sports coach UK Research Summary 17
Š Alan Edwards
Self-compassion Strategies for Coaching
We generally accept that athletes can be ultra-critical of themselves in order to be the best that they can be. But what if we challenged that notion by encouraging them to be more compassionate towards themselves, and less obsessed with perfecting their craft? Would that help their improvement and their well-being?
A team of academics in America believe so, having developed a new programme for coaches based on self-compassion theory. This summary explains the theory behind the programme and provides coaches with some practical strategies to try in their own coaching.
sports coach UK Research Summary 17 – Self-compassion Strategies for Coaching
Winston Churchill gave a great example of how the pursuit of perfection can often impede improvement when he said:
The maxim ‘Nothing but perfection’ may be spelled ‘Paralysis’.
A similar view is echoed in a new research paper authored by academics in America. The researchers identified that Division 1* university-level female gymnasts often strive for perfection – a 10 out of 10 score – and by doing so may enter a negative mental state when imperfection – any score lower than 10 – is achieved.
As a negative mental state is closely linked to a loss of focus, motivation and eventually performance level, the researchers designed a programme for coaches that encouraged the gymnasts to be more compassionate towards themselves.
The aim was for the gymnasts to move away from ingrained sporting ideologies such as ‘whatever it takes’ and ‘push through the pain barrier’ towards a more positive use of thoughts and feelings, exemplified by improved performances and psychological well-being.
This research summary examines the theory behind self-compassion and presents examples of the strategies used by the gymnastics coaches. As the researchers point out, the strategies are applicable to any sport and can be tailored for use by coaches working with individuals at any level.
*The highest level of intercollegiate sports in America.
The theory The primary source of theory behind this new research paper is Dr Kristin Neff, a leading self-compassion academic. Citing Neff, the authors explain the three key components of self-compassion: •
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self-kindness – being understanding towards ourselves when we fail or feel inadequate, rather than resorting to constant self-criticism
common humanity – accepting that suffering and feelings of inadequacy are not exclusive to us, everyone feels them at some point
mindfulness – a balanced approach to thoughts and feelings, where negatives are not ignored or exaggerated but acknowledged and considered.
Neff argues that those who practise self-compassion exhibit higher levels of psychological health, less perfectionism and lower anxiety. It is these benefits that the lead author of the research, an assistant gymnastics coach, recognised as being beneficial for her gymnastics team.
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Introduction
sports coach UK Research Summary 17 – Self-compassion Strategies for Coaching
Practical activities Using Neff ’s strategies and strategies they developed themselves, the authors designed a gymnastics-specific programme based on the three key components of self-compassion on the previous page. Some practical activities from the programme are summarised below.
Win them over
Coaches found this first exercise extremely useful for winning over players who saw self-compassion as a form of self-indulgence.
It is based on the coach asking players challenging questions like:
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• •
Would you withhold water from yourself during training to be hard on yourself?
Would you skip breakfast before training to be hard on yourself?
Would you not sleep the night before a match because you need to be hard on yourself?
Obviously, the answer is always no. Players accept that things like food, sleep and water are crucial to aid their performance. And they will agree that negative thoughts towards these things in the ways described above will only hinder their performance. So why would they have negative thoughts towards themselves and be self-critical before a big game?
The idea is that this exercise will quickly introduce the benefits of self-compassion to players, particularly helping them understand that self-criticism can have a damaging impact on performance and is not necessary to improve. A follow-on exercise may be the more positive self-evaluation strategy detailed below.
A different route to goal
This strategy, designed by Neff, is based on motivating yourself in a more compassionate way.
Ask your players to note down ways in which they use self-criticism as a motivator, for example, for a personal trait they have. Then ask them to note down a kinder way of motivating themselves to make the same change. It might look something like this: 1
2
I’m too lazy to track back when we lose the ball.
If I get back into position more quickly, the team will be stronger defensively.
Through completing this activity, individuals will see a more positive way to achieve their goal as a direct result of being more compassionate towards themselves. They may also realise they are often overly harsh on themselves and can cause themselves pain through their own self-criticism. This realisation is explored in more detail in the next strategy below.
Put yourself in their shoes
To understand the impact of self-criticism and introduce self-kindness to your players, ask them to write down how they would treat a teammate who is going through a poor run of form. Then ask them to write down how they treated themselves when going through a similar situation.
Once they’ve completed the task, ask them to consider if the way they behaved differed in the two examples. Did they write down different words and tone? And how would things be different if they reacted to themselves in the same way that they reacted to their teammate?
Even if they cannot explain why they behaved the way they did, the idea with this strategy is that it gets players thinking about how they react to negative emotions. If, as is likely, they demonstrated compassion towards their teammate but were harsh towards themselves, they may see that being more compassionate towards themselves can help with future setbacks.
Penny for your thoughts
This is another useful introductory exercise that will help your players understand mindfulness.
Ask them to collect some 1p and 2p coins and a container. Tell them that 1ps represent negative self-criticism and 2ps represent positivity towards themselves. The idea is that they take the coins with them throughout the day, and place a 1p in the container every time they are self-critical or negative towards themselves and a 2p each time they are positive.
Ask them to log their results to identify any personal trends. For example, are they most mindful at certain times of the day, and what kind of thoughts do they have during practice compared with the rest of the day? Are there more 1ps or 2ps in the container?
sports coach UK Research Summary 17 – Self-compassion Strategies for Coaching
The idea of this activity is to help them understand how self-critical or positive towards themselves they are. They may even benefit from sharing the results with other players to see who has the most 1p or 2p thoughts and discussing what the impact of the activity has been.
Take a break
Neff ’s self-compassion break strategy involves taking a break from a difficult situation to reconsider the three components of self-compassion.
Ask your team to think of a situation that is difficult and causes them stress. Then ask them to design three self-talk cues linked to the three self-compassion components. For example, when encountering their difficult situation players may say to themselves: I know this is going to cause me stress (mindfulness), that’s just a part of life (common humanity), I won’t let this affect my performance (self-kindness).
This strategy will help them maintain a relaxed frame of mind, rather than wasting energy worrying about the difficulties they encounter.
Learning from the research In all probability, self-compassion is different to anything your players have tried before.
The literature on this concept, in a coaching context, is sparse, and just as in the case of the American female gymnastics team featured in this new study, self-criticism and ‘win at all costs’ ideologies are often ingrained in sport at all levels.
However, this study showed that the techniques presented helped coaches move their team closer to optimum performance, as well as improving the personal well-being of individuals on the team. It also helped individuals understand that constant self-criticism is not essential for improving sporting performance or achieving specific goals.
Coaches are encouraged to try these strategies with their players, perhaps starting with those interested in reflection and encouraging group discussions to share findings and experiences. Did the techniques help individuals improve their performance? Did they feel less stressed about playing, and which strategies would they recommend for their teammates?
References If you are interested in finding out more about this area, this summary is based on the article below:
Rodriguez, M. and Ebbeck, V. (2015) ‘Implementing self-compassion strategies with female college gymnasts’, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. Other more general reading on this area includes:
Neff, K. D. (2003) ‘Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself ’, Self and Identity, 2 (2), 85–101.
Neff, K.D., Hsieh, Y.P. and Dejitterat, K. (2005) ‘Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure’, Self and Identity, 4, 263–287.
Breines, J.G. and Chen, S. (2012) ‘Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38 (9), 1133–1143.
Neff ’s website can also be viewed here: www.self-compassion.org
© sports coach UK, 2015 Designed and produced by Coachwise Ltd 90974b
Practical activities (continued)