JAWWA journal | May 2018 by Scott A. McPherson

May 2018 Volume 110 Number 5

2018 A.P. Black Award Recipient: Charles N. Haas p. 36 ALSO IN THIS ISSUE:

Finlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Water Services Development and Governance Tracking Water Utility Drought in Northern Climates Emerging Innovative Water Technologies in the United States Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water

American Water Works Association

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On Water & Works KE NNE TH L . M E RCER

MAY 2018 • Vol. 110, No. 5

Do We Do That?

EDITORIAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

uring a presentation at AWWA’s Annual Conference & Exposition (ACE) a couple of years ago, the person sitting in front of me turned to her coworker and asked, “Do we do that?” I wondered, was she talking about something they should be doing, or was she talking about something they should ensure that they absolutely should not ever do? Frankly, it doesn’t really matter—what was important was that the knowledge exchanged during the presentation prompted questions, and one can assume that further dialogue either led to potential improvements or more confidence in current methods. Effective knowledge exchange and constructive communication are vital to maintain stability in the water industry and to encourage its evolution. For both individuals and organizations, knowledge transfer includes at least two parts: direct personal experience and the second-hand experience of others. Focusing on the latter, water professionals at all levels should make concerted efforts to share their knowledge with colleagues, decision-makers, and influencers. Researchers and innovators particularly need to connect with those who are likely to use their findings, not only to share their results but also to receive critical feedback and advice. Please share your ideas and knowledge with your professional networks in whatever manner best suits your skills, whether published as original research in the peer-reviewed literature, as a utility’s operational experience in the pages of Opflow, or in the proceedings of a conference with an accompanying live presentation. Wherever possible, use professional networks and educational institutions to foster cross-sector cooperation and invite broad community and stakeholder involvement that can result in support for current policies, procedures, and practices—or identify areas where these can be improved. Perhaps you are a knowledge broker within your organization, reading the literature and attending conferences with subsequent dissemination to decision-makers and influencers within your community. Building institutional capacity in this way requires both freedom and curiosity, which are actively encouraged in forward-looking agencies. Finding time can be challenging, but do the best with the time you have. And as new knowledge and guidance come your way, always question the source’s quality; it’s really your duty to ask questions where there is doubt or concern (e.g., do we do that?). This month’s Journal AWWA highlights Charles Haas, AWWA’s 2018 A.P. Black Research Award recipient and water research giant (page 36). Significant original research this month includes a critical review of water quality following cured-in-place pipe repairs (page 15), an evaluation of ion-exchange brine regeneration (page 33), an examination of innovation in the water technology industry (page 34), and a review of the emerging contaminant hexavalent chromium in drinking water (page 35). Feature articles include in-depth discussions of water management using peak-day water demand (page 42) and an overview of water services development and governance in Finland (page 50). Please consider submitting your original research and practical perspectives for publication in Journal AWWA to better connect the water industry. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1075

ON WAT E R & W ORKS | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5

| J O U R N A L AWWA

Editor-In-Chief

Kenneth L. Mercer, PhD

Senior Editorial Manager

Kimberly J. Retzlaff

Senior Technical Editor

Maureen Peck

Contributing Editors

Carina Stanton

Jenifer F. Walker

Kelly Watkins

Chief Executive Officer

David B. LaFrance

Deputy Chief Executive Officer

Paula MacIlwaine

Director of Publishing

Zsolt G. Silberer

Publishing Coordinator

Cindy Uba

JOHN WILEY & SONS Editor

Donna Petrozzello

Art Director

Scott A. McPherson

Publisher

Lisa Dionne Lento

Journal - American Water Works Association (ISSN print 0003-150X electronic: 1551-8833) is published monthly on behalf of the American Water Works Association by Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., a Wiley Company, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 USA. Periodicals postage paid at Hoboken, N.J., and additional mailing offices. Neither AWWA nor Wiley assume responsibility for opinions or statements of facts expressed by contributors or advertisers, and editorials do not necessarily represent official policies of the association or the publisher. Copyright © 2018 by American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Telephone (303) 794-7711, e-mail journal@awwa.org. Printed in the United States by Sheridan, Hanover, N.H. PRODUCTION Senior Production Editor

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TERRITORY SALES MANAGERS Southeast US, Colorado, Asia, Latin America Pam Fithian: (303) 347-6138 pfithian@awwa.org Northeast US, Eastern Canada Ryan Fugler: (303) 347-6238 rfugler@awwa.org Midwest US, Western Canada, Europe, Israel Nancy Mortvedt: (303) 734-3442 nmortvedt@awwa.org Western US, Texas, Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico Kathy Smith: (303) 347-6237 ksmith@awwa.org

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Two column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2 column width = 39p9) Two column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2 column width = 39p9)

MAY 2018 VOLUME 110 NUMBER 5

FIGURE 1

Generic schematic showing possible chemical emissions into the air while cured-in-place pipes are being installed for sanitary sewer pipe (A) and storm sewer pipe (B)

Schematic of proposed IEX system with brine reuse, with or without intermediate treatment

Top 10 NAICS codes for companies awarded SBIR grants in wat 20%

Intermediate treatment

Peer Reviewed 15

Clean resin Spent resin

IEX—anion-form ion exchange

Evaluating Options for Regenerant Brine Reuse in Magnetic Ion Exchange Systems

Anion-form ion exchange is a promising method for removing dissolved organic Critical Review: Surface Water carbon in drinking water treatment, and and Stormwater Quality Impacts regenerant brine reuse could be a way to of Cured-in-Place Pipe Repairs address the high costs of brine disposal in anion exchange systems. This Incidents of water contamination have research aimed to lay an empirical sparked concern about health hazards partment; utilities, engineering ﬁrms, and contractors during an Illinois sanitary sewer CIPP installation trigfor making decisions about linked to the use ofis cured-in-place pipe uld not tell residents the exposures are safe. There gered a federal investigation (Peterson 2017). Afoundation study credible testing data for all CIPP installation scenarby Teimouri et al. (2017) revealed a lack of independent regenerant brine management. (CIPP) for sanitary sewer, storm sewer, ” (CDPH 2017b). In October, a worksite fatality third-party, peer-reviewed data about chemical and drinking water pipe repairs. This Beverly Medina, Treavor Boyer, study focused on chemical emissions from and Katrina Indarawis CIPP for storm sewer repairs, examining CIPP-related surface water contamination, CIPP water quality impacts, construction 34 practices for CIPP installations, and Approaches to Identifying various guidance documents. the Emerging Innovative Water Kyungyeon Ra, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Technology Industry in the Teimouri Sendesi, John A. Howarter, Chad T. Jafvert, Bridget M. Donaldson, United States and Andrew J. Whelton This article explores approaches to identify and track the water industry, alternative data sources to North American Industry Classification System code data, and emerging mapping tools that may lead to new methods for quantifying and mapping activity in the water technology industry. Allison R. Wood, Teresa Harten, and Sally C. Gutierrez

The type and magnitude of emissions may depend on the materials used, installation practices, environmental, and site conditions.

R A E T AL . | M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | J O UR N AL AW W A

45%

12%

Resin regeneration

Treated water

IEX treatment

Spent brine

Clean brine

Raw water

FIGURE 1

541712 - Researc Engineering, and 541330 - Enginee 541711 - Researc 541620 - Environ 541910 - Marketin 541511 - Custom 541618 - Other M 334516 - Analytic 541512 - Comput Other

5% 4%

NAICS—North American Industry Classification System, SBIR—Small Business Innovation Res

Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water Because assessing the risk of chromium in drinking water is complex, this article provides the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action. These are factors on which agencies base drinking water limits for total chromium. The authors suggest a threshold approach is appropriate for the risk assessment of chromium in drinking water. Ivy Moffat, Nadia Martinova, Chad Seidel, and Chad M. Thompson

Write for the Journal

Journal AWWA is seeking peerreviewed and feature articles. Find submission guidelines at www.awwa.org/submit.

MAY 2018 VOLUME 110 NUMBER 5

42 Feature Articles 36

Charles N. Haas Named 2018 A.P. Black Research Award Recipient The 2018 recipient of the A.P. Black Research Award, Charles Haas, participated in an interview with Journal AWWA editor-in-chief Ken Mercer to discuss his research background, teaching philosophies, interest in risk mitigation and public health, and more. Charles N. Haas and Kenneth L. Mercer

Peak Day Water Demand Management Study Heralds Innovation, Connection, Cooperation This article, based on a report for a study conducted for the Alliance for Water Efficiency, presents the approach of using centralized, remote irrigation control to manage water demands during peak irrigation times, manage costs and capacity challenges, and keep customers happy. Peter Mayer, Margaret Hunter, and Rebecca Smith

Finland rates high in international comparisons of water and environmental management despite its water-related challenges. This article describes changes in the country’s operational environment, the current and future social importance of water services, and some important issues for long-term development. Tapio S. Katko

This article walks through the steps for estimating the risks from exposure to Giardia and viruses in drinking water. The original article appeared in Journal AWWA in November 1991 (Vol. 83, No. 11, pp. 76–84). Stig Regli, Joan B. Rose, Charles N. Haas, and Charles P. Gerba

Water Services Development and Governance in Finland

Pages From the Past: Modeling the Risk From Giardia and Viruses in Drinking Water

Water Utility Drought Tracking in Northern Climates Water utilities need to monitor drought indicators and develop a detailed response and communications plan for dealing with water shortages. This article describes some drought management and demand reduction plans developed for water utilities in the US Northern Plains region. Jacob D. Strombeck, Scott Jungwirth, and Matthew G. Erickson

May 2018 Volume 110 Number 5

American Water Works Association

2018 A.P. Black Award Recipient: Charles N. Haas p. 36 ALSO IN THIS ISSUE:

Finland’s Water Services Development and Governance Tracking Water Utility Drought in Northern Climates Emerging Innovative Water Technologies in the United States Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water

My Library in Practice Management training is necessary at all levels to instill best practices. Several leadership books have provided the author management insights, three of which are discussed in this article. Books like these can be helpful to building a leadership-focused culture. Colton Janes

On the cover: Dr. Charles N. Haas, winner of AWWA’s 2018 A.P. Black Research Award, at his office at Drexel University in Philadelphia. Photograph by Gini Alvord

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Columns and Departments

2 On Water & Works Do We Do That? 12 Open Channel Level 6B: Defeat Day Zero, Part 2 73 ACE18 Special Advertising Section 87 Industry News 92 People in the News 94 AWWA Section Meetings

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD Andrew D. Eaton (chair) Dulcy M. Abraham Joseph J. Bernosky Dominic Boccelli David E. Bracciano David Cornwell Joseph A. Cotruvo Christopher S. Crockett Steven Duranceau Richard W. Gullick Charles D. Hertz Karl G. Linden Darren A. Lytle Joan A. Oppenheimer Christine A. Owen Theresa R. Slifko John E. Tobiason SUBSCRIPTIONS: A subscription to Journal AWWA is a benefit for most AWWA memberships. For questions regarding membership, e-mail membership@awwa.org or call 303-794-7711. The annual subscription rates are for print only: $296 (US), £249 (UK), €297 (Europe), $320 (international); for electronic only: $296 (US), £249 (UK), €297, $320 (international); and for print and electronic: $370 (US), £312 (UK), €372 (Europe), $400 (international). For questions regarding subscriptions, contact Wiley subscription agents via e-mail cs-agency@wiley.com or by telephone: Americas +1 781-388-8597; Europe, Middle East, and Africa +44 (0)1865 778054; Asia Pacific +65 6511 8200. CUSTOMER SERVICE INQUIRIES: Contact Wiley customer service via e-mail at cs-journals@wiley.com or by telephone: Americas (toll free) +1 800-835-6770; Europe, Middle East, and Africa +44 (0)1865778315; Asia Pacific +65 6511 8000. MISSING ISSUES: For problems with receipt of issues, AWWA members should contact AWWA Customer Service Group at (800) 926-7337 or service@awwa.org. Nonmember subscribers should contact Wiley Customer Service for assistance. Claims for missing issues must be submitted upon receipt of the following issue. Allow 90 days for change-of-address notification. INDEXING: Indexed regularly by Chemical Abstracts, Compendex, Pollution Abstracts, Water Resources Abstracts, Environmental Science & Pollution Management, and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. CODEN: JAWWA5

95 Product Spotlight 96 Standards Official Notice 96 Future AWWA Events 97 Buyers’ Resource Guide 120 List of Advertisers

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Journal AWWA, American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 802353098. Telephone (303) 794-7711; fax (303) 794-7310; e-mail journal@ awwa.org. BACK ISSUES: For any Journal AWWA article from Jan. 1, 2017, to the present, or to order back issues up to 12 months old, contact Wiley customer service. REPRINTS AND PERMISSIONS: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means and without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Permissions to reproduce copyrighted material from Wiley are handled through the RightsLink® automated permissions service. To request permission to reuse specific content, navigate to the article on Wiley Online Library and select “Request Permissions.” For technical queries contact customercare@copyright.com. For questions about the permitted uses of a specific article, contact us at permissions@wiley.com. For general information on reprints and reprint orders, e-mail commercialreprints@wiley.com. EXECUTIVE, EDITORIAL, PRODUCTION, & ADVERTISING OFFICES 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235 (303) 794-7711 e-mail: journal@awwa.org www.awwa.org A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

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Flip-Gasket Coupling Eases Pipe Repair A South Carolina water utility streamlines diverse pipe-repair projects with Krausz USA’s HYMAX 2 coupling.

ark Edwards is the repair supervisor for Grand Strand Water & Sewer Authority, a utility that serves approximately 90,000 customers in Horry, Marion, and Georgetown counties in South Carolina and Columbus County in North Carolina. The area’s water and sewer infrastructure contain a wide variety of pipes made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ductile iron, steel, and asbestos-cement (AC) in many sizes. The pipes also differ considerably in age, with some of them dating back 60 years or more.

THE PROBLEM In early 2017, Edwards was alerted to a broken AC pipe, most likely resulting from a ground shift during cold winter weather. The pipe required a section to be cut out, replaced with PVC pipe, and connected with two 8-in. couplings. Edwards needed to join two pipes made from different materials, plus he needed a coupling that could make the The HYMAX 2’s no-tear flip repair quickly gasket allows installers to more to minimize efficiently install and adjust the downtime and gasket’s size as required. return water

service as soon as possible. He also wanted the repair to last.

THE SOLUTION Edwards decided to connect the AC pipe with Krausz USA’s HYMAX 2 coupling. A new version of the original HYMAX, the HYMAX 2 has a no-tear flip gasket that can be adjusted to fit larger and smaller pipe diameters, ensuring efficient installation. Edwards used a chain break cutter to cut out the damaged pipe section, allowing it to break cleanly and avoid environmental risks. The HYMAX 2 is a stabfit coupling, which enables fast, safe installation. With the section cut out, Edwards’ crew slid two HYMAX 2 couplings onto the PVC pipe and put them in place between the AC pipe, then tightened the couplings quickly with their two top-facing bolts. The entire repair took less than three hours to complete. The HYMAX 2 coupling has a working pressure of 260 psi and meets or exceeds AWWA C21917, NSF 61, and NSF 372 standards. The center ring is made of grade A steel, with the end ring made of grade C steel. The gaskets are made from ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, which is compounded for water and sewage and meets international standards for contact with drinking water. The bridge is made of stainless steel, and the coupling is coated with 100%

fusion-bonded epoxy for enhanced corrosion protection. Nuts and bolts are also made of stainless steel with a rolled thread and go through a unique dry treatment process, Molecular Anti-Galling (MAG), based on embedded zinc. MAG technology eliminates the need to grease bolts and the effects of dirt and sand, preventing galling and enabling repeated bolt tightening.

WHY HYMAX 2? Edwards cited several reasons why he went with the HYMAX 2. HYMAX’s reputation. After years of experience using different repair couplings, Edwards has found that HYMAX couplings are the most reliable and easiest to install. “We had a number of experiences with other couplings, but we’ve found that HYMAXs just work best,” said Edwards. “Some people use the HYMAXs for exceptional circumstances, but we found their ease of installation and wide range made them worth having in standard supply at our warehouse, with couplings ranging from 2 to 12 in.” Ease of installation and increased safety. The HYMAX 2 has only two top-facing bolts to tighten, allowing Edwards’ crew to install the coupling quickly without digging under the pipe for space to tighten the bolts. With fewer bolts to tighten, crews spend less time in the ditch, thereby minimizing safety risks. The HYMAX 2 is also

After years of experience using different couplings, Grand Strand Water & Sewer Authority has found that HYMAX couplings are the most reliable and easiest to install.

lightweight, which further allows for easy installation with minimum manpower. Exceptionally wide range. The HYMAX 2 has an exceptional range of 1.3 in. and can connect pipes for a variety of different materials. Compared with other couplings, which are rangededicated and limited to a single pipe size, the HYMAX 2 has much greater flexibility, allowing installers to make repairs as they uncover pipes in a ditch. High durability. The HYMAX 2 is durable and offers a long-term repair solution. The coupling can absorb post-installation dynamic pipe deflection of up to 4 degrees on each end to absorb pressure on a pipe because of ground shift and changing temperatures. Such

deflection helps reduce the risk of damage and cracking while saving resources on future pipe repairs. The patented hydraulically assisted gasket features two-stage sealing: mechanical sealing effective under vacuum or nonpressure, and a self-inflated gasket that uses water pressure. Cost savings. The HYMAX 2 suits a wide range of pipe diameters, replacing the need to use dedicated products and reducing inventory costs and shelf space. “Maintaining inventory with the right products for the repair is easy when stocking HYMAX couplings,” explained Edwards. “If there’s a repair that needs to be made, a HYMAX will take care of it without taking up too much space in our warehouse.”

VALUABLE FEATURES The HYMAX 2 offers many features that helped Edwards make the repair. The product’s no-tear flip gasket allows installers to more efficiently install and more easily adjust the size of the gasket as required. The HYMAX 2 is also durable, and its dynamic deflection helps absorb stresses caused by shifting ground. With its two top-facing bolts, workers don’t have to dig under the pipe to tighten bolts and can install the couplings fast to minimize ditch time and help ensure worker safety. Finally, the coupling’s capacity to fix a wide range of piping materials and outside diameters allows utilities to minimize inventory space and reduce costs.

Open Channel DAVID B. L a FRANCE, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Level 6B: Defeat Day Zero, Part 2

n March this column focused on the epic drought in Cape Town, South Africa. At that time, Day Zero—the day water service would be shut off— was imminent and inevitable. Now Day Zero has been postponed to 2019. To many of us, the length of the postponement seems unbelievable—how could something so dire suddenly be delayed for so long? Wondering about this, I had the good fortune of connecting with some of Cape Town’s governmental water leaders, who were kind enough to answer my many questions. Here is what I have learned. The drought is still in full force. The postponement of Day Zero in no way means Cape Town is out of its drought. This is the third year of the drought, and right now what are referred to as Level 6B water restrictions are in place. These restrictions limit Capetonians to only 50 L (13 gal) of water per person per day for all uses—drinking, cooking, flushing, showers, pets, etc. This minimal daily amount is hard for many of us to imagine. At least three drivers led to the postponement of Day Zero. First, the urban reduction in water consumption was significant. Second, the city’s water supply is shared with agricultural users, and for three of them, the supply was capped, making that water available for residents. Third, a neighbor, the Groenland Water Users Association, released 10 billion L of its supply to Cape Town. The biggest bet in postponing Day Zero is the expectation that, because Cape Town is now entering its rainy season (roughly April through September), rain will provide some relief. While models show that with absolutely no rain, Day Zero will occur in mid-July 2018, the assumption of no rain is deemed unrealistic if not irresponsible. Projections for Day Zero now use conservative and reasonable estimates of rainfall, augmentation, evaporation, and low water usage. If these assumptions pan out, the models predict that Cape Town can keep its reservoirs above 13.5% of capacity—the trigger for Day Zero—and get close to mid-year 2019 and the next rainy season. Along the way, Cape Town officials have made some key public policy decisions. The first is to communicate with transparency. For example, in March I mentioned their fantastic website, but their Twitter feeds and Facebook page are equally informative. Their transparent decision-making extends to the bold choice to trust the data and announce—but not promise—Cape Town can get to 2019. Also, city officials have used two tactics that I think some other communities would think twice about; but, speaking candidly, desperate times call for desperate 12

OPE N CHAN N E L | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

measures. The first was to lower the water pressure in the city’s system. This slowed the flow of water and helped reduce usage, but not without periods of no water in some areas. They also used GIS mapping technology to plot household usage for their customers. This allows customers to check on their consumption, as well as that of their neighbors, to see who is complying with the restrictions. This historic drought—some conclude it is a one-in-athousand-year event—also raises several environmental, social, and economic issues. Environmentally, experts are attributing the severity of the drought to climate change. Socially, the economic spectrum of Cape Town is significantly broad, and the drought has raised concerns about water equity, especially for those living in “informal communities.” Informal communities are inhabited by disadvantaged citizens who live in shack-type dwellings and get their water from a standpipe. Finally, tourism is important to Cape Town’s economy. The drought has reduced the demand to visit Cape Town, and this has wide-ranging economic consequences. The media also have been fickle. Perhaps you have seen photos of Capetonians standing in line to fill water jugs. This creates the false impression that the long lines are because tap water has been turned off. The reality is, these citizens are filling their jugs at natural springs. The water demand has increased at these springs, but taps have not been shut off because Day Zero has not occurred. Sadly, it seems to me, the announcement that Day Zero is delayed removed the media’s urgency to report on this important water story, which in turn contributes to the misperception that the drought is over. Cape Town is operating on a slim water margin—there is no debate about it. Impressively, the water leaders are trusting the data projection and using the results to make brave strategic decisions for their community. They are far from being out of the woods, they are balancing many complicated community policies, and they are counting on the assistance of Mother Nature. Let’s all hope for rain. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1076

Write for the Journal

Journal AWWA is currently seeking peerreviewed and feature articles. Find submission guidelines at www.awwa.org/submit.

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PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES The following section contains this issue’s peer-reviewed, original research content. Each month we print the full version of at least one article, along with the expanded summaries of additional peerreviewed articles that appear in their entirety on the Journal AWWA website (www.awwa.org/journal). There are several advantages to publishing your research in Journal AWWA:

OPEN ACCESS

EARLY VIEW

All research articles published Online Open are immediately freely available to read, download, and share. Authors can select the option that works best for their research after acceptance. Some benefits of publishing Online Open include fast efficient publication, quality and authoritative Open Access publishing support, article and institutional-level metrics, and easy sharing.

The Early View service presents full-text, peer-reviewed, copyedited articles as soon as they are complete, before the release of the compiled print issue. Articles are posted following receipt of the author’s corrected proofs. They include all figures and tables and are fully citable. Every Early View article carries an online publication date and a DOI for citations.

LONGER REVIEW ARTICLES Journal AWWA will consider articles that exceed its standard limits for text length and number of graphical elements to sufficiently present comprehensive reviews of subject areas.

COOPERATION WITH AWWA CONFERENCES AND EVENTS If you’ve made a presentation at an AWWA conference and would like to publish your findings in Journal AWWA, there are no copyright barriers to doing so. Material that has been presented at an AWWA conference may be reused as part of AWWA publications.

Journal AWWA submission guidelines can be accessed online at www.awwa.org/submit. Questions regarding manuscript submissions can be directed to the editor-in-chief at journaleditor@awwa.org.

Join notable researchers in the pages of Journal AWWA

Haas

Lawler

14 MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 : 5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

Weber Jr.

Rose

Edzwald

Suffet

Cleasby

Peer Reviewed

Critical Review: Surface Water and Stormwater Quality Impacts of Cured-In-Place Pipe Repairs KYUNGYEON RA,1 SEYEDEH MAHBOOBEH TEIMOURI SENDESI,2 JOHN A. HOWARTER,3 CHAD T. JAFVERT,1,2 BRIDGET M. DONALDSON,4 AND ANDREW J. WHELTON1,2

Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 3 School of Materials Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 4 Research Division, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va. 2

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology has been used to rehabilitate sanitary sewer, storm sewer, and drinking water pipes. However, utilities, regulators, and health ofﬁcials have raised environmental, occupational, and public health concerns regarding chemical emissions into air and water. To better understand emissions into water, available literature was reviewed. Water contamination has been documented in 10 states and Canada because of the release of uncured resin, solvents, manufacturing byproducts, and wastes during and after construction. Odor, ﬁsh kill, and drinking water

contamination incidents have been reported. The few ﬁeld- and bench-scale studies available show that a variety of volatile organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds have been released into water and contamination was detected for several months. CIPP waste was acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. Chemical release is likely inﬂuenced by formulation, installation, and environmental conditions. CIPP installation and inspection recommendations were suggested. Studies are needed to develop evidence-based construction and monitoring practices to minimize risks.

Keywords: cured-in-place pipe, leaching, plastic pipe, rehabilitation

Cured-in-place pipes (CIPPs) are increasingly being installed to repair sanitary sewer, storm sewer, and drinking water pipes (Stratview Research Inc. 2017). The CIPP installation process was invented in the 1970s (Wood 1979, 1977) and involves the chemical manufacture of a new plastic pipe inside an existing damaged pipe (Figure 1). This in situ process helps avoid opentrench excavation, damaged pipe replacement, and roadway shutdowns (Piratla & Pang 2017, Morrison et al. 2013). Because many pipes across the United States need to be repaired, CIPP technology use is expected to increase in coming years (Stratview Research Inc. 2017). Utilities, regulators, and health ofﬁcials recently have raised concerns regarding chemical emission occurring during and after CIPP installation. In July 2017, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) issued a safety alert (Figure 2) on the basis of their own

investigation of residential building chemical contamination caused by a CIPP sanitary sewer installation (CDPH 2017a). Also in July, a CIPP air testing study described 59 publicly reported, unique air contamination incidents (Teimouri et al. 2017). Some incidents involved complaints of odors, whereas others involved associated health symptoms, including incidents in which people were administered medical assistance at schools, day care centers, ofﬁces, or residences. Additional air contamination incidents were reported at elementary schools and/or residential buildings in California, Indiana, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania (De la Batisde 2017, Kelly 2017, Kennedy 2017, Landstra 2017, Saunders & Boone 2017, Staff 2017). In September 2017, the CDPH issued a second statement about CIPP that included “Persons who detect an odor and experience health symptoms… should contact their medical provider and local health

R A E T AL .| M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | JO UR N A L A WW A © 2018 The Authors. Journal - American Water Works Association published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Water Works Association This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

FIGURE 1

Generic schematic showing possible chemical emissions into the air while cured-in-place pipes are being installed for sanitary sewer pipe (A) and storm sewer pipe (B)

The type and magnitude of emissions may depend on the materials used, installation practices, environmental, and site conditions.

department; utilities, engineering ﬁrms, and contractors should not tell residents the exposures are safe. There is no credible testing data for all CIPP installation scenarios” (CDPH 2017b). In October, a worksite fatality 16

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during an Illinois sanitary sewer CIPP installation triggered a federal investigation (Peterson 2017). A study by Teimouri et al. (2017) revealed a lack of independent third-party, peer-reviewed data about chemical

FIGURE 2

Public statements issued by the California Department of Public Health: July 2017 (A) and September 2017 (B)

(A)

(B)

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emissions into the air. In addition to Teimouri et al. (2017), only four other studies have described air monitoring (Ajdari 2016, ATSDR 2005, Bauer & McCartney 2004, AirZone Inc. 2001). More work is needed to understand the type and magnitude of emissions as well as the short- and long-term health impacts of exposure. Chemical release into water is also a concern. Six years ago, a review of 14 state transportation agencies by the California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) was conducted. The study indicated four states (New York, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington) reported water quality issues, and styrene release into waterways was the most reported problem (CTC & Associates LLC 2012). CIPP installations can also generate wastes, and these materials have been associated with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) upsets (Sullo 2012, Henry 2007). At one point, some New York WWTPs banned the discharge of CIPP wastewater to the sanitary sewer (Silcuna 2010). Two organizations concluded that CIPP wastewater could be discharged to the sanitary sewer if its styrene concentration was less than 2 (Loendorf & Waters 2009) and 0.4 mg/L (MENP 2004), respectively. Styrene is a common chemical used in the manufacture of some CIPPs, is “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen” (USNTP 2011), and is toxic to aquatic organisms at more than 0.072 mg/L (USEPA 2006). However, styrene is not the only chemical that can be released from CIPP installations. The type and magnitude of chemicals released is likely formulation dependent and influenced by installation and environmental conditions. While styrene-based resins are popular, nonstyrene resins also are available (Doherty et al. 2017). Concerns about chemical emission from storm sewer pipe repairs have previously prompted temporary CIPP technology bans in Virginia (Griffin 2008), California (CTC & Associates LLC 2012), and Canada (McLuckie 2011). To understand the potential for chemical emission during and after a CIPP installation, knowledge of the installation process is needed. For CIPP installations, raw chemicals and materials are transported to the worksite. Vinyl ester and polyester resins often are used for gravity sewer CIPPs, whereas epoxy is used for force mains because of the added strength it provides (NASSCO Inc. 2011). Drinking water CIPPs have historically used epoxy resins, and manufacturers have submitted epoxy products for Standard 61 testing (Matthews et al. 2012a, 2012b). The uncured resin tubes generally are constructed of felt and/or reinforcing fiber. Sometimes these fabrics have coatings (i.e., polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride). Thermally cured materials are also often transported in refrigerated trucks, but ultraviolet (UV)-cured materials do not have this same transportation requirement. Once 18

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onsite, the uncured resin tube is set in place by applying pressurized air inside the resin tube so that it expands and contacts the inner pipe walls. For some installations, the resin is manually inserted into the resin tube on site. A CIPP is created after the tube is hardened by either thermal (hot water or steam) or UV light-curing methods (Doherty et al. 2017). Curing facilitates resin polymerization and chemical cross-linking. Curing time is dependent on the length of the pipe, the liner thickness, the resin composition, and a variety of other factors. A plastic “preliner” can be inserted into the pipe before the uncured resin tube is inserted. This preliner reportedly reduces the amount of resin that exits the tube and reduces the amount of water that enters the tube before beginning the facilitated curing process (Najafi 2010). After the contractor stops the facilitated curing process, the liner is often cooled by forcing hot air or ambient air through the tube, and the liner ends are removed. While the liner is now “solid,” the total CIPP “cure time” reportedly can take six months (ATSDR 2005). Base resins can contain different monomers (i.e., styrene or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), stabilizers (i.e., hydroquinone, Interplastic Corporation 2016), and fillers (i.e., talc, AOC 2013; crystalline silica, AOC 2013; silica colloidal amorphous, Ashland 2011; sodium metasilicate, Interflow Pty. Ltd. 2008). Because initiators present in the resin chemically react during the creation of a new CIPP, new volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can be created during the curing process (Table 1; Teimouri et al. 2017, Tabor et al. 2014). Phthalates are also associated with some initiators (Table 1; ICTRD 2007). Wastewater, condensate, and rinse water can be generated during certain installation processes. At present, limited chemical emissions data are publicly available for drinking water and sanitary sewer CIPP installations. Therefore, only bench- and fieldscale chemical emissions data collected during and after storm sewer pipe CIPP installation were reviewed in this study. These data should be useful for outlining future research on storm sewer CIPP installations. Results should also be useful in outlining future research and anticipated issues with respect to sanitary sewer and drinking water CIPP installations. The study objectives were to (1) compile and review CIPPrelated surface water contamination incidents from publicly reported data; (2) analyze CIPP water quality impacts; (3) evaluate current construction practices for CIPP installations as reported by US state transportation agencies; and (4) review current standards, textbooks, and guideline documents. Surface water contamination incidents were defined as those that involved pollutant discharge outside a sanctioned CIPP field study.

TABLE 1

List of degradation products reported for some initiators used for CIPP installations

Perkadox®a

Trigonox®a

Butanox®a

BenzeneHAP,CAR,EDC Benzoic acid 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol Carbon dioxide DiphenylHAP Phenylbenzoate Tetradecanol

Acetone AcetophenoneHAP BenzeneCAR, EDC, HAP Benzoic acid tert-Amyl alcohol tert-Butanol 3-tert-Butoxyheptane 2-tert-Butyloxy-2,4,4trimethylpentane Carbon dioxide 3-(1,1,Dimethylpropoxy) heptane Ethane 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Heptane Methane 2-Phenylisopropanol 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone

Acetic acid Carbon dioxide Formic acid Propanoic acid Methyl ethyl ketoneCAR, HAP

N,N-Dimethylaniline AnilineHAP Carbon oxides Nitric oxidesHAP

Norox®b No degradation products listed

CAR—suspected or conﬁrmed carcinogen, CIPP—cured-in-place pipe, EDC—endocrine disrupting compound, HAP—hazardous air pollutant as deﬁned by US Environmental Protection Agency Information provided is based on a review of initiator safety data sheets found for CIPP installations; CIPPs manufactured in ambient conditions have reportedly used benzoyl peroxide initiator systems (ICTRD 2006), but decomposition products for these systems were not found in the literature search; Norox® initiators were also listed, but no decomposition products were reported (United Initiators Inc. 2017a, 2017b). Initiator information was obtained from Puritan Products Inc. (2016), United Initiators Inc. (2015, 2017a, 2017b), and Akzo Nobel (2016a, 2016b, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, 2015d, 2015e, 2015f, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d, 2008e). According to safety data sheets, some Perkadox® products also contained dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, water, and dicyclohexyl phthalate, and some Trigonox® products contained BBP, DBP, and dioctyl phthalate (AOC 2007). Parent initiator compounds were not included in this table. This table may not account for all initiators used, the complete composition of initiator products, or initiator degradation products. Some compounds were found because they were reported in Das (2016), Allouche et al. (2014, 2012), and other references cited in this article. a

AkzoNobel, Chicago, Ill. United Initiators, Inc., Elyria, Ohio

METHODS A literature review was conducted to identify available bench- and ﬁeld-scale research studies pertaining to CIPP-associated chemical emissions. Scientiﬁc databases,

FIGURE 3

foundation research reports, conference proceedings, trade association literature, AWWA and ASTM standards, trenchless technology textbooks, and state transportation agency research reports were reviewed. One

Publicly reported CIPP storm sewer and sanitary sewer water and air contamination incidents found in the United States

CIPP—cured-in-place pipe

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author completed a 1.5-day CIPP construction inspector training course in 2017. Thirty-five state transportation agencies were contacted as part of this study and were not randomly selected (Figure 3). Agencies were identified from their prior support, participation in, or conduct of CIPP water quality impact studies. Agencies were also selected on the basis of their prior publication of reports that evaluated the feasibility of CIPP use for culvert repair. Other agencies were contacted in which CIPPrelated contamination incidents occurred. Each agency was asked for a copy of its current CIPP construction specifications, and any documented special provisions for pipe rehabilitation. In addition, literature and media reports were reviewed to identify previous surface water contamination incidents associated with CIPP installations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water contamination incidents: Literature and media reports. Thirteen water contamination incidents were found and they occurred in 10 states (Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Minnesota, Oregon, Vermont, Washington), an unreported location, and Canada (two incidents; Figure 3; Shearer 2016; Barker 2013; Renda 2013; VTDEC 2013; CDOT 2012; CTC & Associates LLC 2012; Marohn 2011a, 2011b, 2011c; MTO 2011; Weldon & Morton 2011; ADEM 2010; NRC 2010; WSDOE 2010; Donaldson 2009; O’Reilly 2008; Gerrits 2007; LMES 2007; GESI 2004). Eleven incidents were first identified by the detection of an odor or fish kill. Two incidents were first identified by people complaining about their drinking water, which had been contaminated by nearby CIPP stormwater pipe repair activities. In particular, chemicals were released from the CIPP stormwater pipe construction site, traveled downstream through a nearby drinking water system, and the contaminated water was provided to the affected population. A limited amount of information about each incident was reported. Often only the presence of styrene was reported when chemicals were mentioned, but a review of water testing records revealed additional CIPP-associated chemicals were sometimes present. A commonality across most incidents was that they were caused by contractor material or waste handling (i.e., release into the environment of CIPP wastewater, uncured resin, condensate, or other materials). For example, in Georgia, 2,000–3,000 gal of CIPP wastewater was discharged into a creek. This incident was first detected by an odor complaint on a university campus (UGA 2016). Water testing was conducted about 1,000 ft downstream of the discharge point 19 h later (US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] Method 8260B) and revealed the presence of 1,3,5trimethylbenzene (TMB; 1.72 μg/L), tert-butylbenzene (2.80 μg/L), acetone (512 μg/L), and styrene (1,300 μg/L). In response to a contamination incident in Oregon, 20

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“[T]he styrene levels were so high [the] responder had to wear a respirator to collect samples” (CTC & Associates LLC 2012). Twelve days after the incident in Connecticut, 291 μg/L styrene was found downstream (GESI 2004). Regarding the incident in Minnesota, spilled resin reportedly remained in a surface water for five months (Marohn 2011a, 2011b, 2011c). The greatest amount of detail was found for the CIPP-related water contamination incidents in Alabama, Colorado, and Vermont. In 2010, the National Response Center (NRC) reported that a CIPPlining contractor released about 70,000 gal of CIPP wastewater to a dry creek bed in Alabama (NRC 2010). The waste traveled downstream and contaminated a residential drinking water well. The creek-water styrene concentration was 143 mg/L, and the concentration in contaminated drinking water from a nearby well was 4 mg/L. The USEPA’s styrene drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL) is 0.1 mg/L (USEPA 1991). Alabama’s environmental regulatory agency noted that the contractor violated state code with an unpermitted pollutant discharge, and that mitigative and investigative actions were required (ADEM 2010). The water testing methods, laboratory reports, and the presence of other chemicals in the contaminated waters were not found. In 2011, CIPP wastewater was released from a storm sewer pipe repair site into Clear Creek in Colorado. Residents and employees at a nearby ski resort were the first to report the problem and complained about odor and illness symptoms caused by the drinking water (CDOT 2012, Weldon & Morton 2011). The incident prompted a response by Colorado’s transportation, environmental protection, and health agencies. The response revealed that a surface water and the community’s drinking water were contaminated. An alternate drinking water supply was provided to the affected community. Testing (USEPA Methods 624 and 625) indicated that the CIPP wastewater contained styrene and other VOCs, including 1,2,4-TMB, 1,3,5-TMB, acetone, benzene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, n-propyl benzene, o-chlorotoluene, p-isopropyltoluene, and xylenes. Some SVOCs also were detected in samples and included diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), benzoic acid, isophorone, and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). DEHP was found at 0.0026 mg/L and exceeded the minimum Colorado groundwater and chemical standard of 0.0025 mg/L (CWQCC 2016). The federal drinking water MCL of 0.006 mg/L was not exceeded (USEPA 2009). The maximum styrene concentration was found to be 18 mg/L in water and 14 mg/kg in soil. State officials analyzed the water at the culvert’s inlet and outlet for pH, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, oil and grease, total residual chlorine, and flowmetering. Styrene and DEHP were found at the outlet of three culverts during the investigation. Styrene

was detected in surface water for 119 days. VOCs (USEPA Methods 524.2 and 624), SVOCs (USEPA Methods 525.2 and 625), compounds not expected to be associated with the CIPP installation (such as pesticides), and polychlorinated biphenyls were also analyzed with results of nondetect or below regulatory limits. In 2013, a CIPP storm sewer pipe installation in Vermont contaminated a ½ mi creek reach and negatively impacted fish communities (Barker 2013, VTDEC 2013). The day after the installation, a resident complained that his dog became sick after drinking creek water. Emergency responders and state transportation officials investigated. Water samples were collected and analyzed for VOCs (USEPA Method 8260) the day following the CIPP installation and periodically during a 70-day period. Styrene creek levels were reported at three downstream locations the day following the CIPP installation (206, 5,160, and 770 mg/L). (Note that information described here was reported in Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation [VTDEC 2013]. Questions regarding details about this water contamination incident and the reported data may be directed to the VTDEC.) Styrene is soluble in water at 6–51 C from 0.029 to 0.045% (Lane 1946). Results suggested that styrene may have been adsorbed to colloidal resin particles, was present in stabilized droplets as a microemulsion, and/or within a separate nonaqueous liquid phase attached as droplets to resin particles. Downstream styrene levels decreased over the twomonth monitoring period: measured at 16 h (3.26, 3.22, 2.36 mg/L), at 28 days (0.228, 0.160, 0.513 mg/L), and at 70 days (0.08, 0.06, 0.03 mg/L). A closer review of the laboratory water analysis reports indicated other compounds were also present: acetone (1.39, 4.88, and 1.81 mg/L), 1,2,4-TMB (<0.1, 0.49, 0.1 mg/L), 1,3,5TMB (<0.1, 0.129, <0.1 mg/L), and tert-butanol (<1, 5.49, <1 mg/L; Spectrum Analytical Inc. 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d). Water quality standards were not found in Vermont for these compounds, but these compounds had water quality standards in other states that would have been exceeded. The contractor proposed removing resin from contaminated rocks with acetone, but state officials discouraged this action. Bench- and field-scale studies: Water quality impacts. Several studies have identified construction practices that can reduce CIPP water quality impacts. The earliest study was conducted in 2008 by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). During this project, stormwater quality was monitored at seven steam-CIPP sites (Donaldson 2009). Water samples were collected before, during, and after installation. All samples were analyzed for VOCs (USEPA Method 8260B). Styrene concentrations exceeded the USEPA drinking water MCL at five of the seven study sites during and after installation. Styrene exceeded toxicity

thresholds for common indicator species (i.e., the water flea [Daphnia magna] and the rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss]) at four project sites. Styrene levels differed based on sampling location, and a maximum 77 mg/L was detected. Styrene remained detectable in water up to 88 days after the installation. The presence of other VOCs and their method detection limits (minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero) were not reported. VDOT concluded that …the findings resulted from one or a combination of the following: (1) installation practices that did not capture condensate containing styrene, (2) uncured resin that escaped from the liner during installation, (3) insufficient curing of the resin, and (4) some degree of permeability in the lining material.

Following these findings, VDOT suspended styrenebased CIPP until additional research was conducted to gain a better understanding of the technology and its potential impacts. VDOT also created specifications for styrene-based CIPP to reduce the potential for water quality impacts, and then permitted CIPP use. In 2008, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) conducted a study to investigate styrene release into a surface water by hot-water CIPP (O’Reilly 2008). Water samples before and after CIPP installations at four different culverts were characterized for VOCs (USEPA Method 8260). When the curing temperatures were reached, the investigators theorized the material that exited both ends of the culverts was “steam.” The CIPP installations contributed styrene to water, and styrene was also found in the wastewater drained from the CIPP testing. Styrene was detected in all four culverts, and levels ranged from nondetect to 250 mg/L. The presence of other compounds and method detection limits were not reported. NYSDOT investigators noted that pollutant discharge to a surface water was regulated “under the Clean Water Act and by the USEPA or its designee (a state).” According to their assessment, styrene discharge from a CIPP site should not exceed 0.005 mg/L to comply with state regulation (NYSDOT 2016). This limit is lower than USEPA’s 0.1 mg/L styrene MCL (USEPA 1991). In 2013, VDOT examined water quality impacts caused by one vinyl ester-based (styrene-free) CIPP installation and two styrene-based UV-CIPP installations (Donaldson & Whelton 2013, 2012). Water was collected before or upstream of CIPP installation sites and at the outlet. Samples were characterized for VOCs (USEPA Method 8260B). For the vinyl ester-based CIPP, vinylic monomer (specific compound unreported) aqueous concentrations (USEPA Method 8310M) exceeded toxicity thresholds for aquatic species in six R A E T AL .| M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | JO UR N A L A WW A

subsequent water sampling events up to 120 days after CIPP installation. Concentrations were found as high as 87 mg/L (exceeding the range of aquatic species’ thresholds of 0.4–26 mg/L). Acrylate monomer (specific compound not reported) was released from the installation site and detected on day 90 at 0.08 mg/L. In water samples collected following the UV-CIPP installation, styrene concentrations varied according to the degree of water flow. Styrene concentrations for water exiting the newly installed liner were 0.72–10 mg/L, but standing water contained up to 12.9 mg/L styrene. Results indicated that residual styrene was greater in standing water and could be diluted in subsequent water flow events. Styrene concentration reduction also was hypothesized to occur as a result of volatilization. Using these results, VDOT further revised its CIPP specifications to include (1) styrene-based CIPP installation requirements for nonstyrene-based CIPP installations, (2) pre- and postinstallation water and soil sample analyses requirements, and (3) aqueous concentration limits for styrene and diallyl phthalate (DAP). In 2014, researchers in Alabama monitored COD, TOC, VOC, and SVOC levels at a steam-CIPP stormwater field site for 35 days (Tabor et al. 2014, Whelton et al. 2014). At the pipe outlet and downstream from the outlet, COD levels ranged from 100 to 375 mg/L, and styrene concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 7.4 mg/L. TOC levels indicated chemical release from the installation; levels were initially 140 mg/L at the outlet and decreased with time. Although, TOC, COD, and styrene levels generally decreased with time, the greatest COD and styrene concentrations were detected 50 ft downstream of each installation site the day following CIPP installation—not at the pipe outlets. Condensate liquid-like waste was collected and tested. Although the condensate pH was close to neutral, it contained heavy metals and had a COD of approximately 36,000 mg/L (similar to some industrial wastewaters). Condensate contained a variety of carcinogens, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and other contaminants including acetone, benzene, chloroform, isopropylbenzene, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, styrene, 1,2,4-TMB, and 1,3,5-TMB. Other chlorinated compounds were also found, and their origin was not clear. The condensate (undiluted and diluted) was determined to be acutely toxic to freshwater test organisms. Undiluted condensate dissolved the test organisms (Daphnia magna) at room temperature within 24 h. When the condensate was diluted 10,000 times and styrene was present only in nominal concentrations, all test organisms died after a 48 h exposure time. This result indicated that other compounds, in addition to styrene, contributed to chemical toxicity. CIPP specimens removed from the field site were characterized, and VOCs and SVOCs found in the field were released also into laboratory-prepared stormwater. 22

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The most recent water quality impact study was conducted by California State University at Sacramento for CALTRANS (Currier 2017). This research was designed to examine stormwater VOC levels caused by CIPP installations in accordance with construction specifications for 10 steam-CIPPs and 1 UV-CIPP. Both styrene and nonstyrene resins were used at these sites; three CIPPs were installed in active culverts, and eight CIPPs were installed at a controlled field research site. Sites were monitored for up to 16 days post-installation. Water samples were analyzed for VOCs (USEPA method 8260B). During water sampling, the Currier (2017) researchers wore respirators (half-facepiece drop down1). This decision was based on input from the organization’s industrial hygienists. Results showed that styrene leached from the CIPPs into simulated stormwater that was flushed through the pipes, with styrene ranging from nondetectable to greater than 0.20 mg/L. From the installation that used nonstyrene resin, a lower level of styrene was found leaching from the CIPP. Additional testing revealed that the contractors may have contaminated the nonstyrene CIPP with styrene during installation (Teimouri et al. 2017). Currier (2017) also detected other compounds in rinse water at less than 0.1 mg/L, including acetone, isopropylbenzene, tert-butyl alcohol, N-propylbenzene, toluene, xylenes, 1,2,4-TMB, and 1,3,5-TMB. Several compounds have been associated with prior CIPP water quality impact investigations and studies. Some compounds detected by Currier (2017) were also in materials captured and condensed from the air by Teimouri et al. (2017). Respirators,2 recommended by industrial hygienists, were worn by Teimouri et al. (2017) to protect against inhalation exposures during steam-CIPP manufacture. The Currier (2017) statement that “forced heated air after the CIPP had been installed appeared to reduce styrene levels below aquatic toxicity thresholds” indicates a relationship may exist between chemical air emissions and CIPP chemical leaching. Specifically, chemicals that volatilize from the CIPP installation in air would not subsequently leach from the installed CIPP into water. On the basis of Currier (2017), CALTRANS has been evaluating potential CIPP installation specification upgrades to limit stormwater quality impacts. Some installation conditions and chemical air emission results for five CIPPs have been published by Teimouri et al. (2017), and others are still undergoing evaluation. Review of construction documents. Of the total 35 state transportation agencies that were contacted, 32 responded to the authors’ request for CIPP construction documentation. Of these responses, 23 agencies provided construction specifications, special provisions, or other materials related to CIPP technology use (Table 2). Some agencies volunteered addendums, bid summaries, material safety data sheets, and/or construction maps. A few state agencies indicated that the

TABLE 2

Comparison of CIPP construction speciﬁcations and requirements for state transportation agencies Requirement

Number of States of 35

No documents provided or no CIPP use

Before construction Obtain and show POTW permit to the engineer

Install impermeable liner up and downstream

Conduct water testing at the site

Before reinstating ﬂow Rinse new liner with clean water, capture, and dispose

Prohibit return to service before a minimum unspeciﬁed period

Prohibit return to service before a minimum period (two, four, or seven days)

General requirements Capture and dispose of compounds, water, and condensate

Conduct water testing at the site

Contractor is responsible for reporting any water quality alterations

CIPP—cured-in-place pipe, POTW—publicly owned treatment works a

Some state agencies provided documents that did not specify CIPP and/or the agency indicated they did not use CIPP; one state agency did not accept CIPP point repairs; one state agency no longer permitted any CIPP technology except for ultraviolet CIPP; two state agencies described plan notes for CIPP because they did not have speciﬁcations or special provisions.

materials provided to the authors originated from different offices within each state, as there were no statewide guidance documents for CIPP installation activities. One state cited the Greenbook (2015) as its CIPP specification source. During document review, two different degrees of detail were found. California, Colorado, Virginia, and Vermont documents contained the greatest amount of information related to limiting water quality impacts and monitoring. Before construction, transportation agencies in Colorado, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Virginia explicitly required contractors to obtain and present a permit to the engineer. This permit was to indicate that a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) permits the discharge of CIPP waste. Other states varied with regard to their specified waste-handling requirements: • Eight states did not specify requirements for waste disposal in documents provided. • Six states required contractors to “…remove and properly dispose of waste.” • Three states required that “…debris of culvert should be disposed of in accordance with state and local environmental regulations.” • One state required contractors to “…follow the rules and regulations for discharge of waste.” • One state required that “…a compound, process water, or condensate used during the installation or curing operation shall be contained, removed from the site and disposed of in a manner approved by the Engineer.”

At the construction site, four states required the use of some type of material (i.e., liner or matting) upstream and downstream of the CIPP installation (California, Nevada, Vermont, Virginia). California had the most explicit requirements and included a plastic coating 20 ft long and 10 mils (250 μm) thick to contain resin before liner installation. The other three states did not describe liner dimensions but required “an impermeable inner and outer plastic film or plastic pre-liner immediately prior to liner installation upstream and downstream of the site.” Other states that provided construction documents did not specify the type of material. No studies were found that determined the degree to which these actions limited water quality impacts. To determine the types of chemicals emitted into the environment from CIPP installations, four of 23 states (Colorado, Nevada, Vermont, Virginia) required water testing (Table 3). One state required the installers to “flush the new pipe until styrene residual levels were below EPA and or wastewater treatment levels,” but the specific levels were not mentioned. Because water analysis requires time and results are not available in real time, it was unclear how this specification requirement was followed. The water sampling strategies and testing methods varied across these states. A comparison of each agency’s recommended water testing method is shown in Table 3. VDOT required styrene testing for all styrene-based CIPP installations and DAP testing for vinyl ester CIPP installations. Vermont’s Agency of Transportation (VTRANS) also required water testing, R A E T AL .| M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | JO UR N A L A WW A

Different water testing methods required or used by state transportation agencies for CIPP installations and each method’s ability to detect known CIPP compounds

TABLE 3

USEPA Water Testing Method Required or Used by Certain States (State) Name of Compound Previously Detected at a CIPP Site or Found Leaching From a CIPP During a Bench-Scale Study

Compound Class

Acetoneθ‡§Δ¶ρ

524.2 (Colorado)

8260 (Colorado, Vermont, Virginia)

8021B (Nevada)

BenzeneθΔ¶

CAR, EDC, HAP

2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone)¶

CAR, HAP

x x

tert-Butyl alcohol§ ρ

tert-Butyl benzene Chloroform¶θρ

CAR, HAP

o-Chlorotolueneθ Diallyl phthalate (DAP)Φ θ‡

EDC

Isopropylbenzene‡θ§Δ¶Ψ

p-Isopropyltolueneθ

Ethylbenzene

EDC, HAP

Methylene chloride¶Ψ

CAR

N-Propylbenzene‡§Δ¶Ψ

EDC

Styrene¥†‡§θ¶Δρ*

CAR, EDC, HAP

TolueneθΔ

HAP

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzeneθ‡§Δ¶Ψρ

CAR

θ‡§Δ¶Ψρ

CAR

EDC, HAP

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Xylene (total)Δ

x—detectable, [ ]—not detectable, CAR—suspected or confirmed carcinogen, CIPP—cured-in-place pipe, EDC—suspected or confirmed endocrine-disrupting compound, HAP—hazardous air pollutant as defined by USEPA, USEPA—US Environmental Protection Agency, VDOT—Virginia Department of Transportation DAP was detectable using USEPA Method 8310M specified in VDOT (2016); Compounds in table were detected by prior investigators who examined CIPP waste or water sampling; USEPA 524.2 lists purgeable organic compounds, USEPA 8260 lists volatile organic compounds, and USEPA 8021B lists aromatic and halogenated volatiles; symbols correspond to when a compound was detected at an incident during a study: ΔCurrier (2017); *Teimouri et al. (2017); ρUGA (2016); ΦVDOT (2016); ¶Tabor et al. (2014); †Donaldson (2013); §Spectrum Analytical Inc. (2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d); ‡CDOT (2012); θWeldon & Morton (2011); ¥NRC (2010); Ψ Tentatively identified compounds in Tabor et al. (2014); Initiator degradation products from material safety data sheets listed in Table 1 were not used to create this table.

and both Vermont and Virginia speciﬁcally mentioned styrene and DAP limits that should not be exceeded: for VDOT, 2.5 mg/L styrene (USEPA Method 8260) and 0.4 mg/L DAP (USEPA Method 8310M); for VTRANS, 1.0 mg/L styrene (USEPA Method 8260) and 0.4 mg/L DAP (method not reported). VDOT styrene and DAP limits were based on the lethal concentration (LC50) values for the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and golden orfe ﬁsh (Leuciscus idus), respectively (Donaldson & Whelton 2012). The VTRANS styrene limit was lower than VDOT’s limit because of a recommendation by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources. The VTRANS DAP limit was adopted from a VDOT study. In addition, NYSDOT did not require water testing, but the state’s allowable styrene limit would depend on the class of surface water and groundwater. A 0.005 mg/L concentration was the lowest allowable discharge limit in accordance with state code (NYSDOT 2016). 24

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Some compounds known to be released during CIPP installation (identified in bench- and field-scale studies) were not covered by the USEPA test methods specified in the state documents (Table 4). As Tables 3 and 4 show, numerous compounds have been associated with CIPP water contamination. However, some compounds would not have been detected by the USEPA test method used, and hence not reported, by the four states that required water testing. Therefore, the USEPA methods required or suggested for use by states will not result in a complete understanding of chemical release from CIPP sites. Chemicals released from CIPP installations are likely influenced by the resin composition, the applied CIPP curing and cool-down process, and possibly other parameters (i.e., environmental conditions, preliners, cutting pieces after curing, air emissions, etc.). More work is needed to characterize which chemicals are released, are significant from an environmental impact standpoint, and that should therefore require monitoring.

TABLE 4

Compounds associated with CIPP installations that are not detectable by the USEPA water testing method required or used by certain state transportation agencies

Name of Compound Acetophenone

Compound Class HAP

Acrylate monomer (undisclosed)† Benzaldehyde¶* Benzoic acidθ* Benzyl alcohol¶ Butylated hydroxytoluene* 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol* 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone* Dibutyl phthalate¶$*

EDC, HAP

Diethyl phthalateθ¶

EDC

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateθ¶$

CAR, EDC, HAP

4-(1,1-Dimethyl) cyclohexanolΨ 4-(1,1-Dimethyl) cyclohexanoneΨ 3-Heptanol¶ Phenol¶Δ*

HAP

1-Tetradecanol* Tripropylene glycol diacrylate* Vinylic monomer (undisclosed)†

CAR

CAR—suspected or confirmed carcinogen, CIPP—cured-in-place pipe, EDC—suspected or confirmed endocrine-disrupting compound, HAP— hazardous air pollutant as defined by USEPA, USEPA—US Environmental Protection Agency Symbols correspond to when a compound was detected at an incident during a study. Multiple monomers can be present. Initiator degradation products from material safety data sheets listed in Table 1 were not used to create this table. ΔCurrier (2017); *Teimouri et al. (2017); ¶Tabor et al. (2014); $Whelton et al. (2014); †Donaldson (2013); θWeldon and Morton (2011); §Spectrum Analytical Inc. (2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d); Ψ Tentatively identified compounds in Tabor et al. (2014).

Some construction documents speciﬁed that the contractor must capture and dispose of CIPP wastes following the installation. Ten states explicitly mentioned the requirement to capture and dispose of wastewater. NYSDOT (2016) required contractors to utilize “a preliner bag and excavate a temporary resin control pit at the outlet 4–5 m long, twice the culvert diameter wide and 300 mm deep.” The pit’s purpose was to collect the “styrene” and allow the wastewater to cool. Five states required contractors to rinse the newly installed CIPP with clean water, and then capture and dispose of the rinse water. None of the construction documents indicated from where the clean water should originate or what kind of the water to use (i.e., chlorinated drinking water, creek water, etc.). Discharge of chlorinated water to surface waters may require approval from the state environmental agency in accordance with the Clean Water Act.

Three states required a certain time period before the repaired pipe was allowed to be returned to service: Virginia (seven days), California (four days), and Maine (two days). Four states required that the pipe be returned to service after “a length of time to complete the cure,” but the characteristics used to determine when the “cure” was complete were not defined. By delaying the pipe’s return to service, some residual chemicals are likely permitted to volatilize into the air and be less available for leaching into the stormwater. Requirements unique to NYSDOT were that when a nonstyrene resin was used, that resin must contain less than 5% VOCs with less than 0.1% hazardous air pollutants (NYSDOT 2016). Also, “the resulting cured liner shall contain less than 0.1% of the water quality pollutants” listed in state code. According to discussions with NYSDOT, independent chemical confirmation has not been conducted to validate these requirements. Because of a lack of independent resin and CIPP chemical composition test results, it is unclear whether contractors are meeting or can meet these requirements. Standards, textbooks, and guideline documents. Because several construction specifications cited standards related to CIPP, these standards and other related literatures were reviewed. The purpose of reviewing this information was to determine whether the standards, texts, and guideline documents contained information regarding CIPP water quality impacts and waste disposal. Several ASTM documents were mentioned in construction specifications (ASTM 2017, 2016, 2012, 2011), but none contained information about water quality impacts or waste disposal. The AWWA (2014) manual for water main cleaning and lining was mentioned in ASTM sewer-related documents, but this manual did not mention water quality impacts or waste disposal. Two trenchless technology textbooks were also reviewed. These books mentioned that hazards can exist with steam condensate and with water used during the curing process, but chemical analysis data and studies were not cited (Najafi 2010, Najafi & Gokhale 2005). A culvert repair construction and best practices study prepared for the Minnesota Department of Transportation and two trade association documents regarding CIPP use were reviewed. Trade association documents were examined because they were cited in transportation agency reports. In the 2014 best practices document, the capture and disposal of CIPP (waste) water was recommended, but other actions implemented by some states such as upstream/downstream protection, delay in return to service, or water testing were not mentioned (Wagener & Leagjeld 2014). Wagener and Leagjeld (2014) also recommended that states hire “NASSCO-trained construction inspectors to monitor installation and curing.” According to training materials issued to CIPP construction inspector trainees in 2017 R A E T AL .| M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | JO UR N A L A WW A

(NASSCO Inc. 2011), construction inspectors were not trained on past water quality impacts, methods to detect them, or evidence-based construction practices to help avoid them. Two trade documents were also evaluated because they were referenced in reports prepared for state agencies about CIPP. The first document published by the North American Society of Trenchless Technology (NASTT) mentioned human health concerns about CIPP technology, but recommendations lacked citations necessary to understand the justification for these concerns (Doherty et al. 2017). For example, the document stated “use styrene-free resins where public waterway contamination is a concern” but did not cite evidence that indicated “styrene-free resins” would not contaminate a public waterway. A prior study found that a styrene-free resin system can contaminate water (Donaldson 2013). A NASSCO Inc. (2009) resin handling document cited in the NASTT document was reviewed also. This resin handling document also was issued to CIPP construction inspector trainees in 2017. It contained information about styrene levels in process water and the disposal of process water and condensate into ditches and/or waterways. Specifically, the document indicated that condensate discharge into receiving waters was acceptable if the waste contained 30 mg/L styrene or less (p. 11, paragraph 2). These statements lacked citations to chemical analysis or related toxicity data. Some similar observations about information contained in this document were previously identified by O’Reilly (2008) for NYSDOT. Other than styrene, no other compounds present in CIPP wastewater or condensate were described. As mentioned previously, many VOCs and SVOCs can be present and cause aquatic toxicity. A study conducted for the Wisconsin Department of Transportation cited this document, but added that “styrene and other chemicals leach into cure water” and “wastewater should not be discharged to the environment” (Salem et al. 2008). None of the standards, textbooks, or guideline documents indicated that approval of state environmental protection officials may be required before CIPP associated chemicals could be discharged to a surface water. The authors also reviewed a styrene resin handling document released in late 2017 that mentioned water quality impacts associated with CIPP installations (NASSCO Inc. 2017). Like the NASSCO Inc. (2009) resin handling document, content in the more recent NASSCO Inc. (2017) document focused solely on styrene. Similar to the 2009 document, some claims about styrene levels in CIPP wastewater (i.e., 20–25 mg/L) lacked supporting data. One recommendation was that steam-CIPP airflow should be maximized to minimize the amount of condensate waste generated. As hypothesized by Currier (2017), this practice may remove chemicals from the CIPP that may otherwise leach into 26

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water after the CIPP is placed into service. It is unknown whether this increased chemical emission practice increases the chemical exposure risk to workers and the nearby public. General recommendations for improved worksite safety were provided, but details and/or references to support statements were not provided. Another recommendation was that a permit or permission should be obtained from a local regulatory agency before CIPP wastewater is discharged to the environment. Clariﬁcation from state environmental agencies about organizations that permit and monitor waste discharges from CIPP manufacturing sites is needed. The authority of permitted pollutant discharges under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System has been delegated by the USEPA to 46 states and one territory, not to local authorities (USEPA 2018). The 2017 document did not reference all available independent peer-reviewed research pertaining to CIPP emissions.

CONCLUSION The study objectives were to (1) compile and review CIPP-related surface water contamination incidents; (2) report on and review all known CIPP water quality impact studies; (3) evaluate current construction practices for state transportation agencies; and (4) review current standards, textbooks, and guideline documents. Water contamination incidents (13) were identified that were associated with CIPP pipe rehabilitation activities. Reported incidents generally involved the discharge of uncured resin, chemicals, or other wastes (e.g., CIPP wastewater by curing) into the local surface water. Reported incidents involved fish kills, odors, and/or drinking water supply contamination. Respiratory protection was worn to collect water samples following one incident. Water testing methods differed across incidents, and some of the analytical methods used were unable to detect the presence of some compounds known to be released during CIPP installation. For one incident, styrene was detected in water for almost four months. To better design water testing strategies, more independent testing data are needed about the chemicals that are used, created, and released during and after CIPP installation. At present, there is no master list of chemicals of concern for water testing because little is known about the array of chemicals used, created, and emitted during CIPP manufacture. Some state transportation agencies have identified a few compounds (Tables 3 and 4). Water testing challenges arise because of the high variability in CIPP installation conditions (i.e., a CIPP installation at one site may cause different chemical releases than another installation, even when the same methods are used). As found on material safety data sheets and in prior field testing, new chemicals can be created during CIPP manufacture that are not listed as

ingredients on safety data sheets. While waters can be analyzed for monomers like styrene, a prior study showed other nonstyrene compounds (from a styrenebased CIPP) can be responsible for the observed aquatic toxicity. Until more information is available, a variety of different water tests (methods) should be applied at all CIPP installation sites. The selected water tests should be based on information in this report and in consultation with environmental and public health agencies. This water sampling approach is recommended following chemical spills when the composition of materials released is unclear (Horzmann et al. 2017, Huang et al. 2017, Weidhaas et al. 2017, Whelton et al. 2017). Bench- and field-scale CIPP water quality impact studies have been conducted and supported by transportation agencies in Alabama, California, New York, and Virginia. In one study, chemicals were detected in water for 88 days after a CIPP was installed, and concentrations exceeded aquatic species toxicity thresholds. In another study, steam-CIPP condensate waste contained a variety of carcinogenic (styrene, benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,2,4-TMB, and 1,3,5-TMB) and endocrinedisrupting compounds (dibutyl phthalate [DBP] and diethyl phthalate), and was acutely toxic (i.e., 24 h, 23 C) to a freshwater organism (Daphnia magna). Water testing by multiple organizations has indicated that several VOCs and SVOCs can be released from CIPP sites into water. Findings indicated that the highest levels of contamination occurred closer to the date of installation and can decrease with time. Respirators were worn by researchers to collect water samples during a field water sampling study. Respirators were also worn by others who conducted air sampling during those same steam-CIPP installations. Standard USEPA water testing methods listed in the reviewed construction documents can identify and quantify some, but not all, chemicals released during CIPP installation. No long-term CIPP leaching studies were found to describe emissions as the material aged. A potential relationship was mentioned between styrene leaching from a newly installed CIPP and use of forced air during CIPP cooldown, but very limited air testing data exist, as summarized elsewhere (Teimouri et al. 2017). CIPP construction specifications differed greatly among states. To limit chemical release from CIPP installations into the environment, four states required the temporary installation of materials (i.e., streambed liners) upstream and downstream of the CIPP installation site. However, the type and characteristics of the specific materials varied. Three states required that the pipe not be returned to service for two, four, and seven days after CIPP installation. Water testing before and after CIPP installation was required by four states. No federal or state standards, literature texts, or industry documents were found that described evidence-based

practices for limiting water quality impacts, or for capturing and disposing of the waste generated as a result of CIPP manufacture.

RECOMMENDATIONS Evidence-based construction practices are recommended that minimize water quality risks. Limited chemical testing data are available that support existing procedures and specifications. Studies are needed to document a more complete list of chemicals generated during CIPP installation and their toxicities. Without publicly available field testing data and future laboratory studies, the expected magnitude and duration of chemical emissions cannot be understood. The incidents described here may be outlier events, or they may represent the risks inherent of typical installations. Also needed are evidence-based waste handling practices and identification of the necessary time required before placing the CIPP into service to limit chemical leaching. Organizations that contract for CIPP technology use need to be aware of the human health and environmental risks associated with the installation, as well as evidenced-based practices to mitigate these risks to their employees, the public, and the environment. People who monitor, visit, or conduct water sampling at CIPP worksites should wear appropriate personal protective equipment. This could include respirators and chemically resistant gloves, depending on the potential exposure routes (inhalation, dermal) as determined appropriate by industrial hygienists and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Additional chemical air-emission work as recommended by Teimouri et al. (2017) is needed. Evidence-based best practices should be included in construction specifications and contracts. At a minimum, construction inspectors should be trained on topics identified in this article. Future studies should be designed to evaluate different approaches to reducing chemical emission into the environment. On the basis of the compilation of existing data, some recommendations are made. First, the local environment (sediments, soils, water) should be protected during CIPP installation. Contractors should use impermeable plastic sheets (i.e., 10 mils thick) immediately upstream and downstream of the pipe to help prevent chemicals from entering the environment. This recommendation is based on CALTRANS research. The protected area’s size may depend on the pipe size and area morphology. Water flow should be diverted from the pipe until a complete cure has been established. But more information on the curing time for each type of CIPP method is needed where degree of cure can be correlated with both mechanical and chemical integrity of the pipe. Curing time likely is a function of resin thickness, composition, curing method, pipe conditions, and ambient temperature, so the “time to service” needs to be defined in terms of these and possibly other parameters. New R A E T AL .| M A Y 2 01 8 • 11 0: 5 | JO UR N A L A WW A

CIPPs should be rinsed after installation, and waste should be collected. CIPPs should be prohibited from service until water testing results indicate no exceedances. Water or steam condensate used for curing or rinse water should not enter the environment (waterways, soil) and should be collected. These materials should be properly discharged to a POTW, with preapproval of the POTW, or other approved facility. In the absence of waste collection, any discharge to the environment should have preapproval by the state or federal agency responsible for environmental protection. Any accidental discharge, small or large, should be reported to state officials immediately, so actions can be taken to protect downstream water supplies, the environment, and nearby population. On the basis of resin composition and leachate and chemical toxicity tests, analytical water testing methods selected should be capable of detecting all contaminants of concern. Testing procedures, locations, number of samples, and temporal extent (i.e., to include pre- and post-installation) need better definition. Independent organizations, properly trained on environmental sampling, should conduct testing. Results should be rapidly obtained and compared against state and federal water quality limits for allowable pollutant discharge, limits in construction specifications, and to acute and chronic toxicity limits for native aquatic species. Sampling at the pipe inlet and outlet immediately before and after the CIPP is placed in service should constitute temporal (and spatial) sampling events. This testing is required in some states but should be adopted across all storm sewer applications. As known contamination incidents and existing studies have indicated, follow-up testing for days, weeks, or months may be necessary depending on what is discovered. Testing for surrogate water quality parameters (i.e., TOC, COD) may prove to be a rapid and cost-effective way to help identify whether water contamination occurred and may decrease the amount of specific chemical sampling. Any exceedance of state water quality limits and limits set forth in specifications should trigger additional water testing, state environmental agency notification, and possibly remediation actions. Additional work is needed to determine the time required for CIPP leaching to decrease belowaccepted chemical concentrations, and limits for some chemicals may differ between states. Additional studies should examine chemical leaching from CIPPs over time, after facilitated curing (UV, steam, and/or hot water exposure) has occurred, with the rate of leaching examined as a function of facilitated curing time (and temperature, where appropriate). No data were found that described chemical leaching for the multitude of known resin compositions, curing methods, cool-down methods, and conditions. Existing studies are limited in that they may represent only the 28

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specific application, not CIPP technology across sites. Chemical extraction of the cured liner according to NYSDOT’s requirement would help other transportation, state, and federal agencies understand what chemicals are used, created, and remain in the CIPP after installation. Discussions among researchers, state transportation agency representatives, environmental protection officials, public health officials, and CIPP contractors are recommended to define “curing time” from an environmental risk perspective. The authors’ discussions with state transportation agencies, consulting firms, and CIPP contractors revealed that the current definition of “cure” does not consider the amount or type of residual chemicals that remain on or inside the new CIPP. Even if the contractors do everything properly, some chemical compounds may continue to volatilize from the new CIPP or leach out into water. Further studies and information will better determine the necessary time required before returning each pipe to service to minimize contaminant release from the worksite and the CIPP. Also, further studies could elucidate the relationship between water quality impacts caused by the CIPP after installation and chemical emission into the air during CIPP manufacture. While it is likely that some recommendations mentioned previously may already be considered by some transportation agencies and CIPP contractors, it is imperative that the entire industry (infrastructure owners, environmental agencies, public health agencies, contractors) act to prevent future incidents from occurring.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was funded under pooled fund project 1399 titled Contaminant Release From Storm Water Culvert Rehabilitation Technologies: Understanding Implications to the Environment and Long-Term Material Integrity. The following states are thanked for their participation: Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The contents of this article reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the sponsoring organizations. These contents do not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Data provided by third parties were presented as-is.

ENDNOTES 1

6000DD with cartridge P100 3M type 60,926; 3M, Maplewood, Minn. Model 6800, North 5400 full face with organic vapor, carbon ﬁlter cartridges, 3M 6610, N75001; 3M, Maplewood, Minn.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kyungyeon Ra is a graduate student at Purdue University. She earned a BS degree in environmental and ecological engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., in 2015. She graduated in fall 2017. Seyedeh Mahboobeh Teimouri Sendesi is graduate research assistant at the Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University. John A. Howarter is assistant professor at the School of Materials Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University. Chad T. Jafvert is professor at the Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University. Bridget M. Donaldson is a senior environmental scientist for the Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va. Andrew J. Whelton (to whom correspondence may be addressed), is an assistant professor at the Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA; awhelton@purdue.edu. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1042

PEER REVIEW Date of submission: 11/08/17 Date of acceptance: 01/31/18

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Bauer, G. & McCartney, D., 2004. Odour Control-More Than Sewage When Installing Cured-In-Place Sewer Pipe. Proc. North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO-DIG Conf., NASTT, Paper D-3-02, Liverpool, N.Y. CDOT (Colorado Department of Transportation), 2012. Joint Budget Committee Hearing Agenda. FY 2012-13, Department of Transportation, Denver, Colo. CDPH (California Department of Public Health—Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control), 2017a. CIPP Safety Alert. Sacramento, Calif. www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/ CCDPHP/DEODC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/CIPP%20Alert% 20final.pdf (accessed Sept. 1, 2017). CDPH, 2017b. Cure-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) Additional Considerations for Municipalities. www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/ CDPH%20Document%20Library/CIPP%20additional% 20considerations.pdf#search=CIPP%20alert (accessed Nov. 1, 2017). CTC & Associates, LLC, 2012. Preliminary Investigation: Environmental Effects of Cured In Place Pipe Repairs. Caltrans Division of Research and Investigation, Sacramento, Calif. Currier, B., 2017. Water Quality of Flow Through Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP). Final Report, Office of Water Programs, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, Calif. http://trid.trb.org/ view.aspx?id=1467684 (accessed Oct. 1, 2017). CWQCC (Colorado Water Quality Control Commission), 2016. The Basic Standards for Ground Water, Regulation No. 41. 5 CCR 1002-41, Colorado Water Quality Control Commission, Denver, Colo. Das, S., 2016. Evaluation of Cured-In-Place Pipe Lining Installations. Master’s thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. De la Batisde, K., 2017. Sewer Work on Schedule in Anderson: $4 Million Upgrade to Aging Main Line. The Herald Bulletin. August 31. www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/sewer-work-onschedule-in-anderson/article_eb966c65-7872-5969-a5c837d8e12138aa.html (accessed Jan. 28, 2018). Doherty, I.; Downey, D.; Macey, C.; Rahaim, K.; & Sarrami, K., 2017 (1st ed.). NASTT’s Cured-In-Place-Pipe (CIPP) Good Practices Guidelines. North American Society for Trenchless Technology, Cleveland. Donaldson, B.M., 2013. Water Quality Implications of Culvert Repair Options: Vinyl Ester Based and Ultraviolet Cured-In-Place Pipe Liners. Final Report VCTIR 13-R2, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va. Donaldson, B.M., 2009. The Environmental Implications of Cured-In-Place Pipe Rehabilitation Technology. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2123:172. https://doi.org/10. 3141/2123-19. Donaldson, B. & Whelton, A.J., 2013. Impact of Stormwater Pipe Lining Materials on Water Quality: Field Study and Resulting Specifications. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2362:49. https://doi.org/10.3141/2362-07. Donaldson, B.M. & Whelton, A.J., 2012. Water Quality Implications of Culvert Repair Options: Cementitious and Polyurea Spray-On 30

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Greenbook, 2015. Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction. BNI Building News, Vista, Calif. Griffin, J., 2008. Virginia DOT Lifts CIPP Ban. Underground Construction, 63:6:44. Henry, C., 2007. Discharges From Cured In Place Pipe (CIPP) Installations, Central Contra Costa Sanitary District Experience. Presentation at the California Water Environment Association Conf., April 19, Ontario. Horzmann, K.; de Perre, C.; Whelton, A.J.; & Freeman, J.L., 2017. Comparative Analytical and Toxicological Assessment of Methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) Mixtures Associated With the Elk River Chemical Spill. Chemosphere, 188:599. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.026. Huang, X.; Whelton, A.J.; Andry, S.; Yapturi, J.; Kelly, D.; & Ladner, D.A., 2017. Interaction of Fracking and Crude Oil Contaminants With Water Distribution Pipes. Final Report 4579. Water Research Foundation, Denver. ICTRD (Interplastic Corporation Thermoset Resins Division), 2007. Technical Research: Optimizing Initiator Systems for Cured-In-Place Pipe Infrastructure Repair. ICTRD, St. Paul, Minn. www.interplastic.com/UserFiles/File/T_OptInitiatorSys7_07.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). ICTRD, 2006. Cured-In-Place Pipe Resins: An Endless Flow of Experience and Innovation. ICTRD, St. Paul, Minn. www. interplastic.com/UserFiles/File/M_CIPP_bro.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). Interflow Pty Ltd, 2008. Interfit Resin Part A & B. MSDS ID NC317TCP Version No. 2.0. Girraween, Australia. http://gulfcoastunderground. com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/MSDS-Resin-B-Interfit.pdf and http://gulfcoastunderground.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ MSDS-Resin-A-Interfit.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). Interplastic Corporation, 2016. CIPP COR78-AT-579 Resin. Interplastic Corporation, St. Paul, Minn. Kelly, M., 2017. Video: Dublin Sewer Construction Project Causes Foul Smell for Residents. Kron4. August 9. Kennedy, K., 2017. South Heights Neighborhood Evacuated After Epoxy Odor Fills Homes. The Times. September 14. www.timesonline. com/news/local_news/south-heights-neighborhood-evacuatedafter-epoxy-odor-fills-homes/article_a4fec7d8-996b-11e7-a2d5c790031a83fc.html (accessed Oct. 5, 2017). Landstra, M., 2017. LS Water Utilities Releases Statement on Market Street Sewer Lining Project. Lee’s summit Tribune, August 22. http://lstribune.net/lees-summit-news/ls-water-utilities-releasesstatement-on-market-street-sewer-lining-project.htm (accessed Oct. 5, 2017). Lane, W.H., 1946. Determination of Solubility of Styrene in Water and of Water in Styrene. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, 18:5:295. https://doi.org/10.1021/i560153a009. LMES (Lockheed Martin Energy Systems), 2007. Fish Kill Resulting From Styrene Resin Spill. Lessons Learned Database. www.hss.energy. gov/csa/analysis/II/ (accessed Jun. 12, 2007).

Loendorf, T.; Waters, D., 2009. Styrene Removal Adds to the Challenges of Rehabilitating Sewer Pipeline in Reno, Nevada. Proc. North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO–DIG Conf., NASTT, Liverpool, N.Y. Marohn, K., 2011a. Hazardous Material Sits Since October. St. Cloud Times, March 13, A-1. Marohn, K., 2011b. Cleanup to Begin at Site of October Resin Accident. St. Cloud Times, March 31, A-1. Marohn, K., 2011c. Cleanup Work on Months-Old Resin Spill Is Underway. St. Cloud Times, April 8, A-1. Matthews, J.C.; Condit, W.; Wensink, R.; & Lewis, G., 2012a. Performance Evaluation of Innovative Water Main Rehabilitation Cured-In-Place Pipe Lining Product in Cleveland, Ohio. EPA/600/R-12/012. Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Water Supply and Water Resources Division. Matthews, J.C.; Simicevis, J.; Kestler, M.A.; & Piehl, R., 2012b. Decision Analysis Guide for Corrugated Metal Culvert Rehabilitation and Replacement Using Trenchless Technology. Prepared for US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington. McLuckie, R., 2011. Personal communication. Head, Planning and Design Section, Kingston, Ont., Canada. MENP (Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection), 2004. Agriculture and Consumer Protection (MUNLV) of the North Country Rhine-Westphalia in Bielefeld: Bielefeld, Germany. Final Report: Untersuchungenzu Styrol emission enbeimgro ß technischen Ein-satz von Schlauchlining verfahrenbei Kanalsanierungen, Verein-heitlichung der Probenahme und Analysemethoden, Festsetzung von Grenzwerten und Optimierung der Sanierungsverfahrensowieallgemeingültigen Ausschreibungsempfehlungen (in German), p. 104. Morrison, R.; Sangster, T.; Downey, D.; Matthews, J.; Condit, W.; Sinha, S.; & Sterling, R., 2013. State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems. EPA/600/R-13/036. Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Laboratory, Water Supply and Water Resources Division. MTO (Ministry of Transportation of Ontario), 2011. Personal communication. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, North York, Ont., Canada. Najafi, M., 2010. Trenchless Technology: Installation and Inspection. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York. Najafi, M. & Gokhale, S., 2005. Trenchless Technology: Pipeline and Utility Design, Construction, and Renewal. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York. NASSCO Inc. (National Association of Sewer Service Companies Inc.), 2017. Guidelines for the Safe Use and Handling of Styrene Based Resins in Cured-In-Place-Pipe. Prepared by Pipe Rehab Committee. NASSCO, Inc., Marriottsville, Md. NASSCO Inc., 2011. Manual for Inspector Training and Certification Program (ITCP) for the Inspection of Cured In Place Pipe Installation, Version 3.0. NASSCO, Inc., Marriottsville, Md. NASSCO Inc., 2009. Guideline for the Use and Handling of Styrenated Resins in Cured-In-Place-Pipe. Created Sept. 2008; revised Aug. 19, 2009. Prepared by Pipe Rehab Committee, NASSCO, Inc., Marriottsville, Md. NRC (National Response Center), 2010. Incident Report. 957007.

NYSDOT (New York State Department of Transportation), 2016. Chapter 8: Highway Drainage. Revision 87-Metric. Highway Design Manual. NYSDOT, Albany, N.Y. www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/ engineering/design/dqab/hdm/hdm-repository/chapt_08_metric.pdf (accessed Oct. 3, 2017). O’Reilly, M., 2008. Summary of Water Sampling – CIPP for 4 Culverts. New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, N.Y. Peterson, E., 2017. Worker Killed in Streamwood Sewer Line. Daily Herald. www.dailyherald.com/news/20171025/ worker-killed-in-streamwood-sewer-line (accessed Oct. 26, 2017). Piratla, K.R. & Pang, W., 2017. Best Practices for Assessing Culvert Health and Determining Appropriate Rehabilitation Methods. Publication FHWA-SC-17-01. Prepared for South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, S.C. Puritan Products Inc., 2016. Safety Data Sheet: N, N-Dimethylaniline. www.puritanproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ DIMETHYLANILINE-SDS.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). Renda, M., 2013. Hazardous Spill at Hwy 49 Sinkhole. The Union. August 12. www.theunion.com/news/local-news/ hazardous-spill-at-hwy-49-sinkhole/ (accessed Dec. 7, 2017). Salem, O.; Najafi, M.; Salman, B.; Calderon, D.; Patil, R.; & Bhattachar, D., 2008. Use of Trenchless Technologies for a Comprehensive Asset Management of Culverts and Drainage Structures. Publication MRUTC 07-15. Prepared for Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, Wis. Saunders, M. & Boone, M., 2017. Construction Fumes Prompt Emergency Response at Bay Terraces School. 10 News. September 21. www.10news.com/news/construction-fumesprompt-emergency-response-at-bay-terraces-school (accessed Oct. 5, 2017). Shearer, L., 2016. State Investigating Chemical Spill in UGA Campus Stream. http://onlineathens.com/mobile/2016-09-08/ state-investigating-chemical-spill-uga-campus-stream (accessed July 14, 2017). Silcuna, J., 2010. Personal communication. Civil engineer. New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, N.Y. Spectrum Analytical Inc., 2013a. Laboratory Report – Project No. 08-220953.00, Weathersfield, Vt. Report Date Sept. 17, 2013, Agawam, Mass. Spectrum Analytical Inc., 2013b. Laboratory Report – Project No. 08-220953.00, Weathersfield, Vt. Report Date Sept. 24, 2013, Agawam, Mass. Spectrum Analytical Inc., 2013c. Laboratory Report – Project No. 08-220953.00, Weathersfield, Vt. Report Date Oct. 11, 2013, Agawam, Mass. Spectrum Analytical Inc., 2013d. Laboratory Report – Project No. 08-220953.00, Weathersfield, Vt. Report Date Nov. 27, 2013, Agawam, Mass. Staff, A., 2017. The Gedney Street Smell Was Sewer Stuff. Nyack News and Views. July 27. www.nyacknewsandviews.com/2017/07/ gedney-smell-sewer-plastic (accessed Oct. 5, 2017). Stratview Research Inc., 2017. Global Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) Market Likely to Grow at a Healthy CAGR During 2017 to 2022. www.stratviewresearch.com/press_details.php?name_id=140 (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). Sullo, A., 2012. King Street Sewer Rehab and Water Quality Impacts. Underground Infrastructure Research International Conf. and Trenchless Technology Road Show, Center for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies, Waterloo, Ont.

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Tabor, M.L.; Newman, D.; & Whelton, A.J., 2014. Stormwater Chemical Contamination Caused by Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) Infrastructure Rehabilitation Activities. Environmental Science & Technology, 48:18:10938. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5018637. Teimouri, S.M.; Ra, K.; Conkling, E.N.; Boor, B.E.; Nuruddin, M.; Howarter, J.A.; Youngblood, J.P., et al., 2017. Worksite Chemical Exposure and Air Emissions during Sanitary Sewer Pipe and Stormwater Culvert Rehabilitation Using Cured-In-Place-Pipe (CIPP). Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4:8:325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00237. UGA (University of Georgia), 2016. Water Testing VOC Analysis for 9/16/2016 and 9/21/2016. College of Agriculture and Environmental Services, Athens, Ga. United Initiators Inc., 2017a. Safety Data Sheet. Norox® 600. www. united-initiators.com/files/NOROX_600/United_Initiators_NOROX +600_MSDS_GB_EN.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). United Initiators Inc., 2017b. Safety Data Sheet. Norox® TBPB. www. united-initiators.com/files/NOROX_TBPB/United_Initiators_NOROX +TBPB_MSDS_US_EN.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). United Initiators Inc., 2015. Safety Data Sheet. Norox® 600 (BCHPC). www.united-initiators.com/files/NOROX_600/United_Initiators_ NOROX+600_MSDS_US_EN.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2018. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), About NPDES. www.epa. gov/npdes/about-npdes (accessed Jan. 25, 2018). USEPA, 2006. EPA Region III BTAG Freshwater Screening Benchmarks. www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/r3_btag_ fw_benchmarks_07-06.pdf (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). USEPA, 1991. Phase II Volatile Organic Contaminants, Final Rule. 56 FR 3526. Federal Register, Effective: 1992. www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ CFR-2010-title40-vol22/xml/CFR-2010-title40-vol22-part141-subpartG. xml (accessed Dec. 1, 2017). USEPA, 2009. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, EPA 816-F-09-004. www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-06/ documents/npwdr_complete_table.pdf (accessed Nov. 5, 2017). USNTP (US National Toxicology Program), 2011. Report on Carcinogens, Styrene (14th ed.). https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/

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pubhealth/roc/listings/s/styrene/summary/index.html (accessed Sept. 28, 2017). VDOT (Virginia Department of Transportation), 2016. Special Provision for Pipe Rehabilitation. SP302-000140-01, Richmond, Va. VTDEC (Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation), 2013. Memorandum. Agency of National Resources, Burlington, Vt. Wagener, B.D. & Leagjeld, E.E., 2014. Culvert Repair Best Practices, Specifications and Special Provisions – Best Practices Guidelines. Publication MN/RC 2014-01. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Transportation, Saint Paul, Minn. Weidhaas, J.L.; Dietrich, A.M.; DeYonker, N.J.; Dupont, R.R.; Foreman, W.T.; Gallagher, D.; Gallagher, J.E.G.; Whelton, A.J.; & Alexander, W.A., 2017. Enabling Science Support for Better Decision-Making When Responding to Chemical Spills. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45:5:1490. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.03. 0090. Weldon, T. & Morton, M., 2011. Report of CDOT I-70 Culvert Repair Project Styrene Release, Response, and Mitigation at Clear Creek County, Colorado. Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver. Whelton, A.J.; McMillan, L.; Novy, C.L.R.; White, K.D.; & Huang, X., 2017. Case Study: The Crude MCHM Chemical Spill. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 3:2:312. https://doi. org/10.1039/C5EW00294J. Whelton, A.J.; Tabor, M.L.; Boettcher, A.; White, K.D.; Newman, D.; & Steward, E.J., 2014. Standardized Test Method to Quantify Environmental Impacts of Stormwater Pipe Rehabilitation Materials. Final Report, VCTIR 15-R11. Prepared for Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va. Wood, E., 1979. Method of Lining a Passageway With a Resin Absorbent Tube. US Patent 4135958 A. U.S. Patent Office, Washington. Wood, E., 1977. Lining of Passageways. US Patent 4064211 A. U.S. Patent Office, Washington. WSDOE (Washington State Department of Ecology), 2010. Press Release: Contractor Fined for Bellevue Chemical Spill; Warning Issued to Transportation Agency. Olympia, Wash.

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Expanded Summary

Evaluating Options for Regenerant Brine Reuse in Magnetic Ion Exchange Systems B EVERLY MEDIN A, TRE AVO R B O YE R, A ND KAT R I N A I N D AR AW I S

Treated water

IEX—anion-form ion exchange

Spent brine

Clean brine

The efficient removal of dissolved organic carbon management in anion exchange systems for the removal (DOC) from drinking water is critical both for taste of UV254-absorbing compounds in drinking water treatand odor control and for limiting the formation of ment. Samples of raw groundwater, magnetic ion disinfection byproducts (DBPs), many of which are exchange resin, and regenerant solution were obtained hazardous to human health. In particular, portions of from Cedar Key Water and Sewer District in Cedar Key, DOC that absorb ultraviolet light at 254 nanometers Fla. The facility operates a small-scale magnetic anion (UV254) have been shown to be the aromatic carbon exchange system for DOC removal that disposed of half that serves as a DBP precursor. Anion-form ion its brine volume following each regeneration. However, exchange (IEX) resins are a promising alternative to brine disposal had become too costly to continue. the coagulant salts typically used for the removal of Jar tests were conducted to assess the regenerant perUV254-absorbing compounds; the resins, which can be formance of three types of solution: fresh brine, used regenerated and reused, can reduce long-term chemical regenerant brine, and spent brine that had been treated demand and associated costs. However, the concenwith aluminum sulfate to reduce the DOC concentration trated waste brine produced during resin regeneration before reuse. Following regeneration, resins were applied can be difficult and costly to dispose of, presenting a to raw groundwater, and percent reduction in barrier to thefigure adoption of IEX systems. volume UV254-absorbing compounds was measured as a metric Two column max width = 37p9 (actualIf2the column width = 39p9) of waste brine could be reduced by reusing all or part of regenerant effectiveness. Over three regeneration of the regenerant solution (Figure 1), IEX could become cycles, resin treated with continuously reused regenerant a more cost-effective solution for utilities. did not display a significant decline in UV254 reduction. The purpose of this work was to provide an empirical While treatment with alum was effective for removing foundation for decisions regarding regenerant brine UV254-absorbing compounds from used regenerant brine, this treatment did not improve the brine’s performance as a regenerant. However, treatment with alum introduces the sulfate ion, which may compete with the chloride used FIGURE 1 Schematic of proposed IEX system for regeneration. It is possible that intermediate treatment with brine reuse, with or without with a non-sulfate coagulant, such as ferric chloride, intermediate treatment could produce better results. These results demonstrate that regenerant solution may be reused several times without any intermediate treatIntermediate ment, which provides a cost-saving solution for treatment treatment plants seeking to install anion exchange systems. In the case of the Cedar Key water treatment facility, retaining regenerant for three cycles before disposal could reduce the facility’s waste brine volume by 33%. Further research is still necessary to investigate possible compounded effects at higher regenerations, as well as the option of Clean resin intermediate treatment with alternate coagulants. HowResin IEX Raw water regeneration treatment ever, regenerant brine reuse warrants significant considSpent resin eration, and could be a cost-saving option for drinking water utilities in the near future. Corresponding author: Katrina Indarawis is a research assistant professor at the Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, 460F Weil Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; katie.indarawis@essie.ufl.edu. M ED INA ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

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Expanded Summary

Approaches to Identifying the Emerging Innovative Water Technology Industry in the United States A L LISO N R. W O O D, TE RE SA H A RTE N, A ND SA L LY C . G U T I ER R EZ

By 2050, one in four people may live in a country As part of a literature review, various lists of industry and affected by chronic or recurring freshwater shortages. employment codes were gathered and examined. Additionally, Given this and other challenges, new technologies will eight water technology cluster organizations of a certain level play a vital role in ensuring safe and sustainable water of maturity were interviewed to gather firsthand perspectives. into the future. The US Environmental Protection Agency A brief analysis of Small Business Innovation Research (USEPA) has realized this need and works with 18 (SBIR) awards specific to water technology was conregional economic “clusters” for water innovation ducted (Figure 1). The 385 companies awarded SBIR through its Environmental Technology Innovation funding between 2006 and 2015 for innovations in water Clusters (ETIC) Program. technology were distributed among 97 six-digit NAICS Water technology has been recognized at the commucodes. The 45% of companies that fell into “other” catnity and regional levels by various groups as an emerging egories were spread across a wide variety of codes, which sector, but it continues to evade national economic analymay suggest NAICS codes are not an accurate data source ses, specifically the US Cluster Mapping Project. This for tracking activity in innovative industries like water. effort uses data based on North American Industry Currently, no agreement has been reached regarding Classification System (NAICS) codes, which tend to be what entities belong in the US water technology industry. broad and do not capture emerging industries. New efforts to define water technology clusters should Several countries in the European Union have national be guided by a mission to achieve national and global approaches to water technology management and export, competitiveness through collaboration. Two column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2 column width = 39p9) while US industry is not yet as cohesive. This article explores approaches to identify and track the water industry, alternaCorresponding author: Sally C. Gutierrez is the director tive data sources to NAICS code data, and emerging mapping of USEPA’s ETIC Office of Research and Development, tools that may help experts develop new methods for quan26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268 tifying and mapping activity in the water technology industry. USA; gutierrez.sally@epa.gov.

FIGURE 1

Top 10 NAICS codes for companies awarded SBIR grants in water tech between 2006 and 2015 20%

45%

12%

541712 - Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences 541330 - Engineering Services 541711 - Research and Development in Biotechnology 541620 - Environmental Consulting Services 541910 - Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling 541511 - Custom Computer Programming Services 541618 - Other Management Consulting Services 334516 - Analytical Laboratory Instrument Manufacturing 541512 - Computer Systems Design Services Other

5% 4% 3%

NAICS—North American Industry Classification System, SBIR—Small Business Innovation Research

W OOD E T AL . | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

Peer Reviewed

Expanded Summary

Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water I V Y MO F FAT, NADIA M A RTINO VA , C H A D SE IDE L , AN D C H AD M. T H O MP S O N

The risk assessment of chromium in drinking water is complex. To understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments is provided. Chromium enters drinking water sources through natural erosion of soil and rocks or by contamination from industrial sources. Chromium can exist in nine oxidation states, with the trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)) forms being the most common in the environment. Cr(VI) is soluble in water and represents the dominant form in drinking water. Human exposures to low concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water are widespread, with average concentrations in Canadian and US drinking water supplies ranging from 0.2 to 2 µg/L Cr(VI). Internationally, regulatory values for total chromium in drinking water range from 50 to 100 µg/L, and these assume that all could be Cr(VI). Chromium toxicity in humans varies depending on the form of the compound, its valence state, and the route of exposure. Although little information has been reported on Cr(III), available data show little or no toxicity. Cr(VI) compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans by the inhalation route of exposure on the basis of sufficient evidence in both humans and animals. Data on human carcinogenicity via the oral route are still lacking; however, there is sufficient carcinogenic evidence in experimental animals on which to base a risk assessment. Older risk assessments do not account for newer toxicological or MOA research and, therefore, many of these are under reassessment. On the basis of the MOA analysis and weight of evidence from the toxicological research, the authors conclude that Cr(VI) is the toxic moiety of concern. Diffuse hyperplasia of the small intestine is the most sensitive endpoint of concern, and a threshold approach is appropriate for risk assessments. Conclusions from this project include the following: • There is no definitive evidence of toxicity or carcinogenicity following exposure to Cr(III). Cr(VI) compounds are classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in humans (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence in experimental animals from ingestion at relatively high doses. • Small intestinal tumors are the most sensitive chronic carcinogenic endpoint (observed at doses

≥1.4 mg Cr(VI) per kilogram of body weight per day in mice). Two of the most sensitive nonneoplastic chronic effects are also in the small intestine—histiocytic cellular infiltration in the rat and diffuse epithelial hyperplasia in the mouse—starting at 0.8 and 0.4 mg Cr(VI) per kilogram of body weight per day, respectively. • Reduction, absorption, and localization of chromium in the gastrointestinal tract indicate several non-linearities in Cr(VI) disposition that support thresholds in cancer risk from Cr(VI) exposure. Average Cr(VI) measurements in Canadian and US drinking water sources (0.2–2 µg/L Cr(VI)) are within the reductive capacity of rodent and human gastric fluid. Most environmental Cr(VI) levels are more than 1,000-fold lower than the lowest concentration (5 mg/L) in the two-year cancer bioassay—a concentration that was not carcinogenic to either mice or rats. • MOA analysis supports a non-mutagenic MOA of cytotoxicity leading to chronic regenerative hyperplasia and not a mutagenic MOA. Thus, the data support a threshold approach over a linear approach for estimating safe exposure levels. Where the assessments that use the threshold approach differ is in their choice of modeling parameters, in their selection of benchmark response, and in the application of uncertainty factors. Regardless of parameter choices, all drinking water limits derived from recent risk assessments for oral total chromium exposure range from 50 to 100 µg/L, are measureable by available analytical methods, are achievable by available treatment technologies, and are protective of both cancer and noncancer effects. Corresponding author: Ivy Moffat is a senior evaluator at Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave. West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9; ivy.moffat@canada.ca.

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M O FFAT ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

a.p. black research award

Charles N. Haas Named 2018 A.P. Black Research Award Recipient The AWWA A.P. Black Research Award, established in 1967 in honor of Alvin Percy Black, is given on an as-deserved basis to recognize a researcher for outstanding research contributions to water science and water supply rendered over an appreciable period of time. Dr. Charles N. Haas, department head, LD Betz Professor of Environmental Engineering, and director of the environmental engineering program at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa., is the recipient of the 2018 A.P. Black Research Award. The award will be presented during the AWWA Annual Conference & Exposition (ACE) in Las Vegas, Nev., June 11–14. Kenneth Mercer, editor-in-chief of Journal AWWA, spoke with Haas to learn about his research background, his teaching philosophies, and his interest in risk mitigation and public health. The transcript of the interview to follow has been edited for clarity and length. Coming from a biology background, what initially drew you to water research? The first Earth Day was during my freshman year in college (1970), and that gave me an interest in gaining an education that I could use to improve the environment. I was able to do independent research as a junior and senior on the growth of diatoms in water, and with taking elective courses in environmental engineering, I was hooked on going into the field. I found it could make use of my strong interests in chemistry and mathematics, as well as biology. During my senior year I had the opportunity to learn about the then (and still!) important problems of thermal pollution and eutrophication and found that I could usefully engage with these materials—and I overcame an apprehension about continuing into graduate school in engineering.

What is the mission statement or driving theme of your lab group? We work at the intersection of water, microbiology, and human health. I have had two long-term interests under that theme. The first is the estimation of human risks from pathogenic microorganisms via drinking water, reuse water, biosolids, or recreational exposure to waters receiving effluent or stormwater discharges. This has led to our development and extension of the field of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). I’ve had long-term

A. P. BL ACK AWARD R E C I P I E N T | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R NA L AWWA

Photo by Gini Alvord

Which of your traits or strengths contributed to your success as a researcher? Several. I’ve always believed in Louis Pasteur’s statement, “Chance favors the prepared mind.” I was fortunate to have a good preparation in biology, mathematics, and chemistry as I entered graduate school, and I have continued to incorporate elements from many other fields into my research and teaching. I have always

enjoyed contributing to the solutions of real problems— which then often result in contributions to basic and applied knowledge. I have been fortunate to interact with top practitioners in formulating and helping to solve these problems—I don’t believe you can be successful in research and not get your hands dirty with practical issues. My master’s degree mentor, James W. Patterson, and my doctoral degree mentor, the late Richard S. Engelbrecht, gave me a lot of freedom as well as gentle guidance to work independently, and in their very different ways gave me models to use as I developed my career. Finally, I have been fortunate to have a large number of outstanding students and to have been a faculty member at very supportive institutions.

collaborations with Joan Rose and Chuck Gerba that have been really important in the synergistic development of the field. A second long-term interest is the analysis and development of better methods to design chemical disinfection systems. This actually stemmed from my PhD research in looking at mechanisms of microbial inactivation by chlorine. We’ve now been using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models to predict inaction in large-scale systems by chemical agents. In the future, I would like to combine these inactivation models with models for the production of disinfection byproducts to actually optimize processes for overall human health, and also incorporate elements of uncertainty and variability. How has your own curiosity informed your research agenda versus how much has been driven to address specific challenges? It has always been both. In 2001, after the anthrax attacks, I became interested in applying QMRA to bioterrorism. I did some early work with one of my doctoral students. Then, working with Joan Rose and Chuck Gerba, we were fortunate to obtain joint funding from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Department of Homeland Security Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment (CAMRA). Under CAMRA, we were able to extend our risk assessment work to a diverse spectrum of pathogens, not only transmitted by water, but also by air. We had a number of outstanding PhD students contribute to this, and also advance fundamental knowledge— several of these students have gone on to careers in academia or to practice in the water field. Particularly since coming to Drexel University 27 years ago to take up an endowed professorship, I have had the ability to take on more projects initiated by my curiosity. With the increasing move toward more sustainable management of water, I became interested in the habitats that wetted surfaces such as rain barrels, green roofs, and biowalls, among others, provide for the multiplication of pathogens. I took on a PhD student, Kerry Hamilton, to do some reviews on this topic. This eventually resulted in a Fulbright scholarship for her dissertation to do sampling at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Brisbane, Australia, followed by more sampling in Philadelphia, Pa. We were assisted by funding from what is now the Water Environment & Reuse Foundation and collaboration with American Water. We have now contributed significantly to the knowledge of opportunistic pathogen (Legionella, Mycobacterium) occurrence and risks in these systems, as well as in reuse applications. How have your professional and research missions evolved over time? In retrospect, my current themes were present in a nascent sense at the outset of my career, although I did

take a slight detour in the 1980s when I spent some effort on the areas of hazardous and industrial waste treatment, which were related to my master’s thesis. When you were a young professional, was there a specific teacher or mentor who steered or influenced your career? What was their best advice and/or lesson(s) that you learned from them? I’d single out three. The first was my undergraduate research advisor, the late William F. Danforth, who did some pioneering work on algal ecology. He taught me the value of integrating chemical and biological knowledge and careful laboratory techniques and record keeping. The second was my MS advisor, James Patterson, who linked all of his research to solving practical problems for utilities and industry. My PhD advisor, the late Richard S. Engelbrecht (of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), taught me the value of professional engagement and also gave me very useful introductions to the USEPA and the National Academies processes. He set a personal example for me of the importance of going to other disciplines and bringing in necessary knowledge and tools to advance knowledge in the pursuit of solving problems. How has your approach to managing students changed over the years? It has varied more with the student and stage of development rather than over time. Early in their study, students often need a greater degree of guidance on and orientation to the background of the problem they are studying than to tools and techniques. Then, as they develop, they are able to work much more independently. And finally, for PhD students, they are at the point where they can discover information and new background and findings with minimal or no advice, which is the true sign of intellectual maturity.

Charles Haas (left), Joan Rose (center), and Chuck Gerba (right) at the Clarke Prize Ceremony, October 2017. Photo courtesy of the National Water Research Institute

A . P. B LA C K AWA R D R EC IP IENT | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

a.p. black research award Is there a particular success or failure in your career that set you on your path or that influenced it greatly? Looking back, an important milestone for me was when I left my first faculty position as an assistant professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) after three years to return to my BS and MS alma mater, the Illinois Institute of Technology, as a faculty member. While I learned a lot during my years at RPI and had

Invariably, students who come into my group need to learn new skills and tools that go beyond their undergraduate education.

some great colleagues in environmental engineering, intellectually it was not hospitable to environmental engineering, and I did not like the lifestyle presented in Troy, N.Y. When I came back to Chicago, I was able to make some great contacts with utilities and practitioners. The history of solving urban water problems inevitably runs through Chicago, and this enabled me to become familiar with and make some of the history myself. I also did some consulting, which, as I will discuss, launched me on the path of working on microbial risk assessment. Public health protection seems like the foundation of your research. What are some of the challenges to conducting research that combines science, engineering, and public health? One challenge is simply learning to assimilate knowledge from a diverse set of disciplines and often extracting data that were taken for different purposes than you wish to use them. Invariably, students who come into my group need to learn new skills and tools that go beyond their undergraduate education. Another challenge has been to break through entrenched paradigms that, in the face of new knowledge, have outlived their usefulness or were based on fundamental misinterpretations. Since a lot of my work has had policy implications—for example, feeding into the original Surface Water Treatment Rule—this has required me to become familiar with the policy process and its distinctive vocabulary. How did you initially become interested in risk assessment? This was not at all planned. Some may recall that under the original implementation of the Clean Water Act, secondary treatment was mandated to include wastewater disinfection. Within a few years, with growing concern for 38

the ecotoxicity of chlorine residuals and the production of disinfection byproducts in wastewater, the mandate for disinfection was removed and delegated to the states. Illinois had proposed eliminating the disinfection requirement except seasonally where recreational use occurred, or within 20 miles of a drinking water intake. I was approached by Mark LeChevallier, who was then at the Belleville, Ill., lab of American Water (which operated a drinking water treatment plant in Peoria that withdrew water from the Illinois River about 90 or so miles downstream of the wastewater discharges in Chicago), and by a chlorine supplier who sold to (what is now called) the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) to analyze the situation and assess the risks to downstream users from eliminating wastewater disinfection in the large Chicago plants. So I did a risk assessment under various scenarios to determine impacts, and I provided testimony against MWRDGC before the Illinois Pollution Control Board. This resulted in my first publications on this topic in 1983 and 1984, and gave me a first taste of being involved in regulatory proceedings. In retrospect, this is the time when the broader field of risk analysis was being solidified, and I had the “benefit” of not being burdened by the history of the field. But this was a natural combination of my interests in engineering, microbiology, and statistics. Can you expand on this, including key points on risk assessment all water professionals should understand, some interesting lessons learned, and who your fellow pioneers were in assessing health risks from environmental exposure or drinking water that informed your thinking? The water industry needs to be proud of what has been accomplished during more than a century of practice in reducing the burden of waterborne infectious diseases. However, there is a clear recognition that, no matter how vigilant the design, operation, and maintenance of a system is, zero risk (and zero pathogens) is an unachievable goal. The industry has been realizing this, and with the increasing ability to directly measure pathogens, the control of these contaminants can be placed on an equal scientific footing to the control of microorganisms. In 1984, I was fortunate to do a summer fellowship in Washington, D.C., at USEPA and sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This gave me insight into the role of science in developing policy at the federal level. More importantly, during that same summer, Chuck Gerba from the University of Arizona in Tucson was on the same fellowship, and he and I first met and discovered our common interests. Shortly thereafter, I visited Chuck in Tucson when Joan Rose (now at Michigan State University in East Lansing)

A. P. BL ACK AWARD R E C I P I E N T | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R NA L AWWA

operations/ management issues

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Selected Publications by Charles Haas and Colleagues in Journal AWWA 1980 s

Haas, C.N.; Meyer, M.A.; & Paller, M.S., 1982. Analytical Note: Evaluation of the m-SPC as a Substitute for the Standard Plate Count in Water Microbiology. Volume 74, Issue 6, Page 322. Haas, C.N.; Mever, M.A.; & Paller, M.S., 1983. The Ecology of Acid-Fast Organisms in Water Supply, Treatment, and Distribution Systems. Volume 75, Issue 3, Page 139. Haas, C.N.; Meyer, M.A.; & Paller, M.S., 1983. Microbial Alterations in Water Distribution Systems and Their Relationship to Physical-Chemical Characteristics. Volume 75, Issue 9, Page 475. Haas, C.N.; Severin, B.F.; Roy, D.; Englebrecht, R.S.; & Lalchandani, A., 1985. Removal of New Indicators by Coagulation and Filtration. Volume 77, Issue 2, Page 67.

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Regli, S.; Rose, J.B.; Haas, C.N.; & Gerba, C.P., 1991. Modeling the Risk From Giardia and Viruses in Drinking Water. Volume 83, Issue 11, Page 76.

Mena, K.D.; Gerba, C.P.; Haas, C.N.; & Rose, J.B., 2003. Risk Assessment of Waterborne Coxsackievirus. Volume 95, Issue 7, Page 122.

Haas, C.N.; Hornberger, J.C.; Anmangandla, U.; Heath, M.; & Jacangelo, J.G., 1994. A Volumetric Method for Assessing Giardia Inactivation. Volume 86, Issue 2, Page 115.

Greene, D.J.; Farouk, B.; & Haas, C.N., 2004. CFD Design Approach for Chlorine Disinfection Processes. Volume 96, Issue 8, Page 138.

Haas, C.N. & Rose, J.B., 1995. Developing an Action Level for Cryptosporidium. Volume 87, Issue 9, Page 81. Haas, C.N.; Crockett, C.S.; Rose, J.B.; Gerba, C.P.; & Fazil, A.M., 1996. Assessing the Risk Posed by Oocysts in Drinking Water. Volume 88, Issue 9, Page 131. Clement, J.A.; Haas, C.; Kuhn, W.; LeChevallier, M.W.; Trussell, R.R.; & Van Der Kooij, D., 1999. Roundtable— The Disinfectant Residual Dilemma. Volume 91, Issue 1, Page 24.

Ryan, M.O.; Gurian, P.L.; Haas, C.N.; Rose, J.B.; & Duzinski, P.J., 2013. Acceptable Microbial Risk: Cost– Benefit Analysis of a Boil Water Order for Cryptosporidium. Volume 105, Issue 4, Page E189. Haas, C.N., 2016. Careers in Water: The Academic Water Professional. Volume 108, Issue 8, Page 52. Prasad, B. & Haas, C.N., 2017. Incorporating Time–Dose–Response Into Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei Outbreak Models. Volume 109, Issue 12, Page E548.

A . P. B LA C K AWA R D R EC IP IENT | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

a.p. black research award was finishing up her research, and the three of us have been compatriots in advancing microbial risk assessment and water microbiology ever since. This really points out the value of developing lasting collaborations. Our collaboration excels because of our complementary interests and skills. My focus is much more on process analysis, modeling, and statistics, while Joan and Chuck focus more on methods development, lab measurements, and field sampling for microorganisms. I see future opportunities in QMRA for including information from molecular biology and immunology into our assessments. We have also started to look at how to couple our models with disease transmission models, which is important for communicable illnesses such as Norovirus and Escherichia coli. Pathogens that result in illness from inhalation of aerosols from water, such as Legionella and non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium, are increasingly the subject of QMRA that my group has worked on. How have you observed your research driving regulations, and alternatively, how have regulations driven your research? My initial work with QMRA was on waterborne viruses. With increasing understanding of the importance of waterborne protozoa, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, with Joan Rose and Chuck Gerba, we were able to develop risk assessment models that informed the development of the Surface Water Treatment Rule and its successor regulations. These regulations in turn required the understanding of disinfection kinetics and design methods for protozoa, and so with funding from (what was then) the AWWA Research Foundation, we had a series of projects defining how to analyze disinfection data, conducting experimental tests on inactivation efficiency, and developing methods to design

Victoria Haas, Charles’ wife, sits with their three cats, Abagail, Harry, and Jasper, in their home in Philadelphia.

systems from this information. Some of this work continues with our recent work at Drexel on the use of CFD for design of chemical disinfection systems. What is your favorite research project that those in the water industry may not have heard of? In 1993, there was a large foodborne outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with a major fast food chain. That caused us to start to think of how QMRA could be used as a tool to improve food safety. It turned out that one of the key laboratories of the US Department of Agriculture is here in Philadelphia, so I went to them to give them a seminar about the QMRA process. This resulted in great interest in this approach in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide. We worked on risk assessment of several important foodborne pathogens (some of which are also waterborne), and our work was influential in developing a risk assessment approach for food safety, which is now incorporated in an HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) framework. After having learned about HACCP, I then helped transfer that thinking back to the water industry with the idea that the same approach could be used in the context of microbial safety of both drinking water and reuse systems. To some degree my experience with food risk assessment informed my assessment of reuse in two National Academies reports that I was privileged to contribute to, and also in a recent National Water Research Institute expert panel to the State of California. These concepts have also informed the concept of Water Safety Plans, developed by the World Health Organization. How have your international experiences influenced your thinking, research, or practice? I’ve been fortunate to travel to countries in Europe— including the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Austria—for collaborations and also when I was on the governing board of the former International Association on Water Quality, which is now a part of International Water Association. In addition, I’ve visited Japan multiple times, Singapore, India, Taiwan, China, and Australia. Many of these countries have now incorporated risk principles to a much more sophisticated degree than the United States and are much less about “command and control” regulation. I would like to see a greater use of the DALY (disabilityadjusted life year) approach in the United States and much greater integration at both a regulatory and an agency level between the drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater sectors—a number of other countries are more advanced than the United States in this regard. I think a greater knowledge of how things are done in other developed countries is essential to advance thinking in the United States.

A. P. BL ACK AWARD R E C I P I E N T | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R NA L AWWA

What do you remember about presenting your first paper at an AWWA conference, and do you have any recollections about meeting or interacting with colleagues afterward? It was at the bicentennial meeting of the AWWA Annual Conference & Exposition (ACE) in 1976 in New Orleans. I presented a small portion of some of my research that I was doing as part of my PhD. June in New Orleans is not the most pleasant weather. But I thoroughly enjoyed the conference. I presented during the Universities Forum, and Phil Singer was the moderator. That was my first national conference of any sort, and since then I have frequently attended the major national and international water meetings. I’m sure at that meeting I met both the late “Vinnie” Olivieri (at Johns Hopkins) and “Pat” Scarpino (at the University of Cincinnati), and after that I frequently interacted with them and their students—and I have kept in contact with a number of their students over the years. How has AWWA helped you in the different facets of your career (conferences, committees, student scholarships)? I became active on the Disinfection Committee(s) (at one point there were separate committees in the

Water Quality Division and the Research Division), and I served as chair of both. This was a great way to get to meet practitioners, industrial reps, and other researchers. I also contributed to several editions of Water Quality and Treatment, I’ve sent my students to both ACE and the Water Quality Technology Conference, and some have won awards. Many of these students have themselves gone into practice in the water industry or are doing research on related problems. On the personal side, please comment on how you strike a work–life balance and how your family supports you in your work. My wife, Victoria, has been incredibly supportive during my career. We’ve now lived in Philadelphia for 27 years and enjoy its culture, its “personality,” and the great restaurant and food scene. We enjoy living in Center City, an easy bus or El ride from my office, and have a wonderful view of one of America’s great rivers (the Delaware) from the windows of our high-rise condo. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1077

washington, dc august 6–7, 2018

affordability A . P. B LA C K AWA R D R EC IP IENT | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

Feature Article

PETER MAYER, MA RGA RE T H U NTE R, A ND RE BEC C A S MI T H

Peak Day Water Demand Management Study Heralds Innovation, Connection, Cooperation THE WATER SECTOR CAN USE REMOTECONTROLLED, PEAKSHAVING PROGRAMS TO MANAGE THE HIGHEST POINTS OF IRRIGATION DEMAND EVEN AVOID, COSTLY INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSION.

MAY E R E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

Layout imagery Shutterstock.com/Hennadii H

AND THUS DELAY, OR

he successful implementation of a pilot-scale, peak demand, load-shifting experiment demonstrates the potential of remote irrigation control for utility peak day management. In this pilot study sponsored by the Alliance for Water Efficiency and conducted by New Jersey American Water (NJAW), Rachio, and WaterDM, 15 NJAW customers equipped with Rachio irrigation controllers agreed to have their watering schedules remotely interrupted on two separate dates in 2016. Irrigation programs were successfully interrupted and then resumed normal operation the following day, demonstrating the ability to precisely target specific sites and dates to shave peak demands. On the basis of historic water use records of the study participants, an estimated total of 84,000 gal of peak demand reduction occurred on each day of interruption. Further analysis of historic irrigation patterns was undertaken to extrapolate the potential peak reduction if this method was implemented on a larger scale. The results of the analysis suggest that 1 mgd of irrigation reduction can be achieved with approximately 500–1,700 participants, depending on the size of the irrigation systems. These successful proof-of-concept experiments foretell a more connected and cooperative approach to urban water management. A fully developed water demand management system with thousands of connected customers could orchestrate urban irrigation to match water production profiles during

key parts of the summer and remotely shut down irrigation systems in specific neighborhoods during an emergency such as a water main break, major fire, or earthquake. This pilot study opens a new chapter in urban water management. The full report from this project is available from the Alliance for Water Efficiency (AWE 2017).

INTRODUCTION Water utilities must size their water treatment infrastructure, finished water storage, and system capacity to satisfy the maximum daily (and even hourly) water demands of their customers. Most water providers experience their peak day demand during the height of summer, when many customers simultaneously operate their automatic irrigation systems on the same day. Providing continuous, reliable, high-quality water service is a cornerstone objective of the water industry; thus, the capacity of water treatment infrastructure must be appropriately sized to meet these irrigation-driven peak days. Automatic irrigation systems are an increasingly popular amenity for homes and businesses because they offer convenience and higher landscape quality; however, automatic irrigation frequently results in higher water demands, which drive the need for increased water system production capacity (DeOreo et al. 2016). Expanding system capacity is expensive and results in rate increases for all customers; thus, programs that can delay or eliminate the need for capacity expansion may offer tremendous cost savings. Electric utilities reduce peaks. Electric utilities have confronted the issue of peak day and peak hour demands for many years by developing sophisticated demand-response, peak-shaving programs that have effectively cut demands and reduced the need for expanded generation capacity. The general approach taken by electric utilities is to enter into an agreement with customers that

enables a utility to remotely cut back or shut down air-conditioning equipment during peak demand periods. Customers are provided financial incentives and occasionally free equipment in exchange for participating in the program. Publicly regulated energy utilities are provided revenue recovery for investment in these demand-side management programs, and investment can be capitalized. These peak reduction efforts have been highly successful and are widely practiced by electric utilities facing peak demand constraints. In contrast, no comparable policy is currently available in the publicly regulated water sector. Peak day water demand management. New technological developments in the irrigation industry offer an opportunity for water providers to mimic the demand-response peak reduction programs of the electric industry. Specifically, it is now possible to remotely control and program an irrigation system to reduce or eliminate irrigation on any given day using an Internet-enabled irrigation controller. It is possible to remotely halt irrigation across hundreds or even thousands of Internetbased irrigation controllers within a water service territory. For the first time, water providers have the potential to anticipate peak day demands and to effectively reduce, or “shave,” the peak by shifting the timing of irrigation at a sufficient number of sites to affect the peak. This could create a paradigm shift for the water industry. If a utility can reliably reduce peak day demands, while at the same time maintaining a high level of customer service and satisfaction, it is possible that expensive expansion of water treatment infrastructure could be delayed or even avoided completely, offering tremendous cost savings. While electric peaks are often controlled in 15 min increments and generated by multiple sources serving many communities, finished water is typically treated and stored locally, and water systems are sized

to meet or exceed the anticipated maximum peak day (24 h) of water use of each community. In many communities with automatic irrigation systems, simultaneous operation drives the peak day demand each summer and thus drives new infrastructure costs. Managing occasional summertime peak demands through remote irrigation system management poses a potential low-cost, customer-oriented approach for water utilities. Peak-demand-management pilot research. In 2016, a pilot research project was conducted to determine the viability of peak water demand reduction through remote control of irrigation systems for water utilities and to gain insight into implementation methods and barriers. The study was conducted by NJAW in partnership with WaterDM under contract with the Alliance for Water Efficiency, the Rachio smart irrigation controller company, and subcontractor Middletown Sprinkler Company. Rachio Inc. has developed a Smart Water Application Technologytested, WaterSense-approved smart irrigation controller that can be programmed remotely and offers utilities the ability to simultaneously and remotely control any number of irrigation controllers installed in their service area (Figure 1). This controller is suitable for residential and small commercial installations, offering control for eight to 16 zones or areas in a landscape that have different watering requirements and can be independently controlled. (Smart Water Application Technologies is a coalition of water purveyors, equipment manufacturers, and irrigation professionals that identifies, tests, and promotes irrigation technologies and best practices that improve water use efficiency. WaterSense is a program of the US Environmental Protection Agency that encourages water efficiency in the United States through specially labeled consumer products.) In this study, conducted in summer 2016, Internet-based irrigation

M AYER ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

controllers were installed at no cost to customers at 15 residential sites in Rumson, N.J. On two selected days, these 15 controllers were simultaneously shut off for 24 h, thus eliminating the contribution of these 15 irrigation systems to the peak demand on those days. Monthly billed consumption data were analyzed to estimate the impact of the peak reduction experiment.

RESEARCH APPROACH The research team consulted with staff from NJAW who analyzed consumption data and selected the Rumson gradient portion of the service area as the most appropriate site for the study and for recruiting participants. Participant recruitment. The NJAW team developed outreach materials and a participant application form to recruit participants from the Rumson gradient for the peak reduction study. Invitations to participate were mailed to residents across the area, and brochures were distributed through landscape maintenance companies. The irrigation controller and its installation were provided to customers as the key incentive to participate. Interested parties were asked to call NJAW, which used a script for telephone outreach. The recruitment process commenced in May 2016 and was concluded in

FIGURE 1

mid-August 2016 to permit time for the experiments. Once a participation application was received and approved, the task of inspecting each site for suitability and installing the irrigation controller was handled by a local irrigation contractor. Peak-shaving experiments. The goal of the study was to conduct peak-shaving experiments during the peak New Jersey irrigation season in July and August. Since the recruitment and installation phase of the project stretched into August, it was imperative to conduct the experiments as soon as possible after the controllers were installed. The weekly weather forecast was scrutinized to anticipate a hot and dry experiment day, when irrigation would normally occur. Ultimately, two peak-shaving experiments were conducted during summer 2016: experiment 1 on August 19 and experiment 2 on August 26. After these experiments were completed, the field research aspect of the project was concluded. Experiment 1. On Aug. 16, 2016, the research team reviewed weather forecasts and selected Friday, August 19, for the first experiment. NJAW sent an e-mail message to the study group participants two days before the experiment. The message instructed participants not to irrigate manually or adjust their smart

Rachio irrigation controller and mobile application

controller in any way on the designated day of the experiment. On August 18, Rachio sent electronic instructions to the 15 designated irrigation controllers in Rumson to cease irrigation for a 24 h period beginning at 12:01 a.m. and ending at 11:59 p.m. on August 19. Rachio received confirmation of the 24 h irrigation delay from each of the 15 controllers, but when data were downloaded from each individual irrigation controller, it was found that irrigation was remotely halted at only 14 (93.3%) of these 15 sites. Analysis of controller records shows that the single participant who irrigated on August 19 manually intervened to override the remote shutoff. Experiment 2. The research team selected Friday, August 26, as the date for the second experiment. As in experiment 1, NJAW sent an e-mail message to the study group participants two days before the experiment. The message instructed customers not to irrigate manually or to adjust their smart controller in any way on the designated day of the experiment. On August 25, Rachio sent electronic instructions to the 15 designated irrigation controllers in Rumson to cease irrigation for a 24 h period beginning at 12:01 a.m. and ending at 11:59 p.m. on August 26. They received confirmation of the 24 h irrigation delay from each of the controllers, but when data were downloaded from each individual irrigation controller, it was found that irrigation was remotely halted at only 14 (93.3%) of these 15 sites. Analysis of controller records once again showed that the single participant (a different one from experiment 1) who irrigated on August 26 manually intervened to override the remote shutoff.

RESULTS Analysis of customer water billing records. At the conclusion of the peak-shaving study period, monthly billed use data from January 2007 through August 2016 were provided for each participating household. 44

MAY E R E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

was used to estimate the typical was calculated by dividing the number of days per month that each household’s peak 2016 monthly outhousehold had been irrigating. In door use by its number of irrigation this group of households, 40% irridays per month. Each household’s gated every day or almost every day estimated volume of outdoor water during peak seasons (i.e., all, or a use on an average irrigation day dursubset of, their irrigation zones were ing the peak irrigation month is preactive every day or nearly so). sented in Figure 2. Twenty percent of the households The average irrigation day use per irrigated every other day or even less household during peak season was frequently. The remaining 40% irri3,000 gal. Household 3 had the lowgated approximately four to five est irrigation day use at 600 gal, and days per week. Two households had household 1 had the highest irrigaincomplete historic irrigation infortion day use at 5,200 gal. mation, and they were assumed to In this study, the total estimated irrigate at the average frequency of volume of water saved in a single this group: 22 days per month. day during the peak irrigation period In calculating the reduction that across these 15 households (assumcould be achieved from these houseing they all would have been irrigatholds, this study assumed they would ing in the absence of remote interhave all been irrigating on any given ruption) was approximately 48,000 day when irrigation was remotely gal. The average single-day volume interrupted. Also, in some cases, the offset per customer was approxiirrigation programs used by the mately 3,200 gal. Using this average households may have been different offset-per-customer volume, 310 from those set by the smart irrigahouseholds would need to particition controller. Reduction potential pate in a peak-shaving program to from historic peak irrigation patachieve a 1 mgd offset. terns was the ultimate basis for Several of the homes included in establishing the peak-shaving potenthis study were on large lots with column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2extensive column width = 39p9) tialThree of installing and remotely conlandscaping. In fact, only trolling these irrigation systems. four of the participants had fewer The volume of water used by each than 10 irrigation zones in their syshousehold on an average irrigation tem, and two participants had more day during peak irrigation season than 20 zones. Household 13 had

Estimated irrigation-day use

FIGURE 2 6

Water Usage—thousands of gal

The amount of consumption data available for each customer was subject to the length of time their accounts existed. Nonseasonal and seasonal use. Each of the 15 households was characterized by its total annual use, separated by nonseasonal (indoor) and seasonal (outdoor) uses. Total annual use was calculated by taking the average annual use from the five most recent full years available (2011 through 2015), but fewer years were used in which the accounts did not have a five-year record. Average nonseasonal use was calculated by averaging the use from the five most recent December, January, and February monthly use totals, also subject to length of the accounts’ billing histories. Once nonseasonal use was established, seasonal use was taken as the difference between total annual use (averaged from the preceding five years) and nonseasonal use. The water customers participating in this study captured a wide range of total, indoor, and outdoor usage, and across the 15 households, the average total annual water use was 276,000 gal. Irrigation demand. Monthly water use and historic irrigation patterns were used to determine how much water could be shifted at each household by eliminating an average irrigation day during peak irrigation season. Peak 2016 monthly use was determined by subtracting the historic average monthly indoor use from both July and August 2016 billing data. The highest resulting value was taken as the household’s peak 2016 monthly outdoor use. The average total peak monthly use among these households for 2016 was 62,000 gal. Household 3 had the lowest peak monthly use at 9,000 gal, and household 9 had the highest peak monthly use at 90,000 gal, demonstrating a tenfold difference between these extremes. Each household’s automated irrigation program (or manual irrigation schedule) was recorded during the in-home interviews. This information

5 4 3 2 1 0

Household Identification Number

M AYER ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

three zones, household 5 had 25 some cases, the number of activated zones, and the average number of zones was lower than the total number zones for these 15 customers was 13. of zones because of how the historic Six of these households had 15 or irrigation habits were characterized more zones, which means this sam(e.g., odd-numbered zones run on odd ple of customers skewed toward days, even-numbered zones run on large lots with extensive irrigation. even days). In such cases, the number As such, irrigation volume per zone, of active zones on an irrigation day instead of irrigation volume per was used to calculate use per zone, household, is potentially more useful shown in Figure 3. for making broad inferences. The average use per zone for these Three household’s column figurewater max width = 37p9 (actual 2households column width =was 39p9)289 gal, but the Each use per zone was calculated by dividing its volume households displayed a wide range of irrigation from an average day durof use per zone. The fact that peak ing peak season by the number of monthly outdoor use and number of zones activated per irrigation day. In zones do not necessarily predict use

FIGURE 3

Usage per zone for average irrigation day during peak season

450 400

Water Usage—gal

350 300 250 200

Three column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2 column width = 39p9) 150 100 50 0

FIGURE 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Household Identification Number

Participants required to achieve 1 mgd peak reduction

2,500

Participants

2,000

1,974

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1,480

1,500

1,000

987 763 572

500

382

Six-zone sites

Eight-zone sites

Conservative number of estimate

per zone suggests that this metric is somewhat independent of property size or wealth. This makes it a more neutral metric from which to extrapolate peak-shaving potential on a larger scale. Peak-shaving potential. The preceding analysis began by estimating the total volume of irrigation reduction on each of the two days that the customers’ irrigation programs were remotely interrupted in this study— approximately 48,000 gal/day. The customers’ willingness to participate in this pilot, the resulting demand reductions, and the ability to correctly time the interruption form the basis for exploring the potential for this peak-shaving method to have a substantial impact on utilities’ infrastructure plans and operations. From Figure 3, the minimum use per zone per average irrigation day from the pilot households during peak irrigation season for this sample was 84 gal, and the average use per zone was 289 gal. Using these values, conservative and average estimates were developed to determine the number of six-, eight-, and 12-zone participants needed in a peak-shaving program to achieve 1, 5, and 10 mgd reductions, which might be reasonable targets for utilities to aim for. Figure 4 shows the number of participants needed for a 1 mgd impact, and further estimates are provided in Table 1 based on the number of zones and the targeted peak reduction level.

MAY E R E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

12-zone sites

Average estimate

Technological advancements have resulted in property owners being able to remotely control their automated irrigation programs. Innovations in irrigation controllers have expanded on this capability to allow for centralized, remote control of multiple irrigation sites. These new developments could prove valuable for water utilities seeking to manage their peak day use, which dictates many costly infrastructure decisions.

TABLE 1

Summary of estimates for various levels of peak reduction given various sizes of participating sites Number of Six-Zone Sites

Number of Eight-Zone Sites

Number of 12-Zone Sites

2,000

1,500

1,000

9,900

7,400

4,900

19,700

14,800

9,900

Peak Reduction Level Conservative estimate—mgd

Average estimate—mgd 1

600

400

300

2,900

2,200

1,400

5,800

4,300

2,900

This study pilot tested the concept of using centralized, remote irrigation control to reduce water demands during peak irrigation season. The experiments conducted in this study showed that utilities can precisely and reliably reduce irrigation at participating properties to manage peak day use without adverse impacts on landscaping. More accurate weather forecasts and monitoring, along with daily consumption dashboards, could further improve this approach while helping customers to better understand how they water their landscapes and how that ultimately affects their water bills. On the basis of the success of the remote interruptions and the analysis of customers’ usage data, it is clear that this peak-shaving method could have a significant impact on utility planning. However, successfully reducing peak demand requires properly timed interruptions in order to protect customers’ landscapes. If the interruption is not timed properly, or if hot, dry conditions persist for an extended period, this approach may not be effective on its own. In order to rely on this technology for demand management, water utilities should consider implementing monitoring analytics similar to those of electric utilities so as to have better visibility of the system dynamics during peak day and peak hour periods.

Recruitment for the study was more difficult than anticipated. This may have been partly because many of the targeted customers place great value on their extensive landscaping. Additionally, enthusiasm for a program like this may vary significantly by the level of awareness among customers of the impacts of their water use, and also by their comfort level in communicating with their water provider. Before drawing conclusions about the human impediments to broad application of this method, researchers recommend comparing these recruitment findings with similar attempts in a diverse set of locations. Centralized, remote interruption was successful. Considering the potential impact of modest participation rates, a larger-scale application of the concept is recommended. To expand on the progress made in this study, future applications should employ more efficient and effective recruitment methods. To this end, more education and clear communication regarding use of controllers and better wording of brochures are recommended. This pilot study shows the potential benefits of this approach to water demand management, but substantial additional research and evaluation is necessary if this approach is to be relied on at the community level. Through this evaluation process, improvements to this new water demand management approach can be made.

It is not enough to simply shut systems off one day and shift the load to the next, thus creating a different but similarly large peak day. With thousands of enabled irrigation controllers in a system, much more sophisticated loadshifting approaches become possible. In a fully developed water demand management system, urban irrigation could be orchestrated to match water production profiles during key parts of the summer. The system could also be used to remotely shut down irrigation systems across a community or in specific neighborhoods during an emergency such as a water main break, major fire, or earthquake. This pilot study is a small step toward a more advanced approach to water demand management of urban water systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was made possible through the coordination and support of the Alliance for Water Efficiency and the assistance, dedication, and support of the following individuals: John Kij, Kevin Keane, and Jonathan Fink (all of New Jersey American Water); Robert Dobson (Middletown Sprinkler); Ric Miles, Clay Kraus, and Emil Motycka (all of Rachio Inc.); and Mary Ann Dickinson, Jeffrey Hughes, and Meghan Cherry (all of the Alliance for Water Efficiency).

M AYER ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Peter Mayer (to whom correspondence may be addressed) is principal of WaterDM, 1339 Hawthorn Ave., Boulder, CO 80304 USA; peter. mayer@waterdm.com. He is a professional engineer and urban water expert in the areas of water use, water efficiency, demand management, and water resource planning. For more than 20 years, his work has focused on urban water management, researching water use patterns, assessing the impact of water rate structures, evaluating water efficiency measures and programs, forecasting future demand with and without conservation, preparing water demand

management plans, and conducting water supply scenario analysis. Mayer received a BA degree from Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, and an MS degree from University of Colorado Boulder. Margaret Hunter is senior project manager at American Water, Voorhees, N.J. Rebecca Smith is a hydrologic engineer at the US Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder, Colo. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1078

REFERENCES

AWE (Alliance for Water Efficiency), 2017. Report Release: Peak Day Water Demand Management Study Pilots Innovative Load Shifting System. www.alliancefor waterefficiency.org/peakdayreport.aspx (accessed December 2017). DeOreo, W.B.; Mayer, P.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Kiefer, J., 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Water Research Foundation, Denver.

AWWA RESOURCES • Water Conservation Benefits of Long-Term Residential Irrigation Restrictions in Southwest Florida. Boyer, M.J.; Dukes, M.D.; Duerr, I.; & Bliznyuk, N., 2018. Journal AWWA, 110:2:2. Product No. JAW_0085882. • Impact Evaluation of Residential Irrigation Audits on Water Conservation in Colorado. Shimabuku, M.; Stellar, D.; & Mayer, P., 2016. Journal AWWA, 108:5:E299. Product No. JAW_0083121. • Smart Water Application Technology: A Water Utility/Irrigation Industry Partnership. Hoyenga, J. & Reaves, R., 2006. Journal AWWA, 98:2:112. Product No. JAW_0062635. These resources have been supplied by Journal AWWA staff. For information on these and other AWWA resources, visit www.awwa.org.

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Feature Article

TAPIO S. KATKO

Water Services Development and Governance in Finland

T WATER AND WASTEWATER SERVICES HAVE DEVELOPED REMARKABLY WELL IN FINLAND BY FOLLOWING A PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT.

KAT KO | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

Layout photo source: Katko 2016

he importance of water supply and sanitation in the development of societies has been the subject of discussion in many studies, and community water supply is the most important aspect of water use worldwide (Katko & Rajala 2005). Water and wastewater services fulfill the “vital human needs” of communities (International Law Association 2004) and thus play a fundamental role in societal development and protection. Finland, a small Nordic country of 5.53 million people (Worldometers 2018), has been rated among the top countries in many international comparisons on water and environmental management in spite of its water-related challenges, according to the Water Poverty Index (Sullivan 2002), Relative Water Stress Index (UNESCO 2009), and Environmental Performance Index (EPI 2018), as well as information reported in other sectors such as education (Sahlberg 2014), Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International 2018), and Sustainable Society Index (SSI 2018). As for its water resources, Finland has approximately 56,000 lakes with a minimum area of 1 ha and a total of about 190,000 lakes that are at least 500 m2 in area. Groundwater occurs in alluvial eskers formed during the ice ages. For geological reasons, areas lower than 50–60 m above the current Baltic Sea often have problems with water quality, and bigger cities in these areas commonly use surface waters or import raw water from further sources. On the basis of a study of the long-term development of water and wastewater services (briefly: water services) in Finland, this article describes changes in the country’s operational environment as well as the current and future

social importance of water services (Katko 2016). It also highlights some of the most important issues in longterm development of water services in Finland and provides a description of the Finnish institutional framework for water services.

SELECTED ISSUES IN WATER SERVICES DEVELOPMENT IN FINLAND After World War II, and particularly in the 1960s, the economic structure of Finland changed dramatically (Hjerppe 1989), so that by the 1970s, the country had developed into a postindustrial nation in which services became the largest economic sector. In terms of water resources, rural areas have traditionally used groundwater for domestic purposes, whereas the needs of farming and agriculture have promoted common piped water supplies. Artificial recharge (managed aquifer recharge) was first used in Vaasa on the western coast in the late 1920s. After World War II, surface water supplies were widely adopted, even by cities with rich groundwater resources. The use of groundwater and artificial recharge has increased because it has been endorsed. Some regional groundwater systems have struggled to better involve stakeholders at the start of water supply projects (Kurki 2016, Katko et al. 2006). Until the mid-1970s, community and per capita water use in Finland (liters per capita per day [LPCD], including domestic, institutional, small and medium-sized industry use, and nonrevenue water) increased

TABLE 1

FINNISH INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WATER SERVICES

continuously. However, because of the energy crisis in 1972 and the Finland Act on Wastewater Charge (610/1973) enacted in 1974, which more than doubled prices, per capita water use (approximately 335 LPCD in 1974) started to decline. Citizens began to use water more economically, utilities more frequently conducted leakage surveys and rehabilitated networks, water metering improved, and improved water fixtures were introduced (Rajala & Katko 2004). It remains to be seen whether the average per capita water use in Finland (220 LPCD in 2016) will continue to decline. To address water pollution, the 1962 Water Act (www.finlex.fi/en/ laki/kaannokset/1961/) required wastewater treatment for the first time. In 2013, there were approximately 450 wastewater treatment plants that served at least 50 people each. The number of wastewater treatment plants peaked in 1990, but thereafter treatment started to be more centralized, and the smaller plants were abandoned. In many cases, this required construction of long transfer sewers. As a note on lead: an 1880 test on lead pipes was conducted in Helsinki, in which it was found that excess lead dissolved into the drinking water. On the basis of these results, the decision was made to avoid lead pipes as a rule; this approach was soon taken by other Finnish cities. Ultimately, lead was used only to join cast-iron pipes and as pipe material in rare cases (Lillja 1938).

A majority of the water and wastewater systems in operation in Finland were constructed between the 1960s and the 1980s, as indicated by the share of people connected (Table 1). By the 1990s, the need to renovate them became apparent, and more recently it has been a popular topic of public discussion (Silfverberg 2017). However, as with the rest of the developed world, modern water and wastewater systems are not immediately visible, so people tend to forget their importance until something goes wrong. Service provision and production. Finnish legislation puts municipalities in charge of providing or arranging the services produced and implemented by utilities (Katko & Hukka 2015, Ostrom 1990). Thus, water services in Finland are provided by local governments and produced at four levels, as follows: • On-site systems typically serve one or a few households not connected to networks. • Cooperatives (water user associations) are private systems serving small rural systems/ villages. • Municipal utilities are public systems for larger communities and surrounding areas, governed by board members appointed on the basis of municipal elections. • Intermunicipal and regional arrangements are mainly wholesale water supply and sewage services.

Share of people connected to public water and wastewater systems in Finland: 1970, 1992, and 2014a 1970—%

1992—%

2014—%

Water supply

Service

Sewage

Source: Katko 2016 aNational

statistics cover the following: 1970–1993: systems with >200 people connected; since 1994: systems with >50 people connected; since 1997: Åland Islands have been excluded.

K ATK O | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

These four categories, as described further in Table 2, are interconnected by various means, making diversity and multilevel governance features of both organizations and institutions. This governance structure also provides flexibility and deference for local conditions and stakeholders. Cooperatives. In the evolution of water cooperatives, five phases can be identified in Finland between the late 1800s and the early 2000s. The first phase covers consumermanaged systems built before 1950 without external financial support and with minimum expenditures and volunteer support. The phase from the 1950s to the 1970s was characterized by stronger involvement of the state and municipalities. A law enacted in 1951 focused on providing loans and grants for organizing water supply and sewage services in rural municipalities, thereby promoting the birth of water cooperatives (Katko 1992). The third phase includes those established from the mid-1970s to 1990 and located mainly in sparsely populated areas; during this period, municipalities encouraged people to self-organize their services and supported their establishment financially. The fourth phase covers cooperatives established initially for water supply in rural areas, which, since the 1990s

TABLE 2

have also provided wastewater services; during this period, cooperatives were created particularly in southern Finland (Takala et al. 2011). The fifth phase includes water cooperatives established mainly in the 1950s that, over time, have become autonomous public water utilities in midsized townships. In 2012, there were at least 20 such cooperatives in Finland serving 1,000–15,000 people each; most were located in the Ostrobothnia region in western Finland (Vihanta 2013). These large cooperatives produce services for 100,000 people. In urban areas, almost all Finnish water and wastewater utilities merged in the 1970s and 1980s. This was not a new concept; integrated urban water management was recognized as early as 1953 in the term vesihuolto (Vesihuolto-opas 1953), a concept that unites community water supply and wastewater services. Stormwater management was broadly viewed as the purview of water utilities until 2014, when the provision of stormwater services largely shifted to municipalities. The Water Services Act. The Water Services Act of 2001 (119/2001, amendment 681/2014; www.finlex. fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/) required utilities to become autonomous and use net budgeting (i.e.,

Four main organizational arrangements of Finland water services and their key features

Level

Features

Number of Systems

Population Served—%

On-site systems

Dispersed rural areas

Many

Water user associations

Villages and towns

1,400

Urban water and wastewater utilities

Water and wastewater often merged

300

Intermunicipal and regional systems (supramunicipal)

Intermunicipal agreements Wholesale water Wholesale wastewater Regional water and wastewater companiesc

Manyb 24 12 3

NA NA NA 28

Source: Katko 2016 NA—not available aApproximately

20 in larger villages and towns are continuous, some are reserve stakeholder companies owned by municipalities, one federation of municipalities

bSome cTwo

have their own accountancy) as the basis for their finances. In the early 2000s, municipal mergers promoted the centralization of water and wastewater utilities. In these mergers, such as in the Oulu region, utilities typically provide both water and wastewater services. Bilateral utility collaboration has promoted municipal mergers in some instances (Pietilä et al. 2010), but these efforts can take several years to fully integrate systems and there is the risk of lost tacit knowledge if many staff members are assigned new duties (Katko 2016). Intermunicipal cooperation in water services gained traction in the 1950s as wholesale operations in the form of water supply federations. Later, bilateral contracts between municipalities were introduced. In the 1960s, supramunicipal wholesale companies started to develop along the river valleys of the Ostrobothnia region on the western coast. In 2010, there were 39 entities owned by several municipalities in the country; of these, seven were federations and 32 were shareholder companies. Supramunicipal systems produce water supply and wastewater services for municipal utilities, industries, and water cooperatives. Figure 1 shows the location of the water supply entities that, in

KAT KO | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

2013, produced wholesale water supply services in Finland. The raw water sources are often geographically distant from larger wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal points. The majority of the wholesale water supply systems are located in the more populated coastal areas, which often have limited access to high-quality ground- and surface waters.

PUBLIC/PRIVATE RESPONSIBILITIES “Responsible public ownership,” which describes the management paradigm of municipal utilities, has many advantages and is used in most of the developed world and in Finland. Under this model, parts of noncore activities are often outsourced to the private sector, but core activities, strategic actions, and ownership stay with municipalities and public utilities (Katko 2016; Pietilä et al. 2007). In accordance with the Water Services Act, all costs must be covered. However, as in much of the developed world, there is an alarming funding gap for infrastructure renewal and replacement, which, in Finland, has been estimated to be two to three times more than current investment rates (Silfverberg 2017, Heino et al. 2011). The biannual State of the Built Environment Assessment (ROTI 2017) gave Finland’s water services infrastructure a grade of 8– in 2007 and 7+ in 2017 (scale 4–10, with 10 being the highest grade achievable and 4 being failed; + indicates slightly higher and – indicates slightly lower). In the United States, the 2017 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure (ASCE 2017) gave drinking water a grade D and wastewater a D+. Assessments from Norway and Canada show remarkable funding gaps as well; the need for higher rehabilitation rates is hardly met adequately in any country (Hukka & Katko 2015). This worldwide challenge requires rethinking current

paradigms to focus more on our operational economy. Historically, water supply has been covered by customer charges in Finland. Before 1974, sewerage was partly financed via taxation funds, but the costs of wastewater services

FIGURE 1

have been covered by customer charges since then. The Wastewater Fee Act in 1974 more than doubled user charges, provided resources, and sped up water pollution control activities. On the basis of the increasing infrastructure funding gap, it is

The operational areas of wholesale water supply entities in Finland

Source: Pietilä et al. 2010

K ATK O | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

likely that these charges will increase in the future at a faster pace than previously experienced. The Finnish Water Utilities Association and the Association of Finnish Water Cooperatives are the major lobbyists for water services. There are also other direct or indirect stakeholders playing their specific roles, such as health authorities, water protection associations, and regional councils. Two recent studies (ROTI 2017; Silfverberg 2017) argue that Finnish water services are too fragmented. Yet water is fundamentally connected to human health and social and environmental activities, so it is very difficult to control and manage via a single entity. For example, functional, reliable water and wastewater services will be needed to achieve all 17 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. At Finland’s ministerial level, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry bears overall guidance responsibility, whereas the Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, and Ministry for Foreign Affairs are involved through various functions and roles.

CONCLUSIONS After examining Finnish water service providers and producers, the following conclusions can be drawn: • Water and wastewater services have developed remarkably well in Finland by following a principle of continuous development. • Challenges with aging infrastructure and human resources in general require research, development, and innovation. • Developing and improving water services must account for local priorities and conditions. The author hopes this article contributes to increased cooperation and knowledge exchange among the various water industries of the world. 54

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The support from the Academy of Finland (no. 288153) and other supporters of the original study (Katko 2016) is acknowledged.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Tapio S. Katko is adjunct professor, UNESCO chair in sustainable water services, Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, POB 600, FIN33101 Tampere, Finland; tapio. katko@tut.fi. He has more than 40 years of experience with water services, of which more than 30 have been in research. Katko earned his master’s degree in civil engineering and doctorate degree in technology from the Tampere University of Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1079

REFERENCES

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), 2017. Infrastructure Report Card: A Comprehensive Assessment of America’s Infrastructure. www.infrastructurereport card.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ 2017-Infrastructure-Report-Card.pdf (accessed Nov. 23, 2017). EPI (Environmental Performance Index), 2018. About the EPI. https://epi.envirocenter.yale. edu/about-epi (accessed Jan. 20, 2018). Heino, O.A.; Takala, A.J.; & Katko, T.S., 2011. Challenges to Finnish Water and Wastewater Services in the Next 20–30 Years. E-Water. www.ewa-online.eu/tl_ files/_media/content/documents_pdf/ Publications/E-WAter/documents/4_ Challenges_A_TAKALA_OH_Final.pdf (accessed Feb. 28, 2018). Hjerppe, R., 1989. The Finnish Economy 1860– 1985: Growth and Structural Change. Bank of Finland Publications. https:// helda.helsinki.fi/bof/handle/123456789/ 14338 (accessed Nov. 23, 2017).

Katko, T.S., 2016. Finnish Water Services: Experiences in Global Perspective. Finnish Water Utilities Association. E-book co-published by IWA Publishing 2017. http://wio.iwaponline.com/ content/16/9781780408743 (accessed Feb. 28, 2018). Katko, T., 1992. The Development of Water Supply Associations in Finland and Its Significance for Developing Countries. The World Bank, Water Supply and Sanitation Division. Discussion paper no. 8. http://documents.worldbank.org/ curated/en/686901468752077861/Thedevelopment-of-water-supplyassociations-in-Finland-and-itssignificance-for-developing-countries (accessed Feb. 28, 2018). Katko, T.S. & Hukka, J.J., 2015. Social and Economic Importance of Water Services in the Built Environment: Need for More Structured Thinking. 8th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization. Procedia Economics and Finance. 21:217. https://doi. org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00170-7. Katko, T.S.; Lipponen, A.M.; & Rönkä, E.K.T., 2006. Ground Water Use and Policy in Community Water Supply in Finland. Report. Hydrogeology Journal, 14:1–2:69. Katko, T.S. & Rajala, R.P., 2005. Priorities for Fresh Water Use Purposes in Selected Countries With Policy Implications. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 21:2:311. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900 620500108650. Kurki, V., 2016. Negotiating Groundwater Governance: Lessons From Contentious Aquifer Recharge Projects. Tampere University of Technology doctoral dissertation, no. 1387. https://tutcris.tut. fi/portal/files/6149146/Kurki_1387.pdf (accessed Nov. 23, 2017) Lillja, J.L.W., 1938. Helsingin Kaupungin Vesijohtolaitos 1876-1936 [in Finnish]. Ostrom, E., 1990. Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Oy V.I., 1953. Vesihuolto-opas. [in Finnish]. Vesto, Helsinki.

Hukka, J.J. & Katko, T.S., 2015. Appropriate Pricing Policy Needed Worldwide for Improving Water Services Infrastructure. Journal AWWA, 107:1:E37. https://doi. org/10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0007.

Pietilä, P.; Katko, T.; & Kurki, V., 2010. Vesi Kuntayhteistyön Voiteluaineena (Water Fueling Municipal Collaboration) [in Finnish]. Foundation for Municipal Development. Publication no. 62. https://kaks.fi/sites/default/files/ Tutkimusjulkaisu%2062.pdf (accessed Feb. 28, 2018).

International Law Association, 2004. The Berlin Rules on Water Resources. 20. Vital Human Needs.

Pietilä, P.E.; Katko, T.S.; & Hukka, J.H., 2007. Public–Private Partnership in Finnish Water Services. CESifo DICE

KAT KO | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

report. Journal of Institutional Comparisons, 5:2:27. Rajala, R.P. & Katko, T.S., 2004. Household Water Consumption and Demand Management in Finland. Urban Water Journal, 1:1:17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15 730620410001732080. ROTI, 2017. State of the Built Environment: Finland 2017.www.ril.fi/en/alan-kehitys/ the-roti-2017-report.html (accessed Feb. 28, 2017). Sahlberg, P., 2015. Finnish Lessons 2.0: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? Teacher´s College Press, New York.

Silfverberg, P., 2017. Vesihuollon Suuntaviivat 2020-luvulle (Guidelines of Water Services to the 2020s) [in Finnish]. Vesilaitosyhdistyksen monistesarja nro 44. Helsinki. http://stm.fi/documents/ 1410837/1516651/Vesihuollon+suunta viivat+2020-luvulle_final_20170622.pdf/ AWWA Journal cb687a80-dd57-4733-88c7-f3962e4bf9f4 (accessed Feb. 28, 2018). SSI (Sustainable Society Index), 2018. www.ssfindex.com/ (accessed Jan. 20, 2018).

Sullivan, C., 2002. Calculating a Water Poverty Index. World Development, 30:7:1195. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/ Sullivan-2002-Water.pdf (accessed Nov. 23, 2017). Takala, A.; Arvonen, V.; Katko, T.; Pietilä, P.; & Åkerman, M., 2011. Evolving Role of Water Co-operatives in Finland—Lesson Learnt? International Journal of Co-operative Management, 5:2:11. Transparency International, 2018. Overview. www.transparency.org/research/cpi/ overview (accessed Jan. 20, 2018). UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 2009. www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/wwap_ WWDR2_Section2_Global_Map3.pdf (accessed Jan. 20, 2018). Vihanta, J., 2013. Suomen Taajamien Suuret Vesiosuuskunnat [in Finnish]. Master’s thesis, Tampere University of Technology. https://dspace.cc.tut.fi/dpub/bitstream/ handle/123456789/22093/Vihanta. pdf;sequence=1 (accessed Feb. 28, 2018). Worldometers, 2018. Finland population. www. worldometers.info/world-population/fin land-population (accessed Jan. 20, 2018).

AWWA RESOURCES • Water Accounting: International Approaches to Policy and DecisionMaking. Godfrey, J.M. & Chalmers, K. (editors), 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, United Kingdom. Catalog No. 20794. • DC Beat—US Legislative Update. Holmes, T., 2017. Journal AWWA, 109:9:66. Product No JAW_0085556. • Affordability Assessment Tool for Federal Water Mandates. AWWA, US Conference of Mayors, & Water Environment Federation, 2013. www.awwa.org/portals/0/ files/legreg/documents/affordability/ affordabilityassessmenttool.pdf. These resources have been supplied by Journal AWWA staff. For information on these and other AWWA resources, visit www.awwa.org.

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Feature Article

JACO B D. STRO MB E C K, SC O TT JU NGWIRTH , AN D MAT T H EW G . ER I C K S O N

Water Utility Drought Tracking in Northern Climates

THESE DROUGHT MONITORING AND DROUGHT MANAGEMENT PLANNING APPROACHES CAN SUPPORT ANY WATER UTILITY IN ANY GEOGRAPHIC REGION TO AND SUCCESSFULLY COMMUNICATE AN EFFECTIVE DROUGHT RESPONSE.

DROUGHT MONITORING AND PLANNING STRATEGY Drought can be classified into two categories. Meteorological drought is defined as an extended period of below-average precipitation for a given 56

ST ROMBE CK E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

Layout imagery by Shutterstock.com/Intrepix and goodluz

TRACK, PLAN, IMPLEMENT,

s significant droughts become more common, water utilities are increasingly challenged by water shortages that can disrupt local economies and threaten the health and welfare of a population and its environment (NOAA 2017). To effectively address rapidly evolving drought conditions, water utilities and decision-makers need robust, adaptable drought management plans that predict the consequences of such events and establish appropriate responses. Drought management plans provide guidelines to effectively manage water supply and use. In 2017, extreme drought conditions occurred in the Northern Plains region of the United States when temperatures significantly increased and the absence of rain rapidly dried the soil and waterways, creating a condition referred to as a flash drought. The authors have developed multiple drought management and demand reduction plans for water utilities within the Northern Plains region, and some of the important features of these are described in the following sections. The projects featured here demonstrate the importance of monitoring and tracking drought indicators, as well as developing a clearly defined response and communications plan in times leading up to and during potential water shortages.

region. Hydrological drought typiand vulnerabilities of specific water cally refers to a reduction in streamsources. A water supply analysis flows, reservoir levels, lake levels, enables a utility to more accurately and groundwater levels to belowunderstand the characteristics of its normal conditions based on recorded water supply sources and helps idendata (Wilhite & Glantz 1985). In tify the utility’s vulnerabilities, risks, general, effective drought monitoring and reliability. Using historical water and planning for water utilities condemand data, a water demand analysists of five key components: sis provides a basis for projecting • Water supply and demand future water needs. It is critical to analysis evaluate the water demand require• D r o u g h t i n d i c a t o r s a n d ments for daily operations as well as drought monitoring for projections of future water • Response and communication demands that can inform water short• Water infrastructure impacts age response strategies, such as how • Drought management plan to address large water users and the formalization needs of essential facilities. These five components are Water demands vary considerably described in the following sections. in regions that experience a wide Water supply and demand analysis. range of temperature variations The first step in developing a utilityassociated with the change of seaspecific drought response plan is to Water Three column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2sons. column widthdemand = 39p9) is typically septhoroughly analyze water supply and arated into two components— demand characteristics in order to namely, essential and non-essential determine achievable reductions in water use. Essential water use is not water use and to identify the reliability significantly influenced by seasonal

FIGURE 1

350

Seasonal water demand fluctuations for the City of Bozeman, Mont., 2006–2015

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Summer irrigation months

300

Winter months

250 200 150 100 50

r D

be em ov N

r m be te

Se p

ly Ju

ne Ju

ay M

il pr A

ch M ar

ry ua br Fe

0 Ja

Monthly Usage—mil gal

weather patterns or other external factors and remains relatively constant throughout the year. Common examples of residential essential water use are water used for consumption, hygiene, and in-home cleaning. Nonessential water use for landscape irrigation, outdoor water features, and swimming pools is directly influenced by seasonal weather patterns and economic factors. Water demand reduction goals in drought response plans should target non-essential water use first. In northern regions, water demands commonly increase during warmer months, when outdoor water use is more prevalent. An example of seasonal fluctuations for the City of Bozeman, Mont., shown in Figure 1, presents the variability of summer and winter demands across a sample of years from 2006 to 2015. Drought indicators and drought monitoring. The second step of developing a drought planning strategy is to

Month

S TR O M B EC K ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

select drought indicators that enable evapotranspiration, soil recharge, runthe utility to effectively monitor and off, and moisture loss. PDSI data for a track drought conditions. Specific climate region range from –4.0 for indicators should be relevant to a extreme drought to +4.0 for extremely utility’s water supply and users’ wet conditions, in which 0.0 equates water needs. Measuring drought to normal conditions. conditions is increasingly challenging According to the historical PDSI because of climate change uncermap from 1895 to 1995, shown in tainty and the large geographical and Figure 2, a significant number of temporal distributions that can creregions in the United States experiate water shortages. Drought indicaenced severe or extreme drought tors identify the severity of risks to 10.0 to 14.9% of the time (see the critical resources and the factors that photograph on page 59 of drought contribute to those risks. Multiple conditions experienced in North drought indexes and monitoring Dakota in 1910). Furthermore, sevtools have been developed on eral areas in the United States have national and regional scales to assist experienced severe or extreme with drought predictions. drought 15.0 to 19.9% of the time, The US Drought Monitor provides while two regions of the continental valuable information about the potenUnited States (southwest Wyoming tial onset of drought conditions and and south central Colorado) encounseverity of drought in a region using tered drought conditions greater indicators such as the Palmer Drought than 20.0% of the time. Severity Index (PDSI) and the The SPI is a probability-based Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). that uses historical rainfall to Three column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2index column width = 39p9) The PDSI is a meteorological drought estimate drought conditions. SPI index based on water supply, water data for a climate region range from demand, and water loss, calculated –3.0 for extreme drought to 0.0 for using precipitation, temperature, normal conditions and +3.0 for

FIGURE 2

Percentage of time in severe and extreme drought for US regions based on PDSI 1895–1995

% of time PDSI ≤ –3 <5 5–9.99 10–14.9 15–19.9 ≥ 20

Summer irrigation months

Source: National Drought Mitigation Center 2017 PDSI—Palmer Drought Severity Index

ST ROMBE CK E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

extremely wet conditions. SPIs are calculated according to varying time scales to capture short-term and long-term drought conditions. For drought management purposes, SPIs over longer periods (six months or more) indicate persistent drought conditions and are more valuable than short-term SPIs. The US Drought Monitor can be a valuable regional drought indicator because it is a composite index that incorporates PDSI, SPI, and US Geological Survey streamflows and is based on hydrologic, climatic, and soil conditions. US Drought Monitor data are typically reported as percentages of a region experiencing different degrees of drought. Regional and local drought severity indicators should be incorporated into a water utility’s drought response plan. These benchmarks should be more specific to the local water supply and will hopefully allow for early identification of drought conditions and appropriate responses. Local streamflows, reservoir and lake levels, groundwater levels, and snowpack are direct indicators of local conditions that provide valuable information about current water supplies. Critical water resources should be monitored and used to estimate short- and long-term water availability. This process can incorporate drought-related data from local and national indicators, such as reservoir storage, area streamflow, snowpack, precipitation, temperature, evaporation, soil moisture, and weather forecasts, that directly affect water supplies. Outcomes include guidance on appropriate responses to reduce the adverse effects of water shortages. Response and communication. Responding to and communicating about water shortages is the third step of establishing a drought response strategy. The goal is to develop an easy-to-implement plan for communicating drought conditions to stakeholders and the general public and evoking water use reductions from customers.

Drought responses are the actions taken to reduce the impacts of sustained drought through short-term adjustment of water usage, and they are typically established on the basis of the severity of the drought. Drought responses generally include water use restrictions, lawn watering restrictions, excess-use fines, and other approaches to reduce water use. Response actions can be based on customer classifications, such as industrial, commercial, and residential, with different reduction goals and restrictions for each. A water use education program provides information about efficient water use, drought preparedness, and drought restrictions during periods of water shortage. Education and public outreach initiatives promote the value of water and the need to conserve it under normal conditions and during drought events. The water demand reduction strategy of a drought plan can also be useful during emergencies such as water system failures. Water infrastructure triggers. The goal of the fourth step in establishing a drought response strategy is to use response and water demand reduction goals to manage water use during system failures not directly tied to drought. In an emergency, the ability to use the drought plan’s responses for demand reduction can reduce the impacts during water shortages or loss of system pressure. By incorporating water infrastructure triggers into a drought management plan, water utilities can respond more effectively when failures occur. The City of Fargo, N.D. (discussed in a case study later in this article), is a good example of a drought plan incorporating water infrastructure triggers. Drought management plan formalization. The final step of developing a drought planning strategy is pulling the previous steps together and formalizing connections between the various components, where the goal is to develop easy-to-understand documentation, link drought monitoring and indicators to drought

This photograph from 1910 shows drought conditions experienced on the Red River in North Dakota. Image courtesy of the Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo (328.2.18)

responses, and establish a formalized plan for declaring a drought or water shortage. This process is crucial to prepare for potential drought conditions by identifying key drought vulnerabilities, establishing local drought monitoring processes, defining responses to various drought stages, and implementing strategies to mitigate future impacts of water shortages and drought.

WATER UTILITY CASE STUDIES City of Fargo, N.D. The City of Fargo’s Drought and Water Service Management Plan was last updated in 2015, with the addition of infrastructure triggers to incorporate appropriate responses if water shortages occur as a result of system failures rather than drought. Updating Fargo’s plan began by identifying the city’s three distinct water supply sources and their respective water appropriation permits. Each source was evaluated to identify pertinent features, such as major tributaries and contributing reservoirs, and their associated water levels and available storage. Historical water demands were studied to determine average and peak day demands. Once the demands were understood, they were divided into essential water use,

non-essential water use, and large water users (e.g., commercial, industrial, institutional). Once water use was fully understood, drought indicators, drought monitoring parameters, and water infrastructure triggers were defined for each drought phase. Fargo identified four drought phases for which these indicators, monitoring parameters, and water infrastructure triggers were assigned; as summarized in Table 1, Fargo’s approach can serve as a starting point for other water utilities developing their own drought plans (City of Fargo 2015). Fargo’s Drought and Water Service Management Plan used 55 years of historical data (1954–2011) to develop and calibrate a drought tracking model. The process involved assigning weighting factors to the different indicators to create a composite score, ranging from 1.0 to 4.0, corresponding to the four drought phases. The scoring results over the range of historical data are shown in Figure 3. As a result of this work, Fargo’s model is now capable of providing accurate real-time drought evaluations, which allows the city to quickly respond as the situation warrants. City of Grand Forks, N.D. The City of Grand Forks’ Drought Management

S TR O M B EC K ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

and Demand Reduction Plan, completed in 2007 and updated in 2016, is an element of a multi-step approach to long-term water supply resiliency. Similar to the process described for the City of Fargo, the plan compiled important information that helped determine drought triggers and water reduction strategies, as well as a plan for implementing those strategies in times leading up to and during water shortages. Focused on addressing supply challenges of the Red River of the North—

TABLE 1

Grand Forks’ major water supply (City of Grand Forks 2007)—the city’s plan first outlined primary and alternative water supplies, current water rights and permits, and available storage. On the basis of these factors, Grand Forks’ plan identified water shortage definitions and indicators. These included a four-phase drought plan, with specific indicators for each phase. In addition, the plan implemented drought demand reduction policies associated with each drought phase for specific user groups

(e.g., city departments, residential, commercial, industrial users) and a detailed public education plan on water reduction and conservation. City of Bozeman, Mont. To prepare for potential drought conditions and subsequent impacts, the City of Bozeman developed the City of Bozeman Drought Management Plan in 2017 to begin tracking conditions that affect the city’s water supplies. Bozeman’s drought management plan summarizes the city’s key drought vulnerabilities, presents a localized drought

Drought and water service management plan phases for the City of Fargo, N.D.

Indicator

Response Level Phase 1: Normal

Phase 2: Watch

Phase 3: Warning

Phase 4: Emergency

PDSI

–1.99 and above

–2.99 to –2.0

–3.99 to –3.0

–4.0 and below

SPI

–0.99 and above

–1.49 to –1.0

–1.99 to –1.5

–2.0 and below

90 to 95

Above 95

Treatment system disruption

Treatment system failure

Streamflow Below 85 2 column width = 85 to 90 Three column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 39p9) exceedance—% Reservoir/lake levels

Normal

Infrastructure trigger

Normal conditions

Below normal Distribution system disruption

Extremely low

PDSI—Palmer Drought Severity Index, SPI—Standardized Precipitation Index

FIGURE 3

Drought-tracking composite drought values based on historical data 1954–2011 for the City of Fargo, N.D.

Historical Composite Drought Phase

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

1/ 1/ 54 2/ 1/ 56 3/ 1/ 58 4/ 1/ 60 5/ 1/ 62 6/ 1/ 64 7/ 1/ 66 8/ 1/ 68 9/ 1/ 7 10 0 /1 /7 11 2 /1 /7 12 4 /1 /7 6 1/ 1/ 79 2/ 1/ 81 3/ 1/ 83 4/ 1/ 85 5/ 1/ 87 6/ 1/ 89 7/ 1/ 91 8/ 1/ 93 9/ 1/ 9 10 5 /1 /9 11 7 /1 /9 12 9 /1 /0 1 1/ 1/ 04 2/ 1/ 06 3/ 1/ 08 4/ 1/ 10

0.00

Date Composite score is based on assigned weighting factors ranging from 1.0 to 4.0, corresponding to the four drought phases noted in Table 1 as normal, watch, warning, and emergency.

ST ROMBE CK E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

monitoring system, defines responses monitoring data entries from multito varying stages of drought, and prople sources. Recent data are comvides strategies to mitigate future piled in a format that can be comimpacts of water shortages. bined with the drought tracking The plan includes a vulnerability model to estimate a composite assessment to identify and evaluate the drought value associated with the risks to critical water resources within four-stage drought response plan. the planning area. A process was This drought monitoring model uses developed for collection, analysis, and a combination of six local parameters distribution of water availability and encompassing snowpack, streamflow, other drought-related data, including and reservoir levels, along with three precipitation and streamflow levels. A national drought indexes to assess curmonitoring model was constructed, rent drought conditions and quantify with the goal of recognizing an emergan overall current drought stage ing drought as soon as possible and assessment. On the basis of historical then accurately assessing its severity data, the calibration model defined over time such that appropriate stage-specific criteria with respect to responses would be enacted. the local drought monitoring indicaIn addition to drought indicators tors. Some of the data used in the Three column figure max width = 37p9 (actual 2 column width = 39p9) and response action plans, Bozeman’s model are seasonal (e.g., snowpack drought management plan consists data); therefore, the algorithm for estiof an integrated web page that gathmating the drought stage was modiers thousands of daily drought fied accordingly. An example of

seasonal snowpack fluctuations and corresponding drought stages is shown in Figure 4.

CONCLUSION In the Northern Plains of the United States and around the globe, an effective drought monitoring and management plan contributes significantly to the success of a water utility. For plans to be successful, they need to be adaptable; it is recommended that these plans be routinely updated to reflect meteorological and source water changes while maintaining an easily understandable approach to quantifying drought and communicating responses. The approach for developing drought monitoring and management plans presented in this article can be used by utilities of any size, in any region, to address potential water shortages in their service areas.

Seasonal snowpack impacting water supply and corresponding drought stages for the City of Bozeman, Mont., based on historical data analysis

FIGURE 4

Average year Maximum year Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

30.00

Snow Water Equivalent—in.

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

be r

st ug u A

Ju ly

Ju ne

ay M

il pr A

ch M ar

y br ua r Fe

y ua r Ja n

r be em

be r em N ov

0.00

Snowpack Months Stages 1–4 correspond to the four drought phases noted in Table 1 as normal, watch, warning, and emergency.

S TR O M B EC K ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jacob D. Strombeck (to whom correspondence may be addressed) is project manager in the Fargo, N.D., office for Advanced Engineering and Environmental Services Inc. (AE2S), a regional consulting engineering firm: 4170 28th Ave. S., Fargo, ND 58104 USA; jacob. strombeck@ae2s.com. Strombeck has more than eight years of experience with civil and environmental engineering projects and specializes in project development including planning, funding, and preliminary design for a variety of water and wastewater projects in the region. He also works on drought preparedness and water supply projects. Scott Jungwirth is a project engineer with AE2S in Bozeman, Mont.

Matthew G. Erickson is a project engineer with AE2S in Sioux Falls, S.D. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1080

REFERENCES

City of Bozeman, 2017. City of Bozeman Drought Management Plan. Bozeman, Mont. City of Fargo, 2015. Drought and Water Service Management Plan. Fargo, N.D. City of Grand Forks, 2007. City of Grand Forks Drought Management and Demand Reduction Plan. Grand Forks, N.D. National Drought Mitigation Center, 2017. Historical Maps of the Palmer Drought Index. http://drought.unl.edu/Planning/ Monitoring/HistoricalPDSIMaps.aspx (accessed Mar. 1, 2018). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2017. Drought: Monitoring Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts. www.ncdc.noaa. gov/news/drought-monitoringeconomic-environmental-and-socialimpacts (accessed Mar. 1, 2018).

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Wilhite, D.A. & Glantz, M.H., 1985. Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions. Water International, 10:3:111.

ST ROMBE CK E T AL . | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

AWWA RESOURCES • M60 Drought Preparedness and Response: Manual of Water Supply Practices, 2011. AWWA, Denver. Catalog No. 30060. • Drought-Proofing Water Pump Stations for Critical Infrastructure. Johansson, A.E.; Schowalter, D.G.; Orlins, J.; & Rashid, M., 2017. Journal AWWA, 109:4:50. Product No. JAW_0084865. • Learning From a Tale of Two Droughts: 2002 vs. 2012. Rodriguez, A., 2015. Opflow, 41:3:16. Product No. OPF_0081656. These resources have been supplied by Journal AWWA staff. For information on these and other AWWA resources, visit www.awwa.org.

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Feature Article

CO LTO N JA NE S

My Library in Practice

GOOD BOOKS ON MANAGEMENT CAN INSPIRE LEADERSHIP SUCCESS, WHICH IN TURN HELPS THE EMPLOYEES WHO PROVIDE WATER COMMUNITIES.

J AN E S | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

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SERVICES TO OUR

beige bookcase stands across from my desk. The lower shelves house worn copies of Sacramento operation manuals, Metcalf & Eddy textbooks, and civil engineering references. The top shelf is set aside for noteworthy business books by management giants like Peter Drucker, Jim Collins, and Patrick Lencioni. Unfortunately, while the engineering and science references are commonplace in the water industry, basic management guidance is not. In the absence of best practices, managers at water and wastewater utilities may be inadequately trained, leading to less than optimal performance. Many organizations assume that management skills are acquired organically as one advances and gains responsibility (including direct reports). But in this scenario, managers often repeat the organization’s ingrained mistakes, and sometimes operations can turn into the equivalent of a poorly played game of telephone. Bad management habits passed from manager to employee are frequently reinforced by a culture that doesn’t ask questions, instead falling back on the lazy trope of “this is how we’ve always done it.” I would argue that management training is necessary at all levels in order to instill best practices and rectify bad habits. In this vein, I discuss three books I have found to be particularly insightful in building a leadership-focused culture. The Advantage: Why Organizational Health Trumps Everything Else in Business by Lencioni (2012) discusses how communication can be an improvement tool that helps everyone in the company align behind a common goal. Mark Horstman takes this a step further in The Effective

Manager (2016) by explaining how one-on-one meetings strengthen manager–employee relationships. Finally, The Oz Principle: Getting Results Through Individual and Organizational Accountability by Roger Conners, Tom Smith, and Craig Hickman (1994), describes how companies foster and celebrate personal accountability.

COMMUNICATION AND COMPANY ALIGNMENT In The Advantage, Lencioni addresses some common pitfalls and focuses on strategies for improving organizational health. One of the most powerful tools he highlights is the mission statement—a simple construct that has the potential to cast a vision, give employees a sense of professional worth, and encourage unity among team members to achieve a common goal. Traditional mission statements have three parts: an aspirational goal, the means to accomplish that goal, and a guiding set of behaviors. In his book, Lencioni walks readers through a step-by-step process for creating and implementing an effective mission statement designed to achieve organizational clarity. Effectively communicating a mission statement throughout an organization is similar to the way a song on the radio becomes a hit. Repeated refrains and a catchy melody lead to involuntary memorization. The more that staff members hear the organization’s mission and see its relevance within their work, the more that mission becomes part of their natural behavior. Lencioni’s advice is to overcommunicate the mission statement within the organization to the edge of annoyance, and maybe even a little beyond that edge. One means of overcommunicating a mission is through company storytelling. These stories sometimes grow into company folklore—those told at gatherings and dinner parties that often begin with, “You’ll never believe what she did!” Stories can provide heroes who always do the right thing and

often go above and beyond. These stories may be celebrated through awards or at company events, and over time and with reinforcement, the ideals they convey can become absorbed into the very fabric of the company’s culture.

MEETINGS AS RELATIONSHIP BUILDERS Communicating clarity through an organization’s mission helps individuals better understand why the organization does what it does; however, other management practices are needed to build better manager–employee relationships so that team members work well together to achieve common goals. Management structures such as meetings, feedback, and delegation—to name a few—are the building blocks for getting these kinds of results. To this end, The Effective Manager provides a step-by-step process to improving working relationships and communication. Unfortunately, few managers are effectively trained to manage their employees. Many fake it (hoping to make it) or do what their manager did and in so doing may be doomed to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors. Management theory is helpful on a strategic level, but usually only for seasoned managers who have mastered the basics. Day-today, tactical instruction has a place in creating repeatable results and is often more empowering for managers who just need an on-the-ground guide to winning. The most notable lesson from Horstman is the importance of getting to know your people. Relationship building is accomplished through weekly 30-minute meetings, called one-on-ones, that have a very specific format. Of the meetings, Horstman says, All of our data over the years show that the single most important (and efficient) thing that you can do as a manager to improve your performance and increase retention is

to spend time getting to know the strengths and weaknesses of your direct reports. Managers who know how to get the most out of each individual member of the team achieve noticeably better results than managers who don’t. The most efficient way to get to know your team is to spend time regularly communicating with them.

One-on-one meetings should focus on building a relationship, helping the manager and direct report get to know each other. The first 10 minutes are given to the employee to discuss anything. This time can include topics like work or projects, but it is also open to other topics, such as children and home life, sports, or the weather. The second 10-minute block is for the manager to discuss whatever is deemed necessary for work, such as project updates or instruction, performance (e.g., positive feedback, constructive criticism), upcoming changes, or budgets. The final 10-minute block is set aside for coaching and delegation and often includes goals for personal growth. The City of Downers Grove, Ill., located west of Chicago, has been using one-on-ones for five years, and the structure continues to pay dividends to the organization, according to Public Works Director Nan Newlon, who says, The most beneficial practice we have found is conducting one-onone meetings with staff, or one-onones. These scheduled, weekly meetings between employees and their supervisor have greatly improved team effectiveness and employee engagement. One-onones are performed at all levels of the organization and support two of our organization values that “good ideas come from anywhere and everywhere” and “communication makes us better.”

Another example of the effective use of one-on-ones comes from Pat JA NES | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

Wren of Aqua Illinois Inc. Wren manages 12 employees across eight counties in northern Illinois. Often, decentralized operations can lead to a feeling of isolation for employees, but Wren overcomes this issue by meeting individually with each employee for 30 minutes on a weekly basis. Although nearly a full day of his work week is spent actively managing employees, the proactive investment leads to better prioritization of tasks, identification of impending issues, and quicker resolutions. Building stronger connections with his employees allows them to feel valued and keeps them up to date on company news. Wren typically meets his employees face to face, but webcams can work just as well when the situation requires someone to be in the field.

ACCOUNTABILITY MANAGEMENT If a mission statement clarifies purpose and one-on-one meetings help individuals connect as a team, then a third tool, accountability management, can be used to enhance personal responsibility and instill situational ownership (even when unsupervised). The Oz Principle provides common-sense advice for holding employees accountable by drawing a metaphorical line. An employee whose performance falls below this line may assume a victim mentality, placing blame for any lack of results on others. An employee whose performance is above this line takes full responsibility for their actions, results, and failures, and consistently asks, “What can I do to make this successful?” After readers have accurately identified a position above or below this boundary, the book provides practical advice on how to, first, get everyone to the higher position, and then, get them to stay there. Although accountability is defined in this book as “a personal choice to rise above one’s circumstances and demonstrate the ownership necessary for achieving desired results . . .,” certain management practices are helpful in encouraging employees to 66

come to this realization. Managers can instill a sense of ownership in their direct reports through honest performance discussions and a willingness to engage in difficult conversations when corrections are needed. Personal responsibility. Although The Oz Principle (Connors et al. 1994) is helpful in educating managers on how to best encourage their employees, the lessons of personal responsibility are applicable for all levels of the organization. Upper management is responsible for decisions that have the largest impact, so personal responsibility is of utmost importance in positions of leadership—a lesson I learned during the first few years of my career. Fresh out of college, I started working with an engineering firm on water and wastewater projects. I came in with high hopes of starting my career on a fast track and working on exciting projects with big impacts. I quickly found my entrylevel position actually entailed writing reports and rarely leaving the office to interact with clients. Over my first three months on the job, my high hopes dissolved into selfpity and anger. Back then, my writing skills were inadequate, I avoided performance discussions, and my boss rarely held me accountable for substandard deliverables. Each time I submitted a report, my boss needed to invest much of his own time editing and rewriting to meet deadlines. Eighteen months later, I was let go for poor performance. I spent two more months viewing myself as a victim of my circumstances, and then I returned to work—this time, as a water and wastewater operator for some small plants on the coast of North Carolina. My father is a first-class operator, so hopping into this niche seemed a safe place to soothe my wounded pride and forget about my negative work experience. But those of you who operate a water or wastewater system know that it’s an unforgiving environment; as the person solely responsible for the system’s success or failure, I

J AN E S | MAY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

had to own my circumstances. Physically accepting ownership of the system finally gave me the courage to accept the behavioral responsibility of my previous failure—I had been entitled, expecting the benefits of a seasoned engineer when the reality was that no one was responsible for my growth except me. Taking responsibility for my own situation was the beginning of real change and personal growth.

MOVING TOWARD BETTER MANAGEMENT Although much has been written on the topic of how to become a better manager, the three books I’ve covered in this article can contribute significantly to individual and organizational health. Helping employees understand how an organization’s mission bears on their everyday tasks gives each person a sense that his or her work is valuable to the organization as a whole. Girding the manager–employee relationship through effective meetings leads to better assessments of how to best use an individual’s strengths. It also places value on the whole person, not just the “human resource.” Lastly, creating an environment where personal responsibility is reinforced by celebrating successes and learning the lessons of failures can give everyone more courage to take pride in the outcome. Although these approaches can benefit every organization, I hope they will be put to greater use within our industry. Water and wastewater utilities are critical services to our society. Safe water and properly treated wastewater ensure public health and the sustainability of natural resources. In an environment such as ours where the stakes are high, our employees deserve better managers who communicate clearly, build relationships, and demand personal accountability. In the water industry, better management results in better public service to the communities we serve and better stewardship of the resources we protect.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

received his BS degree in environmental engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Platteville and is a licensed professional engineer. He is also certified as a class 1 wastewater operator and a class A water operator in Illinois. Janes has worked on all sides of the water and wastewater industry, including in roles as a consultant, municipal engineer, contract operator, and for a private utility.

Colton Janes is the director of operations for Aqua Illinois, 1000 S. Schuyler Ave., Kankakee, IL 60901 USA; cjanes@ AquaAmerica.com. Aqua Illinois is a private water and wastewater utility overseeing 73,000 customers in 13 counties in the state and is part of a national company of https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1081 Aqua America operating in eight states. As a manager of 100 REFERENCES employees, Janes believes in a Connors, R.; Smith, T.; & Hickman, C., 1994. hands-on, team-oriented approach, The Oz Principle: Getting Results working directly with operators to Through Individual and optimize existing systems to meet Organizational Accountability. company goals. He enjoys explorPenguin Group, New York. ing new and innovative manageHorstman, M., 2016. The Effective Manager. ment practices and facilitates a John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, N.J. leadership book club for the Lencioni, P., 2012. The Advantage: Why Illinois Section AWWA. Janes 1 3/21/2018 4:15:59 Organizational Health Trumps BRAVO pump_7x4.5_Mar2018_ACE_Final.eps PM

Everything Else in Business. JosseyBass, San Francisco.

AWWA RESOURCES • AWWA G520-17: Wastewater Collection System Operation and Management. Catalog No. 47520-2017. • Beneath the Surface: A Lesson in Leadership and Planning. Frost, S., 2018. Journal AWWA, 110:1:68. Product No. JAW_0086036. • Manager to Manager— Fostering Leadership in Management. Bernosky, J., 2017. Journal AWWA, 109:6:75. Product No. JAW_0085119. These resources have been supplied by Journal AWWA staff. For information on these and other AWWA resources, visit www.awwa.org.

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JA NES | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

Pages From the Past Introduction by Kenneth L. Mercer, Editor-in-Chief

he 2018 A.P. Black Research Award winner, Charles Haas, was one of several influential authors of the classic 1991 paper by Regli et al. that discussed modeling microbial risks in water. Another notable author on this paper is the 1997 A.P. Black award winner Charles Gerba. Although only the beginning of the paper and its summary are re-created here, I encourage readers to read the full paper, which walks through the steps for estimating the risks from exposure to Giardia and viruses in drinking water—no small task given how hard they should be to find after the treatment plant. Quantitatively assessing the risk from microbes in water would prove to be a rich area of research for Regli, Rose, Haas, and Gerba, and future contributions to the literature of public health protection in this vein are expected both directly from this group and via their academic lineages. Journal AWWA has been published continuously since March 1914. Over the years, it has evolved from a quarterly compilation of research, discussions, and conference proceedings into a monthly blend of original research articles, topical features, and industry-specific columns by water professionals. Pages From the Past is a regular feature that provides a glimpse into past perspectives, challenges, and solutions as presented by our predecessors. The excerpted text to follow is republished exactly as it appeared in the original pages of the Journal, with only slight modifications to general formatting styles such as font and spacing. The article was originally published in the November 1991 issue of Journal - American Water Works Association (Vol. 83, No. 11, pp. 76–84).

MODELING THE RISK FROM GIARDIA AND VIRUSES IN DRINKING WATER STIG REGL I, JO A N B . RO SE , C H A RL E S N . H AAS , AN D C H AR L ES P. G ER BA

This article discusses the assessment of risk from microorganisms in drinking water, the problems associated with such an analysis, the approach for specific organisms, the monitoring required to demonstrate that risk levels are met, and how risk assessment might be approached for determining whether a given level of risk from Giardia and viruses is avoided. Guidelines are suggested for determining the level of treatment necessary to ensure that consumers receive a finished drinking water with risks of less than one infection per 10,000 people per year from Giardia and enteric viruses. There is a critical need for the practical application of quantitative assessments of risk from pathogens in drinking water. There are a number of questions that need to be addressed. Does a system really need to filter? What is an adequate watershed control program? How much disinfection, depending on the level of contamination in the source water, should a system that filters apply? When is the minimum 3- and 4-log removal-inactivation requirement for Giardia and viruses, required under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), not enough? When is disinfection warranted in a groundwater system? What level of disinfection should be provided? How much less disinfectant can safely be used in order to minimize risk from disinfectants and disinfection byproducts? Once practical modeling of risk from pathogens in drinking water is available to the industry, it should be possible to answer these questions more readily. This article discusses the need for risk assessment for microorganisms, the problems associated with such an analysis, the approach for specific organisms, the monitoring required to demonstrate that risk levels for specific organisms are met, and how risk assessment might be practically 68

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approached for determining whether a given level of risk from Giardia and viruses is avoided. The article does not discuss the appropriateness of a given risk level for different pathogens. The focus is on Giardia and viruses rather than bacteria because Giardia and viruses are more resistant to treatment. The presumption is that if a utility treats adequately for Giardia and viruses, it will also treat adequately for bacteria. Exceptions to this, which are beyond the scope of this article, are diseases related to bacterial regrowth (especially with respect to effects on immunocompromised populations) and external contamination of distribution system water. Discussion of risk assessment for Cryptosporidium is not included in this article because of a lack of data for interpreting the health risk significance of its occurrence.

OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM The apparent absence of waterborne disease can provide a false sense of security regarding the adequacy of treatment. Most outbreaks of waterborne disease are not identified unless at least 1 percent of the population in a community becomes ill within a few months.1 This level of sensitivity for defining whether there is a problem is at least several orders of magnitude greater than desired. The absence of a methodology for characterizing whether negligible microbial risk is being provided by a water treatment plant can lead, in the interest of public safety, to overdesign and excess disinfection and associated by-products. In a recent survey of well-operated systems, approximately 30 percent of the utilities using filtration were estimated to provide disinfection necessary to achieve greater than 3 logs of inactivation of Giardia cysts during the wintertime; 50 percent of these utilities were also estimated to achieve greater than 3 logs inactivation during the summertime (and some greater than 6 logs of inactivation).2 Because filtration without disinfection can be expected to achieve 2- to 3-log removal of Giardia cysts, many systems are achieving greater than 5- and 6-log overall removal and inactivation of Giardia cysts. Are these levels of protection appropriate? In many cases they may be necessary because of poor source water quality and the desire to support the concept of multiple barriers of treatment to protect from possible failures in filtration performance. However, in other cases they are undoubtedly excessive. The determination of adequacy of treatment for microorganisms should ensure high probabilities for avoiding waterborne disease outbreaks and endemic disease at some appropriate minimum level of protection. The ability to quantify the level of protection from disease incidence provided by treatment would allow for more rational decisions about whether changes in water treatment are appropriate. Modeling risk from microbes in drinking water has not yet received much practical application because of limitations in accurately enumerating pathogen occurrence, uncertainties associated with infectivity and virulence, variability and diversity of organism occurrence, and the high numbers of large sample volumes required to demonstrate negligible risk. One philosophical problem is that if negligible risk were demonstrated based on previous pathogen occurrence (or absence) in a finished water, what assurance does this provide for the negligible risk to continue? Public health officials have also believed that no microbial pathogens should occur in acceptable drinking waters; under such an assumption, the concept of risk assessment, which requires the characterization of the occurrence of pathogens, appears contradictory to basic public health goals. As the understanding of pathogen occurrence becomes more refined, the arguments for finding practical application of risk assessment for pathogenic organisms become more compelling. Standards for carcinogens, whose occurrence in finished drinking water supplies can be accurately characterized, are ultimately based on what can technologically and economically be achieved by available treatment technologies. They are, however, also based on a minimal target of protection of between 10–4 and 10–6 incremental lifetime risk using a conservative model unlikely to have under-estimated the risk. It seems appropriate that standards for pathogenic organisms should also be based, if possible, on acceptable numerical levels of risk. In developing minimal targets of PA G ES FR O M TH E PA S T | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

protection against pathogens in the context of those considered for carcinogens, it becomes important to take into account the differences between the two types of risk. Risks from carcinogens in drinking water are chronic and life-shortening but can only be predicted. Risks from pathogens in drinking water are acute, have a wide range of clinical manifestations with varying degrees of severity, depending on the organism and degree of exposure, and are proved. More than 500 outbreaks of waterborne disease have been reported since 1971, most attributed to exposure to pathogenic organisms.3 Even [though] risks from most pathogens are generally not life-threatening, deaths can occur. When the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) promulgated the SWTR, it suggested that water be treated for Giardia cyst removal with the goal of ensuring high probability that the population consuming the water would not be subject to a risk of greater than one infection of giardiasis per 10,000 people per year.4 Infections, which do not necessarily produce illness, are defined as occurring when there is multiplication of the organism in the individual and an antibody response. The likelihood of infection resulting in illness depends on a variety of factors, including the virulence of the organism, the dosage consumed, and the immune response of the individual. The goal of <10–4 infections of giardiasis per year translates to a lifetime risk per individual of <10–2 to 10–3 infections per year, implying that the rate of actual illness would probably be substantially less than this if the goal were achieved. Depending on the significance of the potential clinical manifestations for a given organism (e.g., hepatitis is a more significant disease than giardiasis), different risk criteria may be appropriate for different organisms. Similarly, different numerical risk criteria are appropriate for carcinogens than those for pathogens because the types of risk are different. This article does not attempt to reconcile differences between carcinogenic and microbial risk.

APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY • Acceptable concentrations of various microorganisms in distribution system water can be computed from dose–response curves and specified acceptable levels of risk. 70

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Photo courtesy of Science Source

In order to assess the risk from microbes in water, the distribution of pathogens in the water and the sensitivity of the human population to these microorganisms must be considered. The low numbers of microorganisms in an administered dosage lead to a close relationship between these two factors. This is in contrast to risk assessment for carcinogens, e.g., trihalomethanes, whose occurrence tends to be much more uniform and whose risk is chronic rather than acute. Appropriate models. Dose–response experiments for microorganisms of concern in drinking water have been conducted with human volunteers using bacteria, protozoans, and viruses. In these experiments, several sets of volunteers were exposed to dosages of microorganisms that were known (by measurement) to contain certain average concentrations. The resulting number of infected and unaffected individuals was then determined. The number of infected individuals depends on the probability of the organism’s occurrence in the water consumed and the dose–response curve. ...

Photo courtesy of Terry Whittaker/Science Source

• Assuming an acceptable annual risk of infection of 10–4 for potable water, acceptable mean concentrations for viruses range from 2.22 × 10–7/L to 1.9 × 10–3/L for viruses, and 6.75 × 10–5/L for Giardia. • Inordinately large numbers of highvolume samples (generally a total volume of > 105–106 L) are required to ascertain whether a potable water is below the 10–4 risk level. Thus, finishedwater monitoring is only practical to determine whether a very high level of risk exists, not whether a supply is reasonably safe. • Determining pathogen concentration (or demonstrating its absence) in source waters and estimating the percentage-removal or inactivation by treatment allow for risk estimates of pathogen occurrence in finished water and the associated risk of infection; avoidance of infection is a conservative estimate for avoidance of disease. Conversely, minimum levels of treatment can be prescribed as a function of expected pathogen occurrence in the source water to ensure that the finished water meets an acceptable risk level. • Giardia concentrations in source waters should ideally be adjusted for percentage recoveries by the analytical method, viability, and host specificity of the organism. In the absence of such information, risk estimates, which are probably conservative, can be made by assuming that these factors compensate for each other. Under such assumptions, systems having source water qualities with geometric mean concentrations of 0.7 cysts/100 L, 7 cysts/100 L, and 70 cysts/100 L should achieve 3, 4, and 5 logs of inactivation, respectively, to ensure a yearly risk of <10–4 infections from potable water. • No specific virus appears suitable for virus risk assessment in general. A combination of characteristics for different viruses can be used to determine acceptable levels of risk and to prescribe appropriate levels of treatment. • If it is assumed that rotavirus and enterovirus occurrence is conservatively representative of virus occurrence in general, total enterovirus concentrations in finished water should be <2.2 × 10–7/L to ensure an annual risk of infection of <10–4 from HAV and most other enteric viruses for which data are available. Depending on the level of enterovirus concentration in the source water, appropriate levels of treatment can be prescribed to ensure this level of protection is met for most viruses. • Systems using surface water sources and chlorination for Giardia inactivation should in most cases, based on known information, ensure high probabilities of acceptable risk from viruses in the treated water. For systems using disinfectants other than chlorine for primary disinfection, it usually becomes necessary to conduct risk analysis for Giardia and viruses in order to ensure adequate protection from both. • For groundwater sources, a possible approach for risk assessment is to develop virus fate and transport models for predicting virus occurrence at the wellhead and to prescribe appropriate levels of treatment, if any, to ensure high probabilities of acceptable risk in the finished water.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Christon Hurst, Walter Jakubowski, Gerald Stelma, Paul Berger, and John Davidson for providing valuable comments to improve this manuscript. The contents of this PA G ES FR O M TH E PA S T | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

article do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the USEPA, nor does mention of trade names of products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Stig Regli is a regulation manager in the Standards Division, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460. Joan B. Rose is an assistant professor with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612. Charles N. Haas is a professor with the Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Abbots Bldg., Room 312, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Charles P. Gerba is a professor with the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1082

REFERENCES Craun, G.F. Personal communication (July 1990). Awwa Government Affairs Office. Surface Water Treatment Rule Evaluation Project. Final Rept. (Dec. 1987). Craun, G.F. Statistics of Waterborne Disease in the United States. Water Sci. Technol. (in press). US Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Filtration; Disinfection; Turbidity, Giardia lamblia, Viruses, Legionella, and Heterotrophic Bacteria. Final Rule. Fed. Reg., 54:27486 (June 29, 1989). …

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KEYNOTES

To view the most up-to-date professional program by date and track, visit awwa.org/ACE18

TUESDAY KEYNOTE ADDRESS June 12 | 1:00 – 1:45 P.M. Dr. Charles N. Haas LD Betz Professor of Environmental Engineering Head – Dept. of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA A.P. Black Research Award Winner QMRA in Drinking Water: Lessons Learned and Paths Forward

WATE R UTILITIES ISSUES FORUM W E DNESDAY, J U NE 14 | 11:15 A.M.–12:30 P.M. Addressing the Challenge of Affordability Join your fellow attendees for a conversation exploring key questions, challenges, and solutions to advance the knowledge and understanding of affordability. Affordability is an undeniable challenge for many utilities, with rate increases necessary for some utilities to sustainably fund infrastructure projects on an ongoing basis increasing the ﬁnancial burden on utility customers. Utilities have addressed affordability concerns in a variety of ways, often with the regulatory framework driving differences at a local, regional, and federal level. The Water Utilities Issues Forum will address affordability from the perspectives of thought leaders in utilities, academia, and the consulting community.

ASSOCIATION OF E N V IRONME NTA L E NGINE E RING A ND SCIE NCE PROFESSORS K E Y NOTE TUESDAY, JUNE 12 | 11:30 A.M. – 12:15 P.M. Dr. John E. Tobiason Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA Fundamental Approaches for Effective Manganese Control Despite wide-spread and long-known needs and implementations for manganese control, misconceptions and over-generalizations still lead to inadequate process performance. Fundamental understanding and data based assessments are essential for effective and robust manganese removal processes.

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Manny Teodoro’s scholarship stands at the nexus of politics, public policy, and public management, with emphases on American environmental policy. Professor Teodoro pursues a line of applied research on utility management, policy, and ﬁnance, working with industry leaders on management and policy issues.

Moderated by David LaFrance, AWWA’s CEO, this lively facilitated discussion will cover a range of affordability topics and provide the opportunity to address audience questions about the most important and challenging issues associated with affordability. JOU R N A L AW WA | M AY 2 0 18

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developing their programs.

To solve all three, utilities

outreach programs

need to improve business

(internships; community

practices, engage more with

presentations; social

customers, and undertake

media presence, corporate

improvements that promote

sponsorships, etc.) are all

water use efﬁciencies.

important elements we can

Our work at AWWA

engage younger generations.

addresses all three areas.

Finally, publicly owned

3. What is the biggest challenge throughout your studies? KV: To be able to integrate learnings into action at the utility level.

utilities need to update their employment practices to offer what today's youth expects from employers in order to compete with other opportunities offered younger generations.

M AY 2 0 18 | JOU R N A L AW WA

8. Will you be available throughout the day or only during the time of your presentation to answer questions? KV: Will be present at entire conference, and available, except for times where I will have other duties at the conference. 9. What is your water spirit animal? KV: Huskie dawgs!!! spoken as a graduate of the University of Washington.

Q&A HIGHLIGHTS Ken Thompson, CH2M/Jacobs, Senior Fellow Technologist Co-Authored Sessions: TUE21-06 | Completion of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure Pilot Study: Backﬂow, Resiliency, and Tampering WED06-01 | Online Monitoring as a Tool for Managing Distribution System Water Quality 1. What made you decide

3. What is the biggest

7. In what ways do you

to look further into

challenge throughout

believe we can get the

this subject?

your studies?

younger generations

KT: I became interested

KT: Utilities have

more involved?

in smart systems when

extraordinary demands on

KT: The younger

I worked at Irvine Ranch

their staff and available

generation will be

Water District in the 1990s.

funding. Developing a strong

attracted using advanced

We were looking at real

business case is the greatest

technology and data

time monitoring to protect

challenge to move a smart

analytics. The younger

our water reclamation plant

water project forward.

generations have all grown

from upstream discharges

The business case should

up with smart technology and

from military bases and

include tangible qualitative

will expect their companies to

industries. This included

and quantitative beneﬁts.

use it to eliminate work that

evaluating technologies

4. What key points should

for monitoring in collection systems, automatically taking a samples when unexplained anomalies occurred and predicting when the ﬂow would reach the plant so it could be diverted into a basin and not impact the treatment processes. 2. How does your presentation contribute to this year’s theme – Innovating the Future of Water? And, what is your goal for the future of water? KT: Yes, it does match the theme of the conference. My goal in 2018 is to continue to work with utilities worldwide to develop and implement intelligent water solutions that solve their toughest problems.

your audience leave with?

can easily be automated. 8. Will you be available

KT: That smart water systems

throughout the day or

are here and utilities can

only during the time of

solve critical problems to

your presentation to

improve compliance and

answer questions?

operational efﬁciency.

KT: I will be available

5. What are your thoughts on helping to solve the

throughout the conference. 9. What is your water

global water crisis?

spirit animal?

KT: Blending process, people,

KT: Orcas.

and technology together to solve major problems, such as water loss will help to provide water for the growing population. 6. What is the most interesting trend for 2018? KT: The advancement of data analytics and artiﬁcial intelligence to create new levels of actionable information.

JOU R N A L AW WA | M AY 2 0 18

HIGHLIGHTED TRACKS International and Innovation Sessions

The ACE18 Innovation and Technology track highlights perspectives from innovation thought leaders, as well as solutions for IT professionals in the water sector. TUE02 Reduce Energy Use and Harmful Emissions with Free/Low-Cost Tools This session will include the results from a pilot competition between water utilities to use PEPSO and LEEM to reduce energy and harmful emissions. PEPSO is modeling software to optimize distribution systems by reducing pump energy usage. LEEM provides predictive and real-time emission intensity data for mercury, CO2, SO2, NOx, and lead to equip utilities to shift energy usage to times when less harmful emissions are generated and released. TUE11 Utility Communications Technology Options -- What Are the Important Considerations for A Smart Water / Smart City Infrastructure? An increasing percentage of water utilities are looking to enhance communications infrastructure must effectively evaluate multi-faceted and disparate technology options-AMR, AMI, cellular and emerging IoT protocols-to support advanced reading, monitoring and reporting capabilities. Attendees will gain practical understanding of available solutions’ capabilities, and guidance to make the necessary assessments for their needs. WED03 Solving Water Challenges Through Technology—Global Case Studies This session is developed to introduce advanced water technologies that are available outside the US. In this session, the audience will not only learn about the technology, but also the outcomes of its implementation. The audience will be able to learn and exchange information under a common global issue: water. WED10 Innovations in Construction Methods and Delivery Projects further the growth of a utility’s infrastructure and involve a significant amount of monetary investment, and when completed, are expected to service the utility and it’s customers for decades. Challenges occur throughout the planning, design and construction phases and solutions are often as unique as the problems. This session will highlight design/build techniques to get the project done. WED11 Voice of The Customer: Listening to Medium Utilities The strength of the water market is that utilities are not typically competitors and would benefit from sharing of challenges to identify mutual needs that can be pursued in collaboration, and from exchanging ideas and success stories with peers. This session will focus on identifying the unique challenges faced by medium-sized utilities and the next steps toward applying innovative solutions to address utility needs. WED12 Your Choice Matters: Smart Water Solutions to Reduce Non-Revenue Water In the drive to create more efficient and sustainable water infrastructures, while reducing non-revenue water, utilities are beginning to use Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and existing cellular networks, next generation metering, and end water consumer engagement tools that can broaden overall ROI. Attendees will learn about IoT cellular networks, ultrasonic water metering, and the benefits of customer engagement tools to monitor water use and leaks. WED29 Innovative Approaches to Overcoming Water Management Challenges (Part 1) In this session, the US water managers will be able to hear and learn from global water managers as to what water management challenges they face and how they have or plan to overcome them. This session will provide a platform for US and global water managers to connect and exchange ideas and experiences in overcoming the escalating water challenges. WED35 Innovation Initiative: State of The Innovation State The Innovation Initiative was launched at ACE13 with a focus to overcome barriers to innovation and new technologies in the water and wastewater industry. This multi-stakeholder initiative was designed to engage everyone involved with providing total water solutions and to cut through the barriers and silos that inhibit adoption of innovation/new technologies. A new strategic plan for the Innovation Initiative was launched at ACE17. This must-see session includes a facilitated round-table discussion with the US EPA leaders and their thoughts on encouraging innovation. The second presentation will review the progress and deliverables with the implementation of the Innovation Initiative's strategic plan. The final presentation will have three parts; first an update from the Water Research Foundation on their efforts around innovation, followed by a review of the WEF Lift Program, and will conclude with a case study around a utility's experiences and approaches to implementing innovation. The session is designed to encourage an interactive lively discussion between panelists and the audience. Come prepared to participate in this important conversation about how to inspire innovation in our industry. WED37 Navigating a Digital Utility Transformation - Embracing a Smart Water Future While many utilities are looking for ways to improve the pace of technology adoption, they often have difficulty justifying the expenditure. In many cases there is little understanding of the long-term potential to transform the way utilities manage treatment, distribution, and collection. Hear from SWAN, the Smart Water Networks Forum, and utility leaders about innovation and smart water journeys. THU06 Applying Advanced Infrastructure Across the Water Cycle

Utilities are using smart solutions to help with capital planning, improve operations and enhance customer service. This presentation will demonstrate how to advance existing infrastructure and transform utilities into smart utilities through utility case examples spanning raw water supply to distribution networks and other parts of the water cycle.

M AY 2 0 18 | JOU R N A L AW WA

INNOVATION LOUNGE

To view the most up-to-date professional program by date and track, visit awwa.org/ACE18 The theme of ACE18 is Innovating the Future of Water, and there is no better place to learn about water sector innovations than in the Innovation Lounge, powered by Isle Utilities. The Innovation Lounge features a pool of emerging technologies and innovation resources, offering new approaches and solutions for the water sector – to help navigate challenges, implement solutions, and realize system improvements. ACE18 offers an in-depth look at Innovating the Future of Water throughout the conference’s professional program. Programming in the Innovation Lounge features Isle Utilities’ Tech Pitch Competition where providers of emerging technologies compete in a “Shark Tank” style competition. Engage with innovation thought leaders, progressive water utilities, and manufacturers and providers of proven, innovative solutions, as they share their perspectives on Innovating the Future of Water.

Innovation Lounge Highlights Guided Tours Join us for guided tours of the Innovation Lounge, with introductions to all of the participating companies – offered daily at noon.

T U ESDAY | J U NE 12

W E DNESDAY | J U NE 13

Innovation Lounge Grand Opening 10:30 A.M. Join AWWA and water sector innovation leaders in opening the ACE18 Innovation Lounge.

Isle Tech Pitch Competition Providers of emerging technologies compete in a “Shark Tank” style competition for the Isle Tech Pitch Competition Award. Sponsored by Mueller Water Products.

Startup Showcase – Imagine H2O 2018 Innovation Accelerator Hear directly from the innovators about the opportunities their emerging technologies deliver.

AWWA’s Innovation Initiative Perspectives Diverse perspectives come together to support attendees in Innovating the Future of Water.

No Water, No Beer Happy Hour 4:00–5:00 P.M. Sponsored by Brown and Caldwell

ACE ONLINE SESSIONS

View more than 30 hours of professional session content. Sessions will be recorded and available to view at the end of July. Enjoy access to ACE Online for one year. T U ESDAY K E Y NOTE WATE R U TILITIES IS SU ES FORU M T U E01

Building a Sustainable Workforce

T U E08

Asset Management Planning

W E D11

Voice of The Customer: Listening to Medium Utilities

W E D16

A Regulatory Look at DPR And Pathogen Credits

W E D33

Considerations for Sound Rate Setting

W E D47

Finding Sources of Lead and Providing Effective Corrosion Control

TH U03

Corrosion Control and Nitriﬁcation Prevention in Small Distribution Systems

TH U05

Wall Street Demystiﬁed

TH U27

Asset Bundling, Alternative Financing and Cold Hard Cash

TH U31

The Importance of IT Master Planning and Cybersecurity JOU R N A L AW WA | M AY 2 0 18

WELCOME TO THE E X HIBIT H A LL DES TIN ATIONS W E LC OME TO THE ACE18 E X HIBIT H A LL

AWWA Pavilion • Publishing & Education • Merchandise Store

TUESDAY, JUNE 12 | 10:00 A.M.–5:00 P.M.

• Membership WEDNESDAY, JUNE 13 | 10:00 A.M.–6:00 P.M.

• Partnership for Safe Water and Partnership for Clean Water

THURSDAY, JUNE 14 | 10:00 A.M.–2:00 P.M.

• Water Utility Energy Challenge • Water Equation

Online Interactive Floor Plan Visit: bit.ly/ace18exhibithall

• Community Engineering Corps • ACE19 in Denver

• Pre-plan your ACE Exhibit Hall experience • Search exhibitors by company name, booth number or product and service category

Career Center Job & Education Fair Competitions

• Find destinations and events on the show ﬂoor

Exhibit Hall Education • Innovation Lounge • Poster Sessions • Roundtable Solution Sessions Expo Café International Resource Center

C OMPE TITIONS PIPE TA PPING

Tuesday, June 12 | 2:00–5:00 P.M. Wednesday, June 13 | 10:00 A.M.– 6:00 P.M. Thursday, June 14 | 11:00 A.M.–2:00 P.M. Teams of water operators from across North America compete by drilling into ductile iron pipe and installing taps in the shortest period of time.

H Y DR A NT H YS TE RI A

Wednesday, June 13 | 11:30 A.M.–5:00 P.M. Thursday, June 14 | 10:45 A.M.–1:00 P.M. The newest, fast paced, head-to-head two-person competition to see how quickly a team can assemble a ﬁre hydrant. Winning teams from SectionLevel Hydrant Hysteria Competitions join their peers to compete at ACE.

WATE R TAS TE TES T C OMPE TITIONS

Tuesday, June 12 | 12:30–2:30 P.M.

ME TE R M A DNES S

WORLD WATE R CU P OF DRILLING & TA PPING

Who has the best-tasting water in North America? AWWA Section taste test winners will compete to be named “People’s Choice” and “Best of the Best” tap water.

The ever-popular mesmerizing competition during which contestants reassemble working water meters from buckets of parts—with a few odd nuts and bolts in the mix—in the shortest amount of time.

Tuesday, June 12 | 10:00 A.M.–1:00 P.M. Discover the highest tier of the annual Tapping Contest, where British, Dutch, and North American champions compete using the methodologies from around the world.

Wednesday, June 13 10:30 A.M.–12:30 P.M. “People’s Choice” Taste Test Wednesday, June 13 | 3:30 P.M. Ofﬁcial “Best of the Best” Tap Water Taste Test

M AY 2 0 18 | JOU R N A L AW WA

ACE18 EXHIBIT HALL E DUCATION ON THE SHOW FLOOR, SE RV ICES, A ND NE T WORK ING E V E NTS Expo Café 11:00 A.M.–2:00 P.M. Full-conference attendees receive two complimentary lunch tickets for use in the Expo Café on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday.

International Resource Center Open during Exhibit Hall hours International attendees are encouraged to take advantage of the many resources available.

Innovation Lounge Open during Exhibit Hall Hours The Innovation Lounge will feature a pool of emerging water technologies and innovation clusters, offering new approaches and solutions for our industry.

T U ESDAY, J U NE 12 Exhibit Hall Grand Opening 10:00 A.M.–noon Join us immediately following the Opening General Session for dedicated time with exhibitors. You’ll ﬁnd the suppliers you need with more than 450 exhibiting companies.

Wednesday Networking Happy Hour 4:30–6:00 P.M.

TH U RSDAY, J U NE 14 Expo Networking Event 12:30–2:00 P.M.

Diversify Your Network Coffee 10:00–11:00 A.M. Roundtable Solutions Sessions 11:00 A.M.–5:00 P.M. Women In Water Meetup 11:30 A.M.–1:30 P.M. Innovation Lounge No Water, No Beer Happy Hour, Sponsored by Brown and Caldwell 4:00–5:00 P.M.

W E DNESDAY, J U NE 13 Poster Sessions 1:30–4:30 P.M. PST02 | Fresh Ideas Posters Roundtable Solution Sessions 10:00 A.M.–1:00 P.M. Innovation Lounge Isle Utilities Tech Pitch Competition, Sponsored by Mueller Water Productions 1:00–3:00 P.M. Career Center Job & Education Fair 2:00–5:30 P.M. Network with top companies at Booth #22144. This year, the Fair will include educational booths offering information about advancing your career in the water industry. Also, professional headshots are available from the Water Equation with a recommended $5 donation. Don’t forget your resume!

JOU R N A L AW WA | M AY 2 0 18

ACE18 EXHIBITORS As of 3/26/18. For a complete listing of companies—including a short description, website, social media, and product and services categories— visit bit.ly/ace18exhibithall or view the mobile app (available in May).

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

2LBIN

22125

AWC Water Solutions

12130

Chemco Systems

29032

A.R.I. USA, Inc.

20052

AWI (Anthratech Western Inc.)

26023

Chemtrac, Inc.

23083

A.Y. McDonald Mfg Co.

22023

AWWA Best of the Best

24115

Christy's

16120

AA Thread

21098

CIQADA

14111

11101

AWWA Career Center Job and Education Fair

22144

ABB

23001

23139

27031

Abloy Security

AWWA Exhibit Hall Classroom

Cityworks

14145

23067

28046

AWWA Exhibitor Lounge

Cla-Val

Accurate Corrosion Control, Inc.

14144

30011

27047

ACE19 Onsite Space Assignment

Continental Industries

12094

Aclara

23091

AWWA International Resource Center

Clevest

25097

8125

21052

Active Water Solutions, LLC

AWWA Meter Madness & Hydrant Hysteria

Continental Utility Solutions, Inc. Copperhead Industries, LLC

14126

Adaptor, Inc.

20092

12136

Copperleaf

27045

AdEdge Water Technologies, LLC

25108

AWWA Pipe Tapping & World Water Cup

26067

21119

25067

AWWA Poster Sessions

Cosmo I&D

Advance Products & Systems, Inc.

Babcock Laboratories, Inc.

15093

Crispin Valve

20083

Advanced Valve Technologies

22001

Badger Meter

18029

CSI Services, Inc.

14121

Aegion Corporation

22059

13131

21023

AkzoNobel - International Paint

20010

Baker Water Systems Monitor Division

CST Industries, Inc. CyberLock, Inc.

28011

All Service Contracting Corp.

26028

Balmoral Tanks

16131

Deep Trekker Inc.

20131

Allchem Performance Products

17131

BECK, Harold & Sons Inc.

12131

Delta Cooling Towers, Inc.

20053

Alliance for PE Pipe

12101

Bentley Systems

26041

Denso North America

25048

AM Conservation Group

20000

Bingham & Taylor Corporation

19083

DEZURIK/APCO/HILTON

23059

AMERICAN

22030

BioSafe Systems

12114

DFW Plastics, Inc.

21100

American AVK Company

22073

Blacoh Surge Control

19101

DHI Water & Environment

27019

American Structures, Inc.

25105

30010

24005

American Water Resources

30060

Blue Earth Labs D.B.A. Blue Earth Products

Diamond Plastics Corporation Diehl Meeting

29031

American Water Transmission Group

19005

15104

Blue I USA

28047

Dive/Corr, Inc.

Blue-White Industries

17101

Diversiﬁed Technology Corp.

21000 23023

Analytical Technology, Inc.

22131

Building Crafts, Inc.

14099

DN Tanks

Anderson Metals Corp., Inc.

29025

Burkert Fluid Control Systems

17121

DNV - GL

26006 20102

Anthraﬁlter (U.S.) Inc.

19053

Cabot Norit Activated Carbon

23077

Droycon Bioconcepts, Inc.

Apera Instruments, LLC

15119

Caldwell Tanks, Inc.

22058

Dude Solutions

11093 20099

Aqua Smart, Inc.

24055

Calgon Carbon Corporation

21017

EarthTec

Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.

24059

Cambridge Brass

19001

EBAA Iron, Inc.

18007 27057

Aquam Pipe Diagnostics

13091

CA-NV Section AWWA

11097

e-Builder

Aqua-Pipe/Sanexen Water Inc.

25053

Carbon Enterprises Inc. - CEI

21071

Echologics

17017

Carus Corporation

19011

21090

Carylon Water Group

12137

Electro Scan Inc.

21113 24029

Aqueous Vets

28020

Armorcast Products Company

22056

Cascade Waterworks Mfg. Co.

23098

Electrolytic Technologies LLC

ASA Analytics

17029

CB&I

21067

Elster AMCO Water, LLC

20009

Asahi/America, Inc.

27059

CCI Pipeline Systems

23005

Embassy Group Ltd.

13137

Association of Boards of Certiﬁcation

9109

CEI Carbon Enterprises Inc.

21071

11095

Atlanta Rod & Mfg. Co. Inc.

21002

Charles P. Crowley Company

15092

Emerging Compounds Treatment Technologies, Inc.

Aunspach Controls Company, Inc.

11108

Charter Plastics, Inc.

13109

M AY 2 0 18 | JOU R N A L AW WA

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Emerson

23114

Hobas Pipe USA

24028

LaMotte

11124

Engineering Ministries International

10113

HomeServe USA

24040

Landmark Structures

24051

Environmental Science & Engineering

21081

Honeywell Process Solutions

20009

17098

Honeywell Smart Energy

20009

Layﬁeld Environmental Containmet

e-Pipe, Ace DuraFlo

26090

Hopkins Technical Products, Inc.

16105

Layne Christensen Company

23071

Esri

26031

Hubbell Power Systems

26017

LG Sonic

20132

Euroﬁns Eaton Analytical, Inc.

26011

Hungerford & Terry Inc.

23109

Lhoist

19133

Everbridge

12118

Hydra-Stop

24075

Lonza Water Treatment

24022

Evoqua Water Technologies

20031

HydraTech Engineered Products

17104

Loprest Water Company

28053

Exact Pipe Tools, Inc.

26005

Hydro Gate

17017

Lovibond Tintometer

20072

Fab-Seal Industrial Liners, Inc.

12109

Hydro-Guard

17017

Lowell Corporation

24023

Fab-Tech, Inc.

24001

Hydromax USA

27011

Lucity, Inc.

27021

Farwest Corrosion Control Company

27010

HYMAX by Krausz USA, Inc.

17125

LuminUltra Technologies Ltd.

28041

IAPMO R&T

29040

M.E. Simpson Co., Inc.

18103

Federal Screen Products Inc.

23120

ICONICS

25050

MacLean Highline Products

25078

Fiber Technology

23004

ICS, Blount, Inc.

10131

Magnolia River

19132

Filtralite/Sapphire Water

19079

Inductive Automation

18136

Malvern Panalytical

17096

Fisher Research Laboratory

23029

Induron Coatings, LLC

23081

Mantech

10109

FKC Co., LTD

15120

Industrial Test Systems, Inc.

17100

MARS Company

24017

Flomatic Corporation

22052

21108

22080

Flomotion Systems, Inc.

17126

Innovation Lounge powered by Isle Utilities

Master Meter, Inc.

Fluid Conservation

21011

26032

MATCHPOINT Water Asset Management, Inc.

27053

Innovyze

Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc.

21079

Integrity Fusion Products, Inc.

14103

Matco-Norca

25000

FluksAqua

14124

Integrity Municipal Systems

28016

Mazzei Injector Company, LLC

22024

Force Flow

22055

International Flow Technologies

22125

McGard LLC

23044

Ford Meter Box Company, Inc.

22067

IONOMR Innovation, Inc.

14123

McWane, Inc.

23033

Foundation Instruments, Inc.

11091

Iorex

19105

25023

Fracta, Inc.

28058

Isle Utilities

21108

Medora Corp. (SolarBee & GridBee)

30040

11127

28027

ISOLUX

Membrane Solutions

Freewave Technologies

28044

22090

26082

GENEQ INC.

Itron, Inc.

MentorAPM

17115

25077

21101

iWater, Inc

Mercer Rubber Company

GF Piping Systems

24025

28005

29011

GF Urecon

J&S Valve, Inc.

Metal & Cable Corp. Inc.

20076

22109

21004

Jacobi Carbons Inc

Metron - Farnier

Gicon Engineered Pumps

15098

23041

16109

Golden Meters Service Inc.

JCM Industries Inc.

Meurer Research, Inc.

24016

17017

24109

JCS Industries, Inc.

Milliken

Guterman, Inc.

21041

18091

25071

Hach

JM Eagle

Mission Communications

25083

Jones

17017

Mitsubishi Chemical Infrate CO. Ltd.

28059

HammerHead Trenchless Equipment

Juniper Systems, Inc.

28052

MTA Messtechnik

23000

HANNA Instruments

20104

Kamstrup Water Metering

16117

Mueller Co.

17017

HARCO Fittings

17091

Kantex Industries, Inc.

15132

Mueller Systems

17017

Harper & Associates Engineering, Inc.

12116

Kare Weiss Technologies GmbH

23125

Mueller Water Products, Inc.

17017

Harris Computer inHANCE Division

29048

Kasco Marine

21137 14109

Municipal Sewer & Water (MSW) Magazine

28031

Keller America Inc.

Haycarb USA, Inc.

12090

Kleen Industrial Services Inc.

19098

Myron L Company

20067

HCB Battery Co., Ltd

20003

Komax Systems, Inc.

20073

Nalco Water

24082

HF Scientiﬁc - A WATTS Brand

23016

Korea Water Partnership

12115

NAPAC Inc.

20006

Hidrogeron North America

23136

Kubota Corporation

14093

National Pump Company

21070

Kupferle

18053

National Rural Water Association

28029

kwik-ZIP Spacers

19103 JOU R N A L AW WA | M AY 2 0 18

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

National Wash Authority, LLC

12120

Preload LLC

21053

Sedura (IDModeling)

28040

Neptune Technology Group Inc.

17043

Premier Silica

24078

SEEPEX, Inc.

26055

NEXGEN Asset Management

14131

Primus Line

23118

SEH Design-Build

9108

Nicor Inc.

24108

Sekisui SPR Americas, LLC

24070

13121

Process Solutions, Inc. a UGSI Solutions Company

28017

Ningbo Aimei Meter Manufacture CO. , Ltd

Proco Products, Inc.

27041

Sensus a Xylem Brand

19043

Ningbo BORO Industries Co., Ltd

28006

ProMinent Fluid Controls, Inc.

22103

Sewerin (Hermann Sewerin GmbH)

15125

Noash Construction, Inc.

20004

PRUFTECHNIK

13119

28045

PULSCO, Inc.

16127

Shangdong Hua'an Machinery Co. , Ltd

21001

Nobel Systems, Inc. NO-DES, Inc.

8109

Pulsed Hydraulics, Inc.

22118

27007

Noreva GmbH

14101

Pure Technologies a Xylem Brand

19029

Shijiazhuang Qinye Casting Co., Ltd

North American Pipe Corporation

20077

Pureﬂow Filtration Division

29041

Shimadzu Scientiﬁc Instruments, Inc.

21085

Northtown Company

18099

Purolite Corporation

12092

Siemens Industry, Inc.

18090

Northwest Pipe Company

20071

PYI Inc.

20100

Sigelock Systems, LLC

26070

NSF International

22049

Q-VAC Priming Systems

17109

SIGMA Corporation

22009

OCV Control Valves

21005

Ransom International, LLC

23003

Silcarbon Activated Carbon LLC

20130

Olameter

18096

Raven Lining Systems

22002

Silversmith Inc.

14097

Oldcastle Enclosure Solutions

26059

RDP Technologies, Inc.

19057

Singer Valve, Inc.

17017

Olin Chlor Alkali Products

15109

Real Tech Inc.

23117

SIP Industries-Serampore

25041

OmniCel Batteries

28048

Red Flint Sand & Gravel, LLC

24018

Skywave Antennas, Inc.

29010

Orenco Systems, Inc.

30017

26076

Smart Energy Water

25095

Orenco Controls

30017

Red Valve Company and Tideﬂew Technologies

25026

17053

23133

Reed Manufacturing Company

Smith-Blair a Xlem brand

OSTI, Inc.

24067

28022

25054

Ovivo USA, LLC

REHAU Construction LLC

SonicSolutions Algae Control

12096

19130

16112

RePipe 4710, Inc.

Spatial Wave, Inc.

Oxbow Activated Carbon

18131

24048

14130

Paciﬁc Tek, Inc.

ResinTech, Inc.

Speciﬁc Energy

25052

13090

25101

REXA

Speciﬁcation Rubber Products

Parker Hanniﬁn Corporation

28021

15114

20095

PAX Water Technologies, Inc. a UGSI Solutions Company

Ride With Purpose Association (aka The Water Buffalos)

Speciﬁed Fittings, LLC SPX Radiodetection

15121

Permastore

25074

RIVENTA Inc

18132

Star Pipe Products Inc.

23053

Petroleum Solids Control

20103

Robar Industries Ltd.

20105

Starboard Consulting

9110

Phoenix Contact

11109

Roberts Filter Group

17005

Strongbridge International Inc.

12097

PinnacleART

19131

Romac Industries Inc.

24041

STRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGIES

25005

Pitney Bowes

12111

Roscoe Moss Company

24049

SubSurface Instruments

29026

Pittsburg Tank & Tower Maintenance Co., Inc.

15108

Rosedale Products, Inc.

17090

SubSurface Leak Detection Inc.

23040

Ross Valve Mfg. Company

25011

Suiken Co., Ltd.

27025

Plas-Tanks Industries, Inc.

18130

RouteSmart Technologies, Inc.

26030

Sulzer Pumps Solutions, Inc.

14125

Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc.

25061

RPS Industries

24072

Superior Tank Co, Inc.

24027

Pollardwater

9131

15130

Support Our Veterans

11110

Poly Processing Company

23113

Russell Corrosion Consultants, LLC

SW Services LLC

20090

PowerSeal Pipeline Products Corp.

21049

RW Gate Company

25011

Swan Analytical USA

25047

S&B Technical Products

25059

Syrinix Inc

24044

PPG Protective and Marine Coatings

21083

s::can Measuring Systems, LLC

21125

Taisei Kiko Co., Ltd.

28054

PPI America Inc.

12124

Saf-T-Flo Chemical Injection

22099

Tank Connection

21131

PQ Corporation

29021

Sand Express

16116

Tank Industry Consultants

17011

Prabhat Industries, LLC

15116

Schneider Electric

17130

Tap Master, Inc.

26102

Pratt

17017

Schonstedt Instrument Company

9132

Tarsco Bolted Tank

26058

SebakMT

12091

M AY 2 0 18 | JOU R N A L AW WA

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Company Name

Booth No

Tatsoft LLC

17102

U.S. Pipe Valve & Hydrant

17017

25081

Team Industrial Services

28033

U.S. Water

24058

Water & Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Assn.

Technolog Limited

29017

29020

Water Efﬁciency Magazine

15122

Tesco Controls, Inc.

13108

UGSI Chemical Feed a UGSI Solutions

Water Environment Federation

22070

Tetra Tech

21077

22022

Water For People

15110

TGO Technologies, Inc.

27017

Ulliman Schutte Construction

14091

Water Online

25091

The Distribution Group (TDG)

15131

Ultraﬂote LLC

23127

Water Remediation Technology

28053

The Hose Monster Company

10108

Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association

15113

WaterSmart Software, Inc.

19077

The Rangline Group

24000

US EPA Water Security Division

22121

WaterTalent, LLC

21121

The Water Research Foundation

21109

US EPA's WaterSense Program

22115

WaterTrax

10111

Thompson Pip Group

22006

US Saws

21130

WaterWorld/PennWell

21059

USABlueBook

12125 22123

Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group

19052

USDA, Rural Utilities Service Utilis Inc.

14115

Websoft Developers

16104

Utilty Services Associates, LLC

29061

Werever Waterproof Cabinetry

26094

UV Pure Technologies

24076

WesTech Engineering, Inc.

15124

Val-Matic Valve & Mfg. Corp..

23011

Western Technology

20001

Valvo Water Analytics

16090

Westfall Manufacturing Company

23124

Valve Tek Utility Service, Inc.

8111

Wheeler-Rex

13139

Vanguard Utility Service, Inc.

21057

Wigen Water Technologies

27022

Verizon Enterprise Solutions

13113

Wunderlich-Malec Engineering

17136

Victaulic

23047

Xlem

17033

Vinyltech PVC Pipe

23131

Zebron

18092

Vita-D-Chlor Company

18108

Zenner USA

23101

VTScada by Trihedral

24083

Zurn Industries, LLC

23119

Wachs Utility Products

23017

Water & Wastes Digest

16137

TIANJIN GALAXY VALVE CO., LTD 21003 TIGG, LLC

20135

Tnemec

20027

Tomco2Systems

17097

Tonka Water, a U.S. Water Brand

24058

Total Piping Solutions, Inc.

25022

TREDS Rubber Footwear

16118

Trenton Corporation

12112

Trimble Water

26047

Tripac Marketing Inc.

22004

Trumbull Industries, Inc.

20091

TT Technologies, Inc.

20005

Tyler Technologies, Inc.

14118

U.S. EPA Ofﬁce of Research and Development

22117

U.S. Pipe

20016

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Industry News

Biotech Pioneers Named as 2018 Stockholm Water Prize Recipients Bruce Rittmann and Mark van Loosdrecht have and more focus on how we can create resources, been named the 2018 Stockholm Water Prize laureusing microbial systems,” he added. ates for their work in water and wastewater treatVan Loosdrecht’s work echoes this sentiment. His ment. By revolutionizing microbiological-based techresearch has led to increasingly common wastewater nologies, they have demonstrated the treatment processes that are less costly possibilities to remove harmful contamiand more energy-efficient than traditional nants from water, cut wastewater treatmethods. “With current technology, you ment costs, reduce energy consumption, can already be energy neutral and there is and recover chemicals and nutrients for a lot of research on how to become energy recycling. Rittmann and van Loosdrecht’s positive,” said van Loosdrecht. “Especially pioneering research and innovations have in developing countries with unstable elecled to a new generation of energytricity supply and limited access to fundefficient water treatment processes that ing, this is very important. If we could can effectively extract nutrients and other build a wastewater plant that is selfchemicals—both valuable and harmful— sufficient in energy, that would make sewfrom wastewater. age plants feasible in many more places.” Van Loosdrecht is a professor in Rittmann has chaired the Program environmental biotechnology at Committee of the Leading Edge Delft University of Technology, the Technology Conference of the International Netherlands. Rittmann is a regents’ proWater Association, where he has worked fessor of environmental engineering and with van Loosdrecht. The membrane director of the Biodesign Swette Center biofilm reactor, a technology that Rittmann The recipients of the 2018 for Environmental Biotechnology at the invented, uses naturally occurring microStockholm Water Prize are Biodesign Institute, Arizona State organisms to remove contaminants such Bruce Rittmann of Arizona University, Tempe. as perchlorate and tricloroethene from State University, United In its award citation, the Stockholm water, and has been commercialized. Van States (top), and Mark van Water Prize Nominating Committee recLoosdrecht’s research has led to the Loosdrecht of Delft ognized Rittmann and van Loosdrecht Anammox and Nereda technologies for University of Technology, for “pioneering and leading the developwastewater treatment. (The Anammox the Netherlands (bottom). ment of environmental biotechnologyprocess is a resource-efficient way to based processes for water and wastewaremove nitrogen from wastewater; ter treatment. They have revolutionized treatment of Nereda is an aerobic granular sludge process for fullwater for safe drinking, and refined purification of scale commercial use.) polluted water for release or reuse—all while miniH.R.H. Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden will mizing the energy footprint.” present the prize to Rittmann and van Loosdrecht at The professors’ research has led to new processes a royal award ceremony on August 29 during the for wastewater treatment currently being used 2018 World Water Week in Stockholm. around the globe. “Traditionally, we have just The Stockholm Water Prize is an annual global thought of pollutants as something to get rid of, but award that was established in 1991. It is appointed now we’re beginning to see them as potential by the Stockholm International Water Institute resources that are just in the wrong place,” said (SIWI) and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Rittmann. In his research, he has studied how microawarded by SIWI to an individual, organization, or organisms can transform organic pollutants to someinstitution for outstanding water-related achievething of value to humans and the environment. ments. H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is “We’re in the middle of a paradigm shift, with more patron of the prize.

Information in Industry News may describe products offered by companies in the water industry. AWWA does not endorse these products, nor is it responsible for any claims made by the companies concerned. Unless noted otherwise, information is compiled from press releases submitted to Journal AWWA.

IND U S TR Y NEWS | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

University Team Receives Grant for Pollution Prevention Technology The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) announced over $463,000 in funding for 31 student teams through its People, Prosperity and the Planet (P3) competition and grant program. These teams, made up of college students from across the United States, are developing sustainable technologies to solve environmental and public health challenges. A student team from the University of Washington (Seattle) has been awarded a $15,000 P3 Phase I grant to develop an enhanced and more affordable method to recover phosphorus in wastewater by using an innovative online sensor. Funding for the P3 competition is divided into two phases. Teams selected for Phase I awards receive grants of up to $15,000 to fund the proof of concept for their projects, which are then showcased at the National Sustainable Design Expo, which was held this year at the USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C., April 7–8. Phase I teams are eligible to compete for Phase II awards of up to $75,000 to further develop and implement their designs. Some wastewater treatment plants are designed to focus on removing nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, to prevent them from entering water bodies. Excessive phosphorus loading in rivers, lakes, and streams can cause explosive plant growth, deplete

dissolved oxygen, and harm fish and insect habitat. Greener, more sustainable wastewater treatment also aims to reduce chemical use and enhance nutrient and resource recovery for reuse. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to remove phosphorus without adding chemicals to the process. The sludge produced can also be used as fertilizer. EBPR is not commonly used at wastewater treatment plants because of the challenges of maintaining a stabilized microbial community and preventing process failure. The University of Washington’s student project is aimed at developing an innovative sensor technology that uses online monitoring and controls the EBPR process. If successful, it will be the first sensor to provide reliable, real-time measurements of phosphate in wastewater. Once in place, these sensors could potentially simplify operations, increase removal and recovery efficiency, and dramatically reduce chemical use at EBPR facilities. The complex design was developed by an interdisciplinary student team with knowledge and expertise in wastewater engineering, microbiology, and computer science. The student researchers expect to achieve full-scale technology implementation at wastewater plants in the near future.

Interior Releases Report on Fight Against Invasive Mussels The US Department of the Interior released a report highlighting the progress made in the fight against invasive zebra and quagga mussels, which can impair the delivery of water and power, diminish boating and fishing, and devastate ecosystem health. The report comes after Secretary Ryan Zinke announced in June 2017 a set of initiatives to protect western ecosystems and hydroelectric facilities from the destructive species through continued collaboration with western governors as well as federal, state, and tribal agencies. In fiscal year (FY) 2017, the Department of the Interior spent $8.6 million to address the issue of invasive mussels across the United States. This included an additional $1 million for the US Bureau of Reclamation to establish watercraft decontamination stations, provide educational materials, and continue monitoring efforts. The Department of the Interior is working on more than four dozen actions to address invasive mussels. This includes preventing their spread to uninfested waters, such as those in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest, and containing and controlling 88

IN DUST RY N E W S | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

them where they are established, such as in Lake Powell and the Lower Colorado River region. These are some highlights of activities since last June: • Federal, state, tribal, and nongovernmental groups are convening to identify options to strengthen watercraft inspection and decontamination programs at infested waters. • In the Pacific Northwest, the US Geological Survey, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, and Columbia River Basin are mobilizing to improve regional coordination of monitoring efforts to ensure that they are strategic and effective. • The US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission are leading planning efforts to expedite Endangered Species Act Section 7 consultations to ensure a quick response if invasive mussels are detected. • The Bureau of Reclamation has launched a competition seeking innovation solutions to eradicate invasive mussels from large reservoirs, lakes, and rivers in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner.

This work builds on efforts and effective state– federal–tribal partnerships and initiatives that have been in process for decades. The Department of the Interior requested $11.9 million in FY 2018, including an additional $3.4 million for the Bureau of Reclamation to expand on these and other efforts to prevent, contain, and control invasive mussels. Approximately $3.1 million is in the process of being released under the

continuing resolution to support federal, state, and tribal activities. First introduced to the Great Lakes in the 1980s, zebra and quagga mussels spread outward via recreational watercraft being transported to other regions of the country. Infestations clog power plant, industrial, and public water supply intakes and pipes; dramatically change aquatic ecosystems; and require substantial investments to control.

BUSINESS BRIEFS Skol Brewery has upgraded its Kigali plant in Rwanda, East Africa, with Global Water Engineering waste-to-energy technology that turns wastewater organic pollutants into biogas to profitably power plant boiler equipment and achieve environmental benefits. Skol Kigali’s new continuous system—which replaces an old sequential batch reactor— efficiently removes organic waste material from production wastewater, converting more than 90% of the wastewater’s chemical oxygen demand (COD). This organic material is transformed into biogas (mainly methane) to replace the need for an equivalent amount of fossil fuel to power the plant’s boiler equipment, while the treated wastewater effluent leaving the plant achieves discharge limits of 250 mg/L COD. Alpha Water Resources has completed the installation and initiation of a reverse osmosis (RO) system for an ongoing desalination project in Colorado City, Tex. This is the first project of its kind in the area to deliver potable water through a system powered by wind turbines, a renewable technology. The six-year project to use wind power in the water desalination process leveraged a grant worth approximately $2.6 million from the Texas Department of Agriculture to implement the wind-powered RO system. The system is capable of processing up to 250,000 gpd of water, with the potential to scale up

to 1 mgd in the event of rapid population growth in the area. Waterman Industries has been sold to McWane Inc. McWane has been in the valve industry for more than 150 years. Founded in 1912, Waterman Industries manufactures water control products for water treatment, wastewater, agriculture, rural water delivery, hydro-power, and flood control management. McWane will invest in Waterman’s production facility in Exeter, Calif., to modernize operations with new equipment and manufacturing processes to improve productivity, product delivery times, and team member safety. Clevest Solutions Inc. has been selected by Suffolk County Water Authority for Mobile Workforce Management technology to manage its 174 mobile users and 111 office/ supervisor users, serving 1.2 million customers throughout the eastern portion of Long Island, N.Y. The utility’s deployment of Clevest Mobile Workforce Management will include scheduling, route optimization, contractor management, a supervisor module, configuration, and interfaces with the utility’s geographic information systems. Agilent Technologies Inc. has received two 2018 Scientists’ Choice Awards: Best New Separation Product for its 1260 Infinity II Prime liquid chromatography system, and Best New Spectroscopy Product for its Ultivo Triple

Quadrupole liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system. SelectScience began the Scientists’ Choice Awards in 2007 to enable scientists to voice their opinions on the best laboratory products. Scientists are invited to vote for their favorite products within each category, and the winners are announced at scientific conferences. Xylem Inc. has opened a 1,100 m2 commercial facility in Warsaw, Poland. The new plant includes office space, a service and maintenance hub, and a warehouse. Xylem employs almost 350 people at sites in Strzelin and Warsaw. Further recruitment at the new Warsaw facility, where 45 employees are based, is expected in the coming months. The plant has adopted a Lean Six Sigma approach and a continuous improvement culture, with a focus on consistently meeting customer needs, product quality, durability, delivery time, and reduced waste. Jerusalem-based water corporation Hagihon has extended its agreement with TaKaDu for another three years. Hagihon has been using TaKaDu as its main tool for water loss reduction since 2010, with significant cost savings. TaKaDu’s automated, cloud-based service enables utilities to detect, analyze, and manage network events and incidents such as leaks, bursts, faulty assets, telemetry and data issues, and operational failures.

IND U S TR Y NEWS | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

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The San Diego County Water Authority will save approximately $100,000/year with commercialscale batteries installed at the agency’s Twin Oaks Valley Water Treatment Plant near San Marcos, Calif. The energy storage system is designed to reduce operational costs at the facility by storing low-cost energy for use during high-demand periods, when energy prices increase. The Florida Section of AWWA named Bonita Springs Utilities Inc. (BSU) winner of the 2017 Division 4 Outstanding Water Distribution Award for the sixth time since 2009. The award recognizes excellence in water quality, operations records, maintenance, professionalism, safety, emergency preparedness, and cross-connection control programs. BSU’s drinking water production starts with raw water from two sources: the Lower Tamiami Aquifer is a relatively shallow groundwater source that is treated through lime softening, and the deeper water source is poorer-quality water that is treated through the reverse-osmosis process. For the fifth consecutive year, Endress+Hauser Conducta has received the European Business Award. The Endress+Hauser Group’s center of competence for liquid analysis took the National Winner award in the Business of the Year category for 2018. The company also received the Top Job seal of quality as one of Germany’s best mediumsized employers. The jury, composed of representatives from government and industry, evaluates the nominees on the basis of innovation strength, ethical commitment, economic success, and long-term strategic alignment balanced by the flexibility to respond to dynamic market conditions. UGSI Solutions Inc. has acquired the Fluid Dynamics product line of Neptune Chemical Pump Co. Fluid Dynamics fields a line of polymer activation equipment for the water industry. The combination of Fluid Dynamics and UGSI Solutions’ UGSI Chemical Feed Inc. business creates a set of polymer activation and chemical feed technologies. Kuraray Co. Ltd. has completed its acquisition of Calgon Carbon Corp. As a separate subsidiary, Calgon Carbon will be reported as part of the Functional Materials Co. of Kuraray, along with Kuraray’s Carbon Material Business Division. The Functional Materials Co. includes the Methacrylate Division and Medical Division. Kuraray and Calgon Carbon have complementary products and services. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1083

IN DUST RY N E W S | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

marks

Get the most current and relevant resources from AWWA AWWA is constantly publishing important resources speciďŹ c to the water industry. For a complete list of publications, review the 2018 Publications Catalog. To see all of the available publications: AWWA Standards Utility Management Water Quality & Treatment Water Distribution Manuals of Water Supply Practices Safety Water Operator CertiďŹ cation & Advancement

Download the 2018 Publications Catalog or sign up for Publication Update emails at awwa.org/store.

People in the News RECOGNITIONS

Malloy

Strecansky

Liles

Michael Wehner, assistant general manager at Orange County Water District (OCWD; Fountain Valley, Calif.) was named Recycled Water Advocate of the Year by the WateReuse California Board and the 2018 California Annual Conference Awards Sub-Committee members. WateReuse awards recognize excellence and leadership in water recycling and are presented annually. With more than 40 years of experience and leadership in recycled water quality, Wehner has made significant contributions to the industry. At OCWD, he leads applied research, scientific investigations, water quality monitoring, and regulatory compliance in support of OCWD’s recycled water and groundwater management programs. Before his service at OCWD, Wehner oversaw the regulation of nonpotable reuse systems as the Water Quality Program chief at the Orange County Environmental Health Department. Global Water Resources Inc. nominated Debra G. Coy and Brett Huckelbridge to its board of directors. They stand for election at the company’s 2018 annual stockholders’ meeting on May 16. Coy is a partner with XPV Water Partners, where she is responsible for managing the firm’s external strategic relationships. She began as an advisor to XPV in 2010 and joined as a partner in 2015. Previously she was a principal of Svanda & Coy Consulting and served as a non-executive director for Headworks International. Huckelbridge is founder and a managing member at Steel Canyon Capital. He previously served as vice-president at ESL Investments and served as vice-president of business development for Sears Holdings, a portfolio company of ESL Investments. Huckelbridge served as managing member at Sonoran Capital. Leon Downing, principal process and innovation leader at Black and Veatch, will serve as the principal author of Microbe Detectives’ study, Performance Comparison of Bio Nutrient Removal (BNR) Systems. During the past decade, Downing has focused on the application of process modeling, innovative technologies, and operational strategies within the wastewater treatment field. He has most recently been contributing to the industry shift

PE OPL E IN T HE N E WS | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AW WA

from wastewater treatment to resource recovery. Downing was the vice-chair and contributing author for the recent Water Environment Federation publication, Moving Towards Resource Recovery Facilities, and has served on the Issue Area Team for the Water Environment Research Foundation’s Resource Recovery Challenge research program. Members of Bonita Springs Utilities Inc. (BSU; Bonita Springs, Fla.) elected Mike Malloy, James Strecansky, and Frank W. Liles Jr. to its board of directors. BSU members elect three fellow members each year for a three-year term on the utility’s nine-member board of directors. Malloy has served on the board since 2012, including a term as treasurer. He recently retired as a vice-president of customer service with Mach Energy. Malloy has 40 years of experience in the utility industry. Strecansky has been a board member since 2008, with terms as vice-president and president. He retired in 2000 as division vice-president and general manager with Air Products & Chemicals, which he joined in 1962. Liles has served on the BSU board since 1986, including terms as vicepresident, secretary, and treasurer. He retired after nearly 40 years with CenturyLink. He also served more than 20 years as a Bonita Springs Fire Control & Rescue District commissioner. William Lipps, senior marketing manager of environmental/geochemical for Shimadzu Scientific Instruments in Columbia, Md., has been named the new chair of ASTM International’s Committee on Water (D19). The D19 Committee was formed in 1932 and meets twice a year, usually in January and June, with approximately 120 members attending during four days of technical meetings and a workshop on relevant topics. The committee is made up of approximately 400 members who oversee more than 290 standards. Lipps joined ASTM International in 1986 and became a member of the D19 Committee in 1996. Lipps has previously served as a product manager with OI Analytical and as a senior chemist and laboratory manager with Inter-Mountain Laboratories.

TRANSITIONS Raftelis has hired strategic communications specialist Melissa Elliott as a manager

in its Denver, Colo., office. She has spent more than 20 years almost entirely with water and wastewater utilities. Elliott has experience working with elected officials, stakeholders, and the public on issues concerning drought, water quality, potable reuse, affordability, rate structure change, construction projects, customer assistance programs, and demand management. NSF International has appointed Frank Pan as managing director of its China operations. Based in Shanghai, Pan is responsible for providing strategic and operational leadership for NSF International’s expanding programs in China, which include testing, auditing, certification, training and, separately, consulting services for the food, drinking water, health sciences, and sustainability industries. Pan brings more than 15 years of testing, inspection, and certification industry experience to NSF International. Before joining NSF, he most recently worked as vice-president for Bureau Veritas’ CPS division. Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam Inc. (LAN) has named Wayne Swafford as its new president. Swafford, who joined LAN in April 2017 as the firm’s executive vice-president, will be responsible for the firm’s direction and operation. A structural engineer with more than 30 years of experience, Swafford has managed the operations and finances of several organizations. Previously he served Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc. as its vicepresident of facility operations. Before that, he was a senior vice-president at AECOM Technology Corp. Swafford also served as a principal at Teng & Associates. Gannett Fleming has named Yurfa Glenny as vice-president and Southeast Region Water Business Line leader. Glenny brings nearly 20 years of experience in the water and wastewater engineering industry to her new role. Based in Miami, Fla., she has been responsible for managing projects for municipal, state, federal, and private clients throughout Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Most recently, Glenny served as client service manager for the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department. She also led the Central District Wastewater Treatment Plant’s renew-and-replace program.

Freese

and Nichols Inc. has enhanced its water/wastewater capabilities for partners throughout North Carolina with the additions of David Malinauskas, Brian White, and Marsha Leroux. Malinauskas and White are senior project managers in Raleigh, and Leroux is a project engineer in Greensboro. Malinauskas has almost 20 years of experience in all phases of water and sewer utility design projects, including hydraulic model development, utility planning, route analysis, and permitting. White joins Freese and Nichols as the lead engineer for hydraulic modeling and master planning efforts in North Carolina. Leroux is spearheading Freese and Nichols’ water/wastewater efforts in the Triad area (Greensboro, WinstonSalem, High Pointe), a role that builds on her background in master planning and hydraulic modeling. Throughout her career, she has worked closely with clients to develop master plans, evaluate system conditions, and create models to identify existing problems and future capital improvement projects. In addition to providing insight on city ordinances and state regulations, Leroux has been involved in preparing long-term regional and county water supply plans. Dewberry has promoted Rishi Immanni to associate in the firm’s Atlanta, Ga., office. With more than 16 years of experience, Immanni specializes in utility infrastructure business solutions, including enterprise asset management, business process mapping and optimization, master planning, hydraulic modeling, and geographic information system applications.

Elliott

Pan

Swafford

OBITUARIES Billye B. Bradley, Eastland, Tex. John J. Constantino, Littlestown, Pa.; Gold Water Drop Award 2013, Life Member Award 1993 Duane R. Demeritt, Austell, Ga. https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1084

Information in the People in the News section is published about and for AWWA members.

P EO P LE IN TH E NEWS | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

AWWA Section Meetings AWWA Section

2018 Meetings

Section Contact

Alabama–Mississippi*

Oct. 14–16, Birmingham, Ala.

James D. Miller, (256) 310-3646

Alaska*

May 7–9, Girdwood, Alaska

Angie Monteleone, (907) 561-9777

Arizona*

May 2–4, Phoenix, Ariz.

Debbie Muse, (480) 987-4888

Atlantic Canada*

Sept. 16–19, Membertou, N.S.

Clara Shea, (902) 434-6002

British Columbia*

May 13–15, Penticton, B.C.

Carlie Hucul, (604) 630-0011

California–Nevada*

Oct. 22–25, Palm Springs, Calif.

Tim Worley, (909) 291-2102

Chesapeake*

Aug. 28–31, Ocean City, Md.

Rachel Ellis, (443) 924-1032

Connecticut

May 23–25, Brewster, Mass.

Romana Longo, (860) 604-8996

Florida*

Nov. 25–29, Championsgate, Fla.

Peggy Guingona, (407) 957-8449

Georgia*

July 15–18, Savannah, Ga.

Eric Osborne, (678) 583-3904

Hawaii*

•

Susan Uyesugi (808) 356-1246

Illinois*

•

Laurie Dougherty, (866) 521-3595, ext. 1

Indiana*

•

Dawn Keyler, (317) 331-8032

Intermountain*

Oct. 10–12, Midway, Utah

Alane Boyd, (801) 580-9692

Iowa*

Oct. 16–18, Dubuque, Iowa

David Scott, (515) 283-2169

Kansas*

Aug. 28–31, Topeka, Kans.

Hank Corcoran Boyer, (785) 826-9163

Kentucky–Tennessee*

July 8–11, Nashville, Tenn.

Kay Sanborn, (502) 550-2992

Mexico

Nov. 5–9, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

Alfredo Ortiz Garcia, 52(812) 033-8036

Michigan*

Sept. 11–14, Kalamazoo, Mich.

Bonnifer Ballard, (517) 292-2912, ext. 1

Minnesota*

Sept. 18–21, Duluth, Minn.

Mona Cavalcoli, (612) 216-5004

Missouri*

•

Gailla Rogers, (816) 668-8561

Montana*

May 15–17, Missoula, Mont.

Robin Matthews-Barnes, (406) 546-5496

Nebraska*

Nov. 7–8, Kearney, Neb.

Mary Poe, (402) 471-1003

New England (NEWWA)*

Sept. 16–19, Stowe, Vt.

Katelyn Todesco, (508) 893-7979

New Jersey*

•

Mona Cavalcoli, (866) 436-1120

New York*

•

Jenny Ingrao, (315) 455-2614

North Carolina*

Nov. 4–7, Raleigh, N.C.

Catrice Jones, (919) 784-9030, ext. 1002

North Dakota*

Oct. 16–18, Grand Forks, N.D.

David Bruschwein, (701) 328-5259

Ohio*

Aug. 27–30, Columbus, Ohio

Laura Carter, (844) 766-2845

Ontario*

•

Michéle Grenier, (866) 975-0575

Pacific Northwest

•

Kyle Kihs, (503) 760-6460

Pennsylvania*

May 8–10, Pocono Manor, Pa.

Don Hershey, (717) 774-8870, ext. 101

Puerto Rico*

May 17, San Juan, P.R.

Odalis De La Vega, (787) 900-9737

Quebec*

•

Stephanie Petit, (514) 270-7110, ext. 329

Rocky Mountain*

Sept. 15–18, Denver, Colo.

Ann Guiberson, (720) 404-0818

South Carolina*

•

David Baize, (803) 358-0658

South Dakota*

Sept. 12–14, Deadwood, S.D.

Jodi Johanson, (605) 997-2098

Southwest*

Oct. 28–30, Baton Rouge, La.

Don Broussard, (337) 849-0613

Texas*

•

Mike Howe, (512) 238-9292

Virginia*

Sept. 10–13, Virginia Beach, Va.

Geneva Hudgins, (434) 386-3190

West Virginia*

May 20–23, Davis, W.Va.

Shan Ferrell, (304) 340-2006

Western Canada*

Sept. 18–21, Winnipeg, Man.

Audrey Arisman, (403) 709-0064

Wisconsin*

Sept. 12–14, Madison, Wis.

Jill Duchniak, (414) 423-7000

*Includes exhibit; for information, call the section contact (see far right column). • Indicates that the 2018 meeting has already occurred.

AWWA SE CT ION ME E T IN G S | M AY 2 0 1 8 • 1 1 0 :5 | J O U R N A L AWWA

Product Spotlight ADVERTISING SECTION

Advanced Metering Infrastructure Neptune Get back to the business of water with the Neptune® L900™. Eliminate the burden of maintaining system infrastructure. Neptune’s L900 MIU is the water industry’s first LoRa Alliance™ certified solution for AMI networks. Build on R900® technology and maintain mobile backup reading capability of the same endpoints. Win your day at neptunetg.com.

Contractor Opportunities West Harris County Regional Water Authority Join us for an informational networking session about this 40 mi, 8 ft-diameter waterline in Harris County, Tex., including two pump stations. Learn how you can work on this project. www.SurfaceWaterSupplyProject.com.

Online Turbidity Monitoring Solution HF scientific The MTOL+ turbidimeter from HF scientific offers an accurate, easy-to-calibrate instrument with low cost of ownership. USEPA and ISO compliant models come equipped with ultrasonic cleaning, customizable data logging, and simultaneous 4-20mA and Modbus signal outputs. Range includes 0–10, 0–100, or 0–1,000 ntu. www.hfscientific.com/ products/mtol_plus_online_process_turbidimeter.

Water Treatment Equipment AdEdge Technologies, LLC Biottta® is a pioneering, regulatory-approved treatment process exclusive to AdEdge that is an economical, sustainable, and long-term solution that addresses multiple-contaminant removal. The fixed-bed, dual-stage biotreatment process cultivates a robust environment for microbiological organisms to destroy contaminants or reduce elements to simple nonharmful forms. For information, please visit us at www.adedgetech.com. See us at ACE18 booth #25108.

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Water Treatment Systems Hungerford & Terry As an employee-owned company still setting the standards in water treatment since 1909, Hungerford & Terry can provide filtration systems to remove iron, manganese, arsenic, and radium; high-efficiency ion exchange systems to remove nitrates, perchlorate, chromium-VI, color, and hardness; condensate polishers; forced draft and vacuum degasifiers; and complete demineralizers. sales@hungerfordterry.com; www.hungerfordterry.com.

Future AWWA Events

Information about the following events is available from AWWA, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. For information regarding event registration, housing, or exhibits, visit AWWA’s website at www.awwa.org, or call (800) 926-7337. For program information, contact EducationServices@awwa.org.

Annual Conference & Exposition (ACE18) June 11–14, 2018 Las Vegas, Nev.

Transformative Issues Symposium on Affordability Aug. 6–7, 2018 Washington, D.C.

Water Infrastructure Conference & Exposition Oct. 28–31, 2018 Atlanta, Ga.

STANDARDS OFFICIAL NOTICE This shall constitute official notice of the availability of the following new or revised AWWA standards. The effective date of these standards shall be the first day of the month following notification of the availability in Journal - American Water Works Association. To obtain copies of these or any AWWA standards, contact the AWWA Customer Service Group at (800) 926-7337. These standards have been designated American National Standards by the American National Standards Institute. The date of ANSI approval is shown in parentheses.

ANSI/AWWA B604-18

ANSI/AWWA B605-18

ANSI/AWWA G485-18

Standard for Granular Activated Carbon (Sept. 28, 2017)

Standard for Reactivation of Granular Activated Carbon (Dec. 19, 2017)

Standard for Direct Potable Reuse Program Operation and Management (Feb. 27, 2018)

6666 West Quincy Ave. Denver, Colorado 80235 (303) 794-7711 www.awwa.org

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Save more than 70% with an annual Standards subscription! Your initial purchase includes a full set of current Standards (more than 175) plus all revised and new Standards published during the following 12 months (20–30 Standards). Go to www.awwa.org/standards.

Buyers’ Resource Guide Find a company or product quickly Visit the Buyers’ Resource Guide online at www.awwa.org/journal

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Buyers’ Resource Guide

ADVERTISING SECTION

Analytical Services and Testing Labs LEGIONELLA Special Pathogens Laboratory specializes in the detection, control, and remediation of Legionella and waterborne pathogens. Internationally renowned for clinical and environmental expertise in Legionnaires’ disease prevention, our integrated platform of evidence-based solutions for Total Legionella Control includes Legionella and waterborne pathogen testing, consulting and education, and ZEROutbreak® protection (ASHRAE 188 compliance). (877) 775-7284; www.SpecialPathogensLab.com.

Associations DUCTILE IRON PIPE The Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association (DIPRA) provides accurate, reliable, and essential engineering information about iron pipe to water and wastewater professionals. Ductile iron pipe is the best answer to America’s water infrastructure needs, and DIPRA’s mission is to help others appreciate its advantages. Contact us at www.dipra.org. AWWA Service Provider Member

Certification ACCREDITED PRODUCT CERTIFICATION, ANALYSIS, AND TESTING Water Quality Association’s Product Certification is the recognized label for both Gold Seal and Sustainability Certification. Both programs are accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Standards Council of Canada (SCC) to test and certify products for conformance with the NSF/ANSI standards. Contact us at goldseal@wqa.org. AWWA Service Provider Member

Certification ANALYTICAL SERVICES, PRODUCT TESTING, AND CERTIFICATION Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL). UL is your trusted partner for certification of products used in the water treatment and distribution system. UL is a fully accredited, third-party certification body that certifies a wide variety of products that are directly added to or come into contact with drinking water. For more information visit www.UL.com/water. 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062 USA; (847) 664-3796; waterinfo@ul.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Chemical Feed Equipment, Systems, and Handling CHLORINE AND CHEMICAL FEED SCALES Force Flow manufactures chemical monitoring and control systems for chlorine, hypo, fluoride, polymer, caustic, and all other chemicals used in water treatment. Weight-based (scales) and ultrasonic systems for monitoring cylinders, ton containers, day tanks, carboys, and bulk storage tanks. Safely and accurately monitor chemical usage, feed rate, and level. Automate day tank refilling with the Wizard ARC Controller, and add chemical feed flexibility with the new MERLIN Automatic Onsite Chemical Dilution System. Contact us for more information at (800) 893-6723 or by fax at (925) 686-6713, or visit www.forceflowscales.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND DRY CHEMICAL FEEDERS Eagle Microsystems Inc. specializes in the engineering and design of dry chemical feed systems. The VF-100 Dry Chemical Feeder is a rugged directdrive feeder that is available with a wide range of options and accessories to meet any project needs. Eagle Microsystems Inc. also designs and manufactures weighing products, analytical equipment, and process control equipment. Eagle Microsystems Inc., 366 Circle of Progress Dr., Pottstown, PA 19464 USA; phone: (610) 323-2250; fax: (610) 323-0114; Info@EagleMicrosystems.com; www.EagleMicrosystems.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER TREATMENT Blue-White® Industries is a leading manufacturer of peristaltic and diaphragm chemical metering pumps. These pumps are designed to handle challenges associated with chemicals used for the treatment of water and wastewater. They have features and capabilities the industry requires: accurate feed, high pressure ratings, and advanced electronics. (714) 893-8529; sales@blue-white.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Chemicals ANALYTICAL SERVICES AND CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS PROVIDER American Water Chemicals (AWC) manufactures specialty chemicals for pretreatment and maintenance of membrane systems and is ISO 9001:2008 certified. We improve membrane system performance and optimize cost of operation by diagnosing and solving complex problems using advanced analytical methods. AWC is a pioneer in advanced membrane autopsy techniques and investigative services. For more information call (813) 246-5448; info@membranechemicals.com; visit www.membranechemicals.com.

MEMBRANE CLEANERS International Products Corp. manufactures membrane cleaners that restore 100% flux at safe pH ranges. Our cleaners are compatible with UF, RO, and ceramic membranes used for food and beverage, heavy oil, automotive, wastewater, water recycling, desalination, medical, and other applications. For information or free samples, call Michele Christian at (609) 386-8770; e-mail membrane@ipcol.com; www.ipcol.com/cleaners/industries/water-wastewater.

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Chemicals WATER TREATMENT Chemtrade Solutions. Chemtrade Solutions LLC manufactures and markets a variety of inorganic chemicals for our North American municipal and industrial water treatment customers. Products include • Aluminum sulfate (alum) • Aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) • Polyaluminum choride (PACl/PACs) • Ferric sulfate • Calcium hydroxide • Liquid ammonium sulfate Contact us at WaterChem@chemtradelogistics.com or (800) 255-7589. Visit our website: www.chemtradelogistics.com.

Coatings and Linings LEAD REDUCTION, LEAK PREVENTION AND CORROSION CONTROL The patented ePIPE process restores pipes in place, providing superior leak protection and reduction of lead and copper leaching from underground and in-building water supply pipes. Pipes protected with the ePIPE epoxy-lined piping system reduce leaching of toxic lead and copper into drinking water to well below EPA and WHO cutoff levels. Contact: Virginia Steverson, vsteverson@aceduraflo.com; direct, USA and Canada: 714-564-7730; office: (888) 775-0220; cell: 714-795-4767. AWWA Service Provider Member

Computer Software and Services COMPLIANCE REPORTING AND PROCESS CONTROL DATA SYSTEMS Water information systems by KISTERS integrate separate water/wastewater databases (SCADA, LIMS, metering, etc.) to improve data quality, save time, and increase ease of water quality compliance reporting. Automate QA/QC, processing, and sharing of information—including stormwater, ecological, GIS, and raster climate data—for collaborative and defensible decisions. Details at www.KISTERS.net/NA/compliance. AWWA Service Provider Member

CONSULTANTS Copperleaf provides decision analytics to companies managing critical infrastructure. Our enterprise software solutions leverage operational, financial, and asset data to help our clients make investment decisions that deliver the highest business value. Copperleaf Technologies, 2920 Virtual Way, Ste. 140, Vancouver, BC V5M 0C4 Canada; (888) 465-5323; marketing@copperleaf.com; www.copperleaf.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Computer Software and Services HYDRAULIC MODELING Bentley’s fully integrated water and wastewater software solution addresses the needs of owner–operators and engineers who contribute to the water infrastructure life cycle. Bentley provides modeling, design, and management software for water distribution, wastewater, and stormwater systems; transient analysis; GIS and mapping; and road and plant infrastructure. For more information, visit www.bentley.com/wtr. AWWA Service Provider Member

ONLINE COMMUNITY PLATFORM FluksAqua. More than a community of water professionals. Founded in 2015, with offices in Montreal and Paris, our rapidly growing community already receives over 20,000 visitors per month from more than 50 countries while gaining more and more followers. We have the experience of our community at heart. FluksAqua is the world’s first online collaborative platform designed by and for water utility professionals. Our goal is to transform drinking water, water management, and wastewater treatment through the sharing of knowledge and information. For more information, visit www.fluksaqua.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Consultants FULL-SERVICE WATER AND WASTEWATER CONSULTING SERVICES A $2 billion global management, engineering, and development firm, Mott MacDonald delivers sustainable outcomes in transportation, buildings, power, oil and gas, water and wastewater, environment, education, health, international development, and digital infrastructure. Mott MacDonald in North America (www.mottmac.com/americas) is a vibrant infrastructure development and engineering company with 64 offices. AWWA Service Provider Member

Contractors FULL-SERVICE SUPPLIER AND INSTALLER Unifilt Corp. Since 1977, with more than 4,000 installations operating worldwide, Unifilt has provided state-of-the-art solutions for potable/ wastewater treatment facilities. Complete packaged solutions (media removal, installation, and guaranteed component compatibility): • Vacuum/hydraulic/manual removal • Hydraulic/manual installation • Underdrain cleaning/evaluation/repair • Evaluation of existing materials/systems • The Unifilt Air Scour • NSF-approved anthracite, sand, garnet, gravel, wheeler balls, and uni-liners that meet or exceed AWWA B100-09. (800) 223-2882; www.Unifilt.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Corrosion Control TANKS CorrTech Inc. Corrosion understood. Nationwide comprehensive concrete and steel tank services. In-service robotic inspection and sediment removal tank engineering, structural assessments, coating specifications, painting inspection, cathodic protection system design and installation, out-of-service inspections, and washouts. Chemical storage inspection. Phone: (888) 842-3944; fax: (860) 526-5018; pmeskill@corrtech-inc.com; www.corrtech-inc.com.

Corrosion Control, Cathodic Protection Equipment, and Materials GALVANIC ANODES (MAGNESIUM AND ZINC) Interprovincial/International Corrosion Control has manufactured/distributed the following corrosion control products since 1957: • Anodes—magnesium/zinc • Impressed current anodes • Thermitweld products • Test stations, rectifiers • Professional engineering design • Plus many other industry-related products For superior quality and service, contact ICCC, Ontario, Quebec/Maritimes, Alberta: phone: (905) 634-7751; fax: (905) 333-4313. Lewiston, N.Y.: (800) 699-8771. Contact@Rustrol.com; www.Rustrol.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Distribution DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM EFFICIENCY SUEZ Advanced Solutions (Utility Service Co. Inc.). Our distribution program includes condition assessments, leak location, V&H exercising, pipe rehabilitation, ice pigging, and smart water solutions, helping you reduce costs, improve operations, and make the right decisions to manage your system. Phone: (855) 526-4413; fax (888) 600-5876; help@utilityservice.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

SERVICE LINE CONNECTIONS Whether you are tapping a large-diameter water main or installing a new residential service line on a distribution system, Mueller Co. manufactures a complete line of solutions including drilling and tapping machines, tapping sleeves, tapping valves, service brass, service saddles, meters, setters, and boxes. moreinfo@muellercompany.com; www.muellercompany.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Disinfection Equipment and Systems OZONE The Aqua ElectrOzone™ ozone generation system is applied in potable water, wastewater/water reuse and industrial applications requiring ozone treatment for taste and odor control, bleaching/color removal, oxidation and disinfection. For smaller applications, the Aqua Electrozone M-Series is a modular system capable of ozone production ranging from15 ppd to 540 ppd. (815) 654-2501; www.aquaelectrozone.com. 102

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Engineering Services WATER AND WASTEWATER Greeley and Hansen is a leader in developing innovative engineering, architecture, and management solutions for a wide array of complex water, wastewater, and infrastructure challenges. The firm has built upon more than 100 years of proven engineering experience in all phases of project development and implementation to become a premier global provider of comprehensive services in the water sector. Dedicated to designing better urban environments worldwide. Contact: Jim Sullivan, (800) 837-9779 or jsullivan@greeley-hansen.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Filtration ACTIVATED CARBON Haycarb USA Inc. is one of the world largest manufacturers of coconut shell– based activated carbons. Our production facilities are NSF and ISO certified and meet AWWA standards. Haycarb has been in the business for over four decades and the products have been proved for drinking water applications. For more information on Haycarb products, please call toll-free 855-HAYCARB (429-2272). AWWA Service Provider Member

ADVANCED ARSENIC REMOVAL SYSTEMS ISOLUX® is a proven, affordable well-head water treatment solution designed specifically to remove arsenic. All ISOLUX systems use cartridges filled with a patented zirconium filter media that has been verified for 99% to zero arsenic removal. There’s no backwashing, and practically no maintenance beyond cartridge replacement. (480) 315-8430; sales@isolux-arsenicremoval.com.

BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION AdEdge Water Technologies specializes in the design, manufacturing, and supply of water treatment solutions, specialty medias, legacy, and innovative technologies that remove arsenic, iron, manganese, nitrate, perchlorate, radionuclides, and other contaminants from water for municipal, private, and industrial clients. Please contact us at (866) 8ADEDGE or online at www.adedgetech.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTER HOUSING AND CARTRIDGES Meets AWWA drinking water standards! Harmsco proudly supplies EPA LT2compliant filtration installations across the United States, North America, and the same standards worldwide! For more information on Harmsco products, please call us: (800) 327-3248, email us: sales@harmsco.com, or visit us: www.harmsco.com.

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Filtration FILTER MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION SUEZ Advanced Solutions (Utility Service Co. Inc.) provides filter condition assessments, media sampling, cleaning and replacement, concrete and steel rehabilitation, underdrains, and filter equipment. We handle all your filter needs from a one-time media cleaning to full filter house rehabilitation and maintenance. Phone: (855) 526-4413; fax: (888) 600-5876; help@utilityservice.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTER MEDIA Since 1935 Anthracite Filter Media Co. has been providing anthracite, sand, gravel, garnet, greensand, and activated carbon that meet or exceed AWWA and NSF standards. Most materials are warehoused at several locations throughout the country, facilitating quick delivery. For more information, please contact us at 6326 West Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90043-3803 USA; (800) 722-0407 or (310) 258-9116; fax: (310) 258-9111; www.AnthraciteFilter.com; sales@AnthraciteFilter.com.

FILTER MEDIA Anthrafilter has provided filter media replacement across North America since 1976. We offer service to all types of filters including gravity, pressure, traveling bridge-type systems, and others; underdrain repairs; removal, disposal, supply, and installation; as well as anthracite filter media, filter sands and gravels, garnet, greensand, activated carbon, etc. Our efficient, clean, and safe methods reduce filter downtime. We provide quality, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. USA: phone: (800) 998-8555 or (716) 285-5680; fax: (716) 285-5681. Canada: phone: (519) 751-1080; fax: (519) 751-0617. www.anthrafilter.net. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTER MEDIA CEI is your worldwide leader in providing filter media to the water filtration industry. Anthracite, gravel, sand, garnet, greensand plus, activated carbons, resins, and much more. All exceed AWWA B100 Standards. All are NSF approved. USA and Overseas. Same day proposals. Excellent customer service. We are your “One Company For All Your Filter Media.” Phone: (800) 344-5770; fax: (888) 204-9656; Rick@ceifiltration.com; www.CEIfiltration.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTER MEDIA, ANTHRACITE Carbonite Filter Corp. produces superior-quality anthracite filter media with uniformities of 1.40 or less guaranteed. Carbonite has been used successfully by thousands of municipal and industrial filter plants. Our products meet ANSI/AWWA B100 Standards and are NSF Standard 61 certified. POB #1, Delano, PA 18220 USA; phone: (570) 467-3350; fax: (570) 467-7272; carbon1@ptd.net; www.carbonitecorp.com.

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Filtration FILTER MEDIA, ANTHRACITE CEI Anthracite manufactures the highest quality anthracite. Our anthracite is custom manufactured to your size and UC (uniformity coefficient) requirements. Our anthracite can be made to a UC as low as 1.3. Our dry anthracite is only 50 pounds per cubic foot, unlike the water soaked anthracite from other plants. No paying for water weight here. NSF Certified. Exceeds AWWA B-100 Standards. (570) 459-7005; Rick@ceifiltration.com; www.ceifiltration.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTER SAND AND GRAVEL Southern Products and Silica Co. Inc. Since 1933, SPS has provided high-quality filter media, quartz pebbles, and well gravel packs to our customers. Our materials are rounded quartzite sand and gravel, washed, and screened to size, in compliance with AWWA specifications, and NSF-61 certified. 4303 US Hwy. 1 N., Hoffman, NC 28347 USA; (910) 281-3189, ext. 1; www.sandandgravel.net. AWWA Service Provider Member

FILTRATION PRODUCTS SAFNA is an ASME and National Board-certified manufacturer of filter housings, tanks, pressure vessels, and RO skids, offering: • Single and Multi-Bag Filter Housings • Single and Multi-Cartridge Filter Housings • Storage Tanks and Pressure Vessels • Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel 304, and Stainless Steel 316 Materials • NSF61 Coatings and Linings • ASME Certification For more information, contact us at (626) 599-8566 or at info@safna.com; www.safna.com.

FULL SERVICE SUPPLIER/INSTALLER Since 1977, with 5,000+ installations operating worldwide in municipal/ industrial applications, Unifilt has provided state-of-the-art manufacturing, distribution, removal, and installation of filtering materials for potable/ wastewater treatment facilities. Whether a system requires minor repairs or major upgrades, we have the experience to diagnose and fix even the most complex problems. Our air-scour solution for filter media cleaning features an introductory trial. Fast, easy installation (no media removal or underdrain replacement required). Made in the USA. (800) 223-2882, www.Unifilt.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

REVERSE OSMOSIS FEED WATER SPACER SWM is the global leader in reverse osmosis feed spacer and center tube technologies with over 40 years of experience. We deliver time-tested quality products and next-generation innovations and solutions to solve your toughest RO membrane challenges. As SWM we now bring even more capabilities to customers. Visit us at www.swmintl.com.

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Gaskets and Sealing PIPE GASKETS Specification Rubber Products Inc. Domestic manufacturer of gaskets and sealing solutions since 1968. • Barracuda® RJ gaskets in safety orange • Push-on gaskets • MJ and MJxIPS transition gaskets • Filler, flat, and AMERICAN Toruseal® Flange Gaskets • SBR, EPDM, Nitrile, Fluoroelastomer (Viton®, etc.) compounds available • Products are NSF-61 and UL listed and conform to ANSI/AWWAC111/A21.111 • Sold through PVF manufacturers and distributors (800) 633-3415; www.specrubber.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Geographic Information Systems EQUIPMENT DISTRIBUTORS Seiler Instrument is a family owned firm established in 1945. Geospatial scanning, UAV, survey and mapping sales, service, training, and support are what we excel at. Our staff of professionals is committed to a personal hands-on approach and our service excellence goes well beyond just a sale. (888) 263-8918; solutions@seilerinst.com; www.seilerinst.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Hydrants FIRE HYDRANTS Mueller Co. manufactures a comprehensive range of dry and wet barrel fire hydrants marketed under the trusted brands of Mueller®, US Pipe Valve & Hydrant®, and Jones®. Available in an almost infinite range of configurations, these products are often complemented by hydrant safety devices, indicator posts, and post indicator valves. moreinfo@muellercompany.com; www.muellercompany.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Hydrants, Accessories, and Parts VALVES AMERICAN Flow Control is a division of AMERICAN Cast Iron Pipe Company, founded in Birmingham, Ala., in 1905. In addition to fire hydrants and valves, AMERICAN manufactures ductile iron and spiral-welded steel pipe for the waterworks industry. Contact us at (205) 325-7957 or bmyl@american-usa.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Instrumentation REMOTE WIRELESS MONITORING Telog by Trimble offers a comprehensive remote monitoring system for water distribution and wastewater collection utilities. Telog solutions provide an automated means of collecting, archiving, presenting, and sharing asset data so utilities can improve operations and fulfill regulatory compliance. TrimbleWater_ContactUs@trimble.com; www.trimblewater.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT Analytical Technology Inc. designs and manufactures a wide variety of innovative instrumentation for the water and wastewater markets and distributes both domestically and internationally through a system of independent manufacturers’ representatives and distributors. In addition to water quality monitors, ATI also provides a full line of industrial and municipal gas detectors measuring up to 33 different gases. Collegeville, Pa.; phone: (800) 959-0299; fax: (610) 917-0992; sales@analyticaltechnology.com; www.analyticaltechnology.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Laboratory and Field-Testing Equipment INSTRUMENTATION Myron L® Co.’s ULTRAPEN™ PT1 is a groundbreaking new conductivity/TDS/ salinity pen. The PT1 features the accuracy and stability of benchtop lab equipment with the convenience of a pen. Constructed of durable aircraft aluminum, this pen is fully potted for extra protection with an easy-to-read LCD and one-button functions. The PT1 is an indispensable instrument in the water quality professional’s toolkit. www.myronl.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

RAPID MICROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING SOLUTIONS LuminUltra’s Rapid Microbiological Monitoring Solutions—based on 2nd Generation ATP—afford your team the ability to pinpoint problem areas within a system, apply corrective action (e.g. flushing), and ensure that these actions were effective using a simple 5-minute field test with on-the-spot results. These solutions—including field ready test kits, portable equipment and cloud-based software—can save you a tremendous amount of time, money and water. As such, it is an ideal complement to your water management plan. Ask us how at sales@luminultra.com AWWA Service Provider Member

ACOUSTIC LEAK DETECTION Echologics provides high-quality and actionable information about buried water distribution and transmission main infrastructure, helping to optimize capital investments and repair and rehabilitation programs; this safely extends the operating life of critical water main assets. Echologics is a leader in pipe condition assessment, leak detection, and continuous leak monitoring solutions. Contact: Stadnyckyji@echlogics.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Leak Detection LEAK DETECTION SubSurface Leak Detection offers the most sensitive leak noise correlators, correlating loggers, and water leak detectors available. Choose the DigiCorr correlator, the LC-2500 correlator, the ZCorr correlating loggers, or any of our five different water leak detectors. (775) 298-2701; www.subsurfaceleak.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WIRELESS LEAK DETECTION AND MONITORING Trimble’s wireless leak detection and monitoring solution provides a fixed and mobile leak detection and monitoring system for identifying and locating leaks, and scheduling and tracking necessary repairs. The solution helps reduce costly pipeline bursts, leakage, and nonrevenue water. TrimbleWater_ ContactUs@trimble.com; www.trimblewater.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER NETWORK MONITORING Fluid Conservation Systems is the instrumentation expert for water loss recovery. Our combined experience, technical expertise, and unrivaled wireless monitoring solutions have made us world leaders within the drinking water industry with a reputation for innovation, quality, and service. We specialize in premier water network monitoring solutions by offering a complete set of equipment for virtually all leak detection and pressure management needs. For more information call (800) 531-5465, e-mail sales@fluidconservation.com, or visit www.fluidconservation.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Meters ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE The Mi.Net® system links meters, distribution sensors, and control devices in an efficient wireless network for real-time access. This smart, migratable solution provides the ultimate in flexibility and scalability, allowing you to cost-effectively add advanced capabilities to fixed networks or drive-by solutions without replacing the entire system. (800) 323-8584; www.muellersystems.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

AMI IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE SUEZ Advanced Solutions (Utility Service Co. Inc.) offers a risk-free, turnkey financed solution that bundles meters with AMI technology, installing and integrating into your existing system. Then, we take care of your system during its lifetime. Phone: (855) 526-4413; fax (888) 600-5876; help@ utilityservice.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Meters AMR/AMI Kamstrup is a world-leading supplier of ultrasonic meters and meter reading solutions. For 70 years, we have enabled utilities to run better businesses while inspiring smarter, more responsible solutions for the communities you serve. We are opening a new US production facility in 2018 to meet the high demand for our metering solutions. To learn more, call (404) 835-6716; e-mail info-us@kamstrup.com, or visit kamstrup.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

AMR/AMI SYSTEMS Sensus helps a wide range of public service providers—from utilities to cities to industrial complexes and campuses—do more with their infrastructure. We enable our customers to reach farther through the application of technology and data-driven insights that deliver efficiency and responsiveness. We partner with them to anticipate and respond to evolving business needs with innovation in sensing and communications technologies, data analytics, and services. Learn more at www.sensus.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

AMR/AMI SYSTEMS Formed in 1903, the Zenner/Minol group is a global company focused on meter production, AMR/AMI systems, and sub-metering contracts. Zenner/Minol serves customers in 90 countries with plants on five continents including the United States. Zenner USA, 15280 Addison Rd., Addison, TX 75001 USA; phone: (855) 593-6637; fax: (972) 386-1814; marketing@zennerusa.com; www.zennerusa.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

AMR/AMI SYSTEMS FOR WATER Win your day with Neptune® technology designed and engineered for the business of water. Achieve more with infrastructure and reap AMI benefits without operational burdens. Empower teams with metering solutions and actionable data to stay responsive, lean, and resourceful. Learn more about connecting to what’s next in water at neptunetg.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

AMR/AMI, METER DATA MANAGEMENT, AND LEAK DETECTION Master Meter is a high-service solutions provider specializing in advanced digital water metering, data delivery, and utility intelligence software. Our innovative smart water and IoT technologies portfolio helps utilities manage a dynamic business environment, and their rapidly evolving role within a smart cities strategic plan. For more information, call (800) 765-6518 or visit www.mastermeter.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Meters METERS, AMR/AMI, AND ANALYTICS Badger Meter is an innovator in flow measurement, control and communication solutions, serving water utilities, municipalities, and commercial and industrial customers worldwide. The company’s products measure water, oil, chemicals, and other fluids, and are known for accuracy, long-lasting durability, and for providing and communicating valuable and timely measurement data. For more information, call (800) 616-3837; www.badgermeter.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER UTILITY GASKETS Specification Rubber Products Inc. Domestic manufacturer of gaskets and sealing solutions sinc 1968. • Patented MeterSeal™ molded gaskets have a molded bulb on the ID to help with mismatched faces and uneven torque on bolts. • Drop-in MeterSeal™ gaskets and traditional drop-in meter gaskets have a patented tab to assist with installation. • Both styles meet the physical properties specified in Table 4 of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11. • Made in the USA, NSF-61 certified. (800) 633-3415; www.specrubber.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Pipe CLEANING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Pipeline Pigging Products Inc. Our Municipal Series Poly Pigs are internal pipeline-cleaning devices that are propelled by line pressure to remove flow-restricting deposits. All have the ability to negotiate short-radius bends, tees, valves, and multidimensional piping. Call (800) 242-7997 or (281) 351-6688 for distributor or factory-certified service information; www.pipepigs.com.

DUCTILE IRON PIPE AMERICAN Ductile Iron Pipe is a division of AMERICAN Cast Iron Pipe Company, founded in Birmingham, Ala., in 1905. In addition to ductile iron, AMERICAN manufactures spiral-welded steel pipe, fire hydrants, and valves for the waterworks industry. Contact us at (205) 307-2969 or jordanbyrd@american-usa.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

JOINT RESTRAINT EBAA Iron Inc. is the leader in pipe joint technology, manufacturing, and specializing in pipe restraints and flexible expansion joints for the water and wastewater industry. With products that save time and money, EBAA is 100% AIS compliant and 100% Made in the USA! Products: • Joint restraint for ductile iron, steel, PVC, and HDPE pipelines (MEGALUG® mechanical joint restraint) • Flexible expansion joints • Restrained couplings • Restrained flange adapters Contact us at (800) 633-9190; contact@ebaa.com; www.ebaa.com. AWWA Service Provider Member 110

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Pipe PIPE CLAMPS AND COUPLINGS Krausz Industries, the creator of HYMAX, develops, designs, and manufactures market-leading couplings and clamps for connecting and repairing pipes for both potable water and sewage. In more than 90 years of industry leadership, and millions of installations, Krausz has earned a solid reputation for providing products that meet installers’ field needs. Phone: (855) 457-2879; fax: (352) 304-5787; info@krauszusa.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

PIPE JOINT MATERIAL Mercer Rubber Company manufactures rubber expansion joints for the water and wastewater treatment, power, industrial, and chemical industries as well as HVAC commercial and marine work. Our specialty is developing custom products for a specific job, from a single small joint to hundreds of large-diameter joints. info@mercer-rubber.com; www.mercer-rubber.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

PIPE, PVC Diamond Plastics Corp. manufactures gasketed PVC pipe in diameters from 1½ in. through 60 in. for water distribution, transmission, irrigation, drainage, and sewage applications, including AWWA C900 products from 4 to 60 in. With seven plants across the United States and more than 30 years of experience in production, Diamond is one of the largest manufacturers of quality pipe products in North America. POB 1608, Grand Island, NE 68802 USA; (800) PVC-PIPE; diamondplastics@dpcpipe.com; www.dpcpipe.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

PIPE-JOINING MATERIALS X-Pando Products Co. is the manufacturer of unique sealing compounds that expand as they set, and can be used on most threaded pipes and fittings for most liquids, gases, and liquid gases at high pressures and temperatures. Nontoxic, UL® certified to NSF/ANSI 61 and 372. Meets requirements of FDA, USDA, NASA, and API. X-Pando Special No. 2 for use on cement-lined pipes to be welded. 204 Stokes Ave., Ewing, NJ 08638 USA; phone: (609) 394-0150; fax: (609) 989-4847; sales@xpando.com.

PIPELINE CONDITION ASSESSMENT For utilities with aging pipeline infrastructure, Echologics’ condition assessment technology determines the structural strength of buried assets and helps optimize rehabilitation and replacement programs. ePulse® condition assessments use acoustic signals and advanced computer algorithms to assign pipe “grades” based on the actual condition of each segment. (866) 324-6564; www.echologics.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Pumps PUMPS While in the business of making water work for you, look to A.Y. McDonald to provide the pumps you need, ranging from boosters to submersibles. As the leading manufacturer and distributor of water works, plumbing, pumps, and high pressure gas parts, learn more about A.Y. McDonald by calling (800) 292-2737. AWWA Service Provider Member

PUMPS Gorman-Rupp manufactures a complete line of sewage pumping systems and pressure booster/water reuse stations, including pumps, motors, and controls. Our ReliaSource® line of lift stations provides dependability and ease of service, and our commitment to total system responsibility means you make only one call to source and service your entire system. Please contact Vince Baldasare at (419) 755-1011 or grsales@gormanrupp.com, or visit www.GRpumps.com.

PUMPS SEEPEX Inc. develops, manufactures, and globally markets progressive cavity pumps for delivering low to highly viscous, aggressive, and abrasive media. SEEPEX offers pre-engineered chemical metering systems for use in a wide variety of chemical dosing and water treatment applications, including sodium hypochlorite disinfection processes. The fully packaged skids are available with SEEPEX’s NSF/ANSI 61 Standard-certified metering pumps. SEEPEX Inc., 511 Speedway Dr., Enon, OH 45323 USA; phone: (937) 864-7150; fax: (937) 864-7157; sales.us@seepex.com; www.seepex.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Safety Equipment and Devices CHLORINE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF SYSTEMS Halogen Valve Systems is the leading manufacturer of electronically actuated emergency shutoff systems for chlorine and sulfur dioxide 150 lb cylinders and ton containers. In the event of a leak, the controller receives a signal from a leak detector or panic button and instantly sends a signal to the actuators, closing all valves within seconds. • Eclipse™ Actuators for ton containers and 150 lb cylinders • Terminator™ Actuators for ton containers and 150 lb cylinders • Hexacon™ Controller for controlling up to six Eclipse actuators • Duplex™ Controller for single & dual Eclipse applications • Gemini™ Controller for single & dual Terminator applications 17961 Sky Park Circle, Ste. A, Irvine, CA 92614 USA; phone: (949) 261-5030; fax: (949) 261-5033; info@halogenvalve.com; www.halogenvalve.com.

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Safety Equipment and Devices DISINFECTION EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS TGO Technologies Inc. ChlorTainer is a high-pressure containment vessel into which a 1-ton or 150-lb chlorine gas cylinder is processed. If the cylinder should leak, chlorine gas is contained within the vessel and processed at a normal rate. All of the chlorine gas is used, and no hazardous waste is generated. Phone: (800) 543-6603; fax: (707) 576-7516; sales@tgotech.com; www.chlortainer.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

LADDER SHIELDS R B Industries. Our trademarked Ladder Gate® Climb Preventive Shield controls access to fixed ladders on tanks, towers, buildings, and other structures. The angled sides prevent reaching around the shield to gain access to the ladder. Sturdy, maintenance-free. Easily installed. Visit us at www.laddergate.com.

PIPE TOOLS ICS, Blount Inc. ICS® is a world leader in concrete and pipe power cutters and equipment including the patented PowerGrit® diamond chains designed to cut through pipe from one side and not worry about the kickback that can happen with a traditional circular blade saw. Contacts: Jessica Gowdy DeMars, (503) 653-4687; Joe Taccogna, (503) 653-4644. 4909 SE International Way, Portland, OR 97222-4601 USA; (800) 321-1240; marketing@icsdiamondtools.com; www.icsdiamondtools.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Tanks ASSET MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION, AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE COATINGS SUEZ Advanced Solutions (Utility Service Co. Inc.) created the Tank Maintenance Program over 30 years ago, delivering peace of mind by providing financed rehabilitation and maintenance—including all repairs, lifetime coatings warranty, annual condition assessments, emergency services, and all future renovations. Phone: (855) 526-4413; fax: (888) 600-5876; help@utilityservice.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

DEMOLITION Allstate Tower Inc. is your first choice for steel storage tank, stack, or tower dismantling. With more than 75 years of combined knowledge and experience, we can dismantle your structure to meet your expectations. POB 25, Henderson, KY 42419 USA; phone: (270) 826-9000, ext. 4601; fax: (270) 827-4417; sales@watertank.com; www.allstatetower.com.

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Tanks PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DN Tanks specializes in the design and construction of AWWA D110 prestressed concrete tanks for potable water, wastewater, chilled water, and other liquids. DN Tanks is the largest producer of wire- and strand-wound prestressed concrete tanks in the world and provides large-scale construction capacity, unmatched technical expertise, and proficiency in multiple types of proven tank designs to provide customized liquid storage solutions for their customers. (855) DNTANKS; www.dntanks.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

STEEL WELDED Caldwell Tanks Inc. has turnkey design–build capabilities that enable us to provide solutions to our customers, no matter the size or scope. Being the only contractor that constructs all styles of elevated tanks, the options are almost limitless. Our award‐winning tanks are constructed on a towering tradition of 130 years of excellence. Phone: (502) 964‐3361; fax: (502) 966‐8732; Sales@CaldwellTanks.com; www.CaldwellTanks.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANK COVERS Apex Domes represents the pinnacle of precision-engineered aluminum geodesic covers. Apex Domes are fully compliant with AWWA specifications. Constructed entirely out of aluminum, utilizing proprietary component fabrication, Apex Domes are corrosion resistant, virtually maintenance free, and designed for extended service life. Apex domes are available for new construction, retrofit applications, customized designs, and include specialized coating and interior insulation options. Dome sizes range from 12 to 1,000 feet in diameter. When you specify Apex Domes, you get the strongest space frame design, clear span construction, factory direct installation, watertight design, and a superior dome design built to reduce vapor loss. Project pricing is competitive with any supplier. Connect with Apex Domes—aluminum covers that outperform! (620) 423-3010; www.AluminumDomes.com, apexdomes.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANK COVERS CST Industries celebrates 125 years as the world’s largest designer and manufacturer of custom aluminum domes and covers for all water/wastewater applications. CST’s OptiDome® is a flush batten aluminum dome that features an enclosed gasket design protecting against ultraviolet exposure and sealant degradation. Exposed and non-exposed sealant designs are available around the nodes. OptiDome meets design codes such as Eurocode, Aluminum Design Manual 2010, IBC 2012, and AWWA-D108. CST Industries, 498 N Loop 336 E, Conroe, TX 77301 USA; (844) 44-TANKS; www.cstindustries.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Tanks TANK ERECTION International Tank Service Inc. is a full-service tank construction company specializing in • Field-erected storage tanks • Water standpipes, reservoirs, and aboveground storage tanks • Tank modification and repair • Foundations • Tank jacking and leveling • AWWA, API, and FM Codes Our professional experience, knowledge, and dedication make us the best choice for your next tank project. 1085 S. Metcalf St., Lima, OH 45804 USA; phone: (419) 223-8251; fax: (419) 227-4590; butch@ITStank.com; www.ITStank.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANK ERECTION, RESTORATION, AND INSPECTION Classic Protective Coatings Inc. specializes in superior-quality water storage tank rehabilitation; offers safety, security, mixing system mechanical upgrades, or elevation changes; and provides the largest high-production welding, sandblasting, waterblasting, industrial coating, and containment equipment nationwide. Our crews hand-paint complex logos. Classic Protective Coatings Inc., N7670 State Hwy. 25, Menomonie, WI 54751-5928 USA; phone: (715) 233-6267; fax: (715) 233-6268; www.classicprotectivecoatings.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANK ERECTION, RESTORATION, AND INSPECTION—ELEVATED CHANGES Pittsburg Tank & Tower Co. is a full-service provider of elevated and ground storage tanks as well as inspection and maintenance of existing tanks. We work in all 50 states and provide you with the expertise needed to complete the task required with safety and quality being the top priorities. Tank modification on tanks from 5,000 gal to 5 mil gal capacity. Our patented Cobra tank solution provides stainless steel GST that never requires maintenance. POB 913, Henderson, KY 42419-0913 USA; phone: (270) 826-9000, ext. 4601; fax: (270) 767-6912; sales@pttg.com; www.watertank.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANK INSPECTION, WET OR DRY, AND CLEAN-OUTS—USED, ELEVATED Pittsburg Tank & Tower Co. provides interior in-service inspections performed by our remotely controlled submergible robot and exterior inspections by personnel trained in OSHA regulations. Inspections meet tank inspection requirements of AWWA, NFPA, USEPA, and OSHA. Owner receives a bound report with recommendations and cost estimates, a video of the interior, and pictures of the exterior. 1 Watertank Place, POB 913, Henderson, KY 42419-0913 USA; phone: (270) 826-9000, ext. 4601; fax: (270) 767-6912; sales@watertank.com; www.watertank.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Tanks TANKS—BOLTED Tank Connection specializes in providing high-quality storage tank and aluminum dome options for water storage applications. Tank Connection’s precision-bolted RTP is the #1 bolted tank design selected worldwide. Tanks are designed to meet a wide range of standards including AWWA, AISC, NFPA-22, and FM requirements. The proprietary fusion epoxy powder and advanced glass coating technologies are superior to all other coatings available in the market. Tank Connection operates multiple ISO 9001-certified QMS storage tank manufacturing facilities in the United States. Contact the experts in liquid storage to find practical solutions to all of your storage related needs. Tank Connection, Parsons, KS 67357 USA; (620) 423-3010; www.tankconnection.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANKS—STEEL, BOLTED CST Industries celebrates 125 years as the world’s largest manufacturer of factory-coated storage tanks for municipal and industrial water and wastewater applications. CST manufactures Aquastore® glass-fused-to-steel (enamel) coated, TecTank™ (formerly Columbian TecTank®) epoxy-coated, stainless steel, and galvanized tanks. Tanks are manufactured in US ISOcertified facilities and meet all standard design codes such as AWWA D103, ANSI/NSF Standard 61, AISC, FM codes, and NFPA Standard 22. CST Industries, 903 E 104th St., Ste. 900, Kansas City, MO 64131 USA; (844) 44-TANKS; www.cstindustries.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

TANKS—STEEL, BOLTED Tank Connection specializes in providing high quality storage tank and aluminum dome options for water storage applications. Tank Connection’s precision-bolted RTP is the #1 bolted tank design selected worldwide. Tanks are designed to meet a wide range of standards including AWWA, AISC, NFPA-22, and FM requirements. The proprietary fusion epoxy powder and advanced glass coating technologies are superior to all other coatings available in the market. Tank Connection operates multiple ISO 9001-certified QMS storage tank manufacturing facilities in the United States. Contact the experts in liquid storage to find practical solutions to all of your storage related needs. Tank Connection, Parsons, KS 67357 USA; (620) 423-3010; www.tankconnection.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER STORAGE CST Industries, the manufacturer of Aquastore®, celebrates 125 years of business. Aquastore storage solutions include tanks, reservoirs, standpipes, and composite elevated tanks. Aquastore’s Vitrium™ glass-fused-to-steel/enamel coating and Edgecoat II™ technology is a low-maintenance, NSF-approved coating that never needs painting. Aquastore tanks have low life-cycle costs and meet all standard design codes such as AWWA D103, ANSI/NSF Standard 61, AISC, FM codes, and NFPA Standard 22. CST Industries, 345 Harvestore Dr., DeKalb, IL 60115 USA; (844) 44-TANKS; www.aquastore.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER STORAGE Westeel’s water storage tanks and ponds are a durable, cost-effective means to store water for firefighting, rainwater collection, agriculture, municipal and residential reserves, greenhouses, and garden centers. Easy to erect and expand, they are a highly cost-effective option when flexibility and cost of installation and transportation are key factors. Westeel.com. 1-888-WESTEEL (937-8335).

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Tanks WIRE-WOUND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Preload is the world’s leader in wire-wound prestressed concrete tank design and construction. Since 1930, Preload’s tanks have met the water storage and wastewater treatment needs of thousands of communities and businesses. Our tanks are offered in a wide variety of custom dimensions and sizes with architecturally styled treatment that complements any environment. Built to the AWWA D110 Standard and ACI 372, Preload tanks require no routine maintenance, thereby providing a long service life and superior return on investment. (888) PRELOAD; www.PRELOAD.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Treatment Plant Equipment TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES For 180 years, Pollardwater has been a leading supplier for water and wastewater operations with quality products at an affordable price. Our catalog and eCommerce capabilities make it easy for our customers to do business the way they want, with seamless product ordering and account management. For more information, or to request a free catalog, contact us at (800) 437-1146; info@pollardwater.com; or visit www.pollardwater.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER AND WASTEWATER USABlueBook is the water and wastewater industry’s leading source for MRO equipment and supplies. Thanks to a nationwide distribution network and extensive selection of over 64,000 products, 95% of USABlueBook customers receive in-stock orders in one to two days. Request your free catalog today— call (800) 548-1234 or visit www.usabluebook.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Valves CONTROL VALVES Singer™ automatic control valves are available for pressure, flow, pump, altitude, and relief applications. Whether it is water loss management in Asia or urban distribution demands in the United States, we provide water loss management solutions to governments, cities, and contractors around the world. For more information, contact singer@singervalve.com; www.singervalve.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

LINE STOP EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES

Advanced Valve Technologies supplies line stop equipment including the EZ™ insertion valve. Quick, economical, and under-pressure installs feature removable bonnets for either permanent valves or temporary line stops. One-hour installation for sizes 4–12 in., about 4 hours for sizes 14, 16, 20, and 24 in. 800 Busse Rd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA; (877) 489-4909; www.avtfittings.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

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Valves PRESSURE-REDUCING CONTROL VALVES OCV Control Valves manufactures valves for water management and water conservation control, sizes 1¼ to 24 in. Common applications include reducing, pump control, electronic, level control, and relief/surge. Certifications include ISO 9001, NSF/ANSI 61-G, and ARRA/AIS compliant. Visit us online at www.controlvalves.com for ValveMaster, our sizing software. For more information contact us at (888) OCV-VALV, (918) 627-1942, or sales@controlvalves.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

VALVE INSERTION EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES Advanced Valve Technologies machines and manufactures the highest-quality insertion valves, installation equipment, and custom components for professional installers. The EZ™ line of insertion valves is offered through 24 in. 800 Busse Rd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA; (877) 489-4909; www.avtfittings.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

VALVES In the market for water works or plumbing valves? Find all you need in one place: A.Y. McDonald. Get more from each of our product lines, including water works, plumbing, pumps, and high pressure gas, by reaching out to our customer service department at (800) 292-2737. AWWA Service Provider Member

VALVES Flomatic Corp. is a leading worldwide manufacturer of high-quality valve products for water and wastewater since 1933. We specialize in check valves, silent check valves, butterfly valves, plug valves, automatic control valves, and air/vacuum valves. Compliant with ARRA and new low-lead laws and NSF/ ANSI 61. Phone: (800) 833-2040; fax: (518) 761-9798; flomatic@flomatic.com; www.flomatic.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

VALVES Entering our 24th year, NAPAC Inc. is the master distributor of the United brand gate valve, check valve, hydrant and utility fitting lines. Through multiple distribution centers, we provide quality inventory and service for our domestic and international waterworks, wastewater, and fire protection clients. Contact us at sales@napacinc.com or (800) 807-2215; www.napacinc.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

VALVES Val-Matic® Valve & Manufacturing Co. is an ISO 9001:2008-certified company, with a complete valve line that is NSF/ANSI 372-certified lead-free. NSF/ANSI 61-certified air valves feature T316SS trim/floats. Non-slam check valves with low head loss. Standard and 100% port Cam-Centric® Plug Valves. NSF/ANSI 61 Certified American-BFV® Butterfly Valves feature field-adjustable/ replaceable seats. Ener•G® efficient AWWA ball valves for pump control applications. FloodSafe® inflow preventers protect potable water systems. (630) 941-7600; valves@valmatic.com; www.valmatic.com. AWWA Service Provider Member 118

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Water Treatment ADVANCED ARSENIC REMOVAL SYSTEMS ISOLUX® is a proven, affordable well-head water treatment solution designed specifically to remove arsenic. All ISOLUX systems use cartridges filled with a patented zirconium filter media that has been verified for 99% to zero arsenic removal. There’s no backwashing, and practically no maintenance beyond cartridge replacement. (480) 315-8430; sales@isolux-arsenicremoval.com.

INTEGRATED TREATMENT SOLUTIONS AdEdge Water Technologies specializes in the design, manufacturing, and supply of water treatment solutions, specialty medias, legacy, and innovative technologies that remove arsenic, iron, manganese, nitrate, perchlorate, radionuclides, and other contaminants from water for municipal, private, and industrial clients. Please contact us at (866) 8ADEDGE or online at www.adedgetech.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

METERING PUMPS ProMinent Fluid Controls Inc. are experts in chemical feed and water treatment. The reliable solutions partner for water and wastewater treatment and a manufacturer of components and systems for chemical fluid handling. Based on our innovative products, services, and industry-specific solutions, we provide greater efficiency and safety for our customers—worldwide. Phone: (412) 787-2484; fax: (412) 787-0704; sales@prominent.us; www.prominent.us. AWWA Service Provider Member

RADIUM, URANIUM, AND OTHER SELECT CONTAMINANTS Water Remediation Technology LLC (WRT) provides cost-efficient water treatment processes and proprietary treatment media for the removal of radium, uranium, ammonia, chromium, strontium, arsenic, and other select contaminants. WRT’s full-package solutions represent the most efficient and environmentally progressive services in the industry for meeting regulatory compliance standards. Contact Ron Dollar, V.P. Sales & Marketing, info@wrtnet.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

WATER TREATMENT Hungerford & Terry Inc. For more than 100 years, an innovative manufacturer of filtration systems to treat for iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic, and radium. High-efficiency ion exchange systems to treat for hardness, nitrates, perchlorate, etc. Forced draft/vacuum degasifiers, condensate polishers, and demineralizer systems. (856) 881-3200; sales@hungerfordterry.com; www.hungerfordterry.com. AWWA Service Provider Member

Well Systems and Equipment ASSET MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION, AND DRILLING SUEZ Advanced Solutions (Utility Service Co. Inc.) provides well and pump rehabilitation and maintenance. The innovative asset maintenance solution provides ongoing well, pump, and motor rehabilitation. The program guarantees the well and pump yield for a flat annual fee. Phone: (855) 526-4413; fax: (888) 600-5876; help@utilityservice.com. AWWA Service Provider Member B U YER S ’ R ES O U R C E G U ID E | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA

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Advertisers 2018 Publications Catalog www.awwa.org/store American Flow Control www.american-usa.com

91 Cover 4

Analytical Technology Inc. www.analyticaltechnology.com

John Wiley & Sons Inc. www.wiley.com

Kennedy Valve Co., a Div. of McWane www.kennedyvalve.com

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Krausz USA www.awwa.org/krauszusa

10,11

Applied Engineering Mgmt Corp. www.aemcorp.com/engineering

M68: Water Quality in Distribution Systems www.awwa.org/M68

Aqua-Aerobic Systems Inc. www.aquaelectrozone.com

Neptune Technology Group Inc. www.neptunetg.com/AMInetworks

A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. www.aymcdonald.com

120 62

BioSafe Systems www.biosafesystems.com

Partnership for Safe Water Cover 2 www.awwa.org/partnership www.awwa.org/partnershipforcleanwater

Career Center www.awwa.org/careers

Red Valve Co./Tideflex Technologies www.redvalve.com

DN Tanks www.dntanks.com

SEEPEX 67 www.seepex.com

Ferguson Enterprises Inc. www.ferguson.com/waterworks

Southern Nevada Water Authority www.watersmartinnovations.com

Ford Meter Box Co. Inc. www.fordmeterbox.com/usa

HF scientific www.HFscientific.com

Steel Tank Institute/ Steel Plate Fabricators Assn. www.steeltank.com Transformative Issues Symposium www.awwa.org/affordability

Bellyband

90 41

The musthave resource for optimizing distribution system water quality New manual with over 400 pages of information including best practices, case studies, and a library of additional resources

For more information or to take a look inside:

LOOK INSIDE

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awwa.org/M68

We protect what matters most.

From Guardians to Vintages, every hydrant in the Kennedy family is built to save lives.

In towns and cities across the country, we work hand in hand with the men and women of local

water utilities to keep your communities safe. AWWA, NSF, UL, and FM certiﬁed, our hydrants are made right here in America. Because at Kennedy, your safety is our priority.

TIME-TESTED PERFORMANCE • AWWA C502 • UL/FM APPROVED • O-RING SEALS THROUGHOUT • DUCTILE IRON BARREL AND SHOE • BREAK FLANGE DESIGN • EXCELLENT FLOW CHARACTERISTICS • TGIC POWDER COATED FROM GROUND LINE UP ON THE EXTERIOR • 304 STAINLESS STEEL BOLTING BELOW GROUND • 10-YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY ON MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP • 100% MADE IN THE USA • EASE OF MAINTENANCE • GREASE LUBRICATED OPERATING MECHANISM • OPENS EASILY AND QUICKLY AGAINST THE PRESSURE • STAINLESS STEEL SAFETY COUPLING

VISIT US AT AWWA ACE18 BOOTH #23033 www.KennedyValve.com

MADE IN AMERICA SINCE 1877.

Kennedy Valve is a division of McWane, Inc. | McWane. For Generations.

IN 1929, AMERICAN INVENTED THE MECHANICAL JOINT. TODAY WE BRING YOU ALPHA™. A L M O S T A N Y M AT E R I A L . N O T I M E AT A L L .

Few things in the waterworks industry have been as innovative as the Mechanical Joint. Times have changed. And so has AMERICAN. Introducing the AMERICAN Flow Control Series 2500 with ALPHATM restrained joint ends. Now, you can use the same valve for ductile iron, HDPE, PVC, and even cast iron pipe. Unlike MJ, the restraint accessories come attached, leaving only one bolt on each end to tighten. That saves you time and money. The AMERICAN Series 2500 with ALPHATM restrained joint ends – it’s the only gate valve you’ll ever need.

Visit us at Booth 22030 at ACE18 in Las Vegas www.american-usa.com PO Box 2727, Birmingham, AL 35202 • Ph: 1-800-326-8051 • Fx: 1-800-610-3569 EOE/Vets/Disabilities ALPHA™ is a licensed trademark of Romac Industries Inc. (U.S. Patent 8,894,100) DUCTILE IRON PIPE

FLOW CONTROL

I N T E R N AT I O N A L

S P I R A LW E L D P I P E

STEEL PIPE

Peer Reviewed

Expanded Summary

Critical Review: Surface Water and Stormwater Quality Impacts of Cured-in-Place Pipe Repairs KY U NGYEO N RA, SE YE DE H M A H B O O B E H TE IMO U R I S EN D ES I , J O H N A. H O WART ER , C H AD T. J AF V ERT, BRIDGET M. DO N A L DSO N, A ND A ND RE W J. W H ELT O N

Cured-in-place pipes (CIPPs) are being installed to repair sanitary sewer, storm sewer, and drinking water pipes. This technology involves the chemical manufacture of a new plastic pipe inside an existing pipe. Once the uncured resin tube that contains raw chemicals is inserted into the pipe, heat and/or ultraviolet light are applied to manufacture the plastic pipe. Because some chemicals present in the uncured resin tube chemically react during CIPP manufacture, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and other materials can be generated during the curing process. Utilities, regulators, and health officials have raised concerns regarding chemical emission during and after CIPP installation. Air and water contamination incidents, reports of illness, fish kills, and contaminated drinking water have been associated with CIPP use. The goal of the present study was to better understand chemical emissions from CIPP when it is used for storm sewer applications. Study objectives were to (1) compile and review CIPP-related surface water contamination incidents from publicly reported data; (2) analyze CIPP water quality impacts; (3) evaluate current construction practices for CIPP installations as reported by US state transportation agencies; and (4) review current standards, textbooks, and guideline documents. Surface water contamination incidents were defined as those that involved pollutant discharge outside a sanctioned CIPP field study. Water contamination has been documented in 10 states (Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Minnesota, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) and Canada. Incidents have involved the release of uncured resin, solvents, manufacturing byproducts, and wastes during and after construction. Odor, fish kill, and water contamination incidents have been reported. In some cases, chemicals released from a CIPP storm sewer construction site traveled downstream into a nearby drinking water system. That water, containing components from the CIPP, served drinking water customers. One incident prompted the need for an emergency drinking water supply, and sometimes the chemical contamination remained detectable in the environment for more than three months. One incident required use of a respirator by the person who conducted sampling of the contaminated water. Another incident involved the detection of styrene at 143 mg/L.

Other VOCs and SVOCs have been detected following CIPP construction activities. Few bench- and field-scale studies regarding chemical release were found. Some chemicals released into surface water remained detectable for several months. Most studies focused only on styrene, but a few studies indicated that other VOCs and SVOCs can be released from CIPPs; these include suspected and known carcinogens, suspected and known endocrine-disrupting compounds, and hazardous air pollutants. Styrene levels were reported as high as 250 mg/L in wastewater generated by a CIPP installation. Condensate waste generated during another CIPP installation was found to dissolve an aquatic organism in 24 h at room temperature. At dilute levels, aquatic toxicity was found to be caused by non-styrene compounds for that waste. Two different degrees of detail were found for CIPP construction requirements from 32 state transportation agencies. Statements about CIPP chemical emission in standards, textbooks, and guideline documents, including those published in 2017, were reviewed. Documents often lacked citations of data that supported claims. Some similar observations were identified in 2008 by New York’s transportation agency. Limited chemical testing data are available that support existing procedures and specifications. More work is needed to characterize which chemicals are generated and/or released, which are significant from an environmental impact standpoint, and which should require monitoring. Chemicals released from CIPP installations are likely influenced by the resin composition, the curing and cool-down process, and possibly other parameters (i.e., environmental conditions, pre-liners, cutting pieces after curing, air emissions, etc.). Several CIPP installation and inspection recommendations were suggested. Studies are needed to develop evidence-based construction and monitoring practices to minimize risks. Organizations that contract for CIPP technology use need to be aware of the human health and environmental risks associated, as well as evidenced-based practices to mitigate these risks to their employees, the public, and the environment. Corresponding author: Andrew J. Whelton is an assistant professor at Purdue University, 3145 Hampton Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA; awhelton@purdue.edu. R A ET A L. | M AY 2018 • 110: 5 | JO U R NA L AWWA