Seaw rds The Marine Option Program Newsletter
December 2013
20
Our new plastic ocean A DIFFERENT TYPE OF DRONE 20,000 LEAGUES ACROSS THE SEA
“There’s no such
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2| Seawords
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Seawords
Volume XXVII, Number 12, December 2013 Editor: Kathryn Lam Associate Editor: James Stone Assistant Editor: Priya Rashid Dr. Cynthia Hunter (éminence grise) Seawords- Marine Option Program University of Hawai‘i, College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Telephone: (808) 956-8433, Fax: (808) 956-2417 E-mail: <seawords@hawaii.edu> Website: <www.hawaii.edu/mop> Seawords is a monthly newsletter of the Marine Option Program at the University of Hawai‘i. Opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Marine Option Program or of the University of Hawai‘i Suggestions and submissions are welcome. Submissions may include articles, photographs, art work, or anything that may be of interest to the marine community in Hawai‘i and around the world. All photos are taken by MOP unless otherwise credited.
december 2013 |3
december 2013
Volume XXVII, Number 12 Contents Page 2: Letter from the Editor Page 4: Table of Contents Page 5: As seen on the cover Flashback Page 6: Student Perspective: MOP Research Projects Page 8: We all live in a yellow submarine
Page 10: Ocean Updates: Anchovy bloom brings surprising visitors to Monterey Bay, residents astounded Failure to agree; Russia and China block plans for Antarctic Marine Reserve Page 12: Where are they going? Page 14: Gyotaku, a gift for the holidays? Page 16: Everyone has to start somewhere-- diving in Page 20: Ocean Art: Francesca Koethe Page 22: Our new plastic ocean: As pollition increases our seas are “drowning in plastic” Page 24: Critter of the Month: Christmas tree worm Page 26: 20,000 leagues across the sea Page 28: Generation Blue Page 30: A different type of drone Jellyfish: the answer Page 32: Farewell to our lovely Student Coordinator Page 34: Hanauma Bay Calendar of Events Page 35: December MOP Calendar of Events
About the Photography in this Issue -Cover: Kimberley Mayfield, MOP Student. -Table of Contents Photo: Jeff Kuwabara, UHM MOP Coordinator -Back Cover: Rachel Shackne, UHM MOP student -All uncredited photos by: MOP 4| Seawords
As seen on the cover... Our new plastic ocean By Kathryn Lam, Editor
As pollution increases, our seas are “drowning in plastic”
pg 22
Photo credit: Sustainable Coastlines Hawai‘i
20,000 leagues across the sea By Priya Rashid, Assistant Editor
pg 26
As populations increase and costs of livable space rises, humans seek out the sea.
A different type of drone By James Stone, Associate Editor
Changing ocean research, one robot at a time.
pg 30
Photo credit: NY Times, click on the picture or the one in the article to be redirected to a video link of the new drones.
Flashback: 1980
In December of 1980, the Marine Option Program had a contest to name our then bimonthly, newsletter, The Hotline. The Hotline then became The Seaword. Although the Seawords you know and love didn’t materialize until much later, the next December, the title became Seawords. Now you know! december 2013 |5
Mop research projects Interviews by James Stone, Associate Editor
Name – Tate Wester
Name – Stephe
From - Orcas Island, Washington
From - O‘ahu
Major – Marine Biology
Major – Marin
Year – Senior
Year – Super S
Q A
Q A
: Tell me about your MOP research project. What are you doing it on?
: For my MOP project I am comparing fish assemblages on two different types of artificial reefs that were deployed by the Division of Aquatic Resources in Maunalua Bay in the late 80’s and early 90›s. My project aims to determine which type of artificial reef, a sunken barge or a pile of z-shaped concrete modules attracts more fish, and also if the benthic complexity of these structures effects their ability to attract fish. With the much appreciated help of some fellow marine biologist friends and classmates, I will be conducting approximately 180 fish surveys at these three sites over the next four months. After I have completed all of my surveys, I will run tons of statistical analyses on the data, to determine any significant relationships, and then write a final report of my findings. I will also present at the Marine Option Program Symposium and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program Symposium this spring.
Q A
: So far, with your research, what has been the most challenging aspect?
: The location of the sites I am diving at is very exposed to the trade winds and to tidal currents. This has made it very difficult to plan and coordinate dive days, because not only do I have to cater to the schedule of four volunteers who all have very busy schedules, but I also have to pay very close attention to the marine forecast and tide changes. Along with boat and tow vehicle availability, there are a lot of pieces to this puzzle that all have to fit together perfectly in order to complete a day of diving surveys!
Q A
: What are your plans when you’re are done? Any new research projects?
: After I complete this project I want to continue studying the ecology of artificial reefs and shipwrecks. I hope to attend grad school here at UH, and study not only fish, but the entire community of organisms on artificial reefs and shipwrecks throughout the Pacific.
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: Tell me about y
: I proposed to m Hawai‘i Island. Th construction and tsu early 1900›s. I will be The ultimate goal wo Service of my finding
Q A
: So far, with you
: Well the first h supplies and equ board and has shown
Q A
: What are your
: I would like to when visiting th
Those MOP students research project in ad iplinary courses requ For the next few issu projects of MOP stud If you would like to please email us at se
STUDENT PERSPECTIVE
en James Matadobra
ne Biology
Senior
your MOP research project. What are you doing it on?
map an underwater heiau called Hale-o-Kapuni on The heiau has been submerged and covered in silt due to unami events. It has not been seen or recorded since the e using a sub bottom profiler to map the structure in situ. ould be to educate the public and inform the National Park gs.
ur research, what has been the most challenging aspect?
hurdle was getting funding. Now I am working on securing uipment. The public and local community is already on n a lot of support.
r plans when you’re are done? Any new research projects?
get a placard set with the NPS that the public could view he park.
s who wish to persue a MOP certificate must conduct a ddition to taking the necessary ocean related and interdisuired. ue, Seawords plans to look into a few of the research dents. share your project or another cool thing you are doing, eawords@hawaii.edu for a chance to be featured. december 2013 |7
We all live in a yel
In November, UHM MOP students got the chance to Labratories, or HURL By Logan Magad-Weiss, UHM MOP Student
The MOP students who took part in the trip excitedly await the start of the tour. Photo by: UHM MOP
ing an hour before th super-submarine, seized by t derwater, it was an aircraft carrier the Soviet Union could not get a hold of the t
The submersibles tend to stay underwater for IV and Pisces V have taken more than 7,000 hou tended period of time because they are equipped w move carbon dioxide. To adjust buoyancy, the subm of scrap metal (washer holes) when they’re ready to s there are sample trays for them to be placed in. One o ern coast of the Big Island at 1300m below the surfac
Rachel Orange has been working at HURL for 11 ye oceanography from UH Mānoa, HURL provided h ocean. When asked about the experience of riding when you are looking at the most boring seafloor HURL now faces potential closure. Already r sought from private investors and UH M Technology (SOEST). If not enough f laboratory will have to shut its This is one of the research vessels that is a part of HURL. The vessels can go as deep as 2000 meters. Photo by: UHM MOP 8| Seawords
llow submarine
o visit the Hawai‘i Undersea Research
T
he Hawai‘i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) is a research laboratory created in 1980 to conduct marine research using manned submersibles. It is home to the Pisces IV and the Pisces V submersibles that are capable of going as deep as 2000 meters and are famous for findg the Japanese midget submarine that was detected outside Pearl Harbor he 1941 attack. More recently, however, they found the I-400 submarine, a massive the U.S. military after the Japanese surrender. Capable of traveling the entire globe unJapanese navy had planned on using. After seizure, the U.S. used it as target practice so the technology.
around 8 hours collecting various samples and taking footage with attached cameras. Pisces urs of underwater footage. The submersibles are able to conduct research for such an exwith oxygen tanks that supply the cabin with air, as well as an air filtration system to remersibles controls the amount of air held in the buoyancy spheres and drop big containers surface. There are two manipulator arms that enable the submersibles to take samples, and of the most well-known dives conducted took place on Lō‘ihi Seamount off the southeastce. Footage collected on these dives was used in a National Geographic special.
ears. After receiving her bachelor’s degree in biology and her master’s degree in her with opportunities to work on submersibles and study various topics in the g in a submersible thousands of feet below the surface, she replied, “Even or, you’re still really excited to be there”. Due to budget cuts, however, running on a low budget, money to remain operational is Mānoa’s School of Ocean and Earth Science and funds are obtained, this prestigious s doors. n
december 2013 |9
OCEAN UPDATES Anchovy bloom brings surprising visitors, residents of Monetery Bay astounded By Kathryn Lam, Editor
F
irst the sea lions came. Next were the pelicans followed by the dolphins. Then came the humpback whales, over 200 of them! Even a pod of 19 orcas arrived. However, it was the arrival of the humpback whales that stunned the residents of Monterey Bay. Usually, humpback whales have already migrated south and are far away from the Bay. A recent bloom of anchovies is what has caused this out of season feeding frenzy. The bloom is so large that even the culmination of predators, which eat over two tons of fish a day, have been unable to make a dent in the population. “The $64,000 question is why this this year?” Baldo Marinovic, a research biologist with the Institute for Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said. Marinovic added that for the past five or six years, anchovy populations have been scarce and when they are there it is usually in the late spring and early summer. “Now they’re all kind of concentrating on the coast. They seem to seek out Monterey Bay because the water tends to be a little warner and the eggs will develop quickly.” Ken Stagnaro of Santa Cruz Whale Watch says that the environment has been just right for anchovies which explains the boom. While humpback whales normally come to the bay for krill, the copious amount of krill available has attracted them to stay in the area longer than they have in past years. The anchovy bloom has been great not only for whale, sea lion, dolphin, and bird populations but also for the residents of the Monterey Bay area. The late season appearance of humpback whales has been a boon to businesses that cater to tourists hoping for a cetacean encounter. Because the humpback whales have usually swam south for Mexico already, whale watchers normally see only one or two humpbacks this time of year, however, because of the late season influx,
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Humpback whale by Taylor Shedd, MOP Student the numbers have been more in the 60s and breaches were “too numerous to count.” “Basically everywhere you look, there are multiple whales coming up. We like to call them megapods,” said Dorris Welch, a marine biologist and coowner of Sanctuary Cruises in September. “It’s been remarkable. In the last five days, we’ve had increasingly large numbers-- it’s building every day. Yesterday, within about 300 yards of the boat, there were probably 50 whales.” n
Failure to agree; Russia and China block plans for Antarctic Marine Reserve By Priya Rashid, Assistant Editor
T
he Cold War may be over but tensions between Russia and the United States remain chilly over proposed reserve status for Antarctica’s surrounding waters. The United States and New Zealand have led efforts to create two major marine reserves that would prohibit any commercial fishing or harvesting of resources. The Ross Sea marine protected area would set aside over 875,000 square miles of the sea surrounding Antarctica, and sharply limit and regulate fishing and exploitation of the area. The Southern Ocean is one of the few “pristine aquatic ecosystems,” but the race to extract and intrude is becoming an all too real threat. According to the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Russia with Ukraine, China, and Japan have voiced their resistance the creation of a marine reserve. While Russia and Ukraine questioned the legality of the creation of such reserves by the commission, China, Norway, and Japan tried to cut it down in size. They have proposed what is now being known as the “sunset clause” which demanded that the size of the reserve be reduced that the it would explore further opportunities for future exploitation. Suggestions have included limiting the reserve status to as short as twelve years to allow krill and fish stocks time to replenish. Many environmentalists argue that this is not enough time to adequately protect stocks. These clauses threaten not only the size but the permanence of the reserve. Environmental experts have anticipated that the introduction of the clause would make the entire agreement null and void and significantly lessen the overall impact of the reserves.
Antarctic Ocean Alliance is a coalition group of over 30 organizations have declared that the revised version of the proposal is a “tactical mistake and a significant retreat for Southern Ocean protection.” The US and New Zealand both back downed and agreed to decrease the proposed area of protection by over forty percent. But is giving in the best option? This will be the third time that the size has been cut back. The archetypal “Tragedy of the Commons” is even more apparent, the idea that Nations will act rationally in their own self-interest in harvesting resources and altering the environment even if it hurts every Nation in the long run. Bo Fernholm, a delegate from Sweden, when asked about the Marine Protected Areas said “It’s very frustrating for most members. I think most members thought that we would be able to create the marine protected areas.” n
With global fish stocks rapidly depleting, the interest in harvesting precious krill is increasing. Krill, which is the base of the Southern Ocean environment, is crucial around the world and is under threat as environmental alterations and pollution decrease populations. The december 2013 |11
Where are they
Student Coordinator Nikki Gutlay and Associate E What do they plan to do next? Interviews by Kathryn Lam, Editor
Nikki: The job of student coordinator is a big one and Nikki has left even bigger shoes for incumbent, Tate Wester to fill. Her humor around the office will be missed but she has promised to visit us. Please visit page 32 for a farewell to our beloved student Coordinator.
Q A
: What’s the first thing you’re going to do once you graduate?
: Immediately after I graduate, I will stand in a field full of other graduates in the hot sun waiting to get lei’d by our friends and loved ones. Hopefully, a nice lunch follows swiftly after. Ohh, you mean like, generally? I will head home to spend QT with my friends&family in California and catch up on sleep. I will continue working on various research projects at HIMB and MOP colleagues as I continue the search for a steady job/internship... for now.
Q A
: How would you describe your time at MOP?
: It started off slow. I was really shy at first, but eager to get involved. All the events and MOP Office atmosphere made it so easy. I gained a lot from MOP – lifelong friendships, awesome internships and opportunities, a valuable skill set, a vast network of scientists and ocean enthusiasts, memories… even the delicious food (i.e goldfish and peanut butter pretzels). My education here at UH would be much different without MOP.
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Q
: If you had done things differently what would you have done?
A
: I believe everything has a reason and that’s how I got where I am today.
Q
: What are you planning on doing?
Student Coordinator, Nikki Gutlay during a whale count last year.
A
: I plan on pursuing a graduate degree in Marine Science, eventually. I would like to someday conduct my own research in coral reef ecosystems or deep sea biology. But for now, I am currently applying to various jobs to gain more experience and take a short break until I’m ready for school again.
Q A
: How much will you miss us?
: Meh. A smidge. (; Of course, I’ll miss you! Some of my closest friends are MOPers – that type of friendship doesn’t sink. n
going?
Editor James Stone are moving on.
James: In his last issue, James conducted two interviews for our Student Perspective feature, wrote Generation Blue, and a feature piece on ocean drones. James is a talented writer and while he will love England (and England will love him), Seawords will miss his skills. : So England, huh? What are you doing there exactly?
Q A
Q
: Yep, London, England! I’ll be going to The University of Roehampton in south west London this coming January. I’m doing an English program, similar to what I study here at UH Manoa (I’m going with an abroad program. I’ll be studying English Literature and creative writing for three months.
A
Q A
: That sounds exciting, what will you be doing in that program?
: I’ll have my literature and fiction lectures weekly at Roehampton, butI’ll also be doing an independent study. I’ll be writing papers focusing on Shakespeare and contemporary productions of Elizabethan plays in present day London.
Q A
: After you graduate, what’s the next step you plan on taking?
: Is there any more journalism in your future? : I definitely see more journalism in my future! I’ll always Associate Editor, James Stone have a passion for at a fieldtrip last semester next writing human interest to Editor Emeritus , Naomi features in the various Lugo. Photo by: UHM MOP topics I’m interested in. Creative non-fiction will not fade!
Q A
: How much will you miss us?
: I will miss you guys a lot! I’ll be reading Seawords over a nice cup of tea in London! n
: I graduate this Spring and there are a few plans that I’ve been juggling with. Along with studying English, I’m Pre-Law and I take the LSAT’s in October of 2014. I spend a good chunk of my summer preparing for that and I’ll be applying to law schools that same year. I’ll still be writing of course at the same time, and I’m going to be looking for copywriting jobs with Advertising Agencies on the East Coast of the US. december 2013 |13
Gyotaku, a gift for the holidays?
G
Cameron U.
Compiled by Kathryn Lam, Editor
yotaku is the traditional Japanese art of fish printing that dates mack to the mid-1800’s. Gyotaku is created with fish, non-toxic paint or ink, and paper. The fish is painted or inked and then a paper placed on it transferring an exact copy of the fish to the paper when done correctly. Traditionally, gyotaku might have started as a way for japanese fishermen to record their catches but today it has become a popular art form. At the SOEST Open House back in October, UHM MOP had a gyotaku fish printing booth that allowed children to use paint and rubber fish to create their very own gyotaku fsh prints.
These are a few of the prints that were left behind. A fun gift idea for the holiday season might be to make some gyotaku prints for your very own custom wrapping paper or cards to give to friends and family. So long as you purchase non-toxic paint and clean the fish properly, you can even have your fish for dinner. Happy printing! Jaynnan, St. Francis
Tauloa, Kailua Ele
Sydney G.
Allison A., UH Mānoa Children’s Center Jessica Y., HBA
Pammai
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Isaiah
ementary School
5th Grade
Brady, Hahaonie Elementary School
Nicanora, IPES
december 2013 |15
Diving in Everyone has to start somewhere, Three professional divers were asked about how they started, what they do, and what advice they would give to new divers. John Coney/UHH MOP
Interviews by Kari Barber, UHM MOP Student
Q
: Give us a brief synopsis of what you do and how you have used scuba for marine-related work in the past, i.e. projects, where you work...
work. That being said, there are plenty of lobster to eat and kelp forests to explore, so I’m finding my way to dive one way or another.
A
Brian Drake (BD): I am currently a certified Dive Master. I use scuba primarily for documentary and collection work, as well as teaching. I document the underwater world photographically, and am currently working on building a large library of images of marine organisms. I assist in teaching and leading new divers, and I often act as an underwater guide to Hawai‘i’s unique marine life.
: Brittney Kosar (BK): In high school I used to manage a dive shop and teach classes through them. This job allowed me to travel to many scuba locations and get paid. Scuba diving gives a huge advantage in any marine research, it allows you to access marine life while they are in their natural environment. All research projects I have been on have been made simpler through scuba and would be restrained if not impossible without diving. Miles Borgan (MB): My first opportunity to dive for work was in Washington State as an intern at the Shannon Point Marine Center. As part of my internship, I was trained to be an AAUS scientific diver, and on top of diving for my own research project (chemoreception of local gastropods), I aided the lab in ongoing monitoring projects, maintenance of the seawater intake, and collection trips (my favorite). Shortly after, I was accepted to be an REU at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences working on a project investigating ocean acidifications’ effect on the calcification of the corals. We had multiple stations scattered around Bermuda’s patch and barrier reefs and regularly dove (at least three days a week, 4 or 5 dives a day) to maintain and work on our experiments. These days, I’m working at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD in an analytical chemistry lab, so there aren’t very many opportunities to dive for
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I also really enjoy leading clean-up dives. There’s nothing better than getting together with a bunch of friends and taking a few hours to give back to the ocean that gives us so much. We clean up glass bottles, cans, trash, fishing line and nets, and the more divers the merrier!
Q A
: When did you first begin diving and why?
: BK: I first got into diving when me and another girlfriend were at the club fair at my high school and decided that we should join a club. When a teacher overheard us talking about wishing there were more outdoor water clubs, he asked us if we would be interested in starting a scuba club. Within the next week we had went and visited the dive shop and asked if they could give students at our high school a discount on their open water certification if we all came together. They agreed and also agreed to let us
run a fundraiser in their parking lot. We washed cars for two weekends in a row and already had had enough to get out first certifications. MB: I got bit by the travel bug in my sophomore year and bought a plane ticket to the Philippines over Christmas break. Having family over there, I knew there would be plenty to do, but I figured I might as well take advantage of being in a tropical place and got my open water certification before leaving. What was supposed to be three weeks of sight-seeing and visiting family turned into three weeks of wreck diving, tropical reefs, and spearfishing. BD: I first began diving 13 years ago when I was 17. I have always been intensely fascinated by the history of exploration, from Magellan and Capt. James Cook to Jacques YvesCousteau. The idea of venturing into the unknown and experiencing things that no one else has ever seen be-fore has always held me captive. As I got older, I realized that there were very few of those vir-gin and unexplored places left in the world. However, there was still one place on this Earth left to be explored- under the water. Beneath the surface of the ocean is a place that is still so pri-mal, so natural. There are no signs of construction, no signs of development, and no sounds of our terrestrial world. As soon as I immersed myself underwater, I was transported to a place that most people only get to see on television. I was finally exploring something new, something primal, something pure. The ocean grabbed me when I was young, and it has never let go. If you think that you love your life on land, just think: you have only experienced 30% of what this world has to offer. 70% of Earth is covered by water. Without venturing beneath the waves, you are missing out on 70% of what this world has to offer you.
Q
:What advice would you give to a student who is afraid of the mask removal skill?
A
: BK: I would say that the hardest thing about the mask removal skill is the cold water shocking your face, so I would suggest they just practice in warm water repeatedly so that it just becomes a motion and the shock of cold water may affect them. MB: There’s really nothing scary about it - especially in warm water. Getting certified in Washington State where the water temperature is around 10 C, it can be a little intimidating, but considering this is getting written in Hawaii, I wouldn’t worry too much. BD: Being afraid of the mask removal skill is perfectly normal. Almost everyone is nervous when they first do it. The trick to learning and becoming comfortable with the skill is to remember one rule: just breathe. The most common reason people are nervous about removing their mask underwater is the sensation that one feels when the cold water suddenly contacts the part of your face that has been kept totally dry. I’m sure the loss of crystal-clear vision does help either. But, when practicing, there is one trick to help a new diver to remain calm. Close your eyes. Take your mask off slowly. Do not rush yourself. With your eyes closed, take a few mo-ments with your mask off. Concentrate on breathing in, breathing out. Keep your mind on your breathing. After a few moments of remaining in place with the mask off, you will slowly acclimate to the feeling of having no mask on. When you feel comfortable and calm, replace the mask. Again- leave it there for a moment (your eyes are still closed, right?). Keep concen-trating on your breathing- in, out, in, out. Again, you will acclimate to having the mask
John Coney/UHH MOP
december 2013 |17
on your face full of water. Then, slowly, while still concentrating on your breathing, take a deep breath, tilt your head upward toward the surface, and crack the bottom of your mask’s skirt. Slowly blow out through your nose. You may or may not get all of the water out. If you didn’t, don’t panic. Keep concentrating on breathing, take another deep breath, hold it a second, and then blow out your nose again (while looking up). You should have gotten most of the water out on this second attempt, but if not, just do it again. Most people panic when they haven’t gotten all of the water out. But this isn’t a race. Just take your time. Concentrate on breathing in and out. Go slow. The more you practice it, the better and quicker you will be able to do it.
Q A it?
:What skill do fist time divers have the hardest time with and what advice do you have to master
: BK: Nothing about scuba diving is difficult, some skills just take repeated practice to master, many first time divers have a hard time with the dive planning and dive tables, so I would suggest reading that section of the book and learning how to work with the dive tables before you need to use them. MB: Buoyancy. It’s the one skill above others that divers can continue to improve every time they dive - whether they have 10 dives or 100. Like most things, practice is the only way to really get better, but focusing on your orientation in the water, consistent breathing, and proper weighting are all pretty important.
Diver Brian Drake. Courtesy Brian Drake.
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BD: By far the most difficult skill most first-time divers have is the mask removal and clear (see above). Besides that, many new divers have a difficult time establishing neutral buoyancy (neither sinking down nor floating towards the surface). My advice? Dive as much as you can! The more you dive, and the more experience that you
accrue, the more skilled you will become at establishing neutral buoyancy. Once you do, you will be able to primarily use your lungs, instead of your BCD, to adjust your position in the water column. Again, just go slow- and if you don’t get it right at first, just remember: most divers don’t. It takes practice, which, in other words, Diver Brittney Kosar. Courtesy is just another great Brittney Kosar. excuse to dive more!
Q A
: What would you say is the biggest hurdle to overcome to become an open water diver?
: BK: I would say the biggest hurdle to overcome to become an open water diver is definitely just getting started. Once you convince yourself to sign up and go to the first class, you will realize it is fairly fun and stress free. Everything is self-paced and once you get started, it’s fairly simple to finish the certification quickly and easily, while having fun. MB: Cost. I wish the answer were different, but scuba diving is an expensive hobby. Is it worth it? Absolutely. But making that initial investment can be a little daunting. BD: In Hawai‘i, there are very few (besides the cost, of course). Diving is almost always accessible, either from a boat or (depending on the conditions) from land. Almost every single person in-terested in getting certified is afraid at first- it is completely normal. I mean, breathing under-water is completely unnatural. For many people, it takes a lot of courage to overcome this fear. I highly recommend looking around when you are considering getting certified, and try as much as possible to meet with the instructors beforehand. Talk to them, and find one that you feel comfortable with and one that seems patient. Don’t be afraid to tell them you’re nerv-ous! No one’s going to laugh- we were all there when we started, too! But when you let an in-structor know how nervous you are, they know that they need to go slow and be patient. A good instructor will not just be your teacher underwater- a
good instructor will be your friend underwater.
Q A
: What is a memorable diving moment?
: BK: I have a couple favorites, one time in San Carlos, Mexico we realized there was a bait ball swarming with fish underneath the boat. When we jumped in we were completely surrounded by fish and marine mammals, the dive was amazing to just watch such a high abundance of marine life, without having to even move. The coolest part had to be that the sea birds were diving into the water to grab fish out of the bait ball, and they would swim right by us in the water. Another favorite would be Seal Island off of San Diego, as soon as the boat pulled up, the sea lions jumped off the rock and rushed to meet the divers. They followed us around on every dive and were very playful and just curious to see what we were doing, it was an amazing experience to just hang out with them in the water. MB: This one wreck in the Philippines was absolutely covered with these royal purple sea fans (gorgonians I think). It was like flying through a giant purple paint brush. I remember trying my hardest not to touch or rub the fans, but being a new diver, this proved to be pretty difficult. At one point I brushed against a relatively small sea fan, and as the fan followed me forward, three pygmy seahorses were waiting in its wake. The size of a cuticle on my finger, they were one of the coolest things that I’ve seen underwater - and totally unexpected. BD: There are many- too many to list. First and foremost- you will never forget your first breath underwater. It leaves an imprint that you will forever carry with you. As for me, diving with great white sharks off of the Farallon Islands (near San Francisco) will always be a highlight. The islands are a natural breeding ground for great whites, and I was lucky enough to dive outside of a cage with these amazing animals, working on population stud-ies of the local sharks. Having the opportunity to be outside of a cage with these beautiful, strong, and incredibly important apex predators, while at the same time having the opportunity to contribute to their study and protection, was by far one of the highlights of my diving career.
Diver Miles Borgan. Courtesy Miles Borgan.
Q A
: Where is the best place for a beginner to dive on O’ahu and why? An intermediate diver?
: BK: Oahu is surrounded with great dive locations, there are many beginner shallow reefs just off the coast in every direction. I would suggest going with a dive boat out to secret or the sea tiger just off Kewalo basin, there is lots to sea life and the dives are shallow with calm waters. For an intermediate diver it depends what you are looking for, If someone is looking for a thrill I would suggest Makaha caverns, there is almost 100% guarantee of seeing sharks, If someone is looking for an amazing deep dive I would suggest Haleiwa trench, the visibility is great and the surface swim is not far before the huge drop off. There are also lots of wrecks surrounding the island that are fun to explore for intermediate divers. BD: There are many great places for a beginner diver on O’ahu. During the summer months when the winter swells are long gone, Shark’s Cove on the north shore is one of my (and many other divers’) favorite spots. On the west side of the island, Electric Beach is another popular and beautiful spot for beginner divers. Intermediate divers have a wide-range of options. Many of the best intermediate sites can be accessed by boat. In Hawai‘i Kai, off of Portlock, there are several great wall dives. O’ahu is also known for its wrecks, and there are several to choose from. The YO-257 and the Sea Tiger, off of Waikīkī, are two great wrecks for their abundant sea life and visibility. From shore, Halona Blowhole and Lana’i Lookout are two great sites for intermediate to experienced divers. n
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ART
Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nursery by Francesca Koethe Background: This is a sculpture of ten separate abstract pieces of coral. Together they make a habitat, unique from terrestrial environments. Deep sea corals (especially octocorals) are important for the health of the benthic community and are indicators of the ocean health. This piece was to show awareness and beauty of coral. The various pictures taken are of the glass coral reef at various angles. Medium: Glass, polished Date created: Spring 2013 (Glass blowing intro, Teacher: Rick Mills)
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Aloha MOPers and Friends of MOP, Are you artistically talented or just enjoy making art? Do you want to get published? Seawords is looking for artists to feature in our “Ocean Art” spread! “Ocean Art” can include anything from poetry and fiction to photography and drawings. Seawords will accept anything so long as it is ocean related and appropriate for MOP! Please submit your art to: seawords@hawaii.edu, thank you! Mahalo for your continued support!
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Our new plastic As pollution increases, our ocean: seas are “drowning in plastic” By Kathryn Lam, Editor
T
he Great Pacific Garbage Patch, estimated to be about twice the size of France according to a 2009 article published by the Daily Telegraph, a prominent United Kingdom newspaper, has been growing in size and effectively “drowning” our oceans in plastic. According to a November 4 article in the LA Times, about 20 million tons of plastic pollution enter the oceans every year and decimates the marine environment.
Sustainable Coastlines Hawai‘i
Trimmer/MOP
Two years after its accidental discovery in 1997 by Charles Moore, the Patch held six times more plastic debris than plankton, a number that Moore says “was just colossal.”
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“There’s no such thing as a pristine sandy beach anymore,” Moore told the Telegraph in 2009. “The ones that look pristine are usually groomed, and if you look closely you can always find plastic particles. On Kamilo Beach in Hawai‘i there are now more plastic particles than sand particles until you dig a foot down. On Pagan Island [between Hawai‘i and the Philippines] they have what they call the ‘shopping beach’. If the islanders need a cigarette lighter, or some flipflops, or a toy, or a ball for their kids, they go down to the shopping beach and pick it out of all the plastic trash that’s washed up there from thousands of miles away.” According to the United Nations Environment Programme, at least a million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals and turtles die worldwide each year from entanglement
in synthetic, discarded fishing lines and nets, from choking, clogging, and fatal constipation. Things that are routinely found in the stomachs of dead seabirds and turtles include plastic bags, syringes, toys, toothbrushes, cotton bud shafts, tampon applicators, cigarette lighters, pocket combs, and bottle caps. From 2002-2004, Alterra Wageningen UR, an environmental research company in the Netherlands, conducted a study of the carcasses of fulmars that had washed up on the coastlines of the North Sea. 95% of the gull-like birds related to the albatross conducted birds that had washed up on coastlines in the North Sea had plastic in their stomachs with an average of over 40 pieces per fulmar. Though plastics can cause death directly, they are also dangerous for another reason-- toxins. While plastics aren’t considered toxic, they do attract toxic particles already in the ocean such as DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a type of insecticide made famous by Rachel Carson) and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls, a man-made organic chemical that was banned in the US in 1979). However, because of the nature of the Garbage Patch and also how long it takes for plastic to biodegrade (ten to 450 years, according to the U.S. National Park Service), even if people starting taking care of their garbage and plastic production was put to a halt, plastic from the past would still haunt us. A dead albatross was recently found with a piece of plastic dating back to the 1940’s in its stomach. So there is not much we can do about the plastic debris of the past. “It’s the biggest misunderstanding people have on this issue,” Moore says. “They think the ocean is like a lake and we can go out with nets and just clean it up. People find it difficult to grasp the true size of the oceans and
Sustainable Coastlines Hawai‘i is one group who holds beach cleanups in an attempt to keep at least a small portion of trash out of our oceans. It’s only a drop on the bucket but every drop counts. Photo provided by: Sustainable Coastlines Hawai‘i.
the fact that most of this plastic is in tiny pieces and it’s everywhere. All we can do is stop putting more of it in, and that means redesigning our relationship with plastic.” Many companies have started to do this. There are now pens, pencil boxes, boats, and even backpacks and clothes made out of recycled plastic bottles. These companies pride themselves on their resourcefulness and will advertise how many bottles were used to make each product. The University of Hawai‘i Bookstore sells backpacks in two sizes that are made of plastic bottles (the smaller of the two using 26 bottles for its creation) as well as a gel rollerball pen made by Pilot called B2P, or Bottle to Pen. Converting plastic to reusable materials is only one way to solve the problem. Perhaps one day a microbe will evolve that will consume the plastic debris that has sunk to the bottom of the ocean-- in tens of thousands of years. In the meantime though, people will have to decrease their dependency on plastic and find an environmentally sustainable replacement. n
december 2013 |23
Critter of the Month Seawords features marine critters seen and photographed by MOP students. Send your critters to seawords@hawaii. edu to be featured and be sent an issue of Seawords in color and a MOP sticker. (Come in after we contact you to claim your prizes). This monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s critter photos are by UHM MOP Students, Rebecca Weible and Christina Curto
Christmas tree worm Scientific name: Spirobranchus giganteus
The Christmas tree worm has two spirals shaped like Christmas trees that are made up of feather- like tentacles called radioles. These have cilia on them and function both for feeding and for respiration. They burrow into live coral heads before creating a calcareous tube around themselves for protection. Christmas tree worms have a modified radiole called an operculum to plug their tube when they withdraw into it. Though small, they are very colorful and easily noticed, making them one of the most recognized polychaete worms on the reef. They can be found on reefs throughout most tropical oceans. 24|â&#x20AC;&#x192;Seawords
To submit photography, send an email with photographs attached to seawords@hawaii.edu
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20,000 leagues across the sea As populations increase and costs of livable space rises, humans seek out the sea. By Priya Rashid, Assistant Editor
L
ike something from a Jules Verne novel, these habitats are borderline reality and science fiction. But instead of 20,000 leagues under the sea, these modules are free floating at our surface. As the world changes, land dwellers take to the sea. With population increasing at 74 million people a year, according to the United Nations’ World Population Prospect Report, and sea levels rising, there has been a surge of research and development for humans to live on the ocean surface. Here are four notes to consider before taking the plunge.
1.
The Nam Hoi Yan People of Southern China have lived in floating fishing villages since as early as 700 AD. Now considered cities, over 7,000 people mostly fisherman live in wooden boats. Named the ‘gypsies of the sea,’ many say that these people moved to the ocean during the Tang Dynasty to escape the war and conflict of the mainland. Some say they were sent to the rivers and estuaries after a failed uprising and as punishment were not allowed to step on land or marry “onshore people.” These villages have become complex communities with homes floating beside vast seafood farms.
2.
Blue Revolution Hawaii is a group trying to make ocean based living not only possible but also sustainable. The group is led by Patrick Kenji Takahashi, a biochemical engineer, who has written four books and has published over eighty papers. He is also Director Emeritus of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute at University of Hawai’i. Their goal is to promote “the development of the Pacific International Ocean Station as a laboratory for development of the Blue Revolution.” These stations will allow ocean thermal energy conversion or OTEC take place where warm water meets with cold nutrient rich upwelled water to power large turbines while measuring and allocating nutrients including phosphorous that are depleted from human interference.
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4.
3.
For better of for worse, Shell Oil Company is looking to create the world’s largest floating offshore structure. The Prelude Floating Liquefied Natural Gas facility will be stationed in 2014 off of Australia’s north-west coast. Imagine a giant factory which, according to BBC, will be the length of four football fields and one field wide. Shell predicts it will produce the natural gas equivalent of 100,000 barrels of oil per day. The structure will be able to survive a Category Five typhoon. It isn’t surprising that an oil company is one of the things capable of funding an endeavor of this size.
Seasteading Institute with Dutch aqua architecture firm, DeltaSync are designing long term housing developments at sea. British designer, Phil Pauley envisions interconnected module homes that would submerge during storms and float at the surface during calm weather. His designs include the Saudi Biome Project which will bring a rainforest biome to the Middle Eastern Desert. Now the designer looks to bring land to the sea. The first floating community is will hit the high seas by 2021 and research continues to find efficient methods to harvesting food, water, and energy in the open ocean.
To see pictures of the notes above or to read more about them, check out the links below! http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20131101living-on-the-ocean http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2451023/Chinas-Tanka-boat-peoplesfloating-homes.html
december 2013 |27
GENERATION
BL UE
The ocean spans over 70 percent of our world. It is responsible for regulating temperature, food production, sustaining numerous marine species, and is a source for inspiration among multiple other things. The ocean gives us so much and it is time for us to return the favor and take actions to make the ocean ecosystem healthy again. Almost every action that we take affects the ocean in some way. Our everyday choices can be tailored to support a healthy ocean. Here are some examples of green acts that will keep the ocean blue.
Actions for the Ocean
James Stone, Associate Editor
Buy local produce. Try switching up some of your groceries. Instead of your mall-like-supermarket, head to the nearest local farmers’ market. Buying local produce not only reduces your carbon footprint, but it also supports local businesses. You’ll probably get a little healthier in the process, too.
Already recycle at home? Great. Time to get it going at the office or classroom. Think about setting up a separate area or wastebasket for recyclables and give your colleagues an option to recycle at work and school.
Carpool. The benefits of carpooling are pretty straight-forward. By carpooling you reduce gas use, carbon emissions, and stress on your wallet! Many cities have organizations that allow you to find other people looking to carpool. Go ahead and carpool down to your local farmers market. Double whammy.
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Rachel Shackne/UHM MOP
december 2013 |29
A different type of drone Changing ocean research, one robot at a time. By James Stone, Associate Editor
W
hile, from a distance, it may look more like a tomahawk, a novel type of drone, or AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), has been yielding a new way to document ocean research. These drones don’t have propellers but rather wings and can go as deep as 650 feet. Researchers, particularly Michael F. Crowley from Rutgers University, along with a collaborative oceansurvey experiment group called “Gliderpalooza”, are utilizing these drones to their advantage. “Gliderpalooza” consists of 16 American/Canadian government agencies and research teams. The goal of the group is to create the most accurate picture of the Atlantic Ocean’s underwater movements, everything from migrating fish to deep water currents and climate change. Crowley works with three gliders. Two are on loan from the Navy, the third is owned by Rutgers. The drones that Crowley is working with will be dropped into the Atlantic for a month joining a fleet of 12 other drones deployed between Nova Scotia to Georgia. Researchers are also working to deploy drones in the Western Pacific in an effort to help storm forecasting. Drones have the potential (among other things) to help predict a storm’s intensity-- which is affected by ocean temperatures. Typhoon Haiyan, which recently hit the Philippines, is an example of where these ocean drones can be beneficial. “If we can better predict the intensity, we can better predict the human impact,” said Scott M. Glenn, an oceanographer from Rutgers in an interview with William Herkewitz of The New York Times, “That’s critical, especially in Asia, where so many people die when these typhoons make landfall.”
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Drones allow researchers to better understand of what is going on beneath the ocean surface. “We have satellites that give us wonderful maps of the ocean at the surface, but the ocean is 3D, and we want to explore what’s going on beneath the waves,” said A screenshot from a video shown on the Glenn. He is New York Times Website about the new also the leader drones. To watch the video, click on the of, the Midpicture above. Atlantic Regional Association Coastal Ocean Observing System. They are one of the research groups that make up “Gliderpalooza.” One ocean drone, or glider, costs $125,000 to $150,000. The prices vary due to instrumentation. This may seem like a hefty sum for a “glider,” but when compared to traditional research vessels, which cost from $35,000 to upwards of $100,000 per day! “If you were to do this same experiment with ships, it would cost on the order of millions of tens of millions of dollars,” said Oscar M. Schofield, an ocean scientists from Rutgers. The “cold pool”, a body of water that rests at the bottom of the Northeast Continental Shelf is not well understood, but that’s where the drones may yield promising results.
“It’s also important for informing storm forecasting, because the ocean temperature is essentially the fuel tank for storms,” said Schofield. Storms sometimes move over the cold pool before they hit land. Hurricane Irene, did exactly that. When Hurricane Irene travelled over the cold pool, it mixed warm water, with the cold pool below and lowered the intensity of the storm. This, however, was not the case with Hurricane Sandy, which struck in 2012. By the time Hurricane Sandy passed over the cold pool, it had already equalized with the surface temperature and therefore didn’t quite have the diminishing effect that it did with Hurricane Irene. Drones are not new technology. Gliders have been used by researchers for roughly the past decade, but not to this large scale, thanks to Gliderpalooza. “It’s one thing to have a single glider making its own measurements, but it’s quite another thing to have an entire fleet of gliders coordinated between various research groups,” said Timothy J. Cowles a researcher with the Ocean Observatories Initiative, also involved with Gliderpalooza. The gliders themselves travel at a very slow rate, just over a mile an hour. Joshua T. Kohut a Rutgers oceanographer says their mobility is a good thing. “Every two to three hours they come to the surface, which gives us an opportunity to provide new instructions. If we see the cold pool has shifted or something has moved, we can respond to that,” said Kohut. The United States Navy is the largest user of ocean drones. The Navy has 65 drones that help forecast ocean weather around the world through the National Oceanographic Office. They also loaned two drones for Gliderpalooza. It’s this ability to explore the ocean like never before is something directly attributed to these ocean drones. Kenneth P. Grembowicz, the oceanographic director at the office says that participating in this experiment “gives us the opportunity to evaluate the quality of our own ocean models and to share the lessons we’ve learned.” n
Jellyfish, the answer By Kathryn Lam, Editor New discoveries inspire life like robotic jellyfish for the Navy
R
esearchers at The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole in Massachusetts believe that jellyfish are the world’s most efficient swimmers. Previously it was thought that that jellyfish swam in two phases, the first where the Jellyfish by Alison muscle around its bell is contracted, Watts, MOP Student forcing the water that was previously inside it out and pushing the animal forward. Next the bell returns to its original, relaxed shape to refill with water. Rinse and repeat. The study, published in the October 7 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that jellyfish take advantage of a pause that occurs between the contraction and relaxation phases in order to create a vortex. “In essence,” said an article by Virginia Tech on the study. “The creature displaces the water behind them, creating a ‘hole’ that when re-filled propels them forward.” To double check their findings, the researchers even tested anesthetized jellyfish pushed through the water. In addition, researchers also discovered the jellyfish in the study showed a lower cost of transport that was 48 percent lower than other animals in similar studies. This study aided the research team, led by Shashank Priya, professor of mechanical engineering, Colin Stewart of Charlottesville, Wa., a doctoral student in Virginia Tech’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Danesh Tafti, the William S. Cross Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech will help aid in their design of life-like autonomous robotic jellyfish. These robotic jellyfish are part of a project funded by the U.S. Navy “investigating the science of bio-inspired vehicles with a focus on understanding the natural propulsion mechanisms in sea life.” These robotic jellyfish might aid in pollution monitoring, ecological studies, and cleaning oil in water amongst other things. “Jellyfish are attractive candidates to mimic because of their ability to consume little energy owing to a lower metabolic rate than other marine species, survivability in varying water conditions, and possession of adequate shape for carrying a payload,” Priya said in 2012 when several of the smaller robotic jellyfish were unveiled. “They inhabit every major oceanic area of the world and are capable of withstanding a wide range of temperatures and in fresh and salt waters. Most species are found in shallow coastal waters, but some have been found in depths 7,000 meters below sea level.” n december 2013 |31
Make new frien the ol
Gabe. Manoa. -Gabe Helllllooooo Mr. Rachel!!! You were the reason that I felt so welcome in the MOP family. I pretty much owe all of my lovely UH undergraduate experiences and my job to you. I think I’m done here, because I can just tell you in person how awesome you are. J P.S. Don’t lose your marbles -Christina
Hey, Nikki, I’ll miss hanging out with you in the office. You’re a bit of a MOP stable and it’ll be weird without you here. -Kathryn
Compiled by Kathryn Lam, Editor 32| Seawords
I've watched Nikki progress from a er to one of MOP's most confident a What a transformation! She partic (QUEST, MAST, and MUT), assis tion Course on Saturdays, and has research projects - all while holdin dinator position and earning good going to miss Nikki a lot, but I look progress. The next step is a big one excel. Congratulations Nikki and t dedication to MOP! -Jeff
You make me happy. -Logan Magad-Weiss © Goofstallion Inc. 2013
I will always get your soy caramel machitattos for you! -Garret
You ROCK, Nikki! I won’t know what to do without you! -Minime aka Tate Wester
Than who need
nds but keep ld
An au revoir to UHM MOP’s wonderful Student Coordinator, Nikki Gutlay
a flailing newly certified scuba divand highly skilled scientific divers. cipated in all of our field schools sted the Scientific Diver Qualificas been involved with a number of ng down the MOP Student Coorgrades in a difficult major. I'm k forward to watching her career e, but one in which I know she'll thank you for your hard work and
Nikki, we will miss you! You have been a wonderful Student Coordinator and ideal MOPer! Please stay in touch and don’t worry about the hyphens-- just publish! -A hui hou, Cindy
Nikki!! “Though she be but little, she is fierce” (Shakespeare). Best of luck, rest up! -James Stone
nks for being such a nice, sweet and funny girl I could always count on to help me out whenever I ded. COngratulations! You’re finally done!! -Becca
I am having a hard time imagining what MOP without Nikki is, I guess I’m going to find out ... We are all going to miss you, Nikki, especially with Tate taking over lol... Kidding. But seriously. Keep in touch. -Annie Gonna miss you Nikki. -Scuba Steve Thank you so much for everything! And for always making me laugh -Kiwi
Yay you’re actually graduating!!! Thanks for fun times in Algae class and Inverts. -Kari
Hey, Nikki! Thanks so much for being an awesome Student Coordinator. Congrats on graduating and good luck in the future. I’m glad you were a divemaster during my sci. diver semester, you are so fun to work with! Good Luck! -Kat Sulik
december 2013 |33
Calendar of Events at UH Sea Grant’s Hanauma Bay Education Program Marine Science in East O`ahu
***Presentations take place in the theater of the Hanauma Bay Education Center, beginning at 6:30 p.m. every Thursday evening. Events are free and open to the public with no charge for parking after 5:30pm***
December Events UH Sea Grant Supported Graduate Student Research Continued
DECEMBER 5, 2013 Patterns of Coral Disease Across Protection Boundaries Maya Walton, MS Student, Zoology Department, UHM Where Does the Water in the Ala Wai Go and Why Does it Matter? Emma Nuss, MS Student, Physical Oceanography, UHM DECEMBER 12, 2013 Connecting Land Use to Coastal Groundwater Nutrient Loads on Maui James Bishop, MS Student, Geology and Geophysics, UHM Connections between Plankton and People in Kane`ohe Bay Michelle Jungbluth, PhD Candidate, Department of Oceanography, UHM Ocean Acidification and Mineral Dissolution on Coral Reefs Robert Thompson, PhD Student, Department of Oceanography, UHM DECEMBER 19, 2013 No Program Breaking for Holidays DECEMBER 26, 2013 No Program Breaking for Holidays
For more information or questions please contact: Hanauma Bay Education Program 100 Hanauma Bay Rd. Honolulu, HI 96825 Phone: (808) 397-5840 Email: hanauma@hawaii.edu http://hbep.seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/
Due to space constraints, Flashback has been moved to page 5. 34| Seawords
December
MOP & Community Events
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Last Day of Instruction
MOP Graduation QLC, Room 412 4:30-7pm
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From December 1986
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From December 2003
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Commencment
Finals Week 22
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First Day of Break
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Christmas Day
31 New Year’s Eve From June 1985
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University of Hawai`i at Mﾄ］oa Seawords, Marine Option Program College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Address Service Requested
Thank you for reading and happy holidays!