Science Stars Youth Innovation Issue

SCIENCESTARS

YOUTH INNOVATION ISSUE

See the night sky in all its splendour!

The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is open again for tours in both Cape Town and Sutherland.

Cape Town

Open Nights:

When: 20:00 on the 2nd & 4th Saturday of every month

Where: SAAO HQ, Observatory, Cape Town Cost: Free

Tours include a talk relating to astronomy/ physics, and a visit to the historic McClean telescope, the observatory museum and the library. On clear nights, you’ll also have the opportunity to observe through telescopes set up for the evening.

Sutherland Tours:

When: Daily, except Sundays & public holidays

Where: SAAO site, just outside Sutherland Cost: R120 (adults)

Visit the SAAO’s facilities in the Karoo! We offer both day and night tours. The site hosts our major telescopes, including SALT, the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. School tours are also available.

To book, please visit:

https://www.saao.ac.za/visitus/ Facebook: @SAAOnews

Twitter: @SAAO

Instagram: @saao_astro

THE EDITOR

Science Stars

team

Editor: Zakiyah Ebrahim

Graphic designer: Stacey Swartz

Contributing writers

Nadine Sims

Lusanda Tamesi

Fahmeeda Zalgaonker

Deeanne Daniels

Ya'eesh Khan

Lauren Jamy Klaasen

Phenyo Mathapo

Chairman: Madambi Rambuda

Ambassador: Prof. Azwindinni Muronga

SCIENCE STARS OF TOMORROW…

I am constantly amazed by the creativity, passion, and innovative ideas of young talents committed to ensuring improved quality of life and the sustainability of our planet. This issue of Science Stars aims to amplify their voices, share their remarkable journeys, and inspire the next generation of STEM enthusiasts.

We feature inspiring stories about five young African innovators, including a 13-year-old who taught himself to build a generator (page 28). We also spotlight Foondamate, an innovative study buddy that has helped over 1 million students globally (page 29).

Rumaanah Khan, a 20-year-old navigating the tech world, shares her experience with Huawei's skills development learnership programme (page 12). On page 32, grade 10 learner Zariah Parker tells us about her clever solution to the problem of Styrofoam waste.

Read all about BabesGotBytes on page 38 a Cape Town-based NGO that focuses on training young girls and women to code. And for a glimpse into the recently opened Science Education (Sci-Ed) Centre in Bloemfontein, turn to page 42.

I hope these stories ignite your passion for STEM, encourage you to dream big, and empower you to make a difference in the world. Here's to the future talents of science!

Editor

Subscriptions: info@sciencestars.co.za

Copyright 2023 Science Stars Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

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DRONES FOR GOOD: HOW THESE ROBOTS ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN AFRICA

By: Fahmeeda Zalgaonker

Similarly, the mining sector uses drones for spatial inspection to collect data from inaccessible or dangerous areas, decreasing the risk to miners' lives.

UAVs have also become vital in efforts towards wildlife and marine conservation. They can be used to watch over endangered species, monitor potential poaching activities and provide aerial surveillance of large areas that might otherwise be difficult for humans to travel to. They are also used across coastlines to gather details about ecosystems, vegetation and biodiversity.

The only thing cooler than a robot is one that can fly!

When it comes to robotics, drones have become pivotal in transforming the world in many ways. More formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones are equipped with sensors, memory systems, data computing and motors to perform numerous tasks across various industries, changing our perception of what can be achieved through flight.

In Africa, drones are used in many revolutionary ways across different landscapes and regions. In rural areas of Rwanda and Ghana, a company called Zipline uses drones to deliver emergency healthcare supplies such as blood, vaccines and medicine to remote hospitals located far across long, hot and winding roads.

The process is quite efficient – once a hospital places an order for supplies from the main storage hub, it is packaged and placed in a drone. When it flies and reaches its location, the package is released from a trap door and lands safely using a parachute. The UAV is equipped with navigational and precision landing systems for autonomous delivery, meaning they can operate pretty accurately at any time and save many lives by providing quick and easy medical access.

In the agricultural sector, drones are used to gather data to maximise farming practices such as surveying land for crops, mapping aerial space and improving irrigation methods. They are also commonly programmed to spray fertiliser and pesticides while flying at a fixed route and height to ensure precision.

In emergency response (such as fires, earthquakes and floods), drones are used to survey land, identify survivors and aid in swift action towards rescue operations.

There are many other ways these smart robots are being used, highlighting the importance of STEM education to maintain a progressive society.

FLYING LABS

A non-profit organisation (NGO) called Flying Labs supports this belief. It aims to showcase the power of drones, data, robotics and AI innovation for the benefit of social impact. This institution has hubs worldwide, including South Africa, which aims to educate the youth, create entrepreneurial opportunities for small businesses and encourage STEM skills for sustainable development.

Flying Labs partners with local institutions and governments to provide STEM education to young people through workshops and training, equipping future generations with the skills needed to face emerging technologies in a growing industrial landscape. They focus on showcasing practical and responsible applications of drone usage in society to inspire the next generation of innovators, creators and scientists who will fly to even greater heights!

To read more about South Africa Flying Labs, visit www.flyinglabs. org/southafrica

From delivering emergency supplies to helping decrease the risk to miners' lives and identifying survivors of natural disasters, these robots are used to solve big problems across the continent.

DISTRICT EXPOS 2023: TAKE YOUR RESEARCH TO THE NEXT LEVEL

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

Aspiring young scientists in Grades 4 to 12 across South Africa are invited to showcase their initial Eskom Expo research endeavours at an upcoming District Expo. Here, you will have the opportunity to receive constructive feedback from a team of experts, ranging from engineers to veterinarians, school teachers, lecturers, researchers, scientists, IT professionals, and more. This valuable input from experts will enable you to refine your research and enhance its quality in preparation for presentation at Regional Expos.

Note: Learners from TVET colleges in NC2 to NC4 can also register their research projects.

Take advantage of this incredible opportunity to showcase your scientific talent. Below are the dates of upcoming District Expos.

Loxion Science Expo

Open to learners in grades 5 to 12 from schools in the Tshwane South and North districts.

When: 21 July 2023

Time: 9AM to 4PM

Where: PEPPS Motheo School, 30 Khoza St, Atteridgeville, Pretoria

Contact: 072 515 8482 or 061 499 9785

Sedibeng East District Expo

Open to learners in the Gauteng South district.

When: 1 August 2023

Where: Laerskool Suikerbos, Three Rivers East, Vereeniging

Contact: 016 423 1182

Magalies Special School (Inter School Challenge)

Open to learners in the Northern Gauteng district.

When: 2 August 2023

Where: Magalies Special School, 717 21st Ave, Rietfontein, Pretoria

Contact: 012 330 0168

If you have a passion for science, don't miss your chance to participate in an upcoming District Expo!

Photo credit: Eskom Expo Mththa Region

THE GENERATION SCIENCE YOUTH MONTH CAMPAIGN,

On 26 June, the second phase of the Generation Science job shadowing program took place, in collaboration with Stellenbosch University’s Department of Biomedical Sciences and the SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research. The initiative, which was initially launched in 2022 by Corporate and Marketing Communications and Human Resources, aimed to expand its scope this year by providing more comprehensive assistance to various units. The goal was to enhance the skills and capabilities of learners while also extending the program’s reach to include the Durban region.

Gen S aims to motivate and empower the upcoming generation of scientists by actively involving them in the day-today activities of our staff. To achieve this,

we extended invitations to scholars from various schools within the Western Cape region. The program’s first cohort in Cape Town consisted of 46 learners from Grades 10-12. Our initiative mainly operates in line with the 2023 National Youth Day and Youth Month, which is celebrated under the theme of “Accelerating youth economic emancipation for a sustainable future.” Through this alignment, we engage learners and expose them to the numerous opportunities available within the field of science, especially at the SAMRC. Additionally, we highlight our commitment as the SAMRC to positively impact the lives of all South Africans by improving their health and addressing the challenges faced by our country.

in its second phase, remains dedicated to cultivating future science leaders.

MAKING HEADLINES

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

South Africa will play key role in putting the first woman on the moon

In just a few months, construction will start on a communications facility in Matjiesfontein, situated in the Central Karoo District Municipality, that will assist with NASA's Artemis project. The Artemis project aims to put the first woman and person of colour on the moon by December 2025. Thanks to its location, weather, and existing infrastructure, Matjiesfontein is the ideal location.

SA's universities rank among top 100 in the world for certain subjects – including space science

Four South African universities have ranked among the top 100 schools in nine subjects, according to the Best Global University Ranking for 2022/23 by US News. The rankings looked at the top 2 000 tertiary institutions worldwide. They ranked them with a specific focus on schools' academic research and reputation overall.

The University of Cape Town (UCT) was the most highly-ranked local university, followed by the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN) and the University of Pretoria.

UKZN ranked within the top 100 for space science, while the University of Pretoria ranked 58 for plant and animal science. Meanwhile, the Tshwane University of Technology ranked 36 for optics.

1 500 South African youth to receive tech training via ALX Technology training provider ALX kicked off its inaugural tech training initiative in May this year. It aims to train youth in South Africa and the rest of Africa. The company is looking at more than 30 000 youth across the continent.

"By the end of this century, 40% of the world's population will be African. Yet Africa only has 3% of the world's software engineers," said the founder of ALX, Fred Swaniker, as per reporting by Hypertext. Swaniker believes that, given Africa's abundance of young talent, it can help solve the massive global shortage of technology skills.

DEPUTY MINISTER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VISITS RLABS IN MITCHELLS PLAIN

By: Nadine Sims

RLabs is a non-profit organisation that helps the surrounding community members access facilities to turn their ideas, products and services into reality.

The Deputy Minister arrived and toured the facilities, meeting and interacting with all the community members, entrepreneurs and youth innovators.

The facility is housed in a modern-looking building decked out with meeting rooms, paintings, a big hall and a coffee shop.

The 14-year-old organisation received initial funding from the Department of Science and Technology, as it was known then.

"That investment and belief in us 14 years ago has now impacted over 15 million people across the world," said founder Marlon Parker, who later expressed his interest in collaborating with the DSI again.

According to their social media account, RLabs also offers Web Development classes for the community, where students build their local community organisation's websites as part of their practical assignment.

Said Manamela: "The living labs also help take innovations co-created with local economic development stakeholders from concept to product or service stage and support their use to increase the productivity of local economic sectors."

He also explained that through the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA), which manages the Living Labs initiative, the Department funds some of the innovators of RLabs. TIA is a public entity aiming to help develop technology and innovations, like products, applications, inventions and services, and offers funding.

The organisation currently operates in 23 countries. "What started with one person 14 years ago has impacted millions of people, and all of us have something to offer to make this a success," added Parker.

Every first Thursday of the month, the Mitchells Plain facility hosts an evening for the community. You can look at the artwork in RLabs house and gallery, where they showcase the talented artists and creative talent of the surrounding community of Mitchells Plain.

For more information about RLabs, visit RLabs.org

The Deputy Minister, Buti Manamela, from the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI), visited the Reconstructed Living Labs (RLabs) facility on Thursday, May 25, in Westridge, Mitchells Plain.

The NGO operates in 23 countries and has impacted millions of people.

The Sasol Foundation offers all-inclusive bursaries to talented individuals who are planning to study full-time towards an undergraduate degree at a recognised and approved South-African University.

Refer to our website for application criteria.

STEM bursaries

(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)

Priority will be given to degree studies that are in line with future capabilities (Green Economy and Digitalisation), which include disciplines such as Engineering, Information Technology, Data Sciences, Agricultural Science, Environmental Sciences, Medical Sciences, Construction & Manufacturing and Financial Sciences among others.

Non-STEM bursaries

These bursaries are reserved only for qualifying students from Sasol’s fence line communities (municipalities / districts around Sasol plants / operations); children of Sasol Khanyisa shareholders; and children of Sasol employees, wishing to study towards non-STEM qualifications.

MEET RUMAANAH KHAN, AN IT CONSULTANT WHO'S DEFYING CHALLENGES AND BREAKING BARRIERS IN TECH

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

Science Stars talks to Rumaanah Khan, 22, about her chosen career, living with a chronic pain condition, and her experience with Huawei's skills development learnership programme.

The tech world has always been very male-dominated, but this did not stop Rumaanah Khan from foraying into the profession – and she's enthusiastic about seeing more women in the field. "If you apply yourself and put in the hours it takes, you can achieve anything in any field," she tells Science Stars. "Sometimes we feel intimidated by the people surrounding us, which is extremely normal, but as women, we need to assert our dominance because we are only as powerful as we choose to be."

Rumaanah's path to the world of STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) was anything but conventional. The 22-year-old from Mayfair, Johannesburg, initially pursued a teaching degree in 2019 but realised mid-way through her studies that her heart yearned for something different. "I had no idea that STEM existed," she says. When she left teaching to start a BCOM at North-West University in 2020, she contracted Covid-19 and had to end her studies and move back home.

Fortunately, Rumaanah discovered a life-changing opportunity in 2022 – Huawei's skills development learnership programme for people with disabilities. The programme has been running successfully for six years. "I was having a very hard time deciding what it is that I wanted to do. I sat at home for a while and didn’t know where I was heading in life," she says. That's when she was contacted for a learnership on LV3 End User Computing – which teaches basic computer operating skills and the different types of software training, such as MS Office training – and decided to take it.

The programme proved to be a turning point, providing her with the necessary training and support to excel in technology. "It was extremely motivating. They really provided us with all that we needed to become the best versions of ourselves," says Rumaanah, adding: "They placed us in environments they knew if we put in the right amount of work, we could excel." Rumaanah is currently working on her IT certifications related to networking and cyber security via Torque IT, a computer training school in Cape Town.

Now, as an IT consultant at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Rumaanah's role involves providing IT technical support to users. "If they have any issues with their devices, I am to

troubleshoot and perform first-line assistance in trying to resolve the matter. If the matter cannot be resolved by me, a ticket is logged for escalation to my seniors or the standby technicians," she explains.

Living with a chronic condition

Life dealt Rumaanah a challenging hand when she was diagnosed with fibromyalgia in 2020, a chronic health condition affecting around 1 in 20 people globally. The condition causes intense pain all over the body and makes it difficult to perform daily activities. "Living with Fibromyalgia … takes a very hectic toll on my body in terms of my nerves, joints, and muscles," says Rumaanah. "When I get the occasional flare-ups … I often cannot move for hours at a time." Her motor skills are also more diminished than the regular person, making her more susceptible to viral infections.

Still, Rumaanah refuses to let this setback define her. Despite the physical limitations, she continues to persevere. "I take it day by day. I tend to listen to my body and do what it allows me to," she says.

On bridging the gender gap

Despite the growing movement encouraging more women to pursue technology careers, they remain underrepresented. Studies show that women in the industry make up only 28% of professionals worldwide and just 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa.

But Rumaanah is optimistic: "The gender gap is quite large … but I see it growing every single day," she says. "I hope to bridge that gap by representing the fact that even if you are a woman, that does not determine whether you can be in STEM-related jobs or not."

Feeling intimidated by the people that surround you completely normal, she adds, "but as women, [we] need to assert our dominance because we are only as powerful as we choose to be."

Growing into her role

When Rumaanah was in the cyber environment last year, she was intimidated and unsure about her belonging. But, as she started to learn and achieve small tasks that led to big outcomes, she realised that she wanted to be in IT. "My goal is to become more than adequate in my role. I want to get the best knowledge in this field and grow into it since I love it so much," she says.

The IT guru says she's surrounded by some of the most intelligent people she has ever met and acknowledges they didn't get there overnight. "I know that it is going to take a lot of time and work as well."

Rumaanah believes in effective time management, avoiding procrastination, and prioritising what is important to her to achieve her goals. "I do have a hard time doing all these things and I am working on it. But nothing is picture perfect; to get where you want to be, you need to roll in the mud a little bit."

Rumaanah on the 4IR

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), a period of rapid technological change and a convergence of new technologies (such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and 3D printing), is still in its early stages but is already significantly impacting our lives.

"The 4IR is something we need to achieve in ourselves first by means of education. We need to be able to adequately educate ourselves, so once our country has the opportunity, we build IT professionals that can facilitate and innovate with the 4IR," says Rumaanah. "It is an administrative decision within us to become the future."

"The key takeaway is that no matter what opportunity you are given, no matter how big or small – work your hardest to excel in it … You need to put in the work, not for anybody else but yourself," she adds. "I would encourage young students to take learnership opportunities. Even if you have a disability, that does not mean you're incapable."

Rumaanah Khan on the power of small steps

• If you have yet to decide what to study, it's not the end of the world. You will figure it out. It's always better to be sure of what you want to do and what you want to achieve than being stuck in something you are not happy with.

• Never let people make you believe you are less than enough. Assert your dominance respectfully, and do not let people take advantage of you.

• Always show up for the task, no matter how small. I used to pack toilet paper and coffee for the executives of a company and process all their administrative work – but every day, I showed up in formal attire and made sure I did the best I possibly could in each of those tasks. Perseverance and hard work are a mindset before a lifestyle.

A SCIENCE ENGAGEMENT WEEK TRANSFORMING RURAL EDUCATION

More than 1 500 learners participated in the five-day event.

By: Lusanda Tamesi

The event, from 15-19 May 2023, aimed to bridge the gap between rural learners and the many career opportunities available beyond their immediate surroundings. The event comes with significant exposure, bringing together professionals from various industries to inspire and guide ambitious learners. Science Stars was part of the event this year. From maritime sciences to careers in space and astronomy, engineering to robotics, diverse career paths were presented to broaden their horizons.

The science engagement week emerged as a beacon of hope, opening doors of opportunity for learners whose aspirations knew no bounds. In a setting where laptops were unfamiliar, and resources were limited to walking kilometres to and from school, these determined individuals showcased an unwavering focus on success. They embraced the transformative power of education by engaging with 11 different organisations from all corners of South Africa.

The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) teams initially organised the event in Hermanus and Pretoria. However, over the two years, it gained momentum and

A science engagement week was recently held in the Harry Gwala District Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, a remote rural area in the province's southwestern part.

attracted the participation of various organisations such as UNISA Robotics, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA), the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) and many others.

The Harry Gwala District comprises four municipalities. Throughout the five-day event, the organisations involved were divided into two groups, each engaging with over 400 learners daily. The active participation was predominantly female.

The participating students ranged from grade 10 to grade 12, totalling approximately 1 700 learners who participated in the event. Accomplished individuals from various fields generously shared their knowledge, experiences, and perspectives, and the career exhibition fostered personal interactions between learners and experienced professionals, creating mentorship opportunities.

Daniel Matsapola, a science engagement manager at SANSA in Pretoria, actively participates in science engagement events. He goes above and beyond by offering his contact details to learners, encouraging them to reach out with any questions. Matsapola recognises the significance of involving local role models in such highquality events, as they can motivate learners and contribute to the long-term sustainability of these initiatives.

"In the 21st century, we advocate for the development of scientists who embrace innovative production methods and incorporate advancements derived from priority research areas such as space science and technology," said Matsapola, adding: "We envision individuals who actively contribute to the evolution of scientific practices and technologies, leveraging the benefits of emerging innovations."

As this event focused on the youth, a familiar face from the district who's been part of the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) for a while as a project coordinator, Njabulo Duma, shared insights about his own background, education, and personal journey. His story demonstrated that one's background is not the defining factor. Instead, it is one's goals and mindset that genuinely matter.

Said Loyiso Bavuma, a senior education specialist at the district: "I aspire to see the establishment of a follow-up programme that ensures continuous monitoring of each student's advancement until they successfully transition to tertiary education. This initiative would not only facilitate their academic growth but also enable them to make meaningful contributions to society as future scientists."

The event was a transformative experience, unlocking learners' potential and building confidence in their abilities. It effectively demolished the limitations imposed by their rural background, empowering them to dream big and believe in their capacity to succeed.

The success of Science Engagement Week goes beyond a single event; it serves as a catalyst for sustainable change and development. The event was a true definition of the undying spirit of learners who strive for success despite limited resources. Through sustained efforts and support, the exhibition's impact will continue to resonate, cultivating a generation of confident, driven individuals who will shape the future of their community and beyond. It is a collective endeavour driven by the youth, for the youth, empowering them to create a lasting impact.

"In the 21st century, we advocate for the development of scientists who embrace innovative production methods and incorporate advancements derived from priority research areas such as space science and technology."

WHAT IS 'INDUSTRY 4.0' AND HOW IS IT BENEFITTING THE WORLD?

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, is the next phase in the digitisation of the manufacturing sector. We explore some lesser-known areas of the industry bringing value to the world.

By: Fahmeeda Zalgaonker

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as 4IR or Industry 4.0, is the next phase of machine advancement. It extends from the previous three industrial revolutions by combining physical, digital and cyber innovations.

The technologies driving this era include artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, gaming, virtual and augmented reality, 3D printing, cloud computing and other forms of data systems that are becoming essential to modern life.

Here are some interesting and lesser-known areas of Industry 4.0 benefitting the world.

COBOTS

A collaborative robot (cobot) is designed to cooperate with human workers, mainly in factories for manufacturing processes, working as operative machine hands to improve efficiency and development. Whereas robots are traditionally created to work in place of humans, cobots are created to coexist alongside people. They are fairly versatile to program and control for required tasks, making them easy to blend into workspaces.

Some examples of cobot uses include picking and placing items on a conveyor belt, screwing or glueing products in an assembly line, and pelleting for logistics.

Cobots strike a balance between mechanised and manual systems, which present a cohesive relation of robotics to human life.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Green technology, also known as environmental technology, is about using STEM to mitigate or reverse the impact of human activity on the world. Some examples include renewable energy systems, vertical farming, recyclable materials, eco vehicles and many more sustainable innovations.

Green technology transforms how we interact with the environment by creating productive digital methods that are not harmful to ecological conditions.

QUANTUM COMPUTING

Quantum computing is an area of computer science that draws on the principles of quantum theory. Essentially, it is developments understood within an atomic scale.

Traditional computers work on bits where the value is either 0 or 1. In contrast, quantum computing uses qubits where values can simultaneously be both 0 and 1, making it able to process, store and manipulate big amounts of data and do complex calculations that are otherwise too difficult for normal computers.

Some popular industries that deal with this area of computing include aerospace, chemistry, healthcare and cybersecurity. Through information and pattern recognition, it is about how more accurate weather predictions can be made, large amounts of data encryption can take place, and better chemical formulae and medical drugs can be created.

It helps with faster analysis of elaborate tasks by scanning all possible outcomes simultaneously and presenting optimal solutions. It provides a unique approach and further transforms other technologies within Industry 4.0.

STEM EDUCATION AND 4IR

In an era of digital transformation, the need for STEM skills among youth is vital to thrive in an advanced industrial society, access opportunities, drive global change and contribute to an interconnected world. Even though 4IR is heavily based on automation, there is still a need for human intervention and skill to further control, develop and engineer the process behind it.

The merging of connectivity, mechanisation and smart processes has led to many innovations across multiple disciplines. The critical and creative thinking that STEM skills present will continue to help revolutionise and maintain a balance between people and machines as we lead into the next industrial revolution.

SENTECH AFRICA TECH WEEK: EMPOWERING AFRICA'S FUTURE THROUGH TECH

This year's event featured musician and tech entrepreneur, will.i.am, who joined more than 400 leaders from across different industries for a live Q&A session via live hologram.

By: Lusanda Tamesi

The Century City Conference Centre in South Africa recently hosted Sentech Africa Tech Week from 2-5 May 2023. Africa Tech Week is a prominent gathering of innovators, entrepreneurs and industry experts across the African continent.

The event is a week-long conference ideal for established businesses and startup founders looking to expand their reach and connect with key players in the African tech industry to explore new business opportunities.

While the event encompasses a wide range of themes and discussions, one crucial aspect that has garnered significant attention is the active involvement of African youth. Living in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) world has forced us to adapt to new technical changes, opportunities, challenges, and changes in how we live, work, and interact with technology.

WHAT TOOK PLACE

Tech delegates came in numbers, from Mlamli Booi, the Sentech chief executive officer, to Boniswa Sidwaba, head of content programming, Sub-Saharan Africa, TikTok; Mondli Gungubele, Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies, and Folarin Aiyegbusi, head of Google's Startup Ecosystem in Africa.

The audience fell silent as a holographic projection of will.i.am, a renowned musician, tech CEO, and innovator, appeared. The use of this cutting-edge technology to deliver his address left the audience captivated and intrigued, marking a significant moment where the intersection of technology and entertainment converged in a truly remarkable way.

During his speech, will.i.am voiced his concerns regarding the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. He highlighted that numerous jobs, including his own, could be at risk. "A lot of people's jobs are at stake, including mine. Can we be a part of making that future less threatening? Yes. We're in the Fourth Industrial Revolution that is forcing us to make new things in new ways, using the tools and technology we have now", he said.

The event facilitated networking opportunities, allowing young attendees to interact with experienced professionals, industry leaders, and investors. Interactions were based on innovation and views on AI. This enabled knowledge sharing, guidance and potential collaborations. The networking opportunity extended beyond the tech giants present at the event. Individuals from the fashion industry, particularly the youth, also had the chance to make their presence known. This inclusivity allowed for cross-industry collaboration and exchanging ideas between different sectors.

On the fifth and final day of the conference, an awards ceremony took place, recognising outstanding achievements in various categories. The awards spanned a range of sectors and specialities, starting from the AI Technology Awards, which honoured advancements in AI. The Public Sector Digital Transformation Awards recognised exceptional digital initiatives within the public sector. Additionally, the African Tech Startup Awards celebrated newly established tech companies that displayed innovation and potential for growth. These awards provided a platform to acknowledge the accomplishments of individuals, organisations and startups that have made significant contributions to the tech industry.

Read more about Africa Tech Week by visiting africatechweek.co.za

TOP 7 FASTESTGROWING STEM JOBS IN SOUTH AFRICA

By: Lauren Jamy Klaasen

We live in a world where technology is at the forefront of innovation and development. What may have been competitive three months ago is now a benchmark towards greater and bigger creations assisting in modernising our world.

Science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) make remarkable inventions and advancements possible. These industries are at the forefront of bridging the gap between knowledge and innovation. STEM industries are expanding exceptionally fast within the country. They are acknowledged as an industry with major potential and benefactors to the economy and society.

As the nation seeks to sustain its identity in a forward-thinking, problem-solving and knowledge-based economy, several STEM fields indicate a significant increase in professionalism. We take a look at seven of the most dominant and impactful STEM jobs in South Africa.

1. Data Scientist

A data scientist accumulates data through computerised coding and statistics and uses it to make sense of the world around us. South Africa continues to embrace advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, and the demand for skilled data scientists has increased. Data science has been and continues to transform and contribute to various fields of work, such as finance and healthcare. Data scientists require a good understanding of mathematics, statistics, programming and machine learning.

2. Software engineer

A software engineer uses engineering principles combined with knowledge of computerised programmes to generate software solutions to problems faced by consumers and organisations. The day-to-day tasks of software engineers include:

• Designing,

• Building and testing software applications, and

• Working extensively with coding to resolve and debug existing code and create new code.

3. Cybersecurity analyst

As technology is used to improve our lives, it also makes us vulnerable to online attacks, which is why cybersecurity is an essential factor for many organisations. Cybersecurity is used to guard sensitive data and alleviate risk factors. Cybersecurity analysts provide protection from fraudulent hacking by providing barriers to stop unethical access from being pursued.

4. Robotics engineer

Robotics engineering is a field where machinery and software development meet to replicate human activities in autonomous machinery, commonly known as robots. The creation of robots is aimed at providing a more efficient way of delivering a service which may have existing repetitive, hazardous or unhealthy actions attached to it, such as mining and manufacturing.

5. Biomedical engineer

Technology and science are essential in medical diagnosis, treatments and advancing healthcare services. Biomedical engineers design and build innovative remedial devices, equipment and prosthetics for biological and medical development. Biomedical engineering paths are widely placed within a variety of settings and disciplines. Biomedical engineering has been acknowledged as the best healthcare career by international standards.

6. Renewable energy engineer

Renewable energy engineering is at the forefront of power resource development. It is gaining momentum in South Africa, a country rich in natural resources. This is evident in the recent funding of billions of rands into renewable energy projects. Renewable energy engineers form part of a group of researchers who focus on developing methods of providing environmentally conscious energy sources and green solutions.

7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Specialist

Local companies are investing in the transformative field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the revolutionised industry where science and engineering merge to produce intellectual machinery and computer programmes to better comprehend the human experience. To pursue a specialised career in AI will require a qualification in a related field such as data science, computer science, IT or statistics.

The STEM sector is the future of work in South Africa, and there are many opportunities for qualified professionals. We take a look.

SAMSUNG HOSTS “SOLVE FOR TOMORROW”

COMPETITION

Samsung is committed to using its resources to help young people develop the skills they need to succeed in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

By: Lusanda Tamesi

Samsung, a renowned tech giant, is actively involved in promoting the significance of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in underserved communities. Despite being widely known for its focus on electronics, Samsung continues to invest in research and development, striving to lead technological advancements and innovation.

In 2010, Samsung initiated a global competition called "Solve for Tomorrow," which was officially launched in South Africa in January of this year.. By 2020, this programme had engaged over 1.5 million participants from more than 30 countries worldwide.

The competition aims to provide grade 10 and 11 students from underserved communities with a valuable opportunity to acquire skills while addressing challenges within their communities through STEM. The primary objective of the Solve for Tomorrow programme is to train young innovators for future STEM-related endeavours and nurture them into the leaders of tomorrow.

Samsung supports participating schools and students by offering resources, mentorship and technological tools. Students are tasked with identifying a local issue or problem and devising creative solutions using STEM principles. Throughout the process, Samsung mentors and educators provide guidance and support.

"This unique competition is our contribution to youth empowerment and skills creation in the information communication technology sector to help the country play a meaningful role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)," said Hlubi Shivanda, Director: Business Operations and Innovation and Corporate Affairs at Samsung, adding: "It was designed to increase interest and proficiency in STEM and gives grade 10 and 11 learners from underserved communities an opportunity to gain invaluable skills while solving some of their communities' challenges."

A total of 51 schools across the country entered the competition. From that pool, 10 schools emerged as the top 10 finalists. These schools are in the Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Limpopo provinces and have now advanced to Phase Two of the programme. In this phase, they will tackle an emerging challenge and create tangible innovations to make a positive impact.

The Top 10 schools that have been selected include:

School Name Province

Mbilwi Secondary School Limpopo

Moyaneng Secondary School Limpopo

Phendukani High School KwaZulu-Natal

Adams College

KwaZulu-Natal

Umlazi Comprehensive Tech KwaZulu-Natal

Rebatla Thuto High School Free State

Lekgarietse High School Free State

Maphuthaditshaba Secondary School Mpumalanga

Phomolong Secondary School Gauteng

Buhlebemfundo Secondary School Gauteng

During Phase Two of the programme, the focus is on teaching learners a structured problem-solving process, fostering creative and critical thinking, and encouraging teamwork and communication skills. They engage in hands-on activities such as interview preparation, idea generation and prototyping. Learners are encouraged to take an active role in the process to acquire first-hand experience and develop the skills necessary for creating innovative solutions.

The finalists have until the end of September 2023 to finish building their prototypes. After that, they will present their projects to a group of judges in early October. They will compete for the top prize, R100 000 worth of STEM equipment for their school. The second and third-place schools will receive R50 000 and R30 000 worth of STEM equipment, respectively. In addition to these prizes, each learner in the top three teams will receive a Samsung device as an individual reward.

HOW CSIR'S SMART INNOVATIONS CAN HELP IMPROVE HEALTHCARE IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is using artificial intelligence (AI) to develop new technologies that will help improve healthcare in rural areas of South Africa. On Wednesday, 28 June, young researchers from the CSIR showcased these groundbreaking Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) innovations.

What is the CSIR developing?

One of the technologies the scientific research organisation is developing is a machine learning-powered diagnostics system. This system uses AI algorithms to help medical professionals diagnose diseases more accurately and quickly. The machine learning-powered diagnostics system could help reduce the time it takes to get a diagnosis, which can reduce the spread of infectious diseases and ultimately help save lives.

Machine learning is a branch of AI technologies that aims to mitigate the potential errors made by newly appointed medical professionals.

"The technology can be used in busy medical centres that handle many patient samples each day," said PhD candidate Nkgaphe Tsebesebe, adding: "With this technology, the diagnostic process can be accelerated, reducing patients’ waiting time. It can diagnose thousands or even millions of samples in just a few seconds, which is particularly helpful in preventing the spread of viral and infectious diseases."

Tackling TB

Another technology that the CSIR is developing is an opticalbased biosensor for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). TB is a serious disease that can be deadly if not treated. South Africa has one of the highest TB burdens worldwide.  The optical-based biosensor is a small, portable device that uses

light to detect TB bacteria in a patient's sample. This could help make diagnosing TB easier in remote areas, especially rural areas, where there may not be access to traditional TB testing methods. The technology also aims to significantly reduce the diagnostic time required for TB cases, making TB diagnostic affordable.

"Although molecular tests are available for detecting and diagnosing TB, they take several weeks to give a diagnosis and are often expensive to run. In addition, there are no point-of-care tests commercially available locally to ease the burden of using molecular tests and the costs associated with running them," said Sipho Chauke, another PhD candidate who discussed the new technology at the media briefing.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has an “End TB strategy” to eradicate TB by 2025. The CSIR-developed technology contributes to this strategy by offering access to medical technologies that can be used in healthcare systems, allowing for the diagnosis of TB at little to no hassle to ordinary South Africans.

Tracking the spread of viruses

The CSIR is also developing a Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) system. This system uses lasers to detect mutations in the genomes of viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 (which causes Covid-19 disease) and HIV-1. This could help to track the spread of these viruses and avoid the need for laboratory testing, which is often time-consuming, and to develop new treatments.

“The availability of a simple, fast and reliable laser-driven diagnostic technique will reduce the time and costs involved in mutation detection in the health sector,” said PhD candidate Phumlani Mcoyi.

CSIR: WHERE INNOVATION MEETS EXCITEMENT

In June, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) celebrated youth in STEM. Here, we spotlight four of the organisation's dynamic individuals who are using their skills to make a difference.

Meet CSIR Artificial Intelligence Engineer, Marshal Khosa

Marshal Khosa's first interaction with a Pentium III Mercer desktop, at the tender age of 13, planted the seeds that blossomed into a passion for engineering. Today, Khosa works as a senior artificial intelligence (AI) engineer at the CSIR.

"As an AI engineer, I wear many hats, such as that of a data scientist, machine learning engineer, software developer, technical project leader and mentor," he says. Part of his responsibilities includes researching new AI techniques and technologies and implementing them in real-world applications.

Practical tips for a successful career in AI engineering:

"To become a good AI engineer, one needs critical skills in algorithm design and mathematical modelling. You have to be curious, creative, open-minded and a critical thinker. If you are interested in this profession, you need to nourish and hone your own intellect before you will have the ability to engineer machines that develop intelligence artificially," says Khosa.

A

Meet CSIR’s lead in research in information and cybersecurity, Zubeida Dawood

With a job in the cybersecurity space, Dr Zubeida Dawood finds herself dealing with matters of national security. She often manages projects with sensitive information for clients and organisations, locally and internationally.

Dawood says that South Africa has been making efforts towards being more cyber-safe. While several laws have been put in place to support the government, officials and authorities have been unable to fully implement these laws due to lack of knowledge and experience in cybersecurity. Furthermore, there is a lack of cybersecurity professionals in the country.

Wise words:

Dawood believes that it is often believed that engineers and scientists have all the answers, but this isn't true. "On the contrary, we have many unanswered questions and are working towards solving them. As we solve and investigate, new discoveries are made," says Dawood.

"

common misconception is that one needs to be extraordinarily smart or a genius to become a cybersecurity researcher. To be successful in this career, it is far more important to be consistent, disciplined and open to change in the field.

Meet CSIR Industrial Engineer, Anieke Swanepoel

Anieke Swanepoel is the perfect example of how the CSIR grows researchers who have scarce skills through a development pipeline. Her industrial engineering studies were funded through the organisation’s bursary programme. She then joined the organisation as part of the Graduatein-Training Programme and today tutors and mentors young graduates who are part of the Youth Employment Services Programme.

Industrial engineers look at simplifying complex processes, systems or organisations by using data and mathematical calculations. Swanepoel is excited about the projects she is working on. One of them involves building a repository that will serve as a central database for all things transport and logistics for South Africa, while another centres on developing a mobile app that assists small-scale farmers with reaching more market opportunities through increased visibility.

Swanepoel on the future of industrial engineering:

"I’ve never encountered a problem or project that does not require the expertise of an industrial engineer. Our studies equip us with a multitude of skills, from technical to soft skills."

Meet CSIR Geoscientist, Zamaswazi Nkosi

In her job as geoscientist at the CSIR’s mining cluster, Nkosi focuses on rock engineering, geology and geophysics. She is passionate about using her abilities to resolve problems in the mining sector. She believes that geoscientists must be able to adapt to and adopt new technologies, methods, processes and discoveries.

Nkosi believes that analytical thinking is a key trait required when opting for a career in geosciences. "Geoscientists need to be able to analyse large amounts of data to understand geological patterns and predict mineral reserves; they must be able to think critically and logically," she says. She also believes that a geoscientist should have strong communication skills, perseverance, strong ethics, and be a team player.

Pro tip:

"Anyone interested in pursuing a career as a geoscientist in the mining industry should remain curious, adaptable and committed to ongoing learning and development, as the sector is constantly changing, and new technologies and methodologies are emerging all the time," says Nkosi.

Source: CSIR.co.za

Geoscientists need to be able to analyse large amounts of data to understand geological patterns and predict mineral reserves; they must be able to think critically and logically.

SOUTH AFRICA'S FIRST-EVER AU-EU INNOVATION FESTIVAL

innovations from Africa and Europe on the AU-EU Research and Innovation Cooperation Agenda's four priority areas: public health, green transition, innovation & technology, and capacities for science. These will be articulated into short-, medium-, and long-term actions.

By: Phenyo Mathapo

On 15 June 2023, the European Union, African Union, and the Republic of South Africa hosted the first-ever AU-EU Innovation Festival at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC) in South Africa. It built on the AU-EU Innovation Agenda Stakeholder Event's success in Nairobi, Kenya, in November 2022.

This was a one-day hybrid launch event, which could be attended in person and online. The event took place two days after adopting the AU-EU Innovation Agenda at the second AU-EU Research & Innovation (R&I) Ministerial Meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It encouraged the implementation phase of the newly adopted AU-EU Innovation Agenda. This new joint policy initiative aims to advance the translation of Research & Innovation into businesses, services, jobs and products in Africa and Europe. It is predicted to run from June 2023 till June 2026, the first three years from the adoption.

Agora sessions on youth and women-led innovations were held. There were also pitching sessions and exhibitions of

The final pitching event of the Open Innovation Challenges of the Horizon 2020 project "ENRICH in Africa", a project designed to assemble core stakeholders from Africa and Europe to strengthen and support their shared innovation ecosystem, was featured. This was followed by an award ceremony which was attended by corporate sponsors.

Projects such as a text-based chatbot that combines satellite data analytics and artificial intelligence to identify damaged plants, an umbilical cord and placenta simulator and Cropfix, among others, were displayed.

The event was supported by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and targeted innovation stakeholders, businesses, investors, the public sector, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society representatives across Africa and Europe. The initiative focused on the innovations of women and the youth, in part of the support for young people during June, commemorating the 16 June Soweto uprising and celebrating the youth of South Africa. This festival was an ideal platform to meet with potential international project partners.

The event highlighted the importance of youth in innovation and provided a platform for them to showcase their work.

YOUNG

By: Lauren Jamy

In recent years, Africa has become an innovation hub, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). Young individuals across the continent are pushing boundaries and creating ground-breaking solutions to address local challenges and make a global impact.

We explore five remarkable STEM innovations by young Africans that are revolutionising their communities and inspiring the world.

The Boy, William Kamkwamba, who harnessed the wind At 14, after being forced to drop out of school, William Kamkwamba developed a windmill that produced electricity and water for his home. This was only the beginning, as the young Malawian later created more windmills and a solarpowered water pump that became a primary water source for his community.

William's journey didn't come without hardships as a result of poverty. His interest in energy development started when he started borrowing books to read. His prototype (an early version of a product created to test a concept or process) consisted of a blade, an old shock absorber and blue gum trees.

What followed was only bigger and better things as he went on to generate clean water, fight malaria and provide solar power and lighting for his family and the community. His success led to his recognition by many others, and he soon returned to schooling. He graduated in 2014 and went on to publish an

autobiography titled, "The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind", which was also adapted into a film.

Kelvin Doe – the friendly neighbourhood energy provider Kelvin Doe hails from West Africa and taught himself to build a generator and radio transmitter at 13. Three years later, he made a battery powerful enough to supply electricity to homes in his community. The battery consisted of acid, soda and metal parts recovered from bins. After Kelvin, who also goes by the name "DJ Focus", was discovered, he entered a competition encouraging young students to showcase their innovations, and this further opened doors for him at well-established institutions, including a signed solar project with the Canadian high-speed service provider, Sierra WiFi. He has also shaken hands with various world leaders and influential personalities and delivered speeches at several local and international functions to share his vision worldwide.

Edwin Inganji put safety first and developed an emergency app Edwin Inganji, a Kenyan programmer, saw the need for emergency services in his neighbourhood after surviving an attack by armed robbers in Nairobi on his way home from school. He refused to sit back and let this become a reality for others by developing an app which offers a distress call function in areas where crime is prevalent.

By shaking your mobile device, family, friends and local support services are instantly notified of your whereabouts and can seek help accordingly. The app has more than 5 000 local users as further advancements are being made to improve the service, such as bringing security firms and ambulance providers on board.

Noah Walakira knitted his way into his own manufacturing company

While many teenagers spend their holidays taking trips to the beach and hanging out with mates, Noah Walakira spent his with his grandma, learning to knit. At the time, it may have been an unusual way to enjoy the school break, but his developing skills led him to his first entrepreneurial breakthrough at 14.

He launched his own knitting company by knitting jerseys for schools in Kampala, and this became a stepping stone towards an established community-based company that specialises in manufacturing various uniforms. His clientele grew outside of Kenya, with more than 40 schools in Uganda, clientele in Rwanda, South Sudan, and Tanzania, and other institutions such as security companies and petrol stations.

Spice Girls? More like the Space Girls

Ayesha Salle, Brittany Bull, Bhanekazi Tandwa and Sesam Mngqengqiswa are part of a group of South African girls who dominate female empowerment in science and technology. Driven to have their names written on more than just the school desks, these girls aim for recognition in historical books as they take on Africa's first private satellite into space. The scholars from Cape Town are part of a project designing and building a satellite that will hover in space, orbit the Earth's poles, scan the surface of Africa and gather/transmit data useful for agriculture and food production within the continent.

MINDS, BIG IDEAS: 5 STEM INNOVATIONS THAT ARE CHANGING THE WORLD

The Future of STEM is bright in Africa, thanks to these young innovators.

Klaasen

THIS AI CHATBOT IS REVOLUTIONISING THE WAY STUDENTS LEARN

FoondaMate,

By: Fahmeeda Zalgaonker

Robots are the future, and now students can have instant access to one with the help of FoondaMate. More than 1 million students in over 150 countries use this AI chatbot globally to get instant and 24/7 help with educational material, digital support and information via WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger.

Some features of this free-to-use platform include:

• Downloading past exam papers, memos and study guides for grades 10-12

• Searching for the definition of words or concepts

• Solving simple mathematics equations

• Translating English to Afrikaans and vice versa

Even teachers can use FoondaMate for classroom resources, test or exam preparation, and to help foster independent research skills among students.

The chatbot is available in 13 languages and requires low data to operate, which is one reason it is an application interface instead of a standalone app. The rising cost of mobile connections makes downloading apps quite expensive, so cellphone users often opt for pre-installed apps such as WhatsApp and Facebook as these don't require a lot of data to operate. This makes FoondaMate an accessible and affordable learning method, contributing to bridging the digital divide.

This ed-tech startup was developed in 2020 by Dacod Magagula and Tao Boyle from the University of Cape Town (UCT), who shared an interest in making educational tools more accessible to students.

Dacod attended an under-resourced and rural township school in Mpumalanga, with classes of 50-70 students needing to share limited textbooks between themselves. He saved money for a computer, initially to play games with his brother, but also used it to access educational content from the internet. Dacod was eager to share his online resources with classmates, but the lack of technology and funds for printing in the community held back his efforts.

Despite his circumstances, Dacod graduated top of the class and in the entire history of his school. He then went on to study computer science at UCT and used his knowledge in STEM to help solve the societal issue of lack of access to study material.

The educational experience of co-founder Tao was a little different. She attended a well-equipped school and excelled in academics, but it was at university that she realised her peers had to work much harder to score high marks due to their limited access to resources.

Together, these two young South African pioneers realised the same prospects of internet-enabled learning. Their vision for accessibility and fair opportunity led to creating a bot that has become a study buddy towards academic excellence.

FoondaMate forms part of a revolutionary innovation in AI technology that has transformed the traditional learning experience while maintaining a sense of motivation and excitement to empower students from anywhere at any time.

To use FoondaMate, say “hi” to 060 070 3213 on WhatsApp or @foondamate on Facebook Messenger.

an AI chatbot, helps students ace their exams, bridge the digital divide, and learn from anywhere at any time.

Pros and Cons of AI in education

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education is a growing trend, and ChatGPT is one example of how AI can be used to enhance the learning experience. We explore some of the advantages and disadvantages of this AI chatbot.

By: Ya'eesh Khan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has recently gained significant attention. It is fast becoming a part of our daily lives, influencing how we work, communicate and interact with technology. One of the most prominent examples of AI is ChatGPT, the advanced language model developed by OpenAI.

ChatGPT is an AI trained on a wide range of texts and powered by learning techniques to generate responses in a natural, human-like way. It can provide information, assist with various tasks, and even hold a chat-based conversation.

Like any tool, AI and ChatGPT have advantages and disadvantages. We explore the pros and cons of using ChatGPT for high school students.

PROS

1. Access to information

ChatGPT offers an abundance of knowledge anytime and anywhere. It can provide guidance on a wide range of subjects, including explaining difficult concepts and giving insight into homework or assignments.

2. Personalised learning

ChatGPT can act as a virtual tutor to provide personalised learning guidance and support. This is beneficial as it can adapt to individual students' needs to provide explanations and suggest resources over and above what is available in their textbooks. Whether you prefer alternative learning methods, need extra help understanding a concept, or want a deeper understanding of the topic, ChatGPT can customise its feedback for you.

3. Enhances creative thinking

You can work with ChatGPT to expand your creative horizons and explore innovative solutions to tasks. The human-like responses from ChatGPT can help foster creative thinking by offering writing prompts, engaging in imaginative conversations and assisting in brainstorming ideas for homework and assignments.

4. Language proficiency and communication skills

Engaging with ChatGPT can improve your language proficiency and help develop your communication skills. The AI will provide vocabulary suggestions, correct sentence structure and grammar, and improve your writing skills. The more you use it, the better your writing will become, and you'll gain confidence in your ability to express yourself clearly.

CONS

1. Lack of critical thinking and independent learning

Even though ChatGPT can provide information, you should avoid becoming overly dependent on its use as it can hinder your independent thinking skills. You may miss out on the valuable process of researching, analysing, and solving problems on your own.

2. Inaccuracies or misleading information

AI models like ChatGPT do not think for themselves but are trained on vast amounts of data. If the data used to train ChatGPT contains misleading or biased information, the responses and answers will also contain these errors and inaccuracies. You should always actively seek diverse perspectives to ensure the information is accurate and reliable before using it.

3. Overreliance on technology

It's important to have a healthy balance between screen time and offline activities, such as face-to-face conversations and physical exercise. Many students already spend a significant amount of time with technology, and relying heavily on ChatGPT will hinder this balance further. While ChatGPT can simulate human-like conversations, it lacks emotional intelligence and the ability to understand the context the way humans do. Developing independent thinking and problem-solving skills is also essential for personal and professional growth.

4. Ethical considerations

All technology raises ethical questions surrounding privacy, data security, and potential misuse, and AI is no exception. When using ChatGPT, it collects and retains user data and information that is given to it. You should be mindful of the information they share and exercise caution when interacting with AI.

AI, exemplified by ChatGPT, offers numerous benefits for high school students to assist in their educational journey. It can offer assistance on various tasks, provide personalised learning experiences, and can foster creativity and language proficiency. However, you should always consider the limitations and potential drawbacks, such as the risk of reduced critical thinking, potential overreliance on technology and potential for inaccurate information. If you're using this technology, approach it with a balanced perspective by utilising the advantages while nurturing other essential skills and aspects of student development.

GRADE 10 LEARNER TURNS STYROFOAM POLLUTION INTO GLUE WITH CLEVER IDEA

By: Fahmeeda Zalgaonker

Zariah Parker, a Grade 10 learner at Star College Cape Town, is a budding young scientist with a keen mind for solving practical problems. Her latest research project looks at a solution to Styrofoam pollution, with the clever idea of turning the waste material into glue. We spoke to this young innovator to learn more about her work and achievements.

What was your project all about?

The idea for my project all started last year when my family bought a new fridge that was packaged with lots of Styrofoam. Styrofoam is non-biodegradable, occupies approximately 30% of landfills globally, and there is a lack of recycling options, which creates adverse effects on our environment.

I felt eager to find a solution to this pollution. I was determined to make a positive impact and contribute towards a more sustainable future. I came up with the idea of recycling the material by transforming it into glue through solvent dissolution. I read various books and internet resources to further my knowledge. I successfully tested my theory with acetone, D-limonene and petrol while monitoring properties such as dissolving time, glue quantity, drying time and adhesive strength.

Tell us more about the competitions that you entered.

I participated in the Eskom Expo for Young Scientists through my school and then entered a regional science fair in August 2022, at which I won a gold medal and received an award in the category of “Environmental Science”.

I then partook in the International Science Fair (ISF) in Johannesburg. I won another gold medal, plus the opportunity to attend a science camp sponsored by the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA).

Most recently, I had the privilege of representing South Africa along with three other students at the International Science

We talk to Zariah Parker, a 16-year-old student who's developed a clever solution to the problem of Styrofoam waste. Her project has won her gold medals at two international science fairs, and she is now working to develop her idea into a commercial product. She chats to Science Stars.

Technology and Engineering Competition (ISTEC) held in Bali, Indonesia in May 2023, at which I won a silver medal.

What skills and knowledge did you gain from your project?

Engaging in tons of research and experiments led me to participate in science competitions, which improved my critical thinking, teamwork and communication skills. It has inspired me to explore new avenues of sustainable research in the future and instilled in me a great sense of wonder and curiosity.

Any future plans for continuing your research?

I am particularly interested in further exploring the potential of D-limonene as a natural solvent for Styrofoam recycling. D-limonene (derived from lemon or orange peels) presents an exciting opportunity to address the issue of Styrofoam pollution and repurpose discarded citrus peels. I aim to develop my own source of this environmentally friendly solvent, which would contribute to sustainable waste reduction.

When did your interest in science all begin?

My love for science and technology all started in primary school, where the combination of engaging lessons, experiments and curiosity really excited me. My teachers were great at transforming complex scientific concepts into simple and enjoyable experiments, leaving me in awe and eager to develop a deeper understanding of the world.

Any memorable experiences that shaped your passion for science?

I often visited the Cape Town Science Centre during school holidays. I was always filled with anticipation for the fascinating and interactive displays on exhibition. It was a place where my imagination soared, and I could discover new things with hands-on experiments, interesting science lessons and meet many budding scientists.

Which aspects of STEM do you find particularly interesting?

Exploring the unknown is one of the most fascinating aspects for me. I find it quite thrilling to uncover new scientific cases and challenge existing theories. The idea of being at the forefront of discovery, pushing the boundaries of what we currently know and solving mysteries of the world fills me with a sense of purpose and excitement!

Any advice for students who are interested in pursuing their own STEM projects?

Embrace your curiosity and never stop asking questions because it is the best way to learn! Get involved with handson experiments, join STEM clubs and participate in fairs to get practical experience and meet like-minded people. Projects are not only about the final outcome - it is about the skills, knowledge and personal growth you gain along the way, so be open to welcoming challenges, celebrate successes and learn from every experience!

IT’S A FACT

By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

1 The global demand for STEM-related jobs is growing rapidly. In fact, it's estimated that 3.5 million jobs will need to be filled by 2025.

2

Out of all the students studying STEM subjects worldwide, only 35% are girls, highlighting the gender gap in STEM fields.

6 The first university in South Africa to offer STEM courses was the University of Cape Town (UCT). UCT has produced many notable STEM graduates, including Nobel laureates, entrepreneurs, and scientists.

7

Students in Malaysia and Tunisia are among the most likely to graduate in a STEM field. 3

Youth inventors and innovators submitted about 95 000 international patent applications from 2011 to 2020, according to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). This shows that young people have made a big impact on global innovation.

4 The African Development Bank says that Africa will need to create 12 million jobs every year for youth entering the workforce. They want to place a significant focus on STEM jobs to help the economy grow and drive innovation on the continent.

8 Forecasts indicate that there will be 850 million youth by 2050, and by 2063, young people will make up half of the 2 billion working-age population.

9 Fred Swaniker, a Ghanaian entrepreneur, is on a mission to develop three million young African leaders by 2035.

5 Employment in STEM occupations has grown 79% since 1990.

10 More than 50% of children entering primary school today will work in job types that do not yet exist. That's why it's so important for youth to learn STEM skills to help them adapt to these new and exciting jobs.

THE FUTURE IS TVET

By: Deeanne Daniels

Acommon misconception among many students looking to further their education is that TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) colleges do not offer the same value compared to other educational institutions, which is not the case. TVET colleges are excellent places to further students' education and develop crucial occupational or vocational skills in various fields, including science, technology, engineering, mathematics and many other roles in many sectors.

TVET colleges offer a wide range of benefits. The first and most notable one would be increased job opportunities since many TVET colleges partner with businesses to provide students with practical experience during their studies, which can be used on a CV, an advantage when applying to the workforce for the first time.

Many students opt for TVET colleges because they are more affordable than other tertiary institutions and more accessible

There's a perception that a university degree is the only path to a successful career. While this is true for some professions, there are many other high-paying and rewarding careers that can be pursued through TVET courses.

if the college offers online or distance learning opportunities. Another attractive benefit of TVET colleges is the handson experience most colleges offer students. In addition to gaining a qualification, TVET courses provide the opportunity to develop a variety of soft skills, which make students more marketable when it comes to finding a job.

Spotlight on College of Cape Town College of Cape Town is one of the 50 TVET colleges in South Africa. It offers a wide range of vocational education and training programmes across eight campuses, including automotive motor mechanics, graphic design, business studies, education and information technology. The college aims to provide intermediate to higher-level skills to support economic development and growth.

The College of Cape Town strives to create an environment that promotes learning and is easily accessible. As an alternative to General Education and Training, the courses offered by the College of Cape Town are said to lead to recognised, accredited qualifications in high demand by industry and commerce.

It has a few notable achievements for both the institution and their students. The Athlone campus was awarded the Centre of Specialisation (CoS) for Automotive Motor Mechanics in 2018 and is currently one of two countries running the programme. Earlier this year, Pinelands campus student Ridhaa Fisher represented South Africa at the WorldSkills Competition 2022 Special Edition in Nuremberg, Germany, in the 'Refrigeration and Air Conditioning' category. Ridhaa was the only student among eight other students from the college who went from the provincial team to nationals to represent South Africa.

Possible careers after studying at one of the College of Cape Town campuses include building, mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering, automotive mechanics, teachers, business managers, transport and logistics, computer science, web design and many more. Programmes offered by the College of Cape Town, like many TVET colleges, encourage self-learning, educate students on different career paths and promote independence and hands-on experience for future employment.

CARNARVON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS REPRESENT SOUTH AFRICA AT INTERNATIONAL ROBOTICS COMPETITION

travelling out of the country. "It was quite a fascinating experience. My team and I had the opportunity to travel to different countries, interact with different religions and meet new people," said Cadi.

The team stopped over in Dubai on their way back from Morroco to go to LegoLand and experience the advanced technology developments in the country.

"The competition was a lot of fun and stressful because it was our first time competing on an international stage, with a lot of teams from different countries. But I had a pleasant time with my team," added Cadi.

Seven students from Carnarvon High School, all in grades 9 and 10, went to an international robotics competition in Marrakech, Morocco and placed 33rd out of 66 teams. There were teams from 50 different countries that participated in the competition.

The FIRST LEGO League open competition occurred from 18 to 21 May 2023. The team consisted of Cadi Jann, Almay van Wyk, Revan de Wee, Winetro Lottering, Azalia Olivier, Shamira Slaverse and Tylor Mouers.

Educator at the school, Mr Wayne van Staden, who accompanied the students to the competition, explained: "Under the guidance of Mr Magabuko (robotics coordinator), we try to provide learners with the basic programming and building skills. After that, the learners need to figure out how to solve the Missions (problems)."

Carnarvon is situated in the Northern Cape, close to MeerKAT. MeerKAT is a radio telescope that is the precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), set to be the most sensitive radio telescope of its kind in the world.

According to the media release, the Robotics Schools Programme (which started in 2016), also known as the LEGO Schools Programme, is managed by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) Human Capacity Development department. Its aim is to develop and upskill students with STEM-related skills around the telescope's development.

For one of the participants, Cadi Jann, it was the first time

Upon their return, Northern Cape Premier, Zamani Saul, gifted each student a R10 000 cash prize. He said that Carnarvon was one of 100 schools in the province that offered coding and robotics, 15 of which are primary schools.

When asked about placing 33rd, Cadi said: "I am proud of what we achieved. I know my team and I did our best, but I know we can do better. We learned a lot as a team and will concentrate on correcting our mistakes for future competitions."

Cadi also said that once she matriculates, she hopes to study medicine and expressed that her participation in the robotics school programme is helping a lot with her Maths and Science subjects.

When asked about future plans for the school robotics team, Mr van Staden said: "The world is our oyster; we can do anything we wish for. We firmly believe we will do much better if the opportunity arises again."

For Cadi Jann, one of the participants, it was the first time travelling out of the country and "a fascinating experience".

By: Nadine Sims

BABESGOTBYTES: HOW THIS NPO IS HELPING GIRLS AND WOMEN SUCCEED IN THE IT INDUSTRY

Science Stars chats to Phindiwe Nqanqaru about her journey from being a young woman who didn't have access to coding education to co-founding an NPO that creates spaces where women and girls can be empowered through technology and innovation.

By: Nadine Sims

BabesGotBytes is a Cape Townbased NPO working on changing the face of the Information Technology (IT) industry. They are focused on training young girls and women to code.

Co-founder Phindiwe Nqanqaru is leading the pack by example. She is from a small town in the Eastern Cape called Elliot. She matriculated from a high school in Cape Town. Unfortunately, her results meant she could not qualify to further her tertiary education.

Coding and IT was foreign to her until her friend suggested she look into CodeX, where her journey into the technology industry started. CodeX is an educational institute that equips and teaches students various coding languages, with the only entry criteria being an NQF 4 or matric.

Nqanqaru explains that even at CodeX, she noticed that there were 50 students, and only seven of them were women. "When we would go to the tech companies and hackathons, you would see very few females," she said.

She believes that societal and cultural battles are still discouraging women and girls from pursuing careers in ICT and engineering. Even at a high school level, most students taking CAT (the computer subject at high school) are young males. This is why representation is important; when young women see other women excelling in the industry, they are more inclined to consider it a career option.

BabesGotBytes was established in 2019, and its main aim is to create spaces where women and girls can be impacted, empowered and transformed through technology and innovation. They are based in Gugulethu, Mfuleni and Mitchells Plain, with Khayelitsha coming on board soon.

The skills they are being equipped with are not only coding and IT-related but also general problem-solving and time management skills, and they are encouraged to be independent thinkers. "This we have seen, in turn, give them confidence when it comes to tackling big challenges not only in their training but also in their lives," Nqanqaru explained.

At first, the organisation didn't have the space, funding or resources to set their dream into motion. They then approached a school in Gugulethu and asked to use their computer lab for their classes. They agreed, and that is where they started working.

It was quite a busy year for Nqanqaru. When she started BabesGotBytes, she was also offered a job as an intern. So during the week, she would work as an intern training staff

and afterschool students who came to CodeX to learn to code. On weekends, she would switch her focus to BabesGotBytes.

Currently, there is an afterschool programme for those still in high school and a full-time programme for older students. There are also no criteria for entry – your background, experience or qualification is not considered. They welcome everyone that they see who wants to really upskill themselves.

The organisation also hosts a monthly workshop where they visit different communities in the province, teaching them basic computer skills. The initial two-hour session is not done on a computer, but they use pseudo-games, which is using a computer without using a computer.

Currently, the organisation does not have direct funding and is still applying for funding. They have specific organisations that support them, like the German company TYPO3 which donates used laptops and contributes toward data costs.

In 2021 BabesGotBytes was a top 10 Youth Start Winner, which is acknowledged by the City of Cape Town. Additionally, last year, Nqanqaru was selected by Google to be a Women Tech Ambassador.

The long-term goal is for BabesGotBytes to expand and be a fully-equipped technology school that will teach various courses. At the moment, the current courses are focused on web development, robotics, UI and UX design. The plan is to branch out and add more skills and languages to the offering. There are also hopes of expanding into the Eastern Cape.

When asked what advice she would give young women looking to break into the tech industry, Nqanqaru said: "To all the young girls out there who are interested in pursuing a career in the tech industry, go for it with full determination and confidence. Don't let anyone or anything hold you back from pursuing your dreams. The tech industry is open to individuals of all genders, and your unique perspective and skills can contribute immensely to its growth and innovation."

Matric results are important, but if you are feeling discouraged about your results, know that you have a place in the technology industry. Nqanqaru advised: "The tech industry is now more focused on what a person can do than just a certificate. They welcome young talents with just a Matric, and many organisations and communities are dedicated to supporting women in tech, such as BabesGotBytes, CodeX, GirlCode etc."

"The tech industry needs your voices, ideas, and creativity. Together, we can create a more inclusive and diverse tech landscape," Nqanqaru added.

For more information about BabesGotBytes or to get in contact with them, visit: BabesGotBytes.org

CRACK THE CODE: 10 STEM RIDDLES TO TEST YOUR BRAINPOWER!

1. I am a gas that is helpful to plants, but I cannot be bought at a gas station. What am I?

2. I can rush, I can be still, I can be hot, I can be cold, I can be hard, I can slip through almost anything. What am I?

3. I am bigger than Venus but smaller than Uranus. I am a living rock. What am I??

4. What can be measured, but has no length, width, or height?

5. What is black when you buy it, red when you use it, and gray when you throw it away?

6. What is full of holes but still holds water?

7. You cannot see me, I cannot be touched, you cannot feel me, but I can cook your lunch!

8. I have a mouth but can’t chew. Who am I?

9, I am the toe that every scientist would love to have as their own, yet there has never been a single person who has had a toe that everyone agreed is the best. What kind of toe am I?

10. I can be good for you, I can be bad, I can be found all over inside and outside your body. I am microscopic, single-celled and have no nucleus. What am I?

Catch the answers in the next issue!

SPACE AND ASTRONOMY FULL DOME DIGITAL THEATER

BOOK NOW AND EXPLORE

Sutherland Planetarium is located in the centre of Sutherland en route to the Southern African Large Telescope. It is the latest and only privately owned Digital Planetarium in South Africa.

The 30-seater Planetarium is open 7 days a week showcasing a wide range (54) of 3-D Fulldome films to ensure educational entertainment for the whole family.

GET IN TOUCH

HOURS

Monday - Saturday: Hourly shows (09:00-18:00)

Sunday: 09:00-11:00 (Only long weekend and seasonal)

SHOW FEES

Daily: R80 per adult / R50 per child (under 12 years )

CONTACT US

Phone/ WhatsApp: +27 78 603 0058

Email: info@sutherlandplanetarium.co.za

Walk among the stars and learn more about Sutherland’s incredibly clear night skies!

Corner of Piet Retief Street and Sarel Cilliers Street

Sutherland, 6920

Northern Cape

South Africa

Bloemfontein

CENTRE OF ATTENTION: Sci-Ed

The University of the Free State's (UFS) new Science Education Centre (Sci-Ed) is a state-of-the-art facility designed to inspire future scientists and mathematicians. The centre is home to interactive exhibits and experiences that will engage learners of all ages.

By: Deeanne Daniels

The future of science and mathematics looks even more promising as the University of the Free State (UFS) officially opened its Science Education Centre (Sci-Ed) in December 2022. The Sci-Ed building is the only science education centre in central South Africa, located on the Bloemfontein campus.

Sci-Ed, part of the Faculty of Education, houses interactive exhibits to evoke questions that enhance learning and stimulate discussions among learners, student teachers, in-service teachers and the general public.

During the opening of Sci-Ed, Rector and Vice-Chancellor of UFS, Professor Francis Petersen, said that universities are all about interactive spaces like the Science Education Centre and believes that these are the spaces where initiatives and innovations are created to tackle the science of the future, as per News24.

When discussing the role of universities in society, Petersen said: "Universities are places that evolve continuously, and this centre is an excellent example".

The MEC for the Department of Education in the Free State, Dr Tate Makgoe, agreed that the community should feel the impact of universities. "I am inspired to know this facility is open to the public. The government will be the main beneficiary of this science centre, and we will use it profitably. Among others, I will send our Foundation Phase teachers here," he said.

Dr Cobus van Breda, manager of Sci-Ed and director of Sciencefor-the-Future, an initiative that the UFS Faculty of Education hosts to address challenges of science and mathematics teaching and learning in South Africa, explained that the project implements mathematics and science teachers' professional development and outreach programmes all over the country.

The Sci-Ed building will be open to the public through outreach programmes and formal and non-formal visits to the centre, which the community can use.

Sci-Ed was designed to accommodate essential elements of a modern science education centre and is an extension of the Winkie Direko Building. The building is about creating an intellectual space indoors and outdoors to encourage staff, students and the community to interact with science.

Origins Centre Origins Centre

Origins Centre is a world-class museum in Johannesburg, South Africa. The museum provides visitors with an experience of Africa’s extraordinary, rich and complex heritage, with exhibits that take visitors on a journey through the African pastcelebrating indigenous innovation, art and culture.

Guests can enjoy a range of offerings from temporary exhibitions, workshops and lectures to augmented reality experiences, guided tours and interactive family activities. The museum offers unique event spaces for conferences, dinners, awards ceremonies and workshops.

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