Seaw rds The Marine Option Program Newsletter
January 2015
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FALL 2014 MOP GRADUATION SUNSET IN THE ARCTIC ¡VIVA LA VAQUITA!
“Currently, the Mexican government is making great efforts to save the vaquita through PACE, the largest conservation program effort in Mexico’s history. Unfortunately, there are currently fewer than 100 individuals due to the continuation of gill netting in the areas where the vaquita inhabit.”
January 2015
Volume XXIX, Number 1
Articles Page 3: Letter from the Editor Page 4: Fall 2014 MOP Graduation Page 6: Ocean Updates Page 8: Sunset in the Arctic Page 10: Ocean Art: Rajiv Mohabir Page 12: ¡Viva la vaquita! Page 14: Generation Blue Page 16: Wanna sea something cool? Page 18: Critter of the Month Page 20: Hanauma Bay calendar of events Flashback Page 21: MOP calendar of events
About the Photography -Cover: Photo courtesy of Thomas Jefferson. -Table of Contents: Taken at Kure Atoll by John Coney, UHH -November calendar of events: This photo was taken by former UHM MOP Student Dieter Stelling on the Big Island of Hawai‘i. -Back cover: Tate Wester, UHM MOP Student -All uncredited photos by: MOP -Disclaimer: any photo taken from flickr.com is used under the Creative Commons liscense and are credited appropriately with links to the user’s flickr account. 2| Seawords
Letter from the Editor
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s a new year and a new semester begin, I would like to take this time to send out a big mahalo to UHM MOP Students Rachel Shackne and Jessica Lotts who contributed to nearly all of our issues last term. I would also like to say thank you to UHM MOP Student Camra Hopper who contributed to the first issue of this semester. These three lovely ladies have volunteered their time to help make Seawords great by writing terrific articles. Associate Editor Brijonnay Madrigal and I greatly appreciate all their volunteer work and look forward to working with them as the semester goes on. Thank you for reading,
--Kathryn Lam, Seawords Editor
DECEMBER  2014  |3
MOP Graduati by Kathryn Lam, Editor
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n December 12 at 5 pm, MOP students, staff and friends gathered in Dean Hall 104 for MOP’s Fall 2014 graduation ceremony. There were five graduates this semester, three from UH Mānoa and two from UH Hilo. UHM MOP Coordinator, Jeff Kuwabara gave the opening remarks. The keynote speaker, NOAA Maritime Heritage Coordinator and Unit Diving Coordinator for NOAA’s Office of Marine Sanctuary’s Pacific Region Dr. Hans Van Tilburg gave a talk called “Piracy is Forever.” Van Tilburg talked about how piracy as a culture is intriguing to Americans perhaps because it represents rugged individualism and also because we have descended from pirates. Next, Kuwabara awarded the Mānoa MOP graduates with the certificates. After accepting their certificates, each graduate talked about their future plans. After graduation, Alix Gibson plans to get a job in a marine science field. She would like to focus on ecosystem management but first would like to either intern or volunteer in order to gain experience with ecosystems and understand them fully. George Huss has joined the U.S. Coast Guard Reserves and will attend East Carolina University for their graduate program where he will study maritime history and archaeology. Justin Miyano is applying to the NOAA Corps. He will hear back from them somewhere between March and July. Meanwhile he plans to continue in the Monk Seal Program and would like to get experience working on a research vessel. Closing remarks were by MOP Director, Dr. Cynthia Hunter who said thank you to all the friends and supporters of the graduates and wished the graduates themselves good luck, asking them to stay in touch. Good luck to all the MOP graduates of Fall 2014! n
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From left to right: Hunter, Miyano, Huss, Gibson, Kuwabara, an Kayleige Flynn, UH HiloCertificate title: Buoy Data Analysis Project title: Wave direction and height using the Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) Datawell Mark II Waverider Data Buoy located off the coast of Hilo
Katrina Peterson, Hilo-
Certificate title: Marine O and Education
Project title: Marine Outre Education Project: Ocean and Earth Fair 2014
ion Fall 2014
nd Van Tilburg. (Wester/UHM MOP). UH
Outreach
each and n Day
Alix Gibson, UH Mﾄ］oa-
George Huss, UH Mﾄ］oa-
Certificate title: Marine Education
Certificate title: Maritime Archaeology
Project title: Data Analysis and Summer Camp Internship at the Roundhouse Aquarium
Project title: The Bob Krauss Memorial Pacific Commercial Advertiser Shipwreck Article Database
Justin Miyano, UH Mﾄ］oaCertificate title: Coral Reef Research Project title: Ocean acidification effects on coral reef bio erosion
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NEWS OCEAN UPDATES By Camra Hopper, UHM MOP Student
AN ESTIMATED 50-80% OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH IS FOUND UNDER THE OCEAN SURFACE. There is so much going on in the big blue that here at Seawords we like to keep you updated on a couple of these happenings. Each month in this space readers can learn about a few interesting things that are going on in the ocean around the world.
Arabian Sea On December 3, 2014 PLOS ONE Journal published an article stating that a small, non-migratory population of humpback whales in the Arabian Sea, is now being classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Sixty-seven Arabian Sea humpback whale tissue samples were used in comparison to other data sets from the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific, to show that the population gene flow has been isolated for the past 70,000 years, making the population highly distinct. This pod is also the world’s most isolated humpback whale population. Researchers that came from around world to study these humpback whales suggest the status on the IUCN Red List be raised to “Critically Endangered” due to the great concern for their survival. Tu Delft, Netherlands The oceans are polluted with 150 million tons of plastic. Although society is aware of this problem, there has yet to be a solution that is cost effective enough to be used. Nineteen-year-old Boyan Slat and 100 colleagues from Tu Delft, Netherlands have decided to dedicate their years to creating a cost effective technique that will collect the plastic and waste floating 6| Seawords
Simon K Ager/Flicker Sixty-seven Arabian Sea humpback whale tissue samples were compared to other data sets from the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific to show that gene flow has been limited for the past 70,000 years, making the Arabian Sea population highly distinct.
within the oceans. Their idea of the Ocean Cleanup Project, is supported by crowd funding and is located at the University of Delft in Tu Delft, Netherlands. Slat has developed a 100 km long barrier floating on the ocean’s surface made to catch floating plastic and allow marine life to pass underneath, while using the currents to remove the trash into a large storage tower. The estimated cost of the final construction would be about 370 million U.S. dollars, which is 30 times cheaper than current conventional methods. Northern Hemisphere According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions continue to remain neutral. For anomalies to be consistent, a full El Niño or La Niña temperatures must meet or exceed +/- 0.5°C for three consecutive months. There is a 58% chancethat El Niño will take place in the Northern Hemisphere, during their winter, and will decrease into the Northern Hemisphere’s 2015 spring. Sea surface temperatures (SST) show positive equatorial anomalies across the Pacific Ocean. As of late September through late November, within the North Pacific and North America, there have been above-average temperatures in the West and below-average temperatures in the East. Effects of El Niño’s warm waters in the West can lead to habitat destruction by changing the usual environment for marine life that normally live in colder water. This also applies to warm water being in the East, where marine life prefer colder water. North Pacific On December 7, 1992 deep-water microphones used to monitor enemy submarines, picked up the song of a blue whale with a high pitch frequency of 52 Hz. Normally, blue whales produce sounds withfrequencies between 15 and 20Hz and their song plays a huge role in sexual selection. Throughout the years to come, the whale that emitting these unusually low sounds, named “52”, was being tracked by Joe George and Velma Ronquille. During those years they noticed that there were no other whales with him, even as 52 was calling out, no one was answering. Since then that whale has been known as the “52 Hz Whale” or the Loneliest Whale. As of today, Josh Zeman is a filmmaker currently working on a documentary called 52: The Search for the Loneliest Whale in the World. The film is not only trying to incorporate scientific research, but is also hoping to connect it to modern loneliness and how isolation has become an issue in today’s society. People are coming together to help find the lonely whale because some, like Zeman, said they, “Just want to give it a hug.”
Horacio Lyon/Flickr Icebergs, like the one depicted above, are in as much trouble as ever before. Based on current rates of melting, glaciers near Pine Island and Thwaites Ice Stream in Antarctica are predicted to collapse in 200 years.
ages breaking off Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier and slipping into the Amundsen Sea. National Geographic reports that melting Antarctic glaciers that are large enough can raise worldwide sea levels by more than a meter, while all the ice sheets together hold enough water to raise sea levels by 16 feet (five meters). On December 3, 2014 the World Meteorological Organization announced that 2014 is to be the warmest year on record. Based on the current rate of melting, glaciers near the Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers in the Antarctic will collapse in 200 years due to several reasons, such as shoaling. “If this shoaling rate continues, there is a very high likelihood the warm water will reach the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, with consequences which are huge,” Sunke Schmidtko of the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research said. n
Antarctica An iceberg called B3 has been seen from satellite imJANUARY 2015 |7
Sunset in the Arctic To drill or not to drill, that is the question. By Jessica Lotts, UHM MOP Student
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ccording to an article on Business Week website, oil prices have been dropping, making it so that “some companies may soon not be able to afford to drill for it.” However, because these changes have been so recent it is still unknown what the effects of this will be on the future of oil drilling in the Arctic and, with the development of new technologies, it is becoming more feasible, posing a major threat to wildlife. As of 2008, the United States Geological Survey has estimated that the Arctic contains about 412 billion barrels of undiscovered oil. In the past, drilling for oil in the Arctic was never a possibility due to lack of technology and the sheer amount of resources needed to drill into the ice. However, the National Snow and Ice Data Center has revealed that the recorded ice measurement in November 2014 was the 9th lowest on satellite record. This opens up many areas that were previously inaccessible, allowing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units the opportunity to travel further into the Arctic, according to MarineLink reports. Though the potential oil drilling could have more positive impacts on oil prices, the impact it could have on Arctic wildlife could be devestating. According to the National Wildlife Refuge, the proposed oil drilling would happen on the 1.5 million acre coastal plain along the Beaufort Sea, right in the heart of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In addition, according to a report by the Defenders of Wildlife, the ANWR is in “meltdown mode.” The decrease in sea ice is drastically affecting marine mammals such as walruses and polar bears who rely on the ice for shelter. Many walruses have had to resort to beaching themselves due to the lack of ice. If the oil drilling in the Arctic starts, the ANWR estimates that 16 out of 38 Arctic mammals would be categorized as either extremely or highly vulnerable. The Defenders of Wildlife non-profit organization claims that the Arctic Refuge is one of the most sensitive ecosystems in the world. The development of oil drills in the Arctic would leave the environment vulnerable to negative long-term affects due to the harsh climate and short growing season not providing enough time for wildlife to recover. n You can read more about the walrus beaching events on page 11 of the November 2014 issue of Seawords at: http://issuu.com/seawords/docs/november_2014.
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NASA/Flickr JANUARY 2015窶ポ9
ART
by Rajiv Mohabir Rajiv Mohabir is a graduate student with the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa’s English Department. You can find more of his poetry at his website: http://www.rajivmohabir.com
la mer i. variables are like hinges; it could have been anyone lit at the angle of a five p.m. sun on secret beach the deep blue deepening tinny blues in dark. or the first time you saw a living coral up close shaped like the brain of some unfortunate giant, or forgetful, the giant that lost its head (x), you corrected. the sand body of a monk seal lazes in the sun green algae fuzzing its wrinkles of skin and your with your shaved head that’s you (y). (endangered and fragile, home in only this singular environment.) the lack of nutrients and copepods algae and phytoplankton make the water clear and without the trash of your temporary language for us (z), i am clear too. ii. [the sound of you slapping up photos on the wall in a rusty house.] some wet reeds and a dried coconut, a purple sea-vine flower momentarily stayed in the tumble of waves. au ciel d’ete confond ses blancs moutons avec les anges si purs 10| Seawords
you played that scratchy tin of francoise hardy, swinging your hips to the cadence of surf and say you could have been anyone— a song i only knew in translation. look at those white sea-birds, the rusted houses behind the wet reeds. la mer bergere d’azur infinie a ship that goes sailing. a fluke of the tongue, the last impression of a great animal before a deep dive. iii. an indonesian sailing vessel off raja ampat hurls dynamite into the silvering mirror of a bio diverse reef, fringing an island in underwater antlers. the blasted sharks, crates, damselfish, mandarinfish, angelfish, pikeblenny, and stargazers surface in the light beams above where the sun breaks its rays into shafts and shards of rainbows, to an afterlife on a chopping block and serrated steel. you never heard about the u.s. government (using the reef around kahoolawe as a testing ground for then wartime torpedoes). on the boat, the rusting tail obscured by movement and new growth. together we seldom acknowledge the pain embedded in our invariable pattern. (x) explosion, (y) silence, (x) explosion, (y) silence, (x) explosion— (z).
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¡Viva la vaquita! (Save the vaquita!)
Figure 1: The vaquita 2010 team. (Photo courtesy of Thomas Jefferson)
By Brijonnay Madrigal, Associate Editor
T
he American Cetacean Society is an organization dedicated to the protection of dolphins, whales and porpoises and their habitat, through public education, research grants and conservation actions. Since the inception of the American Cetacean Society Student Coalition at UH-Mānoa in January 2014, student members have conducted service projects and have participated in marine mammal events (i.e. speakers, workshops) on O‘ahu. The American Cetacean Society 14th International Conference was held this November and two UH students from the American Cetacean Society Student Coalition at UHM attended the conference in Newport Beach, CA. The theme of this year’s conference was “Tuned into Whales: Conservation, Research and Education”. The conference had an incredible lineup of cetologists1 and researchers from around the U.S. discussing their work and contributions to the field in a series of sessions throughout the weekend event. While also focusing on research, conservation is also a
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huge component of the conference. The conservation issue highlighted at this conference was the situation of the small porpoise species known as the vaquita (Phocoena sinus). This species is at the forefront of the endangered species agenda because its current populations are so depleted. A Small, But Unique Species The vaquita21inhabits a small area of 4,000 km2 within the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico between Baja California and the Western Coast of Mexico. They are unique to the porpoise family because they are some of the only porpoises that inhabit tropical waters and the only cetacean endemic to Mexico. The vaquita also has the largest dorsal fin of any porpoise species which may lead to better circulation to aid in better thermoregulation to deal with severe temperature changes. 1 A scientist/researcher who studies cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises). 2 Refer to Figure 2.
Conservationists and researchers alike are concerned that this porpoise species may suffer the same fate as the Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), the Chinese river dolphin that was officially deemed extinct in 2006. Unlike the Baiji, whose river water was severely polluted, the ocean in which the vaquita resides is clean and healthy. The determined cause of their near extinction status is the gill nets used by Mexican fisherman. Experts believe that if gill nets were removed from their environment, this would allow the vaquita to fully recover. With no closely related species, it is hoped that this species does not become extinct. Much remains to be seen regarding the vaquita’s influence on the ecosystem which is why it is important for this species to repopulate so they can be assessed in the future. Given the current trajectory, it is probable that within the next few years the vaquita may be extinct. Several mitigation strategies have been enacted on behalf of the Mexican government to avoid reaching the point of no return. Vaquita Recovery Projects In 1994, the Mexican authorities listed the vaquita as endangered after over almost 40 years of gill netting influencing populations. A large valuable fish, the Totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), the main commercially gillnetted fish in Mexico during the 1930’s- 70’s, yielded a Vaquita gillnet bycatch rate of 58 porpoises per year. This significantly contributed to the decline but with the banning of the Totoaba fishery, vaquita were surviving better. The conception of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA) of 1996 strengthened the campaign and CIRVA created management plans based both on scientific evidence and socioeconomic factors. The announcement in 2007 of the creation of the Species Conservation Program (PACE) on behalf of the vaquita, by Mexico President Felipe Caldarone, marked the first conservation policy of its kind. Currently, the Mexican government is making great efforts to save the vaquita through PACE, the largest conservation program effort in Mexico’s history. Unfortunately, there are currently fewer than 100 individuals due to the continuation of gill netting in the areas where the vaquita inhabit. The population
Figure 2: The vaquita porpoise, also known as the Gulf of California harbor porpoise is at the forefront of the endangered species agenda because of the depleted state of its populations. (Photo courtesy of Thomas Jefferson) was approximately 5,000 in 1930 and over the last 85 years has decreased to about two percent of the initial population. However, efforts are still being made by the Mexican authorities to solve this problem. In 2013, Mexico enacted a plan to maintain sustainable fisheries by using modified nets to avoid vaquita bycatch. Hopefully this influential step will positively impact vaquita populations in Mexico for years to come. n ¡Viva la vaquita! If you would like more information or would like to take action visit the following websites that are committed to conservation of the Vaquita, through the insemination of knowledge and detailing ways you can help: http://www.vivavaquita.org/takeaction.html http://vaquita.tv/about-vaquita/what-can-you-do/ http://www.sospecies.org/sos_projects/mammals/vaquitas/ http://acsonline.org/
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Actions for the Ocean
BLUE By Brijonnay Madrigal, Associate Editor
THE OCEAN SPANS OVER 70 PERCENT OF OUR WORLD. It is responsible for regulating temperature, food production, sustaining numerous marine species, and is a source for inspiration among multiple other things. The ocean gives us so much and it is time for us to return the favor and take actions to make the ocean ecosystem healthy again. Almost every action that we take affects the ocean in some way. Our everyday choices can be tailored to support a healthy ocean. Here are some examples of green acts that will keep the ocean blue.
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M
ake a difference in your community by joining an organization that takes part in service projects related to ocean conservation. There are many local organizations as well as clubs through the UH campus system that you can get involved in. We encourage you to take action and consider one of the organizations listed below: O‘ahu 1. Ocean Count (Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary): On the last Saturday of each month (January 31, February 28, and March 28.) sign up to volunteer and count whales for a day to help the community count the Koholā off the O‘ahu Coast. (http:// hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/involved/ocwelcome.html) 2. Mālama Maunalua: help to restore watershed systems and remove invasive algae from the shorelines to help increase biodiversity in these areas. (http://malamamaunalua.org/) 3. Sustainable Coastlines Hawai‘i: help with beach cleanups around the island! (http://sustainablecoastlineshawaii.org/) 4. Surfrider Foundation: This California based organization was founded by surfers who were concerned about the environmental effects coastal development was having on their favorite surf spot. Today, there are 84 Surfrider chapters across the world including O‘ahu, Kaua‘i, Maui and two on the Big Island. Surfrider also boasts 30 high school and college clubs, so if you are interested in beach access, water quality, coastal preservation (coastal development) and/or protection, this is the organization for you. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa: 1. Biology Club: each semester, the Biology Club plans an events schedule that includes service projects such as the Waimea Audubon Conservation Project, Kalihi Ahupua‘a Ulu Pono Ahahui (KAUPA) Adopt a Stream Project, and various beach clean-ups. 2. American Cetacean Society: each semester ACS chooses a campaign on a given marine conservation focus. For Fall 2014, the campaign focused on beach clean-ups but check them out next semester to see what new campaign they choose!
If you do not attend UH Mānoa, there should be other organizations you can join on your home campus. If not, what better way to give back to the environment than to start your own Registered Independent Organization (RIO).
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Wanna sea something cool? By Rachel Shackne, UHM MOP Student
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o one can resist wanting to cuddle up to an uhu (parrotfish) when you get up close and personal with them and see their “happy go lucky” facial expressions. However, though we can have a deep emotional connection to the organisms that live in the marine world, we can also respect them as a valuable food source. Understanding proper fishery management techniques can allow us to have a relationship with fishes in both a scientific and a resource setting. Fishes account for 13-17% of global animal protein consumption by humans, totaling an annual harvest of 86 million tons of fishes worldwide. Being the incredible resource fishes are, humans have drastically altered fish populations through overfishing, depleting 90% of large predatory fish populations. In a scientific survey of Hawaiian fisheries management, it was reported that 80% of total fisheries was by-catch, which indicates that the commercial fishing industry is not properly managed in its current state. That being said, if you have a deep hankering for a fish dinner, either pick fish species that are lower on the food chain to consume (such as tilapia) or go invest in a three-prong spear and see what you can catch out in the ocean! With a little luck, patience, and water in your wetsuit, who knows what you’ll be able to serve up!n
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Critter of the Month: 18| Seawords
Photo credit: UHM MOP Student Tate Wester
White tipped slug Scientific Name: Flabellina exoptata Most commonly found on vertical walls and wrecks, UHM MOP Student Tate Wester took this picture at Lana‘i Lookout. The white tipped slug, also called the desirable nudibranch in some guide books, has orange rhinophores and cerata banded with purple and with bright white tips. This nudibranch can grow up to three quarters of an inch at maturity and is native to Hawai‘i and the Indo-Pacific.
CALL TO ACTION Please check nearby coral reefs and report any signs of bleaching. Make an online report: www.eorhawaii.org Send photos to:
rrcpcoordinator@gmail.com Bleached coral (on right) next to normal coral (left) at Lanikai, O‘ahu on 9/23/2014 Photo credit: C. Hunter
Multiple reports of coral bleaching have recently been received through the Eyes of the Reef Network. ‘Bleaching’ is a coral stress response, in this case likely due to high temperatures. It describes the loss of color from coral tissue, which makes the coral appear white. Corals can recover from bleaching if temperatures return to a normal range. The peak bleaching season for the Pacific is July-- September.
More examples of coral bleaching:
Photo credit: J. Kenyon Photo credit: G. Aeby
Want to know more about the EOR Network or coral bleaching? www.oerhawaii.org www.facebook.com/eyesofthereef Flyer created by and used with permission from: Eyes of the Reef JANUARY 2015 |19
Calendar of Events at UH Sea Grant’s Hanauma Bay Education Program Marine Science in East O‘ahu
***Presentations take place in the theater of the Hanauma Bay Education Center, beginning at 6:30 p.m. every Thursday evening. Events are free and open to the public with no charge for parking after 5:30pm***
January Events
Science and Sustainable Seafood
The HBEP educational lecture series, ‘Sundays at the Bay,’ will be on holiday hiatus until 11 January. JANUARY 11 “Bottoms up! Demand for Hawai‘i Bottomfish Revisited” Justin Hospital, Socioeconomics Groups NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center JANUARY 18 “Hō‘ala Loko I‘a: Resolving Permitting Challenges for Traditional Hawaiian Fishponds” TBA JANUARY 21 “Historical Exploitation and the Recent Recovery of Hawaiian Green Turtles “ Kyle S. Van Houton, Ph.D., Turtle Research Program, Protected Species Division NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
For more information or questions please contact: Hanauma Bay Education Program 100 Hanauma Bay Rd. Honolulu, HI 96825 Phone: (808) 397-5840 Email: hanauma@hawaii.edu http://hbep.seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/
FLASHBACK: 1982 In 1982, Seawords ran a series of informational posts about different species of whales. They covered everything from the Minke whale to the fin whale. In April of 1982, just ten years before “The Loneliest Whale” was first discovered, the blue whale was featured. Stop by the UHM MOP Study Center to borrow one of our archived copies of vintage Seawords and read what we wrote about whales in the 1980s. 20| Seawords
If you are interested in submitting articles, photography, or art to Seawords, send us an email at seawords@hawaii.edu with the subject line “Student submission.” We accept submissions year round.
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MOP & Community Events
Seawords Volume XXIX Number 1, January 2015 Editor: Kathryn Lam Associate Editor: Brijonnay Madrigal Dr. Cynthia Hunter (éminence grise) Seawords- Marine Option Program University of Hawai‘i, College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Telephone: (808) 956-8433 Email: <seawords@hawaii.edu> Website: <http://www.hawaii.edu/mop> Seawords is the monthly newsletter of the Marine Option Program at the University of Hawai‘i. Opinions expressed herein are not necessariliy those of the Marine Option Program or of the University of Hawai‘i. Suggestions and submissions are welcome. Submissions may include articles, photography, art work, or anything that may be of interest to the marine community in Hawai‘i and around the world. All photos are taken by MOP unless otherwise credited.
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University of Hawai`i at Mﾄ］oa Seawords, Marine Option Program College of Natural Sciences 2450 Campus Road, Dean Hall 105A Honolulu, HI 96822-2219 Address Service Requested
Thank you for reading!