Landscape Architecture Portfolio

SCOTT BADHAM

PORTFOLIO 2013

G R A D U AT E L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T

01 PROJECT TITLE: OPERATION OVERFORM LOCATION: DUNKIRK LANE, MANCHESTER DATE OF PROJECT: JUNE 2012

The Rapid Earth exhibition was part of the LOVE Architecture Festival 2012.

The exhibition contained works of radical and rapid concepts for landfill sites and deserted landscapes across the North West.

My approach applies military objectives of reconstruction and reclamation to an abused landscape after the explosive ‘destruction’ of the site.

Destruction will allow the reclamation of natural systems, rebuilding the broken relationship between the anthropocentric and biocentric.

02 At an experiential level, the landscape expresses its destructive past through its unusual geometric landform. The geometric nature is to imply a pile of industrial shards, shattered through destruction then stacked and bonded to the earth with geocells to create a new topography.

The intricate pathways and sparse use of vegetation try to amplify the stillness from the aftermath of war. Geometric shapes filled with Papaver rhoeas, are the only plants on the landform providing blood red colour in blocks to enhance the sense of atmosphere.

LATEX ECTO-SLEEVE ALGAL PHOTOBIOREACTOR CULTURE CHAMBER

BIODIESEL

SEPARATION

PRESS CENTRIFUGE

MAP A: DLR GREEN NETWORK

ALGAE OIL

MAP B: BUS ROUTE GREEN NETWORK

BIODIESEL VEGETABLE OIL REFINED FUEL PHARMACEUTICALS

BIOMASS BIOGAS FERTILIZER ALCOHOLS LIQUID FUEL

03 PROJECT TITLE: [RE] STRUCTURE LOCATION: LONDON, UK DATE OF PROJECT: OCTOBER 2012

Working in collaboration with my tutor, the [RE] Structure project is our entry for the High Line for London, Green Infrastructure ideas competition ran by the Landscape Institute.

We have opened a toolbox whose contents fix the separation of anthropocentric and biocentric (Infra) structures, by fusing what at first appear to be divergent conditions of operational activity.

Utilising the key public transport arteries, which define London as a city, these are (re)envisioned both as mobile and grounded elements, which provide direct ecological connectivity throughout the urban structure.

04 PROJECT TITLE: [RE] STRUCTURE LOCATION: LONDON, UK DATE OF PROJECT: OCTOBER 2012

Biocentric “mats” and “sleeves” define this approach. In this example these have been layered on to existing formal elements of public transport infrastructure- (bus and the DLR) but are potentially extendable to all public utilities.

In particular the mobility of the bus, with its “mat” of vegetation, specially selected to maximize surface area and absorb particulate (PM10”s) and gaseous pollution, acts as a local and urban infrastructural conditioner.

05 PROJECT TITLE: [RE] STRUCTURE LOCATION: LONDON, UK DATE OF PROJECT: OCTOBER 2012

The “sleeve” is staged as a medium for algal growth, which acts as a biocentric engine, cleansing run off and producing a rich array of by-products, which are looped in to the infrastructure as an unseen element to support further ecological connectivity.

The universal nature of this toolbox reinforces London’s position as a centre of innovation, but at the same time through its application to the local transport infrastructure, provides a unique identity to the city.

06 PROJECT TITLE: SITE INTRODUCTION LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JAN 2012

Through out the Lune Valley there exists a great degree of seperation between the anthropocentric and biocentric. Humans have a parasitic relationship with the landscape through centuries of land drainage, over grazing and felling of woodland.

Currently, increased levels of flooding, high rates of upland erosion and the loss of important habitats such as heather moorland and blanket bog are causing a series of complex ‘invisible’ site issues.

SYMBIOSIS: HOST MATRIX

SYMBIOSIS: HOST MATRIX

The symbionts are always in direct contact with the host as either:

Landscape elements (Typologies) are ‘hosts’ and processes are ‘symbionts’. These processes allow hosts to grow, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.

Ectosymbiotic (Externally) Endosymbiotic (Internally)

KEY A: ANTHROPOCENTRIC PROCESS B: BIOCENTRIC PROCESS SYMBIONT

07 PROJECT TITLE: HOST MATRIX LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: MARCH 2012

“Human survival depends upon the human parasite finding a mutualistic accommodation with the planetary host.”

The host condition is an environment where an evident lack of symbiosis exists between the anthropocentric and biocentric.

Lynn Margulis

The identification of a host provides a platform for symbiotic process interaction with the aim of achieving mutualism.

08 PROJECT TITLE: STRATEGY MAQUETTE LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: FEB 2012

Mycorrhizae are a type of fungus that forms a symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants. The soil (host) formulates symbiosis between Mycorrhizae and the plant improving growth rates and crop yields to the benefit of farmers.

This conceptually represents my strategy as anthropocentric and biocentric process interaction evolves to a relationship of mutualism through their respective host.

HYDROLOGY: The location is highly sensitive to climate change and predicted increases in tidal flood depths are estimated to be1m in the low lying areas of the valley. In the middle Lune there is significant flood hazards to villages along the River Wenning due to high river velocities. Potentially deep flooding could affect Clapham, High and Low Bentham, Wennington, Wray and Hornby.

SETTLEMENT: Currently settlements are fragmented collections of buildings, sparsely spread over large distances. Existing villages are home to an aging population and expensive housing.

Settlements could benefit from greater economic prosperity if there is increased engagement with the local area. Alternative farming solutions and tourism will be key.

SETTLEMENT

B

A

HYDROLOGY

B

A

A

LAND USE:

LAND USE

TOPOGRAPHY

B

Land use in the area is very demanding on the landscape.

Current agricultural methods, mining and recreational activities all put unsustainable pressures on the landscape.

Quality of the soil and the dominance of permanant pasture limit productivity of the land, the landscape is redundant and passive.

A

A

A L.U RIVER VELOCITY

PROJECT TITLE: HOST ANALYSIS LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: MARCH 2013

WATER ABSTRACTION

B

T

09

B

H FLOOD RISK

Natural processes have caused environmental degradation on the fells. Blanket bog has dried and nutrient rich soils have turned to acid grassland through erosion and overgrazing, causing huge impacts on the plant diversity of the hillside.

A

B

S TOPOGRAPHY:

B

A

The site selection can provide access to all of the host conditions identified earlier. Hydrology, topography, land use and settlements are features of the site and each dominate in their own right. This analysis will provide opportunities for symbiotic relationships between the four hosts

S CROP PRODUCTION

AQUACULTURE

B

H B

RUN OFF

POOR LOCAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

OVER GRAZING

LEGEND

BIOCENTRIC SYMBIONT REDUCED UPLAND VEGETATION

ANTHROPOCENTRIC SYMBIONT HOST CONDITION

LOW INCOME JOBS

REDUCED RIVER BANK VEGETATION COVER

SOIL COMPACTION

INCREASED RUN OFF AND UPLAND EROSION

YOUNG ADULT DEPOPULATION

INCREASED RUN OFF

BANK EROSION

LESS RURAL LABOURERS

AGED POPULATION

SEDIMENT SHINGLE DEPOSITS

MONO CULTURE HILL FARMING

INSTABILITY

SILTATION

BRACKEN CLEARING

LOSS OF HEATHER

ACIDIC SOIL

WIDENING

INCREASED FLOODING

10

REDUCED HABITAT, FISH SURVIVAL

LAND USE - HYDROLOGY

PROJECT TITLE: SYNOPTIC MAPPING LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JUNE 2012

The maps on this page illustrate the connectivity of each hosts vast number of processes and the negative relationships they have with one another.

Land use in the valley has the biggest effect on hydrology which in turn will have dramatic effects on local settlements and topography.

UNPRODUCTIVE LAND

LOSS OF HONEY INDUSTRY

SETTLEMENT - TOPOGRAPHY

The organisation of host conditions into a heirachy has enabled me to produce these maps of how the relationships interact with eachother. What is key to my proposition is to find that connection, the’symbiont’, that can act as the vehicle for achieving mutualism between opposing A+B processes.

SETTLEMENT

LOCAL EMPLOYMENT

UPLAND BOG

PLANTING CALLUNA VULGARIS

APIARISM, HONEY INDUSTRY

UPLAND VEGETATION

TOPOGRAPHY

LEGEND POPULATION RETENTION

TOURISM

BIOCENTRIC SYMBIONT

RUN OFF CHANNELS GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

ANTHROPOCENTRIC SYMBIONT BIOFUEL WETLAND

HOST CONDITION

ECTOSYMBIOSIS: A relationship between the symbionts external to their host providing mutual benefit to eachother.

ENDOSYMBIOSIS: Symbiotic relationships formulated within the host condition.

RECREATION SPACE

ALGAE PRODUCTION

EROSION

SOIL QUALITY

AQUACULTURE (WHITE CLAWED CRAYFISH) SELECTIVE GRAZING

SHINGLE POOLS

HYDROLOGY

LAND USE

SOIL COMPACTION

FLOODPLAIN WATER STORAGE

WATER ABSTRACTION

11 PROJECT TITLE: SYNOPTIC MAPPING LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JUNE 2012

The synoptic map shows the relationships fomed through a symbiotic network of design interventions. Endosymbiotic interventions within the host achieve mutualism and an ectosymbiont acts as the link between hosts to achieve mutualism across the site.

As a spatial configuration, symbionts are always in direct contact with the host, either externally (ectosymbiotic) or internally (endosymbiotic) Dominant landscape elements are ‘hosts’ and processes are ‘symbionts’. These symbionts allow hosts to grow, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.

12 PROJECT TITLE: GREYWATER WETLAND LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JUNE 2012

The Lune is eroding the banks of the roadside and leaving large shingle deposits in its channel. The slope on the otherside of the road has been overgrazed causing soil compaction and high rates of run off. This is causing the roadside to be water logged when there is heavy rainfall.

By constructing a wetland area I intend to deal with all these issues of roadside pollution, run off and erosion whilst also providing the opportunity to process greywater from the nearby settlements Caton Green and Brookhouse.

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT

WATER INTAKE SUBSURFACE BIOFILTRATION

PATHOGEN BIOPURIFICATION

WATER INTAKE SUBSURFACE BIOFILTRATION

GREYWATER TREAMENT

TERRACE 4 REED

PATHOGEN BIOPURIFICATION

TERRACE 4 REED

AERATION BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION

TERRACE 3 GRASSES

CULVERT

AERATION BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION

CULVERT

HEAVY METAL BIOPURIFICATION

GREYWATER TREAMENT

TERRACE 3 GRASSES

ROAD

HEAVY METAL BIOPURIFICATION

TERRACE 1 REED

AERATION SAND FILTER

TERRACE 2 GRASSES

ROAD

TERRACE 1 REED CLEAN WATER RETURNED TO LUNE

AERATION SAND FILTER

TERRACE 2 GRASSES

CLEAN WATER RETURNED TO LUNE

13 PROJECT TITLE: GREYWATER WETLAND LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JULY 2012

To combat species dominance and make obvious the process of filtration, the planting structure will seperate species on different terrace levels. Due to its close proximity with the road, the wetland will come into contact with a number of different heavy metal pollutants so the plant species are chosen based on there ability at processing the polluted run off.

Phragmites australis is used in water treatment to remove nitrogen. Duckweed (Lemnoideae family) also removes nitrogen and phosphorus. Typha latifolia and Iris pseudacorus will also remove heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, nickel and cadmium.

14 PROJECT TITLE: FLOOD CONTAINMENT LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JULY 2012

“Processes create patterns, link scales of space and time: from the intimate scale of touch, to the vast scale of continents and planets” Professor Anne Whiston Spirn

The lune valley floodplain holds a great deal more potential for local residents than just it’s current use of livestock grazing. Through the implementation of a series of process based interventions the vision for the site is a collection of waterscapes at a range of different scales that re-engages the local communities of Caton and Brookhouse, as well as increasing tourist numbers into the valley.

STAGE 1: RIVER LUNE CHANNEL

STAGE 2: BALANCING LAKE

STAGE 3: EARTHWORKS LEVEE

STAGE 4: GREEN RIVER CHANNEL

River lune floodwater diversion.

Floodwater storage and recreational opportunities on the lake.

Earthworks levee; bike and pedestrian trail with viewing platforms.

During extreme flooding events water can be released into the old river channel.

Year round water, capacity to handle large scale flooding.

Sluice gates to relieve river lune peak floods.

Seasonal complexity would provide access to wide variety flora and fauna.

Banks are lowered to encourage flooding into adjacent balancing lake.

FLOW

FLOW

FLOW

STAGE 1: DATA

STAGE 2: DATA

STAGE 3: DATA

STAGE 4: DATA

LUNE AT CATON FLOW

LENGTH : 700m, WIDTH : 220m

EARTHWORKS : LENGTH : 650m, WIDTH : 45m, HEIGHT : 15m

DEPTH : 3m MAX

CURRENT DEPTH : 3.5m [HIGHEST: 7.4m 2005]

DEPTH : 4m

SLUICE GATE : 0.4 m.OPENING X 3M WIDE

RIVER WIDTH : 15 - 37m VARIANT

RIVER WIDTH : 41m

MAX CAPACITY : 6,160 m3

EST. SLUICE GATE FLOW RATE : 10.25 m3/s

CHANNEL LENGTH: 1.59 miles

FLOODPLAIN PROFILE

15

VEGETATION NETWORKS

LAKE SHORE WETLANDS

PROJECT TITLE: FLOOD CONTROL DEVICE LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JULY 2012

REED AND RUSH

REED AND RUSH

The floodplains ability to retain water has been significantly damaged due to overgrazing from sheep and cattle. The compact alluvial soils have poor infiltration meaning larger sediment deposits enter the Lune when the flooding occurs.

WET WOODLAND

The use of retaining pools across the floodplain will achieve the water retention needed. The network will include sediment pools at point of contact, filtration pools and crayfish pools. Over time this method will create a range of unique habitats for a range of different plant and animal species.

16 PROJECT TITLE: HEATHER CELLS LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: AUG 2012

The high altitude rough grassland has been overgrazed by sheep for decades.

This has led to compact, nutrient poor, highly acidic soils with little to no biodiversity. I intend to promote new growth of Calluna vulgaris high up the hillside near Caton Moor. This location is more suited to the plants needs as the soils are acidic, damper and generally cooler than the lower levels.

YEAR 1 HEATHER CELL CONSTRUCTION: Construction of 14 cells each covering an area of roughly 2.5 acres as part of a total scheme of 35 acres will be fenced off from existing grazers. Standard stock fencing construction to a height of 1m minumum required.

YEAR 2 TOPSOIL DISRUPTION: The Belted Galloway will inhabit the cells for a period of 1 year to clear dominant species such as Molinia caerulea and distrupt the top soil layer that has become compacted by sheep grazing.

YEAR 3 SEEDING: Heather seed is collected from the peaks to give the heather continuity and keep the strain as wild and natural to the area as possible. It is then stored and dried for 2 months then scattered by machine onto the exposed soil inside the cells.

YEAR 5 MUTUALISM:

17

The key relationship formed through managing the cells is that between conservation and hunting. Without conservation the grouse would not be succesful, without hunting there would not be the finance available for conservation.

PROJECT TITLE: SELECTIVE GRAZING LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: AUG 2012

Through the implementation of this operation, the vision is to turn an overgrazed, poorly drained, acidic upland grassland into an iconic, productive and species rich landscape. Through careful stewardship these guidelines will put into motion a set of processes staggered over 5 years that heal and re-activate the landscape.

TRANSITIONAL SPECIES LIST HEATHER CELLS

ECOTONE GRASSLAND

UPLAND BOG Deschampsia flexuosa

Calluna vulgaris

Juncus effusus Prunella vulgaris

Galium saxatile

Polygala serpyllifolia

18

PROJECT TITLE: EDGELAND FLORA LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: SEP 2012

Festuca ovina

Nardus stricta Pteridium aquilinum

euphrasia arctica

Campanula rotondifolia

2012

Carex binervis

Agrostis capillaris

2016

Veronica officinalis

2017

The edgelands of the heather cells and the edge of the blanket bog will be planted with native species (shown) creating a diverse transition zone. This is a sensitive area and access will be limited to pedestrians only to remove the disruption caused to wildlife by vehicles.

2018

Molinia caerulea

2019

The diagram shows a section through the ecotone vegetation with many of the species shown likely to increase when the upland area undergoes successions to heather cells.

19 PROJECT TITLE: CRAYFISH ARKS LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: OCT 2012

The last 10 years the White Clawed Crayfish have seen a decline of between 50 - 80% in European countries including the UK. White-clawed crayfish used to thrive all over the Lune Valley but pollution, competition and disease from non-native American signal crayfish have led to a drop in numbers.

The arks will form new habitats for the regeneration of crayfish numbers in the area.

The pools provide a multitude of benefits to both anthropocentric and biocentric needs. The pools alleviate the risk of flooding by capturing excess water and once fully established there will exist opportunities to harvest microalgae from its surface. As the crayfish excrete and water birds visit this will be able to be harvested annually.

20 PROJECT TITLE: SKETCH DEVELOPMENT 1 LOCATION: CRAYFISH ARK, LUNE VALLEY DATE OF PROJECT: OCT 2012

21 PROJECT TITLE: SKETCH DEVELOPMENT 2 LOCATION: CRAYFISH ARK, LUNE VALLEY DATE OF PROJECT: OCT 2012

PROJECT TITLE: ARK SITE PLAN SCALE: 1:100@A1

22 PROJECT TITLE: ARK CONSTRUCTION LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: DEC 2012

The design of the ark has been visually driven by the ecological requirements of the crayfish. Crayfish habitat features such as alkaline waters, abundant food sources and burrowing opportunities have influenced its size, shape and the material selection.

In addition, each ark has the storage capacity for just over 1 million litres of water and will provide the retention needed to increase the biodiversity of the floodplain.

BIUS_PALLIPES

23 PROJECT TITLE: ARK SECTION LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JAN 2013

• Year round access to waters edge provided by gabion retaining wall and gabion decks which penetrate the centre.

• Re-using shingle from the River Lune to provide a rough surface for burrowing.

• Improved visibilty with the observation corridor.

• Sloped vegetated bank providing food,shelter and burrowing opportunities.

• Public engagement and year round monitoring of crayfish populations.

• Using local limestone rock filled gabion baskets provide a cost effective, visually exciting way of increasing the alkalinity of the water.

24 PROJECT TITLE: ARK VISUALISATION LOCATION: LUNE VALLEY, LANCASHIRE DATE OF PROJECT: JAN 2013

25 PROJECT TITLE: CONSTRUCTION DETAILS LOCATION: CRAYFISH ARK SITE DATE OF PROJECT: MARCH 2013

26 PROJECT TITLE: CONSTRUCTION DETAILS LOCATION: BEE HIVE SHELTER DATE OF PROJECT: MARCH 2013