April 2018 Seawords by Marine Option Program

Seaw rds The Marine Option Program Newsletter

April 2018

“...plastic bottles can take 450 years to decompose while plastic caps and lids may take 450 to 1,000 years.”

MOP TOURS R/V FALKOR DON’T BE A “FOOL” KNOWING YOUR LIMITS AND YOUR EGO THE GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH

April 2018

Volume XXXII, Number 4

Articles Page 3: Letter from the Editor Page 4: 2018 Photography Contest Page 6: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Page 8: MOP Tours R/V Falkor Page 10: Don’t Be A “Fool” Knowing Your Limits And Your Ego Page 14: Ocean Art Page 16: Critter of the Month Page 18: MOP Visits Oceanic Institute Page 20: Shipwreck of the Month Page 21: April Surf Report Page 22: Marine Mammal of the Month Page 24: Ocean Updates Page 26: Generation Blue Page 28: Hanauma Bay: Calendar of Events Page 29: Flashback: January 1986 Page 30: MOP Calendar of Events

About the Photography -Cover: Shedd & Topside, UHM MOP Photography Contestant -Table of Contents: Shedd & Topside, UHM MOP Photography Contestant -April Calendar of Events: UHM MOP Photography Contestant -Back cover: Koa Matsuoka, UHM MOP Photography Contestant -MOP Visits Oceanic Institute: Jenny Johnson, Editor -All uncredited photos by: MOP -Disclaimer: any photo taken from flickr.com is used under the Creative Commons License and is credited appropriately with links to the user’s flickr account. 2| Seawords

Letter from the Editor

loha!

Welcome to the April 2018 issue of Seawords! April Fool’s Day can be all fun and games until someone gets hurt! Learn what it takes to not be a “fool” while diving, in Tyler Phelps, UHH MOP Alumnus’ article, on page 10. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has left some frustrated about the future of our oceans, but Jeremy Gasta, UHM MOP student, shows us that there is a glimmer of hope, thanks to a group of highly innovative scientists! Check out the whole article on page 6. Feeling unsure what you can do to help conserve the ocean’s health? Don’t worry--Kayla Palmer, UHM MOP student has your back! Her article on page 26 will provide you with simple and easy ideas for what you can do to make a difference! I am beyond elated that I have been able to join the Seawords family and become the new Editor! I am honored that I have the privilege of sharing our brilliant writers’ words with the world and further creating an awareness of the current issues within our oceans! I can’t wait to continue this journey with all of our amazing readers! Don’t forget! We are always looking for writers and artists to join our team! Don’t miss out on the opportunity to brag to your friends that your writing has been published or that your amazing poem or art piece was featured in a magazine! We welcome all students from any degree or background! What would you like to see more of in Seawords? Send us your thoughts! Mahalo for reading,

Seawords

Jenny Johnson, Seawords Editor

Volume XXXII, Number 4, April 2018 Editor: Jenny Johnson Camra Hopper (éminence grise) Dr. Cynthia Hunter (éminence grise) Jeffrey Kuwabara (éminence grise) Seawords- Marine Option Program University of Hawai‘i, College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Telephone: (808) 956-8433 Email: <seawords@hawaii.edu> Website: <http://www.hawaii.edu/mop> Seawords is the monthly newsletter of the Marine Option Program at the University of Hawai‘i. Opinions expressed herein are not necessariliy those of the Marine Option Program or of the University of Hawai‘i. Suggestions and submissions are welcome. Submissions may include articles, photography, art work, or anything that may be of interest to the marine community in Hawai‘i and around the world. All photos are taken by MOP unless otherwise credited.

MARCH APRIL 2018 |3

2018 Photography Contest

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Photo by: Daniel Jennings, UHM MOP Photography Contestant.

y ATTENTION! - Fancy yourself an ocean photographer? Submit your sea-worthy photographs and who knows... you might just find it on the cover of Seawords. Email photos as hi-resolution attachments to seawords@hawaii.edu along with some info on your photograph*. The winning photo will be featured on the cover of the special photography edition of Seawords. *Complete details along with rules of the competition can be found on the MOP website at: http://www.hawaii.edu/mop/?q=photography-contest-rules-guidelines

APRIL 2018â&#x20AC;&#x192;|5

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch By: Jeremy Gasta, UHM MOP Student

hile imagining the vast the open ocean of the P dreds of miles away fro it can be easy, and perh picture it as an unsullied environment broken landscape of blue waves, and p most pristine one can get on our human Unfortunately, such an assumption doe reality, and even some of the most barr of open sea can be the ones most affecte activity.

Such is the case of the Great Pacific Gar an enormous stretch of ocean that was overrun by plastics and other human re scientists had predicted the existence “trash vortex” for many years, it wasn’t u Charles Moore discovered it in 1997 dur ing race that took him through the re then, the collection of human garbag monitored, and many scientists are tryi out how to fix the problem.

This patch, nicknamed “trash island” (w ally not accurate, as in some areas the been broken down enough to be more “soup”) formed thanks to currents swir the majority of space of the Pacific Oce an area of calmer water in the middle c This acts a bit like an enormous, slow-m where anything caught within the curren tually gathered into the center, in som ing as long as seven years. This leaves g tions of discarded human garbage to sl and grow. While the Pacific patch is th these trash vortexes, with some estimat at twice the size of Texas (which, again determine, thanks to the more “soupy” indiscriminate boundaries of some pa patches have been found growing in the Atlantic Oceans, as well as smaller bod such as the North Sea.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a li misnomer, as there are actually two m in the Pacific, the Eastern Patch (which California and Hawai‘i) and the We (which is off the coast of Japan). A ba Plastic on the beach. Photo by: Jason Karn, Flickr. 6| Seawords

expanses of Pacific, hunom any land, haps right, to t, a vast unpossibly the n-run Earth. es not reflect ren stretches ed by human

rbage Patch, found to be efuse. While e of such a until activist ring a yachtegion. Since ge has been ing to figure

above Hawai‘i where warmer southern water and cooler northern water meet, called the “North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone,” connects the two patches with a near-constant collection of trash itself. These two main patches, and the garbage-filled bridge connecting them, collectively form the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. While anything from tennis shoes to Legos can be found in the vortexes, 80% of the garbage is plastics. This is because A) plastic is easy to make and cheap to use, and B) is not biodegradable, meaning that microbes that can break down other trash do not recognize plastic as food, therefore leaving any plastic refuse to theoretically lay untouched forever. Plastic is photodegradable, meaning that the sun will eventually break it into smaller pieces. Unfortunately, this does not actually convert the plastic to a less problematic form, and instead just makes them small enough to be considered “microplastics,” which form the aforementioned soupy or cloudy looking waters in the patch. These microplastics can have an even worse effect on their environment than when in a large form, as the film they cause over the surface of the water stops sunlight from fully penetrating the sea, not allowing any photosynthetic organisms to grow. This disrupts the entire food web, affecting herbivorous animals, to their large predators, all the way up the trophic ladder until the human fishing industry is disrupted. Possibly worse, microplastics are now small enough to be considered food to small animals and plankton, meaning that any toxins that plastics naturally have (BPA) or absorb from their environment (pollution like PCBs) are entered in the food web as well. In short, more microplastics means less seafood will be available, food that is available will be at a higher price, and the food will be toxic to eat. All in all, a poor combination for us and animals affected.

which is actugarbage has of a plasticy rling around ean, forming called a gyre. moving drain, nts are evenme cases takgiant colleclowly gather he largest of tes placing it n, is hard to texture and arts), similar e Indian and dies of water Researchers have spent years trying to figure out a way to clean the garbage patch, and have had poor luck due to the sheer scale of the endeavor - NOAA ittle bit of a estimates that it would take 67 ships one year to main patches clean up less than one percent of the surface trash. h is between However, a new solution has recently been proestern Patch posed. “The Ocean Cleanup” is a Netherlands orgaand of water nization working to get rid of marine plastics, and

have proposed an ocean cleanup system meant to collect much of the refuse at the surface of the sea, in the garbage vortex or elsewhere. Their mechanism has undergone numerous redesigns to better efficiency and has had field tests in the Netherlands. Now, the program has leased an old naval station near San Francisco and will be using this location as a home base of sorts as they try to clean the Eastern Garbage Patch. Models and test runs have been positive, and now they hope to officially launch their first attempt at cleanup in mid-2018. The apparatus, which will be nearly two kilometers when fully constructed, consists of large, strong floating “arms” that act as a buoy for large solid sheets hanging for several dozen feet underneath, which when together form a vague U-shape. The plan is for the apparatus to essentially mimic plastic behavior, floating with the same currents and conditions as the trash already in the gyre. However, as deeper water tends to move slower than surface water, large anchors will be suspended from the floaters as well, allowing the entire construct to move with plastics but at a slower rate, essentially trapping surface and sub-surface plastics in an enormous U-shaped traffic jam. The organization believes this can clean up 50 percent of the patch’s garbage within the first five years of use. This method also averts criticisms of previouslymentioned solutions - for instance, while dredging the patch with nets would catch and kill any animal caught, the Ocean Cleanup method uses solid sheets to catch plastic, so animals do not run a risk of getting tangled, and to get past can simply dive underneath. Furthermore, this is a passive instead of active solution - using up less energy, time, and money - and any electronic parts that do need energy will get this via solar panels. What’s more, any plastic caught will be recycled and reconstituted to be sold for other purposes, allowing the project to basically fund itself. While it still remains to be seen just how successful this project will be, trials seems promising and we can only hope that this attempt ends in success. However, all researchers trying to solve this issue agree: the best way to stop the patch is to change our behavior and prevent such refuse from gathering entirely.n

APRIL 2018 |7

MOP Tours R/V Falkor By: Jenny Johnson, Editor

R/V Falkor. Photo by: Jeff Kuwabara, UHM MOP Coordinator

n The Neverending Story, Falkor is a magical dragon with a glowing personality of optimism and positivity who flies the little boy, Atreyu, around. Stepping onto the R/V Falkor, I quickly realized that this research vessel was much like the character it is named after- a magical ship that carries researchers to their needed destinations and also houses amazing food, lovely living conditions and charming art. To say that MOPers were in awe of this enchanting research vessel would be an understatement.

some of us a little woozy when we looked down. Once we were on the ship, Tori made sure we saw all of the important elements and sections of the vessel. Our first stop was the upper, open air part of the ship where crew can stargaze, practice yoga and conduct mammal and bird observations. To our right was the Bridge, an inside area lined with chairs for co-captains to work in 8 hour shifts. If those eight hour shifts begin to feel long, the co-captains do not have to worry, as they are just a few feet away from an espresso maker. This room is where the vessel is operated, with someone at the helm 24/7. MOPers were given the opportunity to tour the R/V Tori was kind enough to allow us to feel what it would Falkor on a cloudy Sunday. Upon arrival at Pier 35, be like to be a captain and sit in the big, black seats that MOPers immediately noticed how huge the vessel was. faced the front of the ship. As I sat, pretending to have With the impossible-to-miss FALKOR painted boldly the qualifications to run a research vessel, I could imagon the side of the ship and a strong and sturdy build, we ine the deep blue hues of the ocean flowing under the were all eager to see what awaited us on the inside. Tori Falkor. Sindorf, our fantastic tour guide and science communicator, welcomed us to the ship with open arms. Im- Snapping back to reality, it was time to move on to the mediately, we climbed up a steep set of stairs that made rest of the ship. It felt like a maze with turns every which

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way, similar hallways and seemingly hidden room after room. If Tori had not been guiding us, we would have surely become lost MOPers. We were introduced to the dry lab that houses the super computer, which looked less “super” than what we expected, somewhat like an ancient computer. But this super computer, although modest looking, helps run most of the technology on the ship! Next, we visited the library where we tried, and most likely failed, to not distract the scientists who were working hard in there. After seeing the books, games and DVD’s that lined the library’s walls, we got to see the most important area - the cafeteria. Researchers receive chef-made meals that could belong in five-star restaurants, fresh fruit, drinks of choice, including favorites like Kona beer which definitely enticed me. Tori pointed out that researchers are on board to do their specific job and MOP students and tour guide/ Science Communicator, Tori Sinshould spend their off time resting and not having dorf, smile for a picture. to do things that could take away from their work. Photo by: Jeff Kuwabara, UHM MOP Coordinator. There are specific people who are hired to keep the ship in pristine conditions and chefs who make allows researchers the ability to do exactly what they the food exquisite! Every role on the Falkor is incredibly need to do. Without a doubt, the Falkor is the future. important. Straying from technology, I noticed many art pieces linAlthough the cafeteria was pretty awesome, the 3D ing the walls of the hallways and rooms, showing off dazprinter definitely took the cake for most incredible ele- zling colors of sea creatures and large letters that spelled ment on the ship. This printer is able to print 3D holo- out quotes from The Neverending Story. Tori explained grams of vents and “squishy” robots that make it easier to us that the Falkor supports artists with their program to pick up items from the seafloor without damaging Artist-at-Sea, where artists join the crew to bring the them. The Falkor houses unbelievable technology that research and findings of researchers to life through art. Artists are incredibly important to this vessel as their art is meant to reach a broader audience and bring more interest into the work that is being done on the Falkor. Along with the Artist-at-Sea program, the Falkor also supports students, with internships open in many different focuses and positions. Students who are interested in working on a research vessel like the Falkor should visit their website and like their Facebook page to check out all of the positions they offer. Take this opportunity even if you are not a scientist; Tori explained that all majors and backgrounds are welcome to apply to internships, so don’t miss your chance to work on an amazing research vessel like the Falkor!

MOPers checking out the Bridge on R/V Falkor. Photo by: Jeff Kuwabara, UHM MOP Coordinator.

A big thank you to the Falkor team and our tour guide, Tori, for allowing MOP to have this amazing experience!n

APRIL 2018 |9

DIVE SAFETY

Don’t Be Knowing Yo And You

By: Tyler Phelps, UHH

t’s time for us to have “the talk.” You guessed it, I am referring to our diving egos. What else did you think I was talking about? It’s time to eat a slice of humble pie and be honest with ourselves for a few minutes. In my last article I talked about how there is a statistically significant correlation with the amount of diver experience and the environment they are diving. The most recent data published by the Divers Alert Network (DAN) shows that dive accidents and fatalities are largely attributed to divers with minimal training and experience diving in unfamiliar environments. However, the bell curve also shows a spike in dive accidents for “advanced” divers classified by having 21-60 dives. Why is this? I hypothesize it’s due to ego. In consideration for this month of April, this article aims to discuss how you can avoid being a “fool” if you are honest with your own abilities and make pragmatic assessments when you are planning to enter the water.

instructor didn’t have time to teach you his dive shop sells you on adding anoth dives to learn what you should have p Now you’ve done a total of five days of t your life but now you’re certified to 100 charters.” Of course, there are plenty of

So, you’re an “Advanced” diver, huh? Over a decade ago, one of my mentors was diving off a boat charter in the Red Sea. He had the lowest certification level as an Open Water Diver so the Divemaster asked him to buddy up with a young man who recently finished his Advanced Diver certification, someone with a little more experience. His dive buddy had nine dives, my mentor had over 3,000 dives and yet was still considered to be inferior. I love the industry and sport of diving but the “advanced” certification is one of those things that make me clench my teeth. Allow me to vent for a moment so you understand why. According to agency standards and our mainstream training model, you can now get Open Water certified in three days and with only four dives. Since your 10| Seawords

Divers in the waters of Egypt.

A “Fool” our Limits ur Ego

Diver. Photo by: Timothy Wildey, Flickr.

H MOP Alumnus

u neutral buoyancy or how to navigate, her two days of training and five more previously been taught in Open Water. training having only made nine dives in 0ft/30m and are qualified for “advanced exceptions to this with high quality in-

. Photo by: Mal B, Flickr.

structors and business owners that do exceptional jobs preparing divers. With my experience in our industry, unfortunately I’ve seen an increase in this factory-style model that pushes quantity over quality. You need to be honest with yourself and ask if your experience and comfort is reflective of what your certification card says. Believe it or not, this especially applies to Divemasters and Instructors. These prestigious certifications like Master Scuba Diver or Divemaster can be a danger to one’s ego. You start telling yourself, “I’m a ‘Master Diver’ or I’m a ‘Divemaster,’ I can do anything.” How do I know? Back when I had 70 dives and my Divemaster certification, I held my head so high up that it was in the clouds. It took a close-call event for me to realize that I wasn’t invincible after all. For those of us that work in this industry, we should know that the game changes when we take responsibility for others. Surprisingly, the most reckless stories I’ve heard come from fellow professionals. We preach good practices yet find ourselves role modeling “do as I say, not as I do.” We know better, and we need to act better.

Do I need an ego check? How do I get one? Are you the one that always leads the dive in your group? Are you the one that always dictates where you guys are diving? Do you remind your friends to do a buddy check but skip doing one yourself? If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, either you’re a control freak or maybe you need an ego check. There comes a time when all of us need to take a slice of humble pie. Nothing humbles you more than realizing you made a mistake in judgement. Unfortunately that usually comes after a near-miss event which we’d like to prevent. I found that going out with divers that are exceptionally more experienced and APRIL 2018 |11

Northwest for the first time. I’m not sug repeatedly but remember accidents gen experience diving in unfamiliar enviro proper site orientation from someone t keep it conservative for your first dive a

There are a lot of variables to consider gone through your checklist and determ able for you. Does your buddy feel the s one to be pressured into saying they ca is? Swallow your pride and make your forget that safety is the highest priority. Th Rescue trained should be asking in the extract someone? Where would help co reach you? Who could assist if you were group is predicated on you leading and n ably not the right dive to do.

When diving with a team of mixed exp that are newer to the sport. Hopefully th voice their discomfort towards more ch SCUBA divers at the site of the Jolanda shipwreck. feel an illusion of security diving with Photo by: Matt Kiefer, Flickr. phrase “trust me” has gotten many diver tor to be empathetic. Think back to when skilled humbled me. Many years ago I thought my trim was pretty good, until -could you make this dive? Keep in min I met up with my friend who cave dives a lot in Mexico. I remember thinking in the water as you did back then. If they #buoyancygoals! There are plenty of very talented divers on YouTube you can they are an “advanced” diver, you migh watch who might humble your abilities. Going out for a dive to video each other yourself. practicing skills is another fun way to stay proficient and see just how “good” you really look.

Knowing when and where to make the dive We all know before getting into the water, it’s important to do a thorough site evaluation. This means evaluating currents, visibility, surge, formations, depth, temperature and most importantly entry and exit locations. Not only identifying where to get in and out but determining contingency exits if you can no longer exit where you got in from. When evaluating conditions, you should also know the periodicity of the tides. Will the tide be coming in or out when you’re in the water? How could that impact conditions when you are trying to get out? How will the wind change? Is the swell supposed to be constant or change throughout the day? These are important questions to ask when making your judgement call to dive. If conditions are borderline acceptable now, there’s a good chance they won’t be when you’re trying to get out of the water. A good rule of thumb is to dive in conditions that are like which you’ve been trained in. If a bulk of your experience has been diving in Hawai‘i, you’ll be in for a shocking surprise when diving in temperate waters like the Pacific 12| Seawords

SCUBA diver. Photo by

ggesting you must dive the same places nerally happen to those with minimal onments. Do your homework or get a that is familiar with the area. Above all, at a new site.

if the site is appropriate to dive. You’ve mined that the surge and current is dosame way? Is there a potential for somean make the dive because everyone else r concerns known to the team. Do not Those of us with more experience or are event of an emergency, how would you ome from and how long would it take to e incapacitated? If the entire safety of the not having any problems, then it’s prob-

Be Honest with Yourself The best way to know your limits is to be honest with yourself. Just because you have X, Y, or Z certification doesn’t give you a passport to make any dive you want immune of consequences. Be aware of how frequently you dive and how proficient your skills are. Be conscious of your susceptibility to stress, both mental and physical when it comes to diving. If you are not the best waterman or swimmer, avoid conditions that may require strenuous kicking. Some divers get uncomfortable when they are in blue water or cannot see the bottom below them; if this applies to you, avoid poor visibility conditions. A good dive buddy is also honest about their teammate’s abilities, politely of course. It’s important to remain empathetic to help your dive buddies make decisions that are in their best interest. Not only does that keep everyone safe, it keeps everyone humble. James Altucher once said, “Honesty is the fastest way to prevent a mistake from turning into a failure.” Indeed, this holds true to preventing accidents. Once we are honest with ourselves, we will understand our limits and vulnerabilities. When we are honest with each other, we can improve safety within our team by not making the dives that we probably shouldn’t be doing. Those with less experience find themselves at the crutch of those that should know better; because they’ve done more, because they’ve learned from their mistakes. To create a culture of safety in our industry, we need to actually practice what we preach. We need to hold ourselves accountable to the same fundamentals we ask new divers to adopt religiously. We have to realize that we are not invincible.

periences, remain empathetic for those hey are aware of their inexperience and hallenging dives. Conversely, they may h you because of your experience. The rs hurt. You do not have to be an instrucn you had the same experience as themnd they may not have the same comfort y are overcome with confidence because ht need to serve them some humble pie Over the past 12 years, there have been between 120 and 180 diving fatalities every year. While each one is unique and tragic, “Advanced” divers comprised the second highest amount of fatalities, with Open Water divers having the most. We need to remind ourselves to continue our training, to learn from someone that will humble us. We need to practice skills to stay proficient and understand our personal limits. Once we are truly honest with ourselves, we will not make a “fool” of safety. n

Diving friends. Photo by: Timothy Proffitt-White, Flickr.

: Mathew and Heather, Flickr. APRIL 2018 |13

ocean art

A Shifted World By: Tristynn Maldonado, HCC Student

Maui. Photo by: Thomas, Flickr. 14| Seawords

Tristynn’s poem was c of poems submitted to u an HCC English Pro English 201: Cre

As I stepped onto the soft, toasty sand, the briny smell of the ocean along with traces of charred white corn and shrimp wafted through the air and into my nostrils like an elegant waltz.

The rippling waves rolled past me over and over again, and I thought nothing of swimming out over my head, until an upsurge of water powerfully pulled me under.

The sun was rising directly above my head and revealed a cloudless afternoon and a merciless tide.

As I came up to the surface for air, The surfer was out of my sight.

Growing up in Hawai‘i, I have never been a stranger to the deep, cerulean water that surrounded my island home. After lying in the sun and after finishing my last bite of waffle-cone from my strawberry cheesecake gelato, I made my way to the water’s edge for a midday swim I swam quite far, making my way past the shorebreak to a floating figure that bobbed with the motion of the waves

In that moment, I told myself not to panic Although I felt an unfamiliar sense of fear. I realized I was at the ocean’s mercy. After finding a current and propelling me to the safety of the ocean’s shore, I can remember being in awe of how quickly my world shifted without any notice. I was humbled by the sheer force of Mother Nature and I never looked at the sea the same way again.

He was a surfer.

chosen from a collection us by Eric Paul Shaffer, ofessor, and written by his eative Writing class. APRIL 2018 |15

critter of the month By: Alina Abramovich, UHH MOP Student

Day Octopus (Octopus cyanea)

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Hawai‘i Size: Up to 31.5 inches (80 cm), Up to 10lbs Diet: Mostly small crabs and other crustaceans (such as lobsters), molluscs (such as snails) and fish Coloration: Uses chromatophores to change its color – can display thousands of different pigments Habitat: Prefers reefs and shallow tropical or subtropical waters; pelagic. Depth: Resides in the shallow coral reefs, but can reach depths over 85 ft and deeper. IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern, Not assessed

Day Octopus (O. cyanea). Photo by: Will Fisher, Flickr. 16| Seawords

he Octopus cyanea is an incredibly interesting and unique species of cephalopod. Known for its athleticism and diurnal feeding habits, the O. cyanea differs from most nocturnal octopuses. Hunting excursions of this octopus have been recorded as lasting up to one hour and extending up to 50m away from the creatures’ home. Like many other species of octopi, the O. cyanea creates a den for itself where it will remain protected during the night – coming out to feed at dawn and dusk. The O. cyanea is carnivorous and hunts small crabs, lobsters, snails and small fish. After it captures its prey, the octopus will bring its capture back to its den, kill it by secreting venom from its salivary glands and crack the shell of crustaceans and molluscs by using its sharp beak. Much like adding butter to escargot at a fancy French restaurant, the O. cyanea may also drill a hole in its prey’s shell with its radula and deposit a chemical into said hole that separates the prey’s meat from its shell. The octopus then deposits the empty shells outside its den – a phenomenon colloquially referred to as an “octopus’s garden”, or a midden. Like most other octopuses, the O. cyanea is equipped with superb camouflage skills, which are even further

enhanced through evolution due to the octopus’s diurnal feeding habits. The O. cyanea is capable of not only changing its pigmentation to match the substrate under it via chromatophores in its brain, but can also utilize

of approximately one year – both dying shortly after spawning and brooding. Once the male has mated, his suckers will keep growing in size while he slowly dies. The female remains with her eggs until they hatch and then she too perishes.

The O. cyanea are highly intelligent creatures and integral to the ecosystems in which they reside. Equipped with powerful eyesight, tactile and olfactory receptors, the Day Octopus is truly a master predator. The octopus is therefore integral to population control of prey, as well as a source of food for apex predators – including humans. In parts of the Indo-Pacific region, the O. cyanea are seen as a food source for the indigenous populations of humans found there. Although this particular species of octoDay Octopus (O. cyanea) changing colors. Photo by: Doug Finney, Flickr. pus is unlisted in the IUCN Red List, it is still susceptible to overfishing and other human-caused threats mimicry – giving its skin a rough, bumpier appearance such as pollution and habitat destruction. As the coral to imitate surrounding corals or rocks. The octopus has reef communities within which these cephalopods realso been recorded as producing a “passing clouds” efproduce and live begin to bleach and die out, the risk of fect wherein it creates the effect of a shadow passing starvation and disease steadily increases. For an animal over its body so as to convince nearby prey of the octothat scientists describe as having equal or superior intelpus’s seemingly inanimate nature. ligence and emotional capacities to those of a house cat, Like all other cephalopods, the O. cyanea are gonochor- any threat to their populations is disheartening to say ic – they are either distinctly female or distinctly male the least. and will reproduce sexually. The male O. cyanea will try Part of what makes the O. cyanea, as well as other octo impress his lady O. cyanea of choice with a showy topi, so intelligent and special is their incredibly large display of pigmentation changes, movements and speand complex (for an invertebrate) nervous system. Occific courting behaviors. If said lady should enjoy this topi are equipped with neurons in their arms, which are display of male prowess, the two copulate - an activity capable of independent sensory reactions and recogniinvolving the male grasping the female and inserting his tions (such as taste and smell). They also have a brain hectocotylus (a modified arm used to transfer sperm - the result of a tight clustering of neurons – enabling into a female) into the female’s mantle cavity. The sperm them to have long- and short- term memories, the capagets released and the fertilization begins. The female will bility to sleep (and perhaps even dream), the ability the hatch the embryo into a planktonic state wherein her recognize individuals and the ability to play with toys little octopi babies will reside, pelagic drifters, prior to and solve puzzles. A master of disguise, predation and growing larger and taking on their benthic adult states. courtship, the O. cyanea is truly a marvel of nature!n The male and female O. cyanea have a life expectancy APRIL 2018 |17

MOP Visits Oceanic Institute By: Jenny Johnson, Editor

or MOPers, March 17 wasn’t just a day to drink a frothy Guiness, dress in green or indulge in a tasty Irish meal. No, it was a day to explore aquaculture, hatcheries and most importantly, giant shrimp at the Oceanic Institute (OI). A group of lucky MOP students drove along the coast on the east side while the sun shined down on the curving roads and waves crashed against the giant walls of rock. The bright blue glimmering water was restless as we arrived at Oceanic Institute. While I struggled to park the twelve-person van, Gary Karr, our tour guide, director of the training and education department, greeted

us and eventually led us through the gate and into the institute. Once within the gates, students were in awe of the stunning views where tall, towering palm trees and endless beach were just across the busy street. Oceanic Institute is a not-for-profit organization that focuses mainly on aquaculture research and ocean conservation. OI is dedicated to sustainable aquaculture and continues to research ways to conserve marine life in Hawai‘i. The institute was founded in 1960 and the research facility functioned throughout the 70s and beginning of the 80s with state funding, then federal funding from 1985-2008. After 2008, OI has had to apply for grants every year to obtain funding to continue their important research. The institute has also been a partner of Hawai‘i Pacific University (HPU) since 2003. The facility includes 118 acres that stretch along the Kalanianaole highway in Waimanalo. 118 acres seems pretty large but this acreage also includes its neighbor, Sea Life Park, and part of the mountains that stand almost completely vertical behind the facility. Thanks to Oceanic Institute, Sea Life Park is able to use some of the aquaculture feed from OI to feed their hungry animals.

MOP students were excited when Gary began the tour at our first stop, a fish pond that houses the stunning yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens). Although their bright yellow color is quite appealing, Gary warned us that they are extremely aggressive. Yellow tangs have a blade on the side of their tail that they use to defend their territory. Students Gary Karr speaks in front of the broodstock tanks while MOP witnessed the territorial signs of aggression as students listen. Photo by: Jenny Johnson, Editor. 18| Seawords

we watched the yellow tangs hit each other when one swam too close to another. There was no damage done, but rather a reminder to one another of their dangerous abilities. After getting a rundown on the institute and learning about yellow tang, Gary brought us to the specialized tanks that hold broodstock and include such fish as mullet (Mugilidae) and again, yellow tang. These tanks are rounded so that the fish cannot swim full speed into the glass and injure or kill themselves. The tanks are also covered so that excess algae growth does not occur while also providing protection from disturbances like workers walking by the tanks. The broodstock are well taken care of because these are the fish that end up on someone’s dinner plate. OI takes all preventative measures to ensure that these fish are healthy and ono! According to the institute, shrimp is the most consumed seafood in the world and with shrimp as their biggest department, Oceanic Institute is definitely in the shrimpin’ business. Jaws dropped when MOP students witnessed the surprisingly huge size of the shrimp at OI. These shrimp are so well taken care of that Gary’s wife isn’t allergic to them-even though she is allergic to shellfish elsewhere. Of course, he can’t be sure that the undeniable quality of their shrimp is the reason she is not allergic but he can hypothesize. In fact, OI has achieved quantity and quality with their shrimp, as there are 250 shrimp per square meter in 2.2 kilos of water. Now here is where it gets even more interesting- OI has paternity tests for their shrimp and they even have pedigrees dating all the way back to 1992! By conducting paternity tests, OI is able to perform their studies with better proficiency and accuracy.

protect the eggs from the female, who will try to eat them. We were able to witness the male clownfish in action while he protected the eggs. The round, bubblelike eggs were in an old flower pot. The male clownfish could not stray too far because if he did, the female went for the eggs almost immediately. Luckily, the males are quick and agile and successfully protected the eggs, this time. It is definitely a full time job for those dads! The clownfish were quite exciting to watch, but it was time to head to the hatchery. Inside the hatchery were giant tanks that hold five tons of water each. We had to look very closely to figure out what was actually in them. After about 30 seconds, we were all able to see tiny black dots swimming around. These tiny dots were Moi! Moi, also known as Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis), is a fish with a long history. In Hawaiian traditional fish ponds, Moi were only for the ali‘i, unless otherwise told. Our tour came to an end but the knowledge we gained will stay with us forever! Oceanic Institute is continually coming up with new innovations to farm sustainably and safely. Oh- and did I mention they are always looking for interns? I would not want to pass up the opportunity to be at the forefront of aquaculture research and conservation! A giant thank you to Gary Karr and the Oceanic Institute team for letting us spend our Saturday at their facility!n

After being amazed by the huge shrimp, we learned about the research that OI is conducting to ensure food security in Hawai‘i. This research includes testing out local ingredients for the feed industry. Gary informed us that tilapia farmers in Hawai‘i are being “killed” by feed costs. Local tilapia farmers are spending most of their money on feed, making it extremely challenging to make a profit off of this type of farming. OI is looking for a solution to this urgent problem so that the tilapia farming can remain local and profitable. As our tour was coming to an end, we said hello to a few nemos, or rather, clownfish (Amphiprioninae). One female and male were housed in each tank. Male Shrimp pond at the Oceanic Institute. Photo by: Jenny Johnson, clownfish are actually bigger than females and must Editor. APRIL 2018 |19

Shipwreck of the Month: The Two Brothers By: Kayla Palmer, UHM MOP Student

n November 26, 1821, the Two Brothers left Nantucket, Massachusetts in search of prosperous whaling grounds near Japan. The crew was led by Captain George Pollard Jr., a former captain of the Essex, which became an inspiration for the book, Moby Dick. After the wreck of the Essex, Polland and his crew spent three months on small boats suffering from starvation, sickness and engaging in cannibalism. While sailing up to French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the Two Brothers unexpectedly encountered a storm and became caught on a reef on February 11, 1823. With strong waves destroying the ship Captain Pollard did not want to abandon Two Brothers but his crew insisted that they retreat to small boats and Pollard eventually agreed. Captain Pollard and all of his crew were rescued the next morning by a nearby ship named Martha. After experiencing two shipwrecks in his lifetime Pollard became a night watchman and never captained a ship again. Thomas Wickerson, a crewman who survived the Essex and Two Brothers wrecks, wrote a book about his experience “Loss of the Ship Two Brothers of Nantucket.”

Whaling harpoon tip from the Two Brothers shipwreck. Photo by: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Flickr. In 2008 the Two Brothers was discovered by NOAA maritime archaeologists and after doing an analysis of the whaling tools and measurements of the ship, they announced on February 11, 2011, that the ship wreckage was indeed the Two Brothers. The artifacts discovered are planned to be exhibited at Mokupāpapa Discovery Center in Hilo. n

The anchor from the Two Brothers. Photo by: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Flickr. 20| Seawords

April Surf Report

By: Alina Abramovich, UHH MOP Student

arch surprised surfers on Big Island with some powerfully sized waves sprinkled throughout the month, including the week before March break which offered a powerful NE swell for the Hamakua Coast residents. Hopefully you got some surf in during those last couple of March swells since, unfortunately, the NPAC looks to be slowing down as we head into spring. According to NOAA’s meteorological data and patterns, April tends to be low on the large/XL swells but still holds the potential of providing some fun-sized surf to those looking to venture a little further onto the northern coast of Big Island. The coastline of O‘ahu is, as always, a little more accessible and a lot more exposed to those lingering NPAC swells, so hopefully some slightly larger surf comes to those on the North Shore who are not currently on tour or seeking out waves elsewhere. At least April looks to be consistent in terms of wind - a prediction of daily, prevailing easterly Trades seems to be the consensus. Those Trades will be a lovely combination with the steadily rising SPAC swells that typically begin to show up at the tail end of April and into May. We’re all hoping for a little more South Pacific action this year, considering the more than lackluster swell activity of last summer. Luckily it seems that meteorological models are predicting that the regional SPAC storms that have begun activating around the South and Central Americas should start heading up towards Hawai‘i in that April-to-May transition. Between the starting southerly swells and the petering out northerly swells, April doesn’t hold much glamour in terms of big, powerful surf. However, as we all know, it is always better in the water than out of it, so here’s hoping for a few more surprisingly good sessions before the southern swells truly appear! Have fun out there, stay safe and stoked!n

Big surf. Photo by: Michael Dawes, Flickr.

APRIL 2018 |21

By: Jeremy Gasta, UHM MOP Student

Sea Otter

Marine Mammal of the Month:

Sea Otter

Species: Sea Otter Scientific Name: Enhydra lutris Range: Northern Pacific coastlines Diet: Mostly invertebrates, some fish Size: 3-5 feet long

hile pinnipeds are well-known and cetaceans are beloved, one of the most popular marine mammals by far is the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). In the world of marine mammals, this frankly adorable fuzzball is a bit of an oddity: it’s among the smallest marine mammals (second to its little known cousin, the marine otter or Lontra felina, a South American otter that prefers the sea over freshwater and spends much of its time on land). However, the sea otter is the largest member of

the mustelidae, a taxonomic family covering weasels, badgers, and otters. These creatures live along coastlines in the Northern Pacific Ocean, with the vast majority living in Alaska. Despite the fact that they live in such cold waters, sea otters do not store blubber like other marine mammals. Instead, they keep warm because of their extremely thick fur coats, which are the densest among any mammal. Sea otter coats have such dense fur on their top layer - sporting special hairs called “guard hairs” - that the lower layers of their coat will

Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in Morro Bay, California. Photo by: Andrew Redding, Flickr. 22| Seawords

Two sea otters (Enhydra lutris) wrapped in kelp. Photo by: Andrew Redding, Flickr. remain completely dry, even when fully submerged. An rare, sea urchins have destroyed entire kelp forests, creotter can go its whole life without seawater ever touch- ating new habitats that are ominously known as “urchin ing its skin. barrens.” Without the otters around, entire ecosystems can be demolished, which is made worse by the fact that Unfortunately, this amazing adaptation also indirectly kelp forests play a major role in absorbing greenhouse led to the sea otters’ decline. Because of the density of gases. That’s right - as if they couldn’t get any more awetheir fur coat, otter fur became a highly desired comsome, sea otters are indirectly fighting global warming. modity and the animals were hunted extensively from the 1740s to the early 1900s. Their worldwide popu- Sea otters are quite popular in the public for their cute lation dropped from a high estimation of 150,000 to looks and endearing (if not anthropomorphized) be300,000 individuals to 2,000 or less during this period. haviors such as “holding hands” with others as they Rigid conservation attempts since have helped the ani- sleep so as not to drift away. However, one of their most mals recover, and in fact the sea otters’ comeback has well-known behaviors is their eating habits, as well as been acknowledged as one of the most famous marine their ability to use tools. Sea otters have small pouches conservation success stories, but even at a current pop- underneath their forearms, which they will stuff with ulation estimate of 100,000 or more they are still con- shellfish and other snacks while diving for food. They sidered endangered by the IUCN. will then return to the surface to devour them while floating leisurely on their backs, using their own stomWhile the loss of any creature is a sad one, the extincachs as a table. Each sea otter also keeps a rock it likes to tion of sea otters would have had an even worse effect use in its forearm pouch, which it will use to crack open than most, as they are a keystone species; their extincshellfish while eating, or even pry clams off of rocks untion could cause great environmental turmoil. In areas derwater. Sea otters have three main foraging periods that support kelp forests, such as off the coast of Calia day - one about an hour before sunrise, another in fornia, resident sea otters catch and eat the sea urchins the late afternoon, and a third at midnight. While not that live in the area. Sea urchins are known to snack on sleeping or eating, much of the otters’ free time is used the base of giant kelp plants. As these plants are buoyin meticulously grooming its fur coat. ant, if an urchin destroys their base, the majority of the plant will float away. In areas where otters have become APRIL 2018 |23

cean updates

By: Kayla White, Former Seawords Editor & UHM MOP Student “IF WE KEEP PRODUCING (AND FAILING TO PROPERLY DISPOSE OF) PLASTICS AT PREDICTED RATES, PLASTICS IN THE OCEAN WILL OUTWEIGH FISH POUND FOR POUND IN 2050,” WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM.

Are Lasers and Robo-feeders Transforming Fish hydro-acoustic system installed in the Norwegian farms has the ability to listen to the amount of noise made Farming? Fish farming has become a booming business that produces over 100 million tons a year. Don’t let the skyrocketing numbers fool you, though--costs are high for these farms. In order to save money, producers in Norway have started using lasers and artificial intelligence to boost production and to become more efficient.

by the salmon and once the noise has dissipated, the system knows the fish have been properly fed and are swimming quietly in the water again.

Previously, it was hard to tell how much to feed the salmon, so companies were losing money on extra feed. Now with the new systems, they are able to tell exactly how much food is needed, saving them up to one milWhen buying meat from a supermarket whether its lion dollars overall. With this approach, computers can beef, chicken or fish, how do you know if the animal now monitor the behaviors of the fish and help the fish was well fed? Were they a healthy fish before they went farms of the future progress. from the water to the packaging? Lingalaks fish farms in Norway have this under their belt and they are now Rare Indonesian Saltwater Lakes Filled with Jelusing a hydro-acoustic system to determine if their fish lyfish are properly fed. Jellyfish (Medusozoa) are very common in the ocean but finding them in marine lakes can be a surprise to many. A recently discovered saltwater lake in West Papua, Indonesia has been added to the small list of the 200 marine lakes in the world. This lake is even rarer because there are less than 20 that are known to contain jellyfish and four new lakes in Indonesia have been documented containing these creatures. Due to their isolated environments, these bodies of water are much warmer and saltier than the oceans. Many scientists are now looking to these lakes as a sign of what the future of climate change could look like in our oceans and how it might affect future sea life.

Farmed salmon pens. Photo by: Sam Beebe, Flickr.

Little is known about these ecosystems because of their remote locations and karstic landscapes. These areas are formed by the dissolution of limestone that have lots of karst deposits, making them the perfect place for marine exploration.

Salmon make lots of noise when they are feeding by sloshing around and feeding together in clusters. This Lisa Becking from National Geographic Society simply 24| Seawords

states that, “They’re kind of like islands.” Islands are crucial to biology because they are an ideal environment for studying how biodiversity is formed. These marine lakes are isolated, dotting areas of various countries like Palau, Vietnam and Indonesia just as islands and are

states that this kind of creative thinking is what is going to get them through this drought and its challenges. Although the price of this experiment is $34.5 million, reports say that this method reduces evaporation by 85 to 90 percent. For Los Angeles, this means saving nearly 300 million gallons of water in a year, which could provide drinking water to over 8,000 more people. Made of black polyethylene, these unique shade balls are filled with water so that they don’t blow away and the black coating resists ultraviolet light. Manufacturers say that these balls should last up to 25 years.

This idea of “shade balls” came from Brian White, a retired LADWP biologist, who was inspired by “bird balls” which are used to deter birds in ponds by runways. Shade balls have been deployed on the Ivanhoe, Upper Stone and Elysian reservoirs, but Los Angeles is the first to use them on a large Golden jellyfish (Mastigias papua etpisoni) in Indonesian saltwater scale. lake. Photo by: Sandwich, Flickr. In the past two years, Los Angeles has cut its water use by 15 percent because of this method and restriclike giant natural experiments. tions on irrigation. This method can be used all of over On the bright side, literally, the yellow jellies found in the world to help prevent rapid water loss in droughts most of these lakes are Golden jellyfish (Mastigias pap- and to save countries millions of dollars.n ua etpisoni) which have a sting so minor that humans can’t feel it. More than 100 species of sponges inhabit the lakes, varying in color from purple to yellow. Many other organisms are studied in these areas and scientists use these marine lakes to research what exotic environments are like and how they developed.

L.A. Drops 96 Million Shade Balls into its Water Los Angeles is in the middle of the worst drought in California history and to save water, they turned their main reservoir into a giant ball pit. These four-inch black balls will shade and cool the water to reduce evaporation and help slow down the growth of algae, bacteria and chemical reactions. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)

Water restrictions in California. Photo by: Kevin Cortopassi, Flickr. APRIL 2018 |25

Actions for the Ocean

GENERATION

BLUE

By: Kayla Palmer, UHM MOP Student

he ocean is home to many diverse species that each play an important role in our earth’s environment and pollution is one of the biggest threats to their livelihood. Plastic is non- biodegradable and is found in the stomachs of many marine animals mistaking it for food. According to Ocean Conservancy, plastic bottles can take 450 years to decompose while plastic caps and lids may take 450 to 1,000 years. By preventing further pollution, we can help create a healthier and cleaner life for the ocean and its marine animals.

Use Biodegradable Sunscreen

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While protecting yourself from the sun’s rays use biodegradable sunscreen before entering the ocean to minimize the bleaching of coral reefs. Sunscreens containing the main ingredients of oxybenzone, butylparaben, octinoxate and 4- methylbenzylidene camphor are very harmful to the ocean environment. Oxybenzone is a toxic ingredient known for increasing the rate of coral bleaching while also disrupting hormones in fish by causing feminization in male species and reducing egg production in females. Instead of using chemical ingredients that may harm marine life, turn to biodegradable sunscreen which has eco-friendly ingredients such as zinc and titanium dioxide that can easily break down in the ocean.

THE OCEAN SPANS OVER 70 PERCENT OF OUR WORLD. It is responsible for regulating temperature, food production, sustaining numerous species, and is a source for inspiration for many people.The ocean gives us so much and it is time for us to return the favor and take actions to make the ocean ecosystem healthy again. Almost every action that we take affects the ocean in some way. Our everyday choices can be tailored to support a healthy ocean. Here are some examples of green acts that will keep the ocean blue.

Participate in State Bills Participating in government decisions is a great way to get your voice heard and become a representative of people who believe that government actions should be made to prevent more pollution from entering the environment. Simply by voting in local bills that ban foam or plastic along with submitting a testimony can make a difference in government policy and regulation.

Utilize Social Media Raise awareness and educate others about protecting the ocean environment through your social media platform. Social media can also allow you to connect with people from around the world and may lead to fun educational discussions about marine life.

Purchase Less Plastic Using less plastic is a big lifestyle change but it is worth the switch. Greenspace stated that an “equivalent of one garbage truck of plastic enters our seas every minute, every day, all year long.” Instead of buying bottled water try using a flask and replace plastic grocery bags with reusable bags. By implementing these small steps into your daily life and encouraging others to go on this journey with you there will be less plastic in the ocean.

Under the Sea. Photo by: Michio Morimoto, Flickr. APRIL 2018 |27

APRIL 2018

Hawai‘i Audubon Society •

5 APRIL

Rebounding from the edge of destruction - A successful community effort to protect and restore our last fishponds • Chris Cramer • Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center

•

Endangered waterbird conservation at the Hawai‘i Wildlife Ecology Lab • Carmen Antaky and Kristen Harmon • UH Mānoa, NREM

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THEATER THURSDAYS: Science Talks or Educational Films Thursday evenings 6:30 P.M. to 7:30 P.M. at Hanauma Bay Admission is free Parking free after 4 P.M.

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Increasing our understanding of O‘ahu’s White Terns with citizen science • Rich Downs • Hawai‘i Audubon Society

26 APRIL

12 APRIL

•

19 APRIL

•

Art & Science Collaborations Improve Nesting Habitat for Seabirds • Michelle Hester • Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge

Can’t make it to Hanauma Bay?

Watch seminars live on YouTube, search for Hanauma Talks Questions? Call #397-5840 or e-mail hbaynews@hawaii.edu

FLASHBACK: JANUARY 1986

By: Jenny Johnson, Editor

his month’s flashback dates all the way back to January 13, 1986. Students from Hokkaido University came to Hawai‘i for the third year in a row aboard the research training ship, Hokusei-Maru. The students who are also senior cadets, made the 3,866 mile journey from the island of Hokkaido, Japan to fulfill requirements to become a li-

censed captain and to complete their Bachelor of Sciences degrees in Fisheries. The arrival of the students was an exciting opportunity for MOPers to speak with the Hokkaido students and give them a big aloha welcome to the island. The young cadets who were accompanied by instructors and researchers were set to first arrive in Honolulu and then continue to Kahului, Maui, where they focused on cephalopods and the Hawaiian mesopelagicboundary community. Cadets on the boat were also learning fishing methods and captain duties. Along with hard work and hours of research, students from Hokkaido University still found time to explore the island and soak up the warm weather before heading back to the frigid, cold winters they experience on their island. Hokkaido University students weren’t the only ones to benefit from the HokuseiMaru, a lucky handful of young student scientists from the University of Hawai‘i were allowed to board the ship and conduct research alongside the Hokkaido University students, instructors and researchers. Not only was this a great opportunity for students from both University of Hawai‘i and Hokkaido University to conduct research but also an opportunity to broaden their horizons and learn about one another’s cultures. The Hokusei-Maru saw 53 years as a research vessel before it was retired in 2002. The research vessel was thought to have had its final voyage to Hawai‘i in 1986 due to political reasons and funding but to some people’s surprise, young cadets continued their journeys to Hawai‘i for another 13 years until 2001. n APRIL 2018 |29

April Photo credit: UHM MOP Photography Contest

Sun.

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Next month: May -May 3: MOP Graduation -May 7-11: Finals Week

Hike to Ka‘ena Point Ka‘ena Point 8:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m.

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MOP & Community Events

Thurs.

Fri.

Sat.

Theater Thursday: Hanauma Bay 6:30 p.m. - 7:30 p.m.

MOP Symposium Windward Community College TBA

Theater Thursday: Hanauma Bay 6:30 p.m. - 7:30 p.m.

APRIL 2018â&#x20AC;&#x192;|31

University of Hawai`i at MÄ noa Seawords, Marine Option Program College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Address Service Requested

Thank you for reading!