Theoretical framework
Sport and physical activity in childhood and youth are very important elements in the training of the athlete and for the acquisition of healthy habits and moral values associated with civility (Bailey, 2006; Carreres-Ponsoda, Escartí, Cortell-Tormo, FusterLloret & Andreu-Cabrera, 2012; Cecchini, González & Montero, 2007; Kavussanu, Ring & Kavanagh, 2015).
Traditionally, the contents to be taught and trained in sport have focused on aspects of a technical, tactical, physical, psychological or emotional preparation, etc., but the global vision of the sport itself, has not taken into account, environment of the athlete, and of those aspects that can condition performance and that, in many cases, tend to be key factors in sports abandonment in the initial or early stages (Carranza & Mora, 2003; Ríos & Ventura, 2022).
Through sport, different contents can be worked on from the sports club itself, from the family,and in the competition itself. and it is also important to highlight that the roleplayed by the environmentis very important for the integral development of the athlete. Families, coaches, managers of sports clubs or entities, judges and referees, and the athletes themselves must share the same values and interpret the sport and the objectives associated with their practice in the same way. In this sense, training and pedagogy have a fundamental role in the entire educational process of all these agents.
This training should not only fall on the coach or the technical team, trained at the university or in coach training schools, but also on sports clubs, through internal and continuous training, sports federations and public administrations in charge of the promotion and management of sport in the different stages and, in this case, especially in the initial stages (Boardley & Kavussanu, 2009; Benson & Bruner, 2018).
Traditionally, training in values and counter-values in sport has been worked on, understanding what a good athlete, a good coach, a good manager, and a good family member or companion of an athlete should be like, especially at the level of behaviour in competition (Choi, Johnson & Kim, 2014).
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In this sense, there are many more elements to consider that we must be able to analyse and that are part of the environment of sport and of the athlete.
During the stage of sports initiation children share the lead with other agents. However, it has not been lost given that as beneficiaries and first protagonists, all their efforts must go in the direction of achieving that the children take advantage of his formative stage.
Analysingthe practice ofsport overall, we can consider that there are two types of agents involved: main and secondary.
As main agents we will have: the parents (the families), who must be considered the most determining factors for development correct for those who practise basic sport basis; the coaches, who must lead your educational process, and also the referees, because when we talk about children it is necessary to expand the role of the referee to try to make them perform a task training regarding the regulation, but also that they can have tools pedagogical to transmit them well their decisions to the children and establish useful measures to make them aware of the attitude they must adopt to behave more sportingly and following the regulation.
Among the secondary agents, it is necessary to mention to the managers, who mark them guidelines and guide the work of the centre or sports club, because despite being one collective relatively distant from them children, exert a great influence, since their decisions give character in the club and, therefore, in the methodology and the objectives that apply. And still, we could include the means of communication and elite athletes.
The conception of sport should start as a clear commitment to the development of the person and the relationship with the social context in which they live, and should be physically and emotionally healthy, socialising and committed, without losing sight of the fact that in children's and youth sports the recreational aspect is a priority (Campos-Rius, Franco-Sola, Sebastiani, Figueras & Lleixà, 2020)
In many cases, behaviours like the ones that we will develop in this project are criminal behaviours and must be treated with confidentiality and with respect towards the victims
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who have suffered or suffered such actions (Akelaitis & Lisinskiene, 2018; ÁlvarezGarcía, Pérez, González & Pérez, 2015; Bejerot, Edgar & Humble, 2011).
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Methodology
At the research level, there are different methodologies to detect needs or assess needs in a specific field. In our case, in the field of sport, we find interviews and focus groups as tools that allow us to know first-hand what these needs are and that they can serve to guide us towards how to monitor different behaviours in sport (De Sensi, Kelley, Blanton & Beitel, 1990; Palamarchuk, Gurevych, Maksymchuk, Gerasymova, Fushtey, Logutina, ... & Maksymchuk, 2020).
The questionnaire instrument is also frequently used to reach a broader spectrum of the population. In our case, in the project at hand, it has been very useful to be able to use an online questionnaire that has allowed us to reach sports entities and Public Administrations from different countries (Carron, Widmeyer & Brawley, 1985; Monteiro, Teixeira, Vitorino, Moutão, Rodrigues, Machado & Cid, 2019).
The combination of the two instruments has been able to provide us with an approximation to what is the reality, the difficulties, and the prospective in the management and monitoring of the behaviours of different interlocutors in the field of children's and youth sports. Also, it has been able to detect the level of collaboration between sports entities and administrations in relation to this behaviour monitoring.
The work methodology followed in this section focused on the organisation of 8 Focus groups in two different cities: in Sant Cugat, a municipality in the province of Barcelona in Spain, and in Modena, Italy.
8 different entities of different types, large, medium and small sports clubs and singlesports and multi-sports clubs were selected.
The four entities of the city of Sant Cugat were the Sant Cugat volleyball club, the junior club, the Sant Cugat Gymnastics Club, the Roller Hockey Club and the Sant Cugat Rugby Club.
In the city of Modena, the Anderlini volleyball club (two focus groups were held), the Modena basketball club, and the secondary school were organised.
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Family athletes of athletes, coaches, managers of sports clubs participated in each Focus Group. In total, more than 90 different people participated.
In the Focus Groups, they openly asked themselves if the attendees had known or knew of experiences related to the different categories of analysis of the Sport Board project, namely bullying, violence, doping, sexual harassment, sports betting, etc.
Each focus group was registered to be able to later analyse the results and to be able to extract narratives about the experiences and affirmations of the people participating in the Focus Group.
On the other hand, a questionnaire was carried out through the EU survey platform to be able to ask sports entities, sports administrations of different levels and from different European countries such as Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.
The questionnaire was translated into Spanish, Catalan, Italian, French, English and German, and distributed among entities from the different countries participating in the Sport Board project.
The total number of responses obtained in the questionnaire was more than 112 and this has allowed us to analyse the concerns and needs of sports entities regarding the different categories of analysis of the Sport Board project.
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Focus groups in Modena
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Chapter 1: Monitoring and managing ethical behaviour of child and youth athletes within grassroots sport organisations.
State of the art
Despite the recognised benefits of sport, there is still malpractice in the way it is practised. Results of previous studies show that in youth sport, there are still negative behaviours of coaches and parents that can have a negative impact both on the development of the sport and on the development of the child (Kavussanu & Al-Yaaribi, 2021; Lavoi & Stellino, 2008 & Ross, Mallett & Parkes, 2015). From this arises the need to design policies that encourage ethical behaviour of all actors involved in grassroots sport, but to meet this objective, it is necessary to monitor behaviour in order to understand exactly what is happening at the grassroots level.
The monitoring of ethical behaviour in grassroots sport is the great challenge that requires the synergy of different sectors (sport, social, educational, etc.), organisations (clubs, companies, town councils, etc.) and agents (players, coaches, parents, referees, fans, etc.). So far, this monitoring has been done through scientific studies that analyses the behaviour of certain agents in certain sports and/or situations (Cook, & Dorsch, 2014 & García, De Lera, Lacambra, Gimeno, & Alesanco, 2021). But so far, no evidence has been found of a system or tool capable of monitoring ethical behaviour or lack thereof in grassroots sport.
Results
The results of the questionnaire suggest that 89,5% of respondents say that it is very important to monitor behaviour within grassroots sport. Bearing in mind the 6 categories established on the basis of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies, (1) harassment & bullying; (2) discrimination, whether it be based on origin, colour, gender, religion, disability or sexual orientation; (3) doping; (4) abuse, including sexual abuse; (5) violence; and (6) match-fixing, most of the respondents prioritise discrimination as the most important issue to monitor followed by harassment & bullying and abuse. Violence is prioritised in fourth place. And finally, the categories of doping
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and match-fixingare notconsidereda priority in the monitoringof behaviour in grassroots sport.
A relevant point is that despite the fact that 89.5% of those surveyed consider it very important to have a programme for the prevention or monitoring of behaviour in child and youth sport, almost 50% of all respondents do not have one. Of the remaining, corresponding to all those organisations that do have a prevention or monitoring programme, 19,4% have a discrimination prevention programme, 15.3% for harassment and bullying, 13% for abuse, 12.5% correspond to existing violence prevention programmes according to the respondents and 6.2% and 4.6% correspond to existing doping and match-fixing programmes.
The results of the Focus Groups show the existence of a case related to harassment and bullying in six of the eight groups interviewed. Although the other two groups do not recall having had any cases, they do point out that the environment is not always 100% healthy and that they feel concerned about this issue. All of them agree on the importance of being able to monitor this aspect among grassroots sport, which is why 3 of them have an action protocol in this regard or will have one in the immediate future. However, one of the groups commented that they do not feel empowered to deal with this problem.
In the case of category 2 corresponding to discrimination, only 3 of the 8 groups report having experienced discrimination. In some cases, related to gender and sexual orientation, in others to intellectual disabilities and in others to race. Another element of discrimination that emerges from the discussion is discrimination on the basis of sporting level. Although there were no cases in 5 of the 8 groups, they do mention the importance of beingable to monitor itor establish an action protocol, as only in 1 case they confirmed the existence of a protocol.
Regarding the discrimination based on sex, it is important to highlight that a different perception is perceived in relation to the different manifestations to sex and gender by athletes, coaches and club managers. The knowledge of the different masculinities and manifestations of gender are perceived in a very normal and natural way by young athletes and they consider that there is no discrimination related to sex; but some difficulties are detected in understandingthis situation on thepart of generations of adults
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who normally form part of the technical team or the management team of the clubs. It seems to be a generational perception, that is, different depending on age.
The discrimination in relation to the sporting level of the athletes also stands out, and this in some cases has been able to generate problematic situations on the part of more skilled athletes in relation to less skilled or coordinated athletes. Also, In this sense, some statement related to discrimination or anthropometric reason for being overweight is taken into account, that is, in relation to the athlete's own somatotype and in this last case, the person discriminated against has commented that the focus of discrimination came from the athlete himself and from the coach.
With regard to category 3 corresponding to doping, none of the 8 groups reported having encountered any cases. However, it has been found relevant to highlight that many of them perceive the fact that children and adolescents consume certain types of substances such as protein powder, tobacco, caffeine, energy drinks, etc. as a problem. In addition to this fact, there is also the problem of physical trainers or nutritionist influencers, who in some cases go ahead of professionals in the sports sector. This fact, together with the usual problems of adolescence, leads in some cases to the detection of dietary diseases among young athletes.
In relation to the category of abuse and sexual abuse, in some cases it was recognized situations related to abuse by a sports coach, and this was stated by the athletes themselves, but with difficulties in recognizing what had been the action taken by the entity to address the problem. In some cases, the coaches recognized that the communication style and the profile of the coach himself could be received in different ways by the athletes and this required specific training aimed at communication and coaching tools to be able to choose what the message is and the appropriate channel depending on the profile of each athlete. In 2 of the 8 groups, it was mentioned that a case of sexual abuse was detected. In one of these two groups, the established protocol was followed, while in the other group there was no protocol and they acted according to what was considered best. The latter group assures that they will implement the protocol in the near future.
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Another element or aspect that is detected in the Focus Groups is that many times when making competition teams in the club itself, both families and athletes can recognize that they have been victims of abuse for not meeting the expectations of the family or the player with the reality of the team. The selection of first teams is already an element that in some cases can be considered as discrimination and this must be accompanied and must be explained by the technical team and the club so that everyone has as much information as possible and decisions are made with as much transparency as possible.
With regard to category five, corresponding to violence, seven of the eight groups reported havingexperienced some form of violence. In some cases, between teammates and in others againstother players. However, all the groups reported having solved them without any problem, as in some cases it is solved within the match itself under the rules of the sport itself, in others there is a protocol of action or measures implemented. Two of the groups comment on the verbal violence that is generated during matches towards referees by family members and supporters who are following the matches.
In relation to the last category corresponding to match-fixing, two groups reported having encountered match-fixing situations in higher categories. However, several of the groups commented on the problem generated by sports betting, especially for adolescents.
Finally, according to the results of the surveys, all groups agree on the importance of having systems for prevention and/or monitoring of behaviours. Concern is expressed about the abandonment of sport at youth stages and the lack of training of some young coaches, both at sporting and group management level. In general, it is considered important to provide more training for all the agents involved in grassroots sport, coaches, parents and the players themselves.
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Conclusions
In general, sports clubs and associations highly value the fact of monitoring behaviour in children's and youth sports. Having said this, they recognize the need to have tools available in a simple and accessible way to detect and manage certain behaviours in athletes, coaches, relatives of athletes, etc.
Some of the entities participating in the focus groups recognized and valued very positively the fact of having ethical codes to transfer to the entire sports community of the organisation. Therefore, there are some tools to work on monitoring certain behaviours, all of them related to behaviour in the stands by families and companions and athletes, above all, but they did recognize that a plan needed appropriate action based on certain behaviours that could be more or less repeated.
The managers of the sports clubs also recognized that they were themselves in charge of receiving and managing the most serious or conflictive situations that occurred in the Sports Club, but they stated that in some cases they had difficulties in being able to satisfactorily solve the problems and needed more tools in the conflict management and mediation. Also, they explained the existence of physical mailboxes or emails in which the sports community of the entity can show or explain certain situations or non-sports behaviours or that affect the coexistence of a team or the entity itself.
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Chapter 2: Collaboration of grassroots sport organizations and governing bodies for improving good governance by monitoring and managing athletes’ ethical behaviour
State of the art
In general, we highlight that both sports clubs, sports entities and Public Administrations that manage or promote sport find it very important and necessary to generate tools that facilitate interaction between administrations and entities to coordinate training actions and behaviour management in sport youth by the sports community.
It is interesting to note that most entities believe this collaboration is necessary to take advantage of synergies and resources to monitor these behaviours and ensure that sport, especially in children and youth stages, improves and develops towards behaviour patterns that are as formative as possible and that allow comprehensive training of athletes. In this way, it will also allow the sports environment and community to understand that physical activity and sport are a powerful tool to train society.
Intolerant behaviours are related to relentless effort demands, verbal aggression and pressure to win and worry for results but not for encouraging sport's educational dimension (Gairín, Muñoz, Castro & Díaz, 2014).
It is important to highlight that these tools must be able to be implemented with prior training aimed at all the agents that are part of the sports community. that is to say, there must be a function of awareness and pedagogy towards what are the behaviours and values that are formed in children's and youth sports, as well as knowing what are the behaviours and counter-values that harm the image of sport at different times and areas and this must allow the application of actions that are easy to apply and that are within the reach of sports entities and administrations.
These problems are not regulated or solved with the simple appeal to universal ethical principles (for example, human rights), to the legal norms and demands of the different stakeholders. Rather, it is about the individual responsibility of each member of an
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organisation, which is all the greater the more autonomy and decision-making power this person has in the planning and decision making process (Heinemann, 2006).
Results
The results of the questionnaire suggest that the majority of the sample corresponds to organisations with local scope of action (41%) and in most cases are private clubs (56%) and the organisations are from populations of more than 50.000 inhabitants (67%). These organisations have more than 1000 affiliate people and manage more than four different sports.
Half of the entities or organisations that answered this questionnaire do not have an action protocol in the face of unethical situations. Half of the entities affirm too that they do not have models, mechanisms and tools for collaboration between different grassroots sports institutions to offer good governance in sport by monitoring and managing ethical behaviour in children’s and youth sports.
The questionnaire shows us that most of the answers are focused on the need for better ethics in sport developed by countries, local administrations and by clubs.
The results of the Focus Groups show lack of collaboration between grassroots sport organisations and governing bodies. The eight groups emphasise the importance of having support and a real collaboration to build ethical codes. Some groups highlight a notable difference between government teams and sports federations, from whom they receive greater support and that they have some models of ethical codes even if training plans are not applied to trainers and coaches.
The 8 discussion groups highlighted the importance of transversal work from all points of view (family, school, governance, sport clubs, media…) to educate in ethics and values from all possible social agents. In addition, specifically in sport field, certain behaviours are normalised (that should not be allowed) and it’s governments responsibility to not allow them or contribute to reduce them.
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Conclusions
In general, sports clubs and associations highly value the role played by organisations and clubs to improve this situation. Coaches consider that there is a lack of a policy that favours sport practise, offering more hours of Physical Education in educational centres (formal) and financial support to informal practise to bring sport practise to everyone.
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Chapter 3: The role of families, coaches and athletes in relation to values in grassroots sport
State of the art
This section shows how much families, coaches and athletes consider it very necessary to work on values in children's and youth sports, especially to prevent certain attitudes that do not help make sport formative.
We must continue betting on proposals that promote tolerance and sportsmanship and that affect all the agents involved on sport pentagon (Dosil, 2004). Referees, managers, coaches and parents should be an example to follow, taking account that various investigations have shown the influence they exert on behaviour for young athletes (Arthur-Banning et al., 2009; Chan et al., 2012).
From an ethical perspective we consider sports competition as a horse with a tendency to run amok. They need very good riders who know how to tighten the reins well so as not to lose their control or what is the same, its educational intention. We need good coaches and family support (Duran, 2013).
We find differences depending on the type of club and the type of sport, even differences when the interlocutors are teachers or physical education teachers. There are sports such as soccer and certain team sports in which families and companions attend training sessions and matches, and in some cases, they cause coexistence problems in the stands, affecting the team's performance and climate on the pitch.
Both the directors of sports entities and the coaches consider that there is a very important role for training in values, that is, the detection of formative values and those counter-values that do not help a good understanding and coexistence in sport.
Some examples of violent attitudes in sports competitions like hooligans are highlighted, and what they need from preventive tools that the Sports Club itself must be able to work and manage.
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Results
The results of the questionnaire suggest that all agents involved in children's and youth sport are concerned about ethical behaviour in sport. In addition, they believe that there is a need for intervention and prevention programs aimed at (in order of importance) athletes, coaches, families and companions.
In some of the focus groups, the influence of social networks and the media when transferring certain sporting and unsportsmanlike behaviours stands out, and these attitudes are those that are transferred to young athletes. Therefore, it is very interesting to take into account a preventive and educational function in the use of social networks and pay attention to certain figures that can harm the image of sport in young athletes.
In different Focus Groups, especially on the part of the coaches, the concern about premature abandonment of sport is highlighted, and especially in women's sport. One of the factors that stands out is the training of coaches in grassroots sports, which in many cases do not have adequate training from a psychological and emotional point of view to manage conflicts and to encourage grassroots sports to have a recreational and educational componentabove the competitive aspects. Fosteringa positive and pleasant sports climate is key to adherence to sport by athletes and the technical team demands training in this regard.
In the case of primary education schools In Italy, there is a lack of specialisation in physical education teachers since they emphasise that they are generalist educators and that physical education and motor literacy are not adequately worked on. In Spain focus groups, on the other hand, it is highlighted that formal education is helping to give value to sport, but that there is still a lack of hours (there are two per week). In Spain, physical education teachers are specialists.
In addition, the lack of practice hours makes proper motor learning difficult and clubs find themselves having a lot of groundwork before they can start sport specific practice. Coaches say that sometimes it is difficult for them to be able to accompany the athletes emotionally because they do not have formation and sometimes the focus is more on the sport practice itself and not in sport values. The results of the Focus Groups show
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the need to provide sports organisations with tools to better support athletes and prevent risky behaviours, especially with violence and harassment & bullying, which are categories that have most appeared in focus groups.
Regarding the role of families, trainers and physical education teachers highlight a lack of support and appreciation of sport as a practice for the development of children and young people.
Conclusions
In general, sports clubs and associations value the importance of working to prevent unsportsmanlike conduct in sport and to activate protocols and support for athletes, offer better formation to coaches and educate families to work together for a healthier sport.
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Final conclusions and recommendations
After analysing the results of the 112 questionnaires and the 8 Focus Groups, it is important to highlight the main conclusions. On the one hand, it is considered of great importance to have an instrument or tool that can be used to monitor ethical and/or unethical behaviour in grassroots sport. Now there is no tool that can be applied in any sport by any actor and that compiles the different unethical behaviours that take place in grassroots sport by any actor involved.
In this sense, the results also highlight the need for a more fluid collaboration between public organisations and sports organisations, whether in the monitoring of ethical behaviour, in the financing of initiatives that promote ethical behaviour or prevent unethical behaviour, or in the creation of policies that regulate such behaviour and create synergies with other bodies that help to prevent and act in cases that are outside the legal framework.
As a third conclusion, it is important to highlight that sports clubs perceive interest on the part of the different agents (players, coaches, parents, referees, etc.) in training about ethical behaviour in grassroots sport. This conclusion is relevant because in many cases it is perceived that there is not enough knowledge to make the best actions in certain cases.
Finally, after analysing the results, it is considered an important need to be able to obtain a digital tool that collects behaviour in grassroots sport and allows rapid action in the event of a crime. For such a tool to be properly integrated into the day-to-day running of sport, it is essential that it is accompanied by correct training appropriate to the context.
In this sense, it is recommended that for the implementation of the SportBoard Pilot test to be successful, prior training should be carried out to ensure that there are no problems in understanding both the technical aspects of the application and the understanding of the different concepts.
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