
the Cape Flats, for instance. There are
plastic bags and straws. Billions of these
Environmental Law (CIEL), released in
homeless drifters who collect plastic
items are manufactured every year and end May 2019, reports that “in 2019 alone, the up being disposed of in the earth’s oceans production and incineration of plastic will and landfills.
add more than 850 million metric tonnes
from people's dirt bins. They then recycle what they collect for money. There is an untapped economy there.”
of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.”
Why are they so bad?
(This is equal to greenhouse gas emitted
Thomas believes that children have
Plastic can take up to 1 000 years to
by 159 coal-fired power plants.) In
the ability to influence their parents’
decompose, which means it ends up sitting
other words, plastic also contributes to
behaviour. She makes a point of teaching
somewhere on the earth’s surface. It is
greenhouse gas emissions from the time
children about conservation, climate
estimated that around 9.2 billion tonnes
it is manufactured until it is destroyed.
change and recycling.
of plastic has been manufactured and, of that amount, about 6.9 billion tonnes
Making a change
has become waste. Basically, the earth is
Fudwa Thomas, a lifelong
drowning in plastic.
environmentalist and a teacher at
Even though plastic does not decompose, it does disintegrate into “microplastics” when dumped in the ocean. Marine animals often mistake microplastics for food. When they ingest these microplastics, they end up suffering from a loss of nutrition, blockages in their intestines, internal injuries and even death. Many marine animals also form part of the human food chain, which means that we also absorb toxins when we indulge in seafood. Plastic also destroys marine plant life, especially in coral reefs. Marine plant 24
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
What can you do? • Use less single-use plastics. Replace your disposable coffee cup with a travel mug. There are a number of biodegradable options available at most major stores. • Purchasing a few tote bags for your groceries can save you money in the future, as well as saving the ocean from those insidious plastic bags. • Refuse plastic straws and invest in a metal or glass straw. These are reusable and do not affect the taste or temperature of your drink. • Organise or participate in a clean up of public spaces in your area, or nearby beaches, depending on your location.
HOT EVENTS TOPIC
Water worries It is estimated that by 2030, the world will face a 40% water deficit if climate change continues to accelerate. By: Zoe Fick
C
limate change has a major impact
economy and tourism, as well as having
on a number of vital natural
an impact on agriculture, hydrological
resources, specifically water sources.
poverty and basic health.
The global water crisis can be felt from Cape Town to Michigan in the US, and from
Drier air caused by recent droughts
rural, sub-Saharan Africa to megacities in
has had a significant effect on allergy
Asia. The crisis sees people struggling to
sufferers. The warming temperatures
access the quantity and quality of water
cause flowers to bloom earlier and
needed for drinking, cooking, bathing,
increase the amount of carbon dioxide
handwashing and growing their food.
emitted. The change in temperature causes an increase in the concentration
Day Zero was an example of a major
of pollen in the air, which heightens the
water-related issue that posed major
likeliness of airborne allergens causing an
health issues for millions of Capetonians.
increase in symptoms.
This period of severe water shortage was caused by declining dam levels, and
Climate change also impacts respiratory
brought to light how drastic the Western
health by directly causing or aggravating
Cape drought was in the eyes of the global
pre-existing respiratory diseases and
water crisis. Day Zero was significant in
increasing exposure to risk factors for
the eyes of the world as it saw one of the
respiratory diseases, such as asthma.
worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first major cities possibly run out of
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Health can be impacted by many
water. The drought would ultimately affect
factors, including genetics, demographics,
various areas of everyday life such as the
socioeconomic factors and environmental
26
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
HOT TOPIC EVENTS
factors. Many of these factors can be sensitive to
- The Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) recently
climate, though sometimes indirectly, and may thus be
hosted a number of high impact, CPD-accredited,
impacted by a changing climate,” says Rebecca Garland
technical workshops during the IFAT Africa Tradeshow.
of the CSIR.
The event took place from 9-11 July 2019 at Gallagher Convention Centre in Midrand, Gauteng.
The Lung Institute at the University of Cape Town (UCT) has led recent research into the causes of allergy-
- The 35th Annual Conference of the South African
causing pollens in the air. Studies found that due to
Society for Atmospheric Sciences (SASAS) will be held at
the recent drought, the pollen count in Cape Town has
the Riverside Sun Hotel in Vanderbijl Park, Gauteng, from
been recorded at a 10-year high, providing evidence of
8-9 October 2019. This year’s conference will be hosted
increased allergy causes.
by the Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water (ARC-SCW) with the theme being ‘Climate Meets
These are water-conscious campaigns and events
Agriculture – The Interplay’. This theme is motivated
happening in South Africa to help raise awareness and
by the need to increase awareness on the connection
keep us up to date on matters that affect our lifestyles:
between agriculture and climate in South Africa.
- Water Wise is aimed at raising awareness of water
- The Water Show Africa 2020 takes place from
conservation and sustainable water usage practices.
31 March - 1 April 2020. It will host talks from global leaders, aimed at improving the delivery of water
- The IFAT Africa is the trade fair for water, sewage,
infrastructure and meet growing demand across Africa.
refuse and recycling. The event features discussions on the keynote issues such as wide-ranging water delivery
- The United Nations addresses the global water crisis
and purification.
annually on World Water Day, 22 March.
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
27
RECYCLING
Get recycling right! The saying “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” may not be intended for literal interpretation, yet it still perfectly applies to the process of recycling. By: Nicole Ludolph
A
t this point in our history, recycling,
In addition, every tonne of recycled paper
The time to start recycling is now
which can be defined as “the action
saves 17 trees from being used in paper
Climate change is no longer a part of our
or process of converting waste into
production. Trees turn carbon dioxide
future. We are already seeing the effects
reusable material”, should be a regular part
and other gases that are harmful to the
of it all over the world in the form of
of our daily lives. Sadly, it is not.
atmosphere into oxygen.
extreme weather patterns. In 2017, we
In South Africa, only 10% of waste is
Recycling limits greenhouse gases in
devastate large parts of the USA. In 2014,
recycled. This is according to a report
other ways – recycled items that are
we saw the worst drought in 400 years in
released by StatsSA in 2018. The report
used again are not incinerated. If they
the Western Cape.
estimates that only about 5.2% of South
were, they would release harmful gasses
Africa’s households recycle, and that 90%
into the atmosphere. Recycled items also
It is clear from these statistics that we
of waste will end up in a landfill.
do not end up in landfills, where they
need to do much more to help prevent
eventually disintegrate and, you guessed
climate change. We can start by recycling
it, release greenhouse gasses into the air.
our household and classroom waste.
saw super Hurricanes Irma and Harvey
In the same year, the UN released a study estimating that we only have about 12 years to minimise the effects of climate change, before the increase in the earth’s temperature does irreversible damage to our planet. What is the link between climate change and recycling? Climate change is primarily caused by an excess of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The earth’s temperature is regulated when heat passed through the atmosphere into space. However, the greenhouse gases keep heat trapped around the earth. This increase excess heat damages the environment in a number of ways. Recycling waste reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, as recycled items don’t require as much of the earth’s natural resources to process. For example, when paper is recycled, it takes 65% less energy to process than if raw materials were used.
28
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CHALLENGE
Start something! By: Nicole Ludolph
As climate change worsens, recycling becomes more and more important. It does not have to be a chore, though. Here are some fun ways to help save the earth! Create EcoBricks
Make some paper
Leave it to dry for 24 hours.
An EcoBrick is a plastic bottle stuffed
Have some paper scraps lying around at
• You should now have the perfect paper
to the brim with clean and dry non-
home or at school? Make some paper for
for a gift card or a tag or anything else
biodegradable waste. Your chocolate
gift cards and decorations – here’s how:
you would like to decorate!
wrappers? Clean them, dry them and twist
• Take your paper scraps and soak them
them into the EcoBrick using a stick.
in hot, soapy water for about 30 minutes.
Make some compost
Do the same with your chips wrappers,
• Ask your teacher or parent to mix the
You know how banana peels and apple
plastic bottle labels, sweets wrappers and
wet paper in a blender until it becomes
cores become brown after you have
any other piece of small plastic you usually
a paste. Add your favourite colour with
discarded them? This is because the fruits
toss in the bin. For the EcoBrick to work,
some food colouring.
are being broken down by bacteria for
it needs to be as full as it can possibly be
• Pour the paste into a large square frying
their nutrients. Instead of throwing them
so don’t be scared to fill it up! EcoBricks
pan or a deep, square baking dish.
away, use them to create a compost bin.
are then used to create insulated
• Add about 3cm of water.
The compost you make can be spread over
structures, sustainable furniture and even
• Press a piece of plastic the same size as
your home and school gardens to make
garden upgrades.
the pan or baking dish on top of the paste
the plants grow. Build a square wooden
and squeeze all of the water out.
crate, place it in your garden and have
• Lay the plastic with the paste on it on a
your family and friends throw their fruit
dishcloth then remove it.
and vegetable leftovers in it.
• Lay another dishcloth on top and roll it
Compost can get hot enough to burn your
to recycling organisation Wast-ed on
out on a flat surface using a rolling pin.
hands as it breaks down though,
waste.ed.sa@gmail.com to organise
Make sure it is very thin.
so be sure to wear gloves and always
• Get your teacher or parent to iron the
use a garden fork or spade to when you
paste while it is between the dishcloths.
handle it.
You can organise an EcoBrick drive at school. Have your teacher reach out
a bulk collection.
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
29
BURSARIES
Funding your future SKA Bursaries
Fields of study: • National Diploma: Construction Management; Electronic Engineering; Mechanical Engineering • Undergraduate and Honours: Computer Engineering; Computer Science (co-majoring in in Applied Mathematics/ Mathematics); Electronic & Electrical Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Mechatronic Engineering; Science (majoring in Applied Mathematics/ Mathematics AND Physical Science); Science (majoring in Physical Science AND Astronomy); Science (Honours) (Astronomy/ Astrophysics/ Computer Science/ Electronics/ Physics) • Postgraduate: PhD, MSc or MEng qualification Who can apply: National Diploma applicants: • South African citizen/ permanent resident • Currently studying (or intend on studying) within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum C symbol in Physical Science and Mathematics in Matric OR achieved a minimum average of 60% for major subjects in their national diploma Undergraduate and Honours applicants: • South African citizen/ permanent resident • Currently studying (or intend on studying) within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum C symbol in Physical Science and Mathematics in Matric OR achieved a minimum average of 60% for major subjects in their undergraduate qualification • Intend to undertake postgraduate research in radio astronomy or in an engineering field related to radio astronomy Doctoral and Masters: • South African citizen/ SA permanent resident OR Namibia/ Kenya/ Mozambique/ Botswana/ Zambia/ Mauritius/ Madagascar/ Ghana citizen • Excellent academic results • Intend to pursue postgraduate research related to the technical and scientific of SKA How to apply: Apply online at skagrants.nrf.ac.za – register an account before logging in and applying. Closing date: National Diploma: 30 October annually. Undergraduate and Honours: 19 August annually. Postgraduate: 31 August annually. Doctoral and Masters: 29 July annually. Who to contact: National Diploma, Undergraduate and Honours: Annah Mashemola: amashemola@ska.ac.za Postgraduate, Doctoral and Masters: Loyiso Gura: lgura@ska.ac.za
Old Mutual Actuarial Bursary
What it covers: Tuition, textbook allowance, a capped travel allowance, meals and accommodation. Recipients will also receive incentives for good performance, networking opportunities, holiday work from their second year of study, as well as academic and emotional support. Graduates will qualify for employment and mentoring from a professional actuary. Fields of study: Actuarial studies.
30
Who can apply: • South African citizens • A+ symbol for Matric mathematics • A and B symbols for other Matric subjects • Intend on study at University of Cape Town or Stellenbosch University • Preference will be given to South African learners of colour (Coloured, Black, Indian, Chinese – SA citizens by birth or descent) How to apply: Apply online at oldmutual.co.za/careers-centre/learnersand-school-leavers/actuarial-bursaries using the online application form. Current Matric learners must submit their Grade 11 final results, and students who have completed Matric must submit their Matric results. Closing date: Submissions are open all year and applications will be accepted at any time. Who to contact: The Bursary Office on 021 509 2656/ 021 504 7285.
PPS Bursary
What it covers: The cost of tuition and prescribed textbooks (within a specific budget). Fields of study: • Commerce: Accountant, Auditor, Economist, Human Resources Practitioner, Political Analyst • Engineering (with 4-year degrees): Electrical or Mechanical Engineering • Law: Advocate, Attorney • Medical: Biochemist, Biokineticist, Audiologist, Doctors (belonging to the HPCSA), Dietician, Dentists, Gynaecologist, Industrial Psychology, Nurses (with 4 year B.Cur degree), Occupational Therapist, Pharmacist, Physiotherapist, Speech and Hearing Therapist, Surgeon, Veterinarian • Science: Actuary, Astronomist, Mathematician, Microbiologist, Statician, Scientists, • Environmental: Agriculturalist, Anthropologist, Archaeologist, Biologist, Botanist, Farmer (with 4-year degree in agriculture), Historian, Meteorologist, Radiographer, Radiologists, Researcher • Construction: Architect, Ecologist, Land Surveyor, Town and Regional Planner
• •
paid up for previous years Declaration of yours/ your families financial position (affidavit) Motivation letter describing where you would like to be in the future and why you should be awarded the bursary (typed in Word document; max 300 words)
Closing date: 15 January annually. Applications submitted after this date will not be accepted – please apply before the closing date to ensure your application is considered. Who to contact: Contact PPS directly at bursaries@pps.co.za
Clover Bursary
What it covers: The bursary programme covers R60 000 to R75 000 of tuition fees per annum until completion of studies, while students are responsible for covering the cost of their remaining expenses (including registration fees, classes, accommodation, travel and daily living.) Students are also given the opportunity to gain knowledge and working experience through structured vacation work, and on completion of their studies, students may be offered career aspects within the Clover Young Professional Development Program. Fields of study: • Engineering • Finance • Food Science • Logistics/ Supply Chain • Marketing Who can apply: Applicants must satisfy the following minimum entry criteria before applying (please note that failure to satisfy all the requirements will lead to your application not being considered): • South African citizen • Completed Matric • Studying within one of the aforementioned fields of study and have successfully completed the first year of study • Studying full-time at a university that is on the list of Clover’s preferred HET institutions • Strong academic performance record • Preference will be given to healthy individuals who lead a balanced lifestyle
Who can apply: Applicants must satisfy the following minimum entry criteria before applying: • South African citizen • Completed Matric • Registered to study at a South African University (4th year or postgraduate), within one of the aforementioned fields • Achieved a minimum average of 75% in previous years of study • Proven financial need
How to apply: Applications must be done online at clover.gradx.net/ user/register. Submit clear copies of the following supporting documentation along with your application (the submission of these documents is compulsory – if any items are missing, your application be disregarded): • ID document (certified copy) • Matric certificate (certified copy) • Latest University academic results (certified copy) • Motivational letter in support of your application (why you should be selected to receive a bursary)
How to apply: Applications must be done online atpps.co.za/ explorepps/bursariesandsponsors/Pages/Bursaries. aspx. Submit clear copies of the following supporting documentation along with your online application: • ID document (certified copy of) • Exam results (June) or latest (certified copy) • Student account statement showing all fees
Closing date: 7 March annually. (Applications submitted after this date will not be accepted – please apply before the closing date to ensure your application is considered.)
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Who to contact: Contact Clover at clover.gradx.net/contact
Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference
DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E
QUIZ
Picking your brain
1
Which of our neighbouring countries recently experienced a major flood? A. Namibia B. Mozambique C. Botswana
2 3
How much of the earth’s surface is covered in water? A. 40% B. 70% C. 55%
4
Which method of transportation is currently being explored by blood donation services? A. Helicopters B. Drones C. Private vehicles
5 6
What is UCT’s new discovery – bio-bricks – mostly made of? A. Human urine B. Oak tree leaves C. Soil
7 8 9 1
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Africa’s longest flyover bridge is in… A. Johannesburg, South Africa B. Windhoek, Namibia C. Durban, South Africa Which of the following buildings is the oldest in South Africa? A. Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town B. Groote Kerk, Cape Town C. Port Elizabeth Opera House
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Which was the world’s warmest recorded year? A. 2017 B. 2009 C. 2016 What is the major cause of climate change? A. Plastic B. Greenhouse gas C. Excess waste What percentage of South Africa’s waste is currently being recycled? A. 56% B. 24% C. 10% Which animal population has declined by 40% in the last 30 years? A. Giraffe B. Elephant C. Buffalo
PUZZLES
SUDUKO Fill in the 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3×3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9. 6 1
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WORD SEARCH E
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Climate Greenhouse Geography Weather Environment Ocean Recycle Indices Soil science
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33
ANSWERS
TEST RESULTS What was your score for the Architecture issue?
SUDUKO
SCIENCESTARS Issue 20 | 2019
ARCHITECTURE
1 7 3
8 9 6
5 4 2
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4 6 1
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QUIZ
WORD SEARCH
1. C – Dung beetle 2. B – Öresund Bridge
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8. C – Octopus
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Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
5. C – Öresund Bridge 6. C – Mexico 7. B – Dolphins
10. A – Minoru Yamasaki
FACTS
Bet you didn’t know that…
• The average surface temperature on earth has risen by 0.9°C since the late 19th century! This is due to the increase in carbon dioxide and other human gas emissions. • The year 2016 was the warmest year on global records, with eight of the 12 months being recorded as the warmest months in history. • Data released by Google showed that more and more searches for “climate change” are being made. • Global warming refers to the long-term warming of the earth’s temperatures, whereas climate change talks about the effects thereof, including the rising sea levels. • In the US in 2017, transportation was the leading industry when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, with electricity following in second place. • South Africa’s renewable energy tariffs are among the lowest in the world.
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
35
SCIENCE CENTRE
CENTRE OF ATTENTION This issue,we focus on an educational facility in the Northern Cape. Written by : Zakiyah Ebrahim
M
othibistad Science Centre is located in Mothibistad
•
Olympiads and competitions including Astro
in the John TaoloGaetsewe District. It is a partnership
quiz, Science Olympiad and Techno Youth Robotics,
between the Department of Science and Technology
• Expos,
and the Northern Cape Education Department, and was officially
•
National Science Week,
opened by the honorable Deputy Minister, Mr Derek Hanekom,
•
Career guidance activities.
and MEC for Education, Ms G. Cjiekella, on 21 October 2011. These projects are executed by recent graduates and Volunteer The centre’s commitment is aligned with using fun but effective
Science Communicatorsfrom the South African Agency for
methods to expose students to science, technology, engineering
Science & Technology Advancement (SAASTA) – KatlegoTsogang
and mathematics (STEM) subjects. These marvelous methods rely
(Chemical Engineering) and AmantleMokgwabone (Biochemistry
mainly on the use of interactive display, events and activities, but
and Genetics).
also include the use of new technologies such as social, webbased education programmes and remote teaching and learning
If you’re curious to learn programmes that focus on skills and
techniques. The centre has already reached just over 2 800
development, Mothibistad Science Centre provides hands-on
learners since the beginning of 2019.
training for Google Applications (forms, Gmail, Drive, search engine, maps and hangouts conferencing); Computer Skills
Mothibistad Science Centre is well-known for hosting the
(device navigation, Microsoft packages and e-learning software)
following educational activities:
and Entrepreneurship Development.
•
Science shows,
• Experiments,
There’s so much to see and so much to do, so make your way
•
Technology demonstrations,
down to this phenomenal centre that’s situated at 1262 Melore
•
Talks, discussions and debates,
Street, Mothibistad. It is open Monday to Friday from 08:00 to
• Quizzes,
36
16:00 and you can contact the centre on 053 773 1181.
Science Stars Magazine Climatology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, commonly known as the CSIR is a leading scientific and technology research organisation in Africa. The organisation undertakes directed and multidisciplinary research to foster industrial and scientific development and contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of South Africans.
CSIR VISION
We are accelerators of socio-economic prosperity in South Africa through leading innovation. CSIR MISSION
Collaboratively innovating and localising technologies while providing knowledge solutions for the inclusive and sustainable advancement of industry and society. CSIR VALUES
Our beliefs, principles and the impact we wish to make to improve the quality of life of South Africans are EPIC. Team CSIR pursues Excellence, celebrates People, personifies Integrity, and welcomes Collaboration.
To find out more about our work and how you can collaborate with us contact us. Tel: 012 841 2911 | Email: enquiries@csir.co.za | www.csir.co.za CSIRSouthAfrica
@CSIR
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Mzansi For Science
Scientists, Technologists and Innovators are just like you. Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re curious. They ask questions. They try new things. The desire to try new things has been inside you from the very beginning.
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