Small anmails

Page 1

5OCNN #POCKNU

VJG EQPENQUQP VQ #0/#+.5

Contents 1

2

3

Animal

1

'V[OQNQI[

%JCTCEVGTKUVKEU

5VTWEVWTG

4GRTQFWEVKQP CPF FGXGNQROGPV

(QQF CPF GPGTI[ UQWTEKPI

1TKIKP CPF HQUUKN TGEQTF

)TQWRU QH CPKOCNU

%VGPQRJQTC 2QTKHGTC 2NCEQ\QC %PKFCTKC CPF $KNCVGTKC

&GWVGTQUVQOGU

'EF[UQ\QC

2NCV[\QC

.QRJQVTQEJQ\QC

/QFGN QTICPKUOU

*KUVQT[ QH ENCUUKáž·ECVKQP

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

$KDNKQITCRJ[

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

Book:Microsoft Windows

10

/KETQUQHV 9KPFQYU

Cat

11

0QOGPENCVWTG CPF GV[OQNQI[

6CZQPQO[ CPF GXQNWVKQP

)GPGVKEU

#PCVQO[

2J[UKQNQI[

5GPUGU

*GCNVJ

&KUGCUGU

2QKUQPKPI

K

KK

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$GJCXKQT

5QEKCDKNKV[

)TQQOKPI

(KIJVKPI

*WPVKPI CPF HGGFKPI

2NC[

4GRTQFWEVKQP

8QECNK\CVKQPU

'EQNQI[

*CDKVCVU

+ORCEV QP RTG[ URGEKGU

+ORCEV QP DKTFU

%CVU CPF JWOCPU

(GTCN ECVU

*KUVQT[ CPF O[VJQNQI[

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

House mouse

33

4

%JCTCEVGTKUVKEU

6CZQPQO[ CPF UWDURGEKGU

$GJCXKQWT

5QEKCN DGJCXKQWT

5GPUGU CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP

8KUKQP

1NHCEVKQP

6QWEJ

.KHG E[ENG CPF TGRTQFWEVKQP

.KHG GZRGEVCPE[

/KEG CPF JWOCPU

/KEG CPF FKUGCUGU

+PXCUKXG URGEKGU

+P HQNM EWNVWTG

4GHGTGPEGU

(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

6CZQPQO[

)GPGVKEU

/GFKC

(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

$KDNKQITCRJ[

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KKK

5

List of rodents of Australia

41

1NF ན'PFGOKEUཔ

/WTKFCG

0GY ན'PFGOKEUཔ

/WTKFCG

+PVTQFWEGF

/WTKFCG

5EKWTKFCG

0QVGU

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

6

7

Mouse

43

4GRTQFWEVKQP

.CDQTCVQT[ OKEG

5WDIGPGTC

#U RGVU

&KGV

#U HQQF

7UG HQT UGPUG QH UOGNN

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

Rat

47

5RGEKGU CPF FGUETKRVKQP

2GVU

5WDLGEVU HQT UEKGPVKáž·E TGUGCTEJ

+PVGNNKIGPEG

5QEKCN KPVGNNKIGPEG

(QQF

/GFKEKPG

1FQT FGVGEVKQP

4CVU CU RGUVU

4CVU CU KPXCUKXG URGEKGU

%WNVWTG

#UKCP EWNVWTGU

'WTQRGCP EWNVWTGU

(KEVKQP

6CZQPQO[ QH 3BUUVT

5RGEKGU

KX

8

$0/5&/54 5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

Rodent

56

%JCTCEVGTKUVKEU

&KUVTKDWVKQP CPF JCDKVCV

$GJCXKQT CPF NKHG JKUVQT[

(GGFKPI

5QEKCN DGJCXKQT

%QOOWPKECVKQP

/CVKPI UVTCVGIKGU

$KTVJ CPF RCTGPVKPI

%QIPKVKQP

%NCUUKáž·ECVKQP CPF GXQNWVKQP

'XQNWVKQPCT[ JKUVQT[

5VCPFCTF ENCUUKáž·ECVKQP

+PVGTCEVKQP YKVJ JWOCPU

%QPUGTXCVKQP

7UGU

#U RGUVU CPF FKUGCUG XGEVQTU

9

4GHGTGPEGU

(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

Squirrel

76

'V[OQNQI[

%JCTCEVGTKUVKEU

$GJCXKQT

(GGFKPI

6CZQPQO[

5GG CNUQ

0QVGU

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

10 User:SC1234567890

82

6GZV CPF KOCIG UQWTEGU EQPVTKDWVQTU CPF NKEGPUGU

6GZV

+OCIGU

%QPVGPV NKEGPUG

Chapter 1

Animal (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG #PKOCN FKUCODKIWCVKQP KPI HQQF KP CP KPVGTPCN EJCODGT YJKEJ UGRCTCVGU VJGO ན#PKOCNKCཔ TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG #PKOCNKC HTQO RNCPVU CPF CNICG = ? 6JG[ CTG CNUQ FKUVKPIWKUJGF HTQO

FKUCODKIWCVKQP RNCPVU CNICG CPF HWPIK D[ NCEMKPI TKIKF EGNN YCNNU = ? #NN CPKOCNU CTG OQVKNG = ? KH QPN[ CV EGTVCKP NKHG UVCIGU +P OQUV = ? Animals CTG OWNVKEGNNWNCT GWMCT[QVKE QTICPKUOU QH VJG CPKOCNU GODT[QU RCUU VJTQWIJ C DNCUVWNC UVCIG YJKEJ KU C EJCTCEVGTKUVKE GZENWUKXG VQ CPKOCNU MKPIFQO Animalia CNUQ ECNNGF Metazoa 6JGKT DQF[

RNCP GXGPVWCNN[ DGEQOGU ិZGF CU VJG[ FGXGNQR CNVJQWIJ UQOG WPFGTIQ C RTQEGUU QH OGVCOQTRJQUKU NCVGT QP KP 1.2.1 Structure VJGKT NKXGU /QUV CPKOCNU CTG OQVKNG OGCPKPI VJG[ ECP OQXG URQPVCPGQWUN[ CPF KPFGRGPFGPVN[ #NN CPKOCNU OWUV 9KVJ C HGY GZEGRVKQPU OQUV PQVCDN[ VJG URQPIGU 2J[ KPIGUV QVJGT QTICPKUOU QT VJGKT RTQFWEVU HQT UWUVGPCPEG NWO 2QTKHGTC CPF 2NCEQ\QC CPKOCNU JCXG DQFKGU FKាGT

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ិUJ OQNNWUEU ENCOU CTG ECNNGF OGVC\QCPU QT GWOGVC\QCPU YJGP VJG HQTOGT KU Q[UVGTU QEVQRWUGU USWKF UPCKNU CTVJTQRQFU OKNNKRGFGU WUGF HQT CPKOCNU KP IGPGTCN = ? EGPVKRGFGU KPUGEVU URKFGTU UEQTRKQPU ETCDU NQDUVGTU #NN CPKOCNU JCXG GWMCT[QVKE EGNNU UWTTQWPFGF D[ C EJCT UJTKOR CPPGNKFU GCTVJYQTOU NGGEJGU URQPIGU CPF CEVGTKUVKE GZVTCEGNNWNCT OCVTKZ EQORQUGF QH EQNNCIGP CPF LGNN[ិUJ GNCUVKE IN[EQRTQVGKPU = ? 6JKU OC[ DG ECNEKិGF VQ HQTO UVTWEVWTGU NKMG UJGNNU DQPGU CPF URKEWNGU = ? &WTKPI FG XGNQROGPV KV HQTOU C TGNCVKXGN[ ីGZKDNG HTCOGYQTM= ? WRQP YJKEJ EGNNU ECP OQXG CDQWV CPF DG TGQTICPK\GF 1.1 Etymology OCMKPI EQORNGZ UVTWEVWTGU RQUUKDNG +P EQPVTCUV QVJGT 6JG YQTF ནCPKOCNཔ EQOGU HTQO VJG .CVKP YQTF BOJNBMJT OWNVKEGNNWNCT QTICPKUOU NKMG RNCPVU CPF HWPIK JCXG EGNNU D[ EGNN YCNNU CPF UQ FGXGNQR D[ RTQITGUUKXG OGCPKPI ནJCXKPI DTGCVJ = ? +P GXGT[FC[ PQP UEKGPVKិE WU JGNF KP RNCEG = ? ITQYVJ #NUQ WPKSWG VQ CPKOCN EGNNU CTG VJG HQNNQYKPI CIG VJG YQTF GZENWFGU JWOCPU ཊ VJCV KU ནCPKOCNཔ KU QHVGP KPVGTEGNNWNCT LWPEVKQPU VKIJV LWPEVKQPU ICR LWPEVKQPU CPF WUGF VQ TGHGT QPN[ VQ PQP JWOCP OGODGTU QH VJG MKPI = ? FGUOQUQOGU FQO #PKOCNKC QHVGP QPN[ ENQUGT TGNCVKXGU QH JWOCPU UWEJ CU OCOOCNU QT OCOOCNU CPF QVJGT XGTVGDTCVGU CTG OGCPV = ? 6JG DKQNQIKECN FGិPKVKQP QH VJG YQTF TGHGTU 1.2.2 Reproduction and development VQ CNN OGODGTU QH VJG MKPIFQO #PKOCNKC GPEQORCUU KPI ETGCVWTGU CU FKXGTUG CU URQPIGU LGNN[ិUJ KPUGEVU CPF 5GG CNUQ 5GZWCN TGRTQFWEVKQP h #PKOCNU CPF #UGZWCN TG JWOCPU = ? RTQFWEVKQP h 'ZCORNGU KP CPKOCNU 0GCTN[ CNN CPKOCNU WPFGTIQ UQOG HQTO QH UGZWCN TG RTQFWEVKQP = ? 6JG[ JCXG C HGY URGEKCNK\GF TGRTQFWEVKXG EGNNU YJKEJ WPFGTIQ OGKQUKU VQ RTQFWEG UOCNNGT OQVKNG 1.2 Characteristics URGTOCVQ\QC QT NCTIGT PQP OQVKNG QXC = ? 6JGUG HWUG VQ = ? #PKOCNU JCXG UGXGTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU VJCV UGV VJGO CRCTV HQTO \[IQVGU YJKEJ FGXGNQR KPVQ PGY KPFKXKFWCNU

HTQO QVJGT NKXKPI VJKPIU #PKOCNU CTG GWMCT[QVKE CPF /CP[ CPKOCNU CTG CNUQ ECRCDNG QH CUGZWCN TGRTQFWE OWNVKEGNNWNCT = ? YJKEJ UGRCTCVGU VJGO HTQO DCEVGTKC CPF VKQP = ? 6JKU OC[ VCMG RNCEG VJTQWIJ RCTVJGPQIGPGUKU OQUV RTQVKUVU 6JG[ CTG JGVGTQVTQRJKE = ? IGPGTCNN[ FKIGUV YJGTG HGTVKNG GIIU CTG RTQFWEGF YKVJQWV OCVKPI DWFFKPI

$)"15&3 "/*."-

" OFXU MVOH DFMM TUBJOFE XJUI તVPSFTDFOU EZFT VOEFSHPJOH UIF FBSMZ BOBQIBTF TUBHF PG NJUPTJT

QT HTCIOGPVCVKQP = ?

GCVKPI RNCPVU QT RNCPV GCVKPI CPKOCNU /QUV RNCPVU WUG NKIJV VQ EQPXGTV KPQTICPKE OQNGEWNGU KP VJGKT GPXKTQPOGPV KPVQ ECTDQJ[FTCVGU HCVU RTQVGKPU CPF QVJGT DKQOQNGEWNGU EJCTCEVGTKUVKECNN[ EQPVCKPKPI TGFWEGF ECTDQP KP VJG HQTO QH ECTDQP J[FTQIGP DQPFU 5VCTVKPI YKVJ ECTDQP FKQZ KFG %12 CPF YCVGT *2 1 RJQVQU[PVJGUKU EQPXGTVU VJG GPGTI[ QH UWPNKIJV KPVQ EJGOKECN GPGTI[ KP VJG HQTO QH UKORNG UWICTU G I INWEQUG YKVJ VJG TGNGCUG QH OQNGE WNCT QZ[IGP 6JGUG UWICTU CTG VJGP WUGF CU VJG DWKNF KPI DNQEMU HQT RNCPV ITQYVJ KPENWFKPI VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH QVJGT DKQOQNGEWNGU = ? 9JGP CP CPKOCN GCVU RNCPVU QT GCVU QVJGT CPKOCNU YJKEJ JCXG GCVGP RNCPVU VJG TGFWEGF ECTDQP EQORQWPFU KP VJG HQQF DGEQOG C UQWTEG QH GPGTI[ CPF DWKNFKPI OCVGTKCNU HQT VJG CPKOCN = ? 6JG[ CTG GKVJGT WUGF FKTGEVN[ VQ JGNR VJG CPKOCN ITQY QT DTQMGP FQYP TGNGCUKPI UVQTGF UQNCT GPGTI[ CPF IKXKPI VJG CPKOCN VJG GPGTI[ TGSWKTGF HQT OQVKQP = ?= ? #PKOCNU NKXKPI ENQUG VQ J[FTQVJGTOCN XGPVU CPF EQNF UGGRU QP VJG QEGCP ីQQT CTG PQV FGRGPFGPV QP VJG GPGTI[ QH UWPNKIJV = ? +PUVGCF EJGOQU[PVJGVKE CTEJCGC CPF DCEVGTKC HQTO VJG DCUG QH VJG HQQF EJCKP = ?

# \[IQVG KPKVKCNN[ FGXGNQRU KPVQ C JQNNQY URJGTG ECNNGF C DNCUVWNC = ? YJKEJ WPFGTIQGU TGCTTCPIGOGPV CPF FKH HGTGPVKCVKQP +P URQPIGU DNCUVWNC NCTXCG UYKO VQ C PGY 1.3 Origin and fossil record NQECVKQP CPF FGXGNQR KPVQ C PGY URQPIG = ? +P OQUV QVJGT ITQWRU VJG DNCUVWNC WPFGTIQGU OQTG EQORNKECVGF TGCTTCPIGOGPV = ? +V ិTUV KPXCIKPCVGU VQ HQTO C ICUVTWNC (WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP 7TOGVC\QCP YKVJ C FKIGUVKXG EJCODGT CPF VYQ UGRCTCVG IGTO NC[GTU #PKOCNU CTG IGPGTCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF VQ JCXG GXQNXGF HTQO ཋ CP GZVGTPCN GEVQFGTO CPF CP KPVGTPCN GPFQFGTO = ? +P OQUV ECUGU C OGUQFGTO CNUQ FGXGNQRU DGVYGGP VJGO = ? 6JGUG IGTO NC[GTU VJGP FKាGTGPVKCVG VQ HQTO VKUUWGU CPF QTICPU = ?

1.2.3

Food and energy sourcing

/CKP CTVKENG #PKOCN PWVTKVKQP #NN CPKOCNU CTG JGVGTQVTQRJU OGCPKPI VJCV VJG[ HGGF FK TGEVN[ QT KPFKTGEVN[ QP QVJGT NKXKPI VJKPIU = ? 6JG[ CTG QHVGP HWTVJGT UWDFKXKFGF KPVQ ITQWRU UWEJ CU ECTPKXQTGU JGTDKXQTGU QOPKXQTGU CPF RCTCUKVGU = ? &WPMNGQUVGWU XBT B NFUSF MPOH GU QSFIJTUPSJD ણTI < > 2TGFCVKQP KU C DKQNQIKECN KPVGTCEVKQP YJGTG C RTGFCVQT C JGVGTQVTQRJ VJCV KU JWPVKPI HGGFU QP KVU RTG[ VJG QTICP C ីCIGNNCVGF GWMCT[QVG = ? 6JGKT ENQUGUV MPQYP NKXKPI TGN KUO VJCV KU CVVCEMGF = ? 2TGFCVQTU OC[ QT OC[ PQV MKNN CVKXGU CTG VJG EJQCPQីCIGNNCVGU EQNNCTGF ីCIGNNCVGU VJCV VJGKT RTG[ RTKQT VQ HGGFKPI QP VJGO DWV VJG CEV QH RTGFC JCXG C OQTRJQNQI[ UKOKNCT VQ VJG EJQCPQE[VGU QH EGT VKQP CNOQUV CNYC[U TGUWNVU KP VJG FGCVJ QH VJG RTG[ = ? 6JG VCKP URQPIGU = ? /QNGEWNCT UVWFKGU RNCEG CPKOCNU KP C QVJGT OCKP ECVGIQT[ QH EQPUWORVKQP KU FGVTKVKXQT[ VJG UWRGTITQWR ECNNGF VJG QRKUVJQMQPVU YJKEJ CNUQ KPENWFG EQPUWORVKQP QH FGCF QTICPKE OCVVGT = ? +V ECP CV VKOGU VJG EJQCPQីCIGNNCVGU HWPIK CPF C HGY UOCNN RCTCUKVKE DG FKáž¹EWNV VQ UGRCTCVG VJG VYQ HGGFKPI DGJCXKQWTU HQT RTQVKUVU = ? 6JG PCOG EQOGU HTQO VJG RQUVGTKQT NQECVKQP GZCORNG YJGTG RCTCUKVKE URGEKGU RTG[ QP C JQUV QTICPKUO QH VJG ីCIGNNWO KP OQVKNG EGNNU UWEJ CU OQUV CPKOCN URGT CPF VJGP NC[ VJGKT GIIU QP KV HQT VJGKT QាURTKPI VQ HGGF OCVQ\QC YJGTGCU QVJGT GWMCT[QVGU VGPF VQ JCXG CPVGTKQT QP KVU FGEC[KPI EQTRUG 5GNGEVKXG RTGUUWTGU KORQUGF QP ីCIGNNC = ? QPG CPQVJGT JCU NGF VQ CP GXQNWVKQPCT[ CTOU TCEG DGVYGGP 6JG áž·TUV HQUUKNU VJCV OKIJV TGRTGUGPV CPKOCNU CRRGCT KP RTG[ CPF RTGFCVQT TGUWNVKPI KP XCTKQWU CPVKRTGFCVQT CFCR VJG 6TG\QPC (QTOCVKQP CV 6TG\QPC $QTG 9GUV %GPVTCN VCVKQPU = ? (NKPFGTU 5QWVJ #WUVTCNKC = ? 6JGUG HQUUKNU CTG KPVGTRTGVGF /QUV CPKOCNU KPFKTGEVN[ WUG VJG GPGTI[ QH UWPNKIJV D[ CU DGKPI GCTN[ URQPIGU 6JG[ YGTG HQWPF KP OKNNKQP

(30614 0' "/*."-4

1.4.1 Ctenophora, Porifera, Cnidaria and Bilateria 6JG PGZV QNFGUV RQUUKDNG CPKOCN HQUUKNU CTG HQWPF VQYCTFU [GCT QNF TQEM = ?

Placozoa,

VJG GPF QH VJG 2TGECODTKCP CTQWPF OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ CPF CTG MPQYP CU VJG 'FKCECTCP QT 8GPFKCP DKQVC = ? 6JGUG CTG FKáž¹EWNV VQ TGNCVG VQ NCVGT HQUUKNU JQYGXGT 5QOG OC[ TGRTGUGPV RTGEWTUQTU QH OQFGTP RJ[NC DWV VJG[ OC[ DG UGRCTCVG ITQWRU CPF KV KU RQUUKDNG VJG[ CTG PQV TG CNN[ CPKOCNU CV CNN = ?

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ាGTGPV ITQWRU QT FWG VQ C EJCPIG KP EQPFKVKQPU VJCV OCFG HQUUKNK\CVKQP RQUUKDNG 5QOG RCNGQPVQNQIKUVU UWIIGUV VJCV CPKOCNU CRRGCTGF OWEJ GCTNKGT VJCP VJG %CODTKCP GZRNQUKQP RQUUKDN[ CU GCTN[ CU DKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ = ? 6TCEG HQUUKNU UWEJ CU VTCEMU CPF DWTTQYU HQWPF KP VJG 6QPKCP RGTKQF KPFKECVG VJG RTGUGPEG QH VTKRNQDNCUVKE YQTOU NKMG OGVC\QCPU TQWIJN[ CU NCTIG

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

1.4 Groups of animals 0SBOHF FMFQIBOU FBS TQPOHF #IGNCU ENCVJTQFGU JO GPSFHSPVOE 5XP DPSBMT JO UIF CBDLHSPVOE B TFB GBO +EKNKIQTIKC UEJTCOOK BOE B TFB SPE 2NGZCWTGNNC PWVCPU

5IF SFMBUJWF OVNCFS PG TQFDJFT DPOUSJCVUFE UP UIF UPUBM CZ FBDI QIZMVN PG BOJNBMT

6JG URQPIGU 2QTKHGTC YGTG NQPI VJQWIJV VQ JCXG FK XGTIGF HTQO QVJGT CPKOCNU GCTN[ = ? 6JG[ NCEM VJG EQO RNGZ QTICPK\CVKQP HQWPF KP OQUV QVJGT RJ[NC = ? 6JGKT EGNNU CTG FKាGTGPVKCVGF DWV KP OQUV ECUGU PQV QTICPK\GF KPVQ FKUVKPEV VKUUWGU = ? 5RQPIGU V[RKECNN[ HGGF D[ FTCYKPI KP YCVGT VJTQWIJ RQTGU = ? #TEJCGQE[CVJC YJKEJ JCXG HWUGF UMGNGVQPU OC[ TGRTGUGPV URQPIGU QT C UGRCTCVG RJ[NWO = ? *QYGXGT C RJ[NQIGPQOKE UVWF[ KP QH IGPGU KP CPKOCNU CETQUU RJ[NC TGXGCNGF VJCV KV KU VJG %VGPQRJQTC QT EQOD LGNNKGU YJKEJ CTG VJG DCUCN NKPGCIG QH CPKOCNU CV NGCUV COQPI VJQUG RJ[NC 6JG CWVJQTU URGEWNCVG VJCV URQPIGUཋQT CV NGCUV VJQUG NKPGU QH URQPIGU VJG[ KPXGUVKICVGFཋCTG PQV UQ RTKOKVKXG DWV OC[ KPUVGCF DG UGEQPFCTKN[ UKORNKិGF = ? #OQPI VJG QVJGT RJ[NC VJG %VGPQRJQTC CPF VJG %PKFCTKC

$)"15&3 "/*."-

YJKEJ KPENWFGU UGC CPGOQPGU EQTCNU CPF LGNN[áž·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

&GWVGTQUVQOGU FKាGT HTQO VJG QVJGT $KNCVGTKC ECNNGF RTQVQUVQOGU KP UGXGTCN YC[U +P DQVJ ECUGU VJGTG KU C EQORNGVG FKIGUVKXG VTCEV *QYGXGT KP RTQVQUVQOGU VJG ិTUV QRGPKPI QH VJG IWV VQ CRRGCT KP GODT[QNQI KECN FGXGNQROGPV VJG CTEJGPVGTQP FGXGNQRU KPVQ VJG OQWVJ YKVJ VJG CPWU HQTOKPI UGEQPFCTKN[ +P FGWVGTQU VQOGU VJG CPWU HQTOU ិTUV YKVJ VJG OQWVJ FGXGNQR KPI UGEQPFCTKN[ = ? +P OQUV RTQVQUVQOGU EGNNU UKORN[ ិNN KP VJG KPVGTKQT QH VJG ICUVTWNC VQ HQTO VJG OGUQFGTO ECNNGF UEJK\QEQGNQWU FGXGNQROGPV DWV KP FGWVGTQUVQOGU KV HQTOU VJTQWIJ KPXCIKPCVKQP QH VJG GPFQFGTO ECNNGF GP VGTQEQGNKE RQWEJKPI = ? &GWVGTQUVQOG GODT[QU WPFGTIQ TCFKCN ENGCXCIG FWTKPI EGNN FKXKUKQP YJKNG RTQVQUVQOGU WPFGTIQ URKTCN ENGCXCIG = ?

6JG TGOCKPKPI CPKOCNU HQTO C OQPQRJ[NGVKE ITQWR ECNNGF VJG $KNCVGTKC (QT VJG OQUV RCTV VJG[ CTG DKNCVGTCNN[ U[O OGVTKE CPF QHVGP JCXG C URGEKCNK\GF JGCF YKVJ HGGFKPI CPF UGPUQT[ QTICPU 6JG DQF[ KU VTKRNQDNCUVKE K G CNN VJTGG IGTO NC[GTU CTG YGNN FGXGNQRGF CPF VKUUWGU HQTO FKUVKPEV QTICPU 6JG FKIGUVKXG EJCODGT JCU VYQ QRGPKPIU C OQWVJ CPF CP CPWU CPF VJGTG KU CNUQ CP KPVGTPCN DQF[ ECXKV[ ECNNGF C EQGNQO QT RUGWFQEQGNQO 6JGTG CTG GZ EGRVKQPU VQ GCEJ QH VJGUG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU JQYGXGT ཋ HQT KPUVCPEG CFWNV GEJKPQFGTOU CTG TCFKCNN[ U[OOGVTKE CPF EGTVCKP RCTCUKVKE YQTOU JCXG GZVTGOGN[ UKORNKិGF DQF[ UVTWEVWTGU

#NN VJKU UWIIGUVU VJG FGWVGTQUVQOGU CPF RTQVQUVQOGU CTG UGRCTCVG OQPQRJ[NGVKE NKPGCIGU 6JG OCKP RJ[NC QH FGWVGTQUVQOGU CTG VJG 'EJKPQFGTOCVC CPF %JQTFCVC = ? 6JG HQTOGT CTG TCFKCNN[ U[OOGVTKE CPF GZENWUKXGN[ OC TKPG UWEJ CU UVCTáž·UJ UGC WTEJKPU CPF UGC EWEWODGTU = ? 6JG NCVVGT CTG FQOKPCVGF D[ VJG XGTVGDTCVGU CPKOCNU YKVJ DCEMDQPGU = ? 6JGUG KPENWFG áž·UJ CORJKDKCPU TGRVKNGU DKTFU CPF OCOOCNU = ? +P CFFKVKQP VQ VJGUG VJG FGWVGTQUVQOGU CNUQ KPENWFG VJG *GOKEJQTFCVC QT CEQTP YQTOU = ? #NVJQWIJ VJG[ CTG PQV GURGEKCNN[ RTQOKPGPV VQFC[ VJG KORQTVCPV HQUUKN ITCRVQNKVGU OC[ DGNQPI VQ VJKU ITQWR = ?

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

6JG %JCGVQIPCVJC QT CTTQY YQTOU OC[ CNUQ DG FGWVGTQU VQOGU DWV OQTG TGEGPV UVWFKGU UWIIGUV RTQVQUVQOG Cáž¹PK VKGU

1.4.2

1.4.3 Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomes

:FMMPX XJOHFE EBSUFS 5[ORGVTWO ីCXGQNWO

6JG 'EF[UQ\QC CTG RTQVQUVQOGU PCOGF CHVGT VJG EQO OQP VTCKV QH ITQYVJ D[ OQWNVKPI QT GEF[UKU = ? 6JG NCTIGUV CPKOCN RJ[NWO DGNQPIU JGTG VJG #TVJTQRQFC KPENWFKPI KPUGEVU URKFGTU ETCDU CPF VJGKT MKP #NN VJGUG QTICP KUOU JCXG C DQF[ FKXKFGF KPVQ TGRGCVKPI UGIOGPVU V[R KECNN[ YKVJ RCKTGF CRRGPFCIGU 6YQ UOCNNGT RJ[NC VJG 1P[EJQRJQTC CPF 6CTFKITCFC CTG ENQUG TGNCVKXGU QH VJG CTVJTQRQFU CPF UJCTG VJGUG VTCKVU 4VQFSC 'BJSZ XSFO /CNWTWU E[CPGWU

6JG GEF[UQ\QCPU CNUQ KPENWFG VJG 0GOCVQFC QT TQWPF YQTOU RGTJCRU VJG UGEQPF NCTIGUV CPKOCN RJ[NWO

.0%&- 03("/*4.4 4QWPFYQTOU CTG V[RKECNN[ OKETQUEQRKE CPF QEEWT KP PGCTN[ GXGT[ GPXKTQPOGPV YJGTG VJGTG KU YCVGT = ? # PWODGT CTG KORQTVCPV RCTCUKVGU = ? 5OCNNGT RJ[NC TG NCVGF VQ VJGO CTG VJG 0GOCVQOQTRJC QT JQTUGJCKT YQTOU CPF VJG -KPQTJ[PEJC 2TKCRWNKFC CPF .QTKEKHGTC 6JGUG ITQWRU JCXG C TGFWEGF EQGNQO ECNNGF C RUGWFQEQGNQO 6JG TGOCKPKPI VYQ ITQWRU QH RTQVQUVQOGU CTG UQOGVKOGU ITQWRGF VQIGVJGT CU VJG 5RKTCNKC UKPEG KP DQVJ GODT[QU FGXGNQR YKVJ URKTCN ENGCXCIG

1.4.4

Platyzoa

3PNBO TOBJM *GNKZ RQOCVKC

OQP RTGUGPEG QH VTQEJQRJQTG NCTXCG DWV VJG CPPGNKFU YGTG EQPUKFGTGF ENQUGT VQ VJG CTVJTQRQFU DGECWUG VJG[ CTG DQVJ UGIOGPVGF = ? 0QY VJKU KU IGPGTCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF EQPXGTIGPV GXQNWVKQP QYKPI VQ OCP[ OQTRJQNQIKECN CPF IGPGVKE FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJG VYQ RJ[NC = ?

2UGWFQDKEGTQU DGFHQTFK #FEGPSEࣙT તBUXPSN

6JG .QRJQVTQEJQ\QC CNUQ KPENWFG VJG 0GOGTVGC QT TKD DQP YQTOU VJG 5KRWPEWNC CPF UGXGTCN RJ[NC VJCV JCXG C TKPI QH EKNKCVGF VGPVCENGU CTQWPF VJG OQWVJ ECNNGF C NQRJQRJQTG = ? 6JGUG YGTG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ ITQWRGF VQ IGVJGT CU VJG NQRJQRJQTCVGU = ? DWV KV PQY CRRGCTU VJCV VJG NQRJQRJQTCVG ITQWR OC[ DG RCTCRJ[NGVKE = ? YKVJ UQOG ENQUGT VQ VJG PGOGTVGCPU CPF UQOG VQ VJG OQN NWUEU CPF CPPGNKFU = ?= ? 6JG[ KPENWFG VJG $TCEJKQRQFC QT NCOR UJGNNU YJKEJ CTG RTQOKPGPV KP VJG HQUUKN TGEQTF VJG 'PVQRTQEVC VJG 2JQTQPKFC CPF RQUUKDN[ VJG $T[Q\QC QT OQUU CPKOCNU = ?

6JG 2NCV[\QC KPENWFG VJG RJ[NWO 2NCV[JGNOKPVJGU VJG ីCVYQTOU = ? 6JGUG YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF UQOG QH VJG OQUV RTKOKVKXG $KNCVGTKC DWV KV PQY CRRGCTU VJG[ FG XGNQRGF HTQO OQTG EQORNGZ CPEGUVQTU = ? # PWODGT QH 1.5 Model organisms RCTCUKVGU CTG KPENWFGF KP VJKU ITQWR UWEJ CU VJG ី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

1.4.5

Lophotrochozoa

6JG .QRJQVTQEJQ\QC GXQNXGF YKVJKP 2TQVQUVQOKC KP ENWFG VYQ QH VJG OQUV UWEEGUUHWN CPKOCN RJ[NC VJG /QNNWUEC CPF #PPGNKFC = ?= ? 6JG HQTOGT YJKEJ KU VJG UGEQPF NCTIGUV CPKOCN RJ[NWO D[ PWODGT QH FGUETKDGF URGEKGU KPENWFGU CPKOCNU UWEJ CU UPCKNU ENCOU CPF USWKFU CPF VJG NCVVGT EQORTKUGU VJG UGIOGPVGF YQTOU UWEJ CU GCTVJYQTOU CPF NGGEJGU 6JGUG VYQ ITQWRU JCXG NQPI DGGP EQPUKFGTGF ENQUG TGNCVKXGU DGECWUG QH VJG EQO

$GECWUG QH VJG ITGCV FKXGTUKV[ HQWPF KP CPKOCNU KV KU OQTG GEQPQOKECN HQT UEKGPVKUVU VQ UVWF[ C UOCNN PWODGT QH EJQ UGP URGEKGU UQ VJCV EQPPGEVKQPU ECP DG FTCYP HTQO VJGKT YQTM CPF EQPENWUKQPU GZVTCRQNCVGF CDQWV JQY CPKOCNU HWPEVKQP KP IGPGTCN $GECWUG VJG[ CTG GCU[ VQ MGGR CPF DTGGF VJG HTWKV ី[ %SPTPQIJMB NFMBOPHBTUFS CPF VJG PG OCVQFG $BFOPSIBCEJUJT FMFHBOT JCXG NQPI DGGP VJG OQUV KPVGPUKXGN[ UVWFKGF OGVC\QCP OQFGN QTICPKUOU CPF YGTG COQPI VJG ិTUV NKHG HQTOU VQ DG IGPGVKECNN[ UGSWGPEGF 6JKU YCU HCEKNKVCVGF D[ VJG UGXGTGN[ TGFWEGF UVCVG QH VJGKT IGPQOGU DWV CU OCP[ IGPGU KPVTQPU CPF NKPMCIGU NQUV VJGUG GEF[UQ\QCPU ECP VGCEJ WU NKVVNG CDQWV VJG QTKIKPU QH CPKOCNU KP IGPGTCN 6JG GZVGPV QH VJKU V[RG QH GXQ NWVKQP YKVJKP VJG UWRGTRJ[NWO YKNN DG TGXGCNGF D[ VJG ETWUVCEGCP CPPGNKF CPF OQNNWUECP IGPQOG RTQLGEVU EWT TGPVN[ KP RTQITGUU #PCN[UKU QH VJG UVCTNGV UGC CPGOQPG IGPQOG JCU GORJCUKUGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QH URQPIGU RNC EQ\QCPU CPF EJQCPQីCIGNNCVGU CNUQ DGKPI UGSWGPEGF KP GZRNCKPKPI VJG CTTKXCN QH CPEGUVTCN IGPGU WPKSWG VQ VJG 'WOGVC\QC = ?

$)"15&3 "/*."-

#P CPCN[UKU QH VJG JQOQUENGTQOQTRJ URQPIG 0TDBSFMMB DBSNFMB CNUQ UWIIGUVU VJCV VJG NCUV EQOOQP CPEGUVQT QH URQPIGU CPF VJG GWOGVC\QCP CPKOCNU YCU OQTG EQORNGZ VJCP RTGXKQWUN[ CUUWOGF = ? 1VJGT OQFGN QTICPKUOU DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG CPKOCN MKPIFQO KPENWFG VJG JQWUG OQWUG .VT NVTDVMVT CPF \GDTCិUJ

%BOJP SFSJP

1.6 History of classification

• 'VJQNQI[ • (CWPC • .KUV QH CPKOCN PCOGU • .KUV QH CPKOCNU D[ PWODGT QH PGWTQPU • .KUVU QH CPKOCNU • .KUVU QH QTICPKUOU D[ RQRWNCVKQP • <QQNQI[

1.8 References = ? %TGUUYGNN ,WNKC 5IF 0YGPSE %JDUJPOBSZ PG 8PSE 0SJHJOT PF GF 0GY ;QTM 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 JCXKPI VJG DTGCVJ QH NKHG HTQO CPKOC CKT DTGCVJ NKHG = ? ན#PKOCNUཔ /GTTKCO 9GDUVGTཐU 4GVTKGXGF /C[ C QPG QH VJG NQYGT CPKOCNU CU FKUVKPIWKUJGF HTQO JWOCP DGKPIU D OCOOCN CSPBEMZ XGTVGDTCVG = ? ན#PKOCNཔ 5IF "NFSJDBO )FSJUBHF %JDUJPOBSZ VJ GF *QWIJVQP /KឺKP %QORCP[ = ? ན2CPFC %NCUUTQQOཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGODGT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? $GTIOCP ,GPPKHGT ན*GVGTQVTQRJUཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

$BSM -JOOBFVT LOPXO BT UIF GBUIFS PG NPEFSO UBYPOPNZ

#TKUVQVNG FKXKFGF VJG NKXKPI YQTNF DGVYGGP CPKOCNU CPF RNCPVU CPF VJKU YCU HQNNQYGF D[ %CTN .KPPCGWU KP VJG ិTUV JKGTCTEJKECN ENCUUKិECVKQP = ? +P .KPPCGWUཐU QTKIKPCN UEJGOG VJG CPKOCNU YGTG QPG QH VJTGG MKPIFQOU FKXKFGF KPVQ VJG ENCUUGU QH 8GTOGU +PUGEVC 2KUEGU #ORJKDKC #XGU CPF /COOCNKC 5KPEG VJGP VJG NCUV HQWT JCXG CNN DGGP UWDUWOGF KPVQ C UKPING RJ[NWO VJG %JQTFCVC YJGTGCU VJG XCTKQWU QVJGT HQTOU JCXG DGGP UGRCTCVGF QWV

= ? &QWINCU #PIGNC ' 4CXGP ,QJP # ན)GPQOGU CV VJG KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP DCEVGTKC CPF QTICPGNNGUཔ 1IJMPTPQI JDBM 5SBOTBDUJPOT PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ # 358 ཊ FKUEWUUKQP ཊ FQK TUVD 2/% 2/+& = ? &CXKFUQP /KEJCGN 9 ན#PKOCN %GNN 5VTWEVWTGཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGODGT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 5CWRG 5 ) ན%QPEGRVU QH $KQNQI[པ 5GRVGODGT

4GVTKGXGF

= ? /KPMQា 'NK % #BSSPOࣙT &; 4UVEZ ,FZT 4F SJFT #JPMPHZ PF TGXKUGF GF $CTTQPཐU 'FWECVKQPCN 5G TKGU R +5$0

+P 'TPUV *CGEMGN FKXKFGF VJG CPKOCN MKPIFQO KPVQ = ? #FCO %CTT %JTKUVKPG *C[JQG %JTKUV[ *C[JQG &QW VYQ UWDMKPIFQOU /GVC\QC OWNVKEGNNWNCT CPKOCNU CPF INCU *C[JQG -CVJCTKPG 4DJFODF 1FSTQFDUJWFT 2TQVQ\QC UKPING EGNNGF CPKOCNU = ? 6JG RTQVQ\QC YGTG 0GNUQP 'FWECVKQP .VF +5$0 NCVGT OQXGF VQ VJG MKPIFQO 2TQVKUVC NGCXKPI QPN[ VJG OGVC\QC 6JWU /GVC\QC KU PQY EQPUKFGTGF C U[PQP[O = ? *KNNOGT )GTQ .GJOCPP 7NTKEJ 'PTTJM *OWFSUF CSBUFT 6TCPUNCVGF D[ , .GVVCW %72 #TEJKXG R QH #PKOCNKC = ? +5$0 +550

1.7 See also • #PKOCN EQNQTCVKQP • $KQNQIKECN ENCUUKិECVKQP

= ? #NDGTVU $TWEG ,QJPUQP #NGZCPFGT .GYKU ,WNKCP 4Cា /CTVKP 4QDGTVU -GKVJ 9CNVGT 2GVGT .PMFDVMBS #JPMPHZ PG UIF $FMM VJ GF 0GY ;QTM )CTNCPF 5EKGPEG = ? 5CPIYCN -GUJTC "EEJUJWFT BOE DSZTUBMMJ[BUJPO QSP DFTTFT GSPN GVOEBNFOUBMT UP BQQMJDBUJPOT ,QJP 9KNG[ CPF 5QPU R +5$0

3&'&3&/$&4 = ? $GEMGT 9C[PG / 5IF XPSME PG UIF DFMM $GP LCOKP %WOOKPIU +5$0 = ? /CINQKTG -KO $SBDLJOH UIF "1 #JPMPHZ &YBN ргУ &EJUJPO 6JG 2TKPEGVQP 4GXKGY R +5$0

= ? %NWVVGTDWEM 2GVGT 6OEFSTUBOEJOH 4DJFODF 6QQFS 1SJNBSZ $NCMG 'FWECVKQP R +5$0 = ? )WRVC 2 - (FOFUJDT $MBTTJDBM 5P .PEFSO 4CUVQIK 2WD NKECVKQPU R +5$0

= ? -PQDKN 'TPUV &ODZDMPQFEJB PG SFQSPEVDUJPO 7PM VNF #ECFGOKE 2TGUU R +5$0

= ? )CTTGVV 4GIKPCNF )TKUJCO %JCTNGU / #JPDIFN JTUSZ %GPICIG .GCTPKPI R +5$0

= ? 5EJYCTV\ ,KNN .BTUFS UIF (&% X $% 2G VGTUQPр╜РU R +5$0

= ? /FX TDJFOUJTU +2% /CIC\KPGU 152 р╜К

= ? *COKNVQP /CVVJGY $ 1PQVMBUJPO HFOFUJDT 9KNG[ $NCEMYGNN R +5$0

= ? %CUVTQ 2GVGT *WDGT /KEJCGN ' .BSJOF #JPM PHZ VJ GF /E)TCY *KNN R +5$0

= ? #FK[QFK - ) *WIJGU 4QIGT 0 #FK[QFK 4KVC )

3FQSPEVDUJWF #JPMPHZ PG *OWFSUFCSBUFT 1SPHSFTT JO "TFYVBM 3FQSPEVDUJPO 7PMVNF 9KNG[ R = ? -CRNCP (3& FYBN TVCKFDU UFTU -CRNCP 2WDNKUJKPI R +5$0 = ? 6OJ 4UVEZ 1BDLBHF 'PS .FEJDBM $PMMFHF &OUSBODF &YBNJOBUJPOT 6CVC /E)TCY *KNN R +5$0 = ? 8KNNG %NCWFG #NXKP 9CNMGT 9CTTGP (TCPMNKP $CTPGU 4QDGTV & (FOFSBM [PPMPHZ 5CWPFGTU %QNNGIG 2WD R +5$0 = ? *COKNVQP 9KNNKCO ,COGU $Q[F ,COGU &KZQP /QUUOCP *CTNCPF 9KPсЮ╖GNF )VNBO FNCSZPMPHZ QSFOBUBM EFWFMPQNFOU PG GPSN BOE GVODUJPO 9KNNKCOU 9KNMKPU R = ? 2JKNKRU ,Q[ $ %FWFMPQNFOU PG WFSUFCSBUF BOBUPNZ /QUD[ R +5$0 = ? 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB "NFSJDBOB B MJCSBSZ PG VOJWFSTBM LOPXMFEHF 7PMVNF 'PE[ENQRGFKC #OGTKECPC %QTR R = ? 4QOQUGT 9KNNKCO 5 5VQсЮ╢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

&DPMPHZ PG NBSJOF ркгTIFT $BMJGPSOJB BOE BEKBDFOU XBUFST 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU R +5$0

= ? /QPUVGT сЮ╖UJ ETWUJGF QRRQUKVKQP YKVJ UVTQPIGUV DKVG GXGT = ? %CORDGNN 0KGN # #JPMPHZ PF GF $GP LCOKP %WOOKPIU 2WD %Q R +5$0 = ? 4KEJCTF 4 $GJTKPIGT #NGZCPFGT & ,QJPUQP 4QDGTV ' -TWONCWH /KEJCGN - .GXKPG 0KRCO 2CVGN 0GGNKOC 5KPJC GF &NFSHJOH NPEFM PSHBOJTNT B MBCP SBUPSZ NBOVBM 7PMVNF KNNWUVTCVGF GF %QNF 5RTKPI *CTDQT .CDQTCVQT[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? *CNN $TKCP -GKVJ *CNNIT┬оOUUQP $GPGFKMV 5VTKEMDGTIGT /QPTQG 9 4USJDLCFSHFSргЩT FWPMVUJPO UIF JOUFHSB UJPO PG HFOFT PSHBOJTNT BOE QPQVMBUJPOT ,QPGU $CTVNGVV .GCTPKPI R +5$0 = ? *COKNVQP )KPC ,JOHEPNT PG -JGF ргУ "OJNBMT &/ )"/$&% F#PPL .QTGP\ 'FWECVKQPCN 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? /CNQQH #FCO % 4QUG %CVJGTKPG 8 $GCEJ 4QDGTV 5COWGNU $TCFNG[ / %CNOGV %NCKTG % 'TYKP &QW INCU * 2QKTKGT )GTCNF 4 ;CQ 0CP 5KOQPU (TGFGTKM , #WIWUV р╜У2QUUKDNG CPKOCN DQF[ HQUUKNU KP RTG /CTKPQCP NKOGUVQPGU HTQO 5QWVJ #WUVTCNKCр╜Ф /BUVSF (FPTDJFODF 3 $KDEQFG 0CV)G / FQK PIGQ = ? %QUVC ,COGU 6 &CTYKP %JCTNGU 5IF BOOPUBUFE 0SJHJO B GBDTJNJMF PG UIF ркгSTU FEJUJPO PG 0O UIF PSJHJO PG TQFDJFT *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? 5EJQRH , 9KNNKCO &WPMVUJPO GBDUT BOE GBMMBDJFT #ECFGOKE 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? /KNUQO %NCTG 4KID[ 5WG 'PTTJMT BU B (MBODF ,QJP 9KNG[ CPF 5QPU +5$0 = ? %CORDGNN 0GKN # 4GGEG ,CPG $ #JPMPHZ VJ GF 2GCTUQP $GPLCOKP %WOOKPIU R +5$0 = ? 5GKNCEJGT #FQNH $QUG 2TCFKR - 2сЮ╕WIGT (TKGFTKEJ

р╜У#PKOCNU /QTG 6JCP $KNNKQP ;GCTU #IQ 6TCEG (QUUKN 'XKFGPEG HTQO +PFKCр╜Ф 4DJFODF 282 р╜К $KDEQFG 5EK 5 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+&

= ? /CV\ /KMJCKN 8 (TCPM 6COCTC / /CTUJCNN 0 ,WUVKP 9KFFGT 'FKVJ # ,QJPUGP 5·PMG ན)KCPV &GGR 5GC 2TQVKUV 2TQFWEGU $KNCVGTKCP NKMG 6TCEGUཔ $VSSFOU #JPMPHZ 18 ཊ FQK L EWD 2/+& #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP &G EGODGT 4GVTKGXGF = ? 4GKNN[ /KEJCGN 0QXGODGT ན5KPING EGNNGF IKCPV WRGPFU GCTN[ GXQNWVKQPཔ /50$% 4GVTKGXGF = ? 4[CP ,( 2CPI - %QORCTCVKXG 5GSWGPEKPI 2TQITCO 0KUE /WNNKMKP ,COGU % /CTVKPFCNG /CTM 3 $CZG XCPKU #PFTGCU & ན6JG JQOGQFQOCKP EQORNG OGPV QH VJG EVGPQRJQTG .OFNJPQTJT MFJEZJ UWIIGUVU VJCV %VGPQRJQTC CPF 2QTKHGTC FKXGTIGF RTKQT VQ VJG 2CTC*QZ Q\QCཔ &WPEFWP 1 FQK 2/% 2/+& = ? .GJOCPP , 5VCFNGT 2( -TCWUU 8 0GCT KPVTQP RCKTU CPF VJG OGVC\QCP VTGG .PM 1IZMPHFOFU &WPM FQK L [ORGX = ? ན6JG )GPQOG QH VJG %VGPQRJQTG .OFNJPQTJT MFJ EZJ CPF KVU +ORNKECVKQPU HQT %GNN 6[RG 'XQNW VKQPཔ 4DJFODF 342 &GEGODGT FQK UEKGPEG 2/% 2/+& = ? ན6JG EVGPQRJQTTG IGPQOG CPF VJG GXQNWVKQPCT[ QTKIKPU QH PGWTCN U[UVGOUཔ /BUVSF 510 ,WPG FQK PCVWTG = ? $JCOTCJ * 5 ,WPGLC -CXKVC "O *OUSPEVDUJPO UP 1PSJGFSB #POQN 2WDNKECVKQPU 286 .6& R +5$0 = ? 5WOKEJ ,COGU . -BCPSBUPSZ BOE 'JFME *OWFTUJ HBUJPOT JO .BSJOF -JGF ,QPGU $CTVNGVV .GCTPKPI R +5$0 = ? ,GUUQR 0CPE[ /G[GT #JPTQIFSF B TUVEZ PG MJGF 2TGPVKEG *CNN R = ? 5JCTOC 0 5 $POUJOVJUZ "OE &WPMVUJPO 0G "OJ NBMT /KVVCN 2WDNKECVKQPU R +5$0 = ? .D(SBX )JMM FODZDMPQFEJB PG TDJFODF UFDIOPMPHZ .&5 /*$ 7PMVNF VJ GF /E)TCY *KNN R +5$0 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ = ? &WPP %CUG[ 9 GV CN

#RTKN ན$TQCF RJ[NQIGPQOKE UCORNKPI KORTQXGU TGUQNW VKQP QH VJG CPKOCN VTGG QH NKHGཔ /BUVSF 452

ཊ $KDEQFG 0CVWT & FQK PCVWTG 2/+& = ? .CPIUVTQVJ .QXGNN .CPIUVTQVJ .KDD[ 0GYDGTT[ 6QFF GF " -JWJOH #BZ 5IF 6OEFSXBUFS 8PSME PG .PO UFSFZ #BZ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? 5CHTC ,CEQD ' 5IF /FX &ODZDMPQ¦EJB #SJUBO OJDB 7PMVNF 'PE[ENQR§FKC $TKVCPPKEC R +5$0 = ? -QVRCN 4 . .PEFSO 5FYU #PPL PG ;PPMPHZ *OWFSUFCSBUFT 4CUVQIK 2WDNKECVKQPU R +5$0

$)"15&3 "/*."= ? 0GY &GGR 5GC #PKOCN 5RGEKGU .QQM .KMG /WUJTQQOU DWV &GH[ %NCUUKិECVKQP = ? 2GVGTU -GPPGVJ ' 9CNVGTU %NKាQTF % /QNFQYCP , /KEJCGN 5IF #JPNBSLFS (VJEF #JPNBSLFST BOE JTPUPQFT JO QFUSPMFVN TZTUFNT BOE &BSUI IJTUPSZ 2 %CO DTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? 5CHTC ,CEQD ' 5IF /FX &ODZDMPQ¦EJB #SJUBO OJDB 7PMVNF 7PMVNF 'PE[ENQR§FKC $TKVCPPKEC R +5$0 = ? 8CNGPVKPG ,COGU 9 ,WN[ ན%NGCXCIG RCV VGTPU CPF VJG VQRQNQI[ QH VJG OGVC\QCP VTGG QH NKHGཔ 1/"4 6JG 0CVKQPCN #ECFGO[ QH 5EKGPEGU 94 ཊ $KDEQFG 20#5 8 FQK RPCU 2/% 2/+& = ? *[FG -GPPGVJ ;PPMPHZ "O *OTJEF 7JFX PG "OJ NBMT -GPFCNN *WPV R +5$0 = ? #NECOQ 'FYCTF #JPMPHZ $PMPSJOH 8PSLCPPL 6JG 2TKPEGVQP 4GXKGY R +5$0 = ? *QNOGU 6JQO 5IF 'JSTU 7FSUFCSBUFT +PHQDCUG 2WDNKUJKPI R +5$0 = ? 4KEG 5VCPNG[ # &ODZDMPQFEJB PG FWPMVUJPO +P HQDCUG 2WDNKUJKPI R +5$0 = ? 6QDKP #NNCP , &WUJGEM ,GPPKG "TLJOH BCPVU MJGF %GPICIG .GCTPKPI R +5$0 = ? 5CHTC ,CEQD ' 5IF /FX &ODZDMPQ¦EJB #SJUBO OJDB 7PMVNF 'PE[ENQR§FKC $TKVCPPKEC R +5$0 = ? &CYMKPU 4KEJCTF 5IF "ODFTUPSࣙT 5BMF " 1JMHSJN BHF UP UIF %BXO PG &WPMVUJPO *QWIJVQP /KឺKP *CTEQWTV R +5$0 = ? 2TGYKVV 0CPE[ . 7PFGTYQQF .CTT[ 5 5WTXGT 9KNNKCO

#JP*ORVJSZ NBLJOH DPOOFDUJPOT JO CJPMPHZ ,QJP 9KNG[ R +5$0 = ? 5EJOKF *GORGN 2CWN 1BSBTJUFT JO TPDJBM JOTFDUT 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? )KNUQP VKGPPG &M FTQ­SJUV EF MB ણMPTPG­B NF EJFWBM 'FKEKQPGU 4KCNR R +5$0 = ? 4WK\ 6TKNNQ +²CMK 4KWVQTV /CTVC .KVVNGYQQF & 6KO QVJ[ , *GTPKQW 'NKUCDGVJ # $CIW²C ,CWOG ན#EQGN (NCVYQTOU 'CTNKGUV 'ZVCPV $KNCVGTKCP /GVC \QCPU 0QV /GODGTU QH 2NCV[JGNOKPVJGUཔ 4DJFODF 283

ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK 4 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? 6QFCTQ #PVQPKQ ན)CUVTQVTKEJC 1XGTXKGYཔ (BT USPUSJDIB 8PSME 1PSUBM 7PKXGTUKV[ QH /QFGPC 4GIIKQ 'OKNKC 4GVTKGXGF

#*#-*0(3"1): = ? -TKUVGPUGP 4GKPJCTFV /¹DLGTI ན#P +PVTQFWE VKQP VQ .QTKEKHGTC %[ENKQRJQTC CPF /KETQIPCVJQ\QCཔ *OUFHSBUJWF BOE $PNQBSBUJWF #JPMPHZ 42 ཊ FQK KED 2/+& = ? ན$KQFKXGTUKV[ /QNNWUECཔ 6JG 5EQVVKUJ #UUQEKCVKQP HQT /CTKPG 5EKGPEG #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WN[ 4GVTKGXGF = ? 4WUUGNN $TWEG , 9TKVGT &GPPKPI &CXKF 9TKVGT

#SBODIFT PO UIF 5SFF PG -JGF "OOFMJET 8*5 $KQ/'&+# #551%+#6'5 = ? 'GTPKUUG &QWINCU , #NDGTV ,COGU 5 #PFGTUQP (TCPM ' 5GRVGODGT ན#PPGNKFC CPF #TVJTQRQFC CTG PQV UKUVGT VCZC # RJ[NQIGPGVKE CPCN[UKU QH URKTCNGCP OGVC \QCP OQTRJQNQI[པ 4ZTUFNBUJD #JPMPHZ 41 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? -KO %JCPI $CG /QQP 5GWPI ;GQ )GNFGT 5VW CTV 4 -KO 9QP ན2J[NQIGPGVKE 4GNCVKQP UJKRU QH #PPGNKFU /QNNWUEU CPF #TVJTQRQFU 'XKFGPEGF HTQO /QNGEWNGU CPF /QTRJQNQI[པ +PVSOBM PG .PMFDV MBS &WPMVUJPO 0GY ;QTM 5RTKPIGT 43 ཊ FQK 2. 2/+& = ? %QNNKPU #NNGP ) 5IF -PQIPQIPSF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC /WUGWO QH 2CNGQPVQNQI[ = ? #FQWVVG #PFTª $CNCXQKPG )WKNNCWOG .CTVKNNQV 0KEQ NCU .GURKPGV 1NKXKGT 2TWF *QOOG $GPLCOKP &G 4QUC 4GPCWF ན6JG PGY CPKOCN RJ[NQIGP[ 4GNKC DKNKV[ CPF KORNKECVKQPUཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF /BUJPOBM "DBEFNZ PG 4DJFODFT PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT PG "NFSJDB 97 ཊ $KDEQFG 20#5 # FQK RPCU 2/% 2/+& = ? 2CUUCOCPGEM ;CNG , ན/QNGEWNCT 2J[NQIGPGVKEU QH VJG /GVC\QCP %NCFG .QRJQVTQEJQ\QCཔ 2&( R ^EJCRVGT KIPQTGF JGNR = ? 5WPFDGTI 2GT 6WTDGXKNNG , / .KPFJ 5WUCPPG ན2J[NQIGPGVKE TGNCVKQPUJKRU COQPI JKIJGT PGOGTVGCP 0G OGTVGC VCZC KPHGTTGF HTQO 5 T&0# UGSWGPEGUཔ .PMFD VMBS 1IZMPHFOFUJDT BOE &WPMVUJPO 20 ཊ FQK ORGX 2/+& = ? $QQTG ,GាTG[ . 5VCVQP ,QUGRJ . ན6JG OKVQ EJQPFTKCN IGPQOG QH VJG 5KRWPEWNKF 2JCUEQNQRUKU IQWNFKK UWRRQTVU KVU CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ #PPGNKFC TCVJGT VJCP /QN NWUECཔ 2&( .PMFDVMBS #JPMPHZ BOE &WPMVUJPO 19 ཊ FQK QZHQTFLQWTPCNU OQNDGX C 2/+& #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 0QXGODGT 4GVTKGXGF = ? 0KGNUGP %NCWU ན$T[Q\QC 'EVQRTQEVC /QUUཐ #P KOCNU &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4DJFODFT ,QJP 9KNG[ 5QPU .VF FQK PRI GNU +5$0 4GVTKGXGF = ? 2WVPCO 0KEJQNCU * GV CN ན5GC CPGOQPG IGPQOG TGXGCNU CPEGUVTCN GWOGVC\QCP IGPG TGRGT VQKTG CPF IGPQOKE QTICPK\CVKQPཔ 4DJFODF 317

ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK 2 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+&

= ? :KWLWCP 9CPI .CXTQX &GPPKU 8 1EVQDGT ན/KVQEJQPFTKCN )GPQOG QH VJG JQOQUENGTQOQTRJ 0T DBSFMMB DBSNFMB 2QTKHGTC &GOQURQPIKCG 4GXGCNU 7PGZ RGEVGF %QORNGZKV[ KP VJG %QOOQP #PEGUVQT QH 5RQPIGU CPF 1VJGT #PKOCNUཔ .PMFDVMBS #JPMPHZ BOE &WPMVUJPO 24 ཊ FQK OQNDGX OUN 2/+& = ? .KPPCGWU %CTQNWU 4ZTUFNB OBUVSBF QFS SFHOB USJB OBUVSBF TFDVOEVN DMBTTFT PSEJOFT HFOFSB TQFDJFT DVN DIBSBDUFSJCVT EJઢFSFOUJJT TZOPOZNJT MPDJT KP .CVKP

VJ GF *QNOKCG .CWTGPVKK 5CNXKK #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGO DGT = ? *CGEMGN 'TPUV "OUISPQPHFOJF PEFS &OUXJDL FMVOHTHFTDIJDIUF EFT NFOTDIFO KP )GTOCP .GKR\KI R = ? *WVEJKPU /KEJCGN (S[JNFLࣙT "OJNBM -JGF &O DZDMPQFEJB PF GF &GVTQKV )CNG R +5$0

1.9 Bibliography • %NCWU 0KGNUGP "OJNBM &WPMVUJPO *OUFSSFMBUJPOTIJQT PG UIF -JWJOH 1IZMB ཋ TF GF ཋ 0GY ;QTM 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU ཋ R ཋ +5$0 • -PWV 5EJOKFV 0KGNUGP "OJNBM 1IZTJPMPHZ "EBQ UBUJPO BOE &OWJSPONFOU VJ GFKVKQP %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU

1.10 External links • &CVC TGNCVGF VQ #PKOCNKC CV 9KMKURGEKGU • "OJNBM CV VJG 'PE[ENQRGFKC QH .KHG • 6TGG QH .KHG 2TQLGEV • #PKOCN &KXGTUKV[ 9GD ཊ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH /KEJKICP U FCVCDCUG QH CPKOCNU UJQYKPI VCZQPQOKE ENCUUKិEC VKQP KOCIGU CPF QVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP • #4-KXG ཊ OWNVKOGFKC FCVCDCUG QH YQTNFYKFG GP FCPIGTGF RTQVGEVGF URGEKGU CPF EQOOQP URGEKGU QH 7- • 6JG #PKOCN -KPIFQO • 5EKGPVKិE #OGTKECP /CIC\KPG &GEGODGT +U UWG ཊ )GVVKPI C .GI 7R QP .CPF #DQWV VJG GXQNW VKQP QH HQWT NKODGF CPKOCNU HTQO ិUJ

Chapter 2

Book:Microsoft Windows 2.1 Microsoft Windows /KETQUQHV 9KPFQYU *KUVQT[ QH /KETQUQHV 9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU 9KPFQYU GFKVKQPU Windows 8 9KPFQYU 9KPFQYU GFKVKQPU

6KOGNKPG QH /KETQUQHV 9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU 46

%TKVKEKUO QH /KETQUQHV 9KPFQYU MS-DOS /5 &15 9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU Windows Server 9KPFQYU 5GTXGT 9KPFQYU 5GTXGT

9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU 5GTXGT 'UUGPVKCNU

9KPFQYU Z

9KPFQYU *QOG 5GTXGT

9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU 5GTXGT

9KPFQYU Z

9KPFQYU 5GTXGT 4

9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU *QOG 5GTXGT

9KPFQYU 9KPFQYU /' Windows NT 9KPFQYU 06

9KPFQYU 5GTXGT Windows Mobile/Phone 9KPFQYU /QDKNG 9KPFQYU 2JQPG

9KPFQYU 06

9KPFQYU %'

9KPFQYU 06

2QEMGV 2%

9KPFQYU 06

9KPFQYU /QDKNG

9KPFQYU 06

9KPFQYU /QDKNG

9KPFQYU

9KPFQYU /QDKNG

Windows XP 9KPFQYU :2

9KPFQYU /QDKNG

9KPFQYU :2 GFKVKQPU

9KPFQYU /QDKNG

9KPFQYU :2 2TQHGUUKQPCN Z 'FKVKQP

9KPFQYU 2JQPG

9KPFQYU :2 /GFKC %GPVGT 'FKVKQP

9KPFQYU 2JQPG

9KPFQYU (WPFCOGPVCNU HQT .GICE[ 2%U Windows Vista and 7 9KPFQYU 8KUVC 9KPFQYU 8KUVC GFKVKQPU

Chapter 3

Cat 6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG ECV URGEKGU VJCV KU EQOOQPN[ MGRV 3.1 Nomenclature and etymology CU C RGV (QT VJG ECV HCOKN[ UGG (GNKFCG (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG %CV FKUCODKIWCVKQP CPF %CVU FKUCODKIWCVKQP 6JG 'PINKUJ YQTF ECV 1NF 'PINKUJ DBUU KU KP QTKIKP C NQCPYQTF KPVTQFWEGF VQ OCP[ NCPIWCIGU QH 'WTQRG HTQO 6JG domestic cat= ?= ? 'FMJT DBUVT= ? QT 'FMJT TJMWFTUSJT .CVKP DBUUVT= ? CPF $[\CPVKPG )TGGM ͱͣͻͻͨ KPENWFKPI DBUVT= ? KU C UOCNN WUWCNN[ HWTT[ FQOGUVKECVGF CPF 2QTVWIWGUG CPF 5RCPKUJ HBUP (TGPEJ DIBU )GTOCP ,BU[F ECTPKXQTQWU OCOOCN +V KU QHVGP ECNNGF C housecat YJGP .KVJWCPKCP LBU× CPF 1NF %JWTEJ 5NCXQPKE LPULB COQPI MGRV CU CP KPFQQT RGV = ? QT UKORN[ C cat YJGP VJGTG KU PQ QVJGTU = ? 6JG WNVKOCVG UQWTEG QH VJG YQTF KU #HTQCUKCVKE PGGF VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ KV HTQO QVJGT HGNKFU CPF HGNKPGU %CVU RTGUWOCDN[ HTQO .CVG 'I[RVKCP ÍBVUF = ? VJG HGOKPKPG QH CTG QHVGP XCNWGF D[ JWOCPU HQT EQORCPKQPUJKR CPF VJGKT ÍBVT ནYKNFECVཔ 6JG YQTF YCU KPVTQFWEGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG FQOGUVKE CPKOCN KVUGNH VQ VJG 4QOCP 4GRWDNKE D[ CDKNKV[ VQ JWPV XGTOKP CPF JQWUGJQNF RGUVU VJG ិTUV EGPVWT[ $% #P CNVGTPCVKXG YQTF YKVJ EQIPCVGU %CVU CTG UKOKNCT KP CPCVQO[ VQ VJG QVJGT HGNKFU YKVJ KP OCP[ NCPIWCIGU KU 'PINKUJ RWUU RWUU[ECV #VVGUVGF UVTQPI ីGZKDNG DQFKGU SWKEM TGីGZGU UJCTR TGVTCEVCDNG QPN[ HTQO VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV OC[ JCXG DGGP KPVTQFWEGF ENCYU CPF VGGVJ CFCRVGF VQ MKNNKPI UOCNN RTG[ %CV UGPUGU HTQO &WVEJ QPFT QT HTQO .QY )GTOCP QVVTLBUUF TGNCVGF ិV C ETGRWUEWNCT CPF RTGFCVQT[ GEQNQIKECN PKEJG %CVU ECP VQ 5YGFKUJ LBUUFQVT QT 0QTYGIKCP QVT QVTFLBUU 5KOKNCT JGCT UQWPFU VQQ HCKPV QT VQQ JKIJ KP HTGSWGPE[ HQT JWOCP HQTOU GZKUV KP .KVJWCPKCP QVJľ× CPF +TKUJ QVJTD­O 6JG GV GCTU UWEJ CU VJQUG OCFG D[ OKEG CPF QVJGT UOCNN CPKOCNU [OQNQI[ QH VJKU YQTF KU WPMPQYP DWV KV OC[ JCXG UKORN[ 6JG[ ECP UGG KP PGCT FCTMPGUU .KMG OQUV QVJGT OCO CTKUGP HTQO C UQWPF WUGF VQ CVVTCEV C ECV = ?= ? OCNU ECVU JCXG RQQTGT EQNQT XKUKQP CPF C DGVVGT UGPUG QH # ITQWR QH ECVU KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C ནENQYFGTཔ QT C UOGNN VJCP JWOCPU ནINCTKPIཔ = ? C OCNG ECV KU ECNNGF C ནVQOཔ QT ནVQOECVཔ= ? &GURKVG DGKPI UQNKVCT[ JWPVGTU ECVU CTG C UQEKCN URGEKGU

QT C ནIKDཔ = ? KH PGWVGTGF CP WPCNVGTGF HGOCNG KU ECNNGF C CPF ECV EQOOWPKECVKQP KPENWFGU VJG WUG QH C XCTK ནSWGGPཔ = ? CPF C RTGRWDGUEGPV LWXGPKNG KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU GV[ QH XQECNK\CVKQPU OGYKPI RWTTKPI VTKNNKPI JKUUKPI C MKVVGP #NVJQWIJ URC[GF HGOCNGU JCXG PQ EQOOQPN[ ITQYNKPI CPF ITWPVKPI CU YGNN CU ECV RJGTQOQPGU CPF WUGF PCOG KP UQOG TCTG KPUVCPEGU CP KOOCVWTG QT URC[GF = ? V[RGU QH ECV URGEKិE DQF[ NCPIWCIG HGOCNG KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C ནOQNN[པ 6JG OCNG RTQIGPKVQT %CVU JCXG C JKIJ DTGGFKPI TCVG 7PFGT EQPVTQNNGF DTGGF QH C ECV GURGEKCNN[ C RGFKITGGF ECV KU KVU ནUKTGཔ = ? CPF KPI VJG[ ECP DG DTGF CPF UJQYP CU TGIKUVGTGF RGFKITGG KVU HGOCNG RTQIGPKVQT KU KVU ནFCOཔ = ? +P 'CTN[ /QFGTP RGVU C JQDD[ MPQYP CU ECV HCPE[ (CKNWTG VQ EQPVTQN VJG 'PINKUJ VJG YQTF MKVVGP YCU KPVGTEJCPIGCDNG YKVJ VJG DTGGFKPI QH RGV ECVU D[ PGWVGTKPI CPF VJG CDCPFQPOGPV PQY QDUQNGVG YQTF ECVNKPI = ? QH HQTOGT JQWUGJQNF RGVU JCU TGUWNVGF KP NCTIG PWODGTU # RGFKITGGF ECV KU QPG YJQUG CPEGUVT[ KU TGEQTFGF D[ C QH HGTCN ECVU YQTNFYKFG TGSWKTKPI RQRWNCVKQP EQPVTQN = ? ECV HCPEKGT QTICPK\CVKQP # RWTGDTGF ECV KU QPG YJQUG 5KPEG ECVU YGTG EWNV CPKOCNU KP CPEKGPV 'I[RV VJG[ YGTG CPEGUVT[ EQPVCKPU QPN[ KPFKXKFWCNU QH VJG UCOG DTGGF EQOOQPN[ DGNKGXGF VQ JCXG DGGP FQOGUVKECVGF VJGTG = ? /CP[ RGFKITGGF CPF GURGEKCNN[ RWTGDTGF ECVU CTG GZJKD DWV VJGTG OC[ JCXG DGGP KPUVCPEGU QH FQOGUVKECVKQP CU KVGF CU UJQY ECVU %CVU QH WPTGEQTFGF OKZGF CPEGUVT[ GCTN[ CU VJG 0GQNKVJKE HTQO CTQWPF [GCTU CIQ CTG TGHGTTGF VQ CU FQOGUVKE UJQTV JCKTGF QT FQOGUVKE NQPI $% = ? # IGPGVKE UVWF[ KP EQPENWFGF VJCV FQOGU JCKTGF ECVU D[ EQCV V[RG QT EQOOQPN[ CU TCPFQO DTGF VKE ECVU CTG FGUEGPFGF HTQO #HTKECP YKNFECVU 'FMJT TJM OQIIKGU EJKGី[ $TKVKUJ QT WUKPI VGTOU DQTTQYGF HTQO WFTUSJT MZCJDB JCXKPI FKXGTIGF CTQWPF $% KP 9GUV FQI DTGGFKPI OQPITGNU QT OWVV ECVU #UKC = ?= ? %CVU CTG VJG OQUV RQRWNCT RGV KP VJG YQTNF 9JKNG VJG #HTKECP YKNFECV KU VJG CPEGUVTCN UWDURGEKGU HTQO CPF CTG PQY HQWPF KP CNOQUV GXGT[ RNCEG YJGTG JWOCPU YJKEJ FQOGUVKE ECVU CTG FGUEGPFGF CPF YKNFECVU CPF FQ = ? NKXG OGUVKE ECVU ECP EQORNGVGN[ KPVGTDTGGF UGXGTCN KPVGTOGFK CVG UVCIGU QEEWT DGVYGGP FQOGUVKE RGV CPF RGFKITGG ECVU QP QPG JCPF CPF VJQUG GPVKTGN[ YKNF CPKOCNU QP VJG QVJGT

$)"15&3 $"5

6JG UGOKHGTCN ECV C OQUVN[ QWVFQQT ECV KU PQV QYPGF D[ CP[ QPG KPFKXKFWCN DWV KU IGPGTCNN[ HTKGPFN[ VQ RGQRNG CPF OC[ DG HGF D[ UGXGTCN JQWUGJQNFU (GTCN ECVU CTG CUUQEK CVGF YKVJ JWOCP JCDKVCVKQP CTGCU CPF OC[ DG HGF D[ RGQ RNG QT HQTCIG KP TWDDKUJ DWV CTG V[RKECNN[ YCT[ QH JWOCP KPVGTCEVKQP = ?

OKZGF WUCIG QH VJG VGTOU CU VJG FQOGUVKE ECV ECP DG ECNNGF D[ KVU UWDURGEKGU PCOG 'FMJT TJMWFTUSJT DBUVT = ?= ?= ? 9KNFECVU JCXG CNUQ DGGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU XCTKQWU UWDURGEKGU QH ' DBUVT = ? DWV KP VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QOOKU UKQP QP <QQNQIKECN 0QOGPENCVWTG ិZGF VJG PCOG HQT YKNF ECVU CU ' TJMWFTUSJT = ? 6JG OQUV EQOOQP PCOG KP WUG HQT VJG FQOGUVKE ECV TGOCKPU ' DBUVT HQNNQYKPI C EQPXGPVKQP HQT FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU QH WUKPI VJG GCTNKGUV VJG UGPKQT U[PQP[O RTQRQUGF = ? 5QOGVKOGU VJG FQOGUVKE ECV JCU 3.2 Taxonomy and evolution DGGP ECNNGF 'FMJT EPNFTUJDVT= ? QT 'FMJT EPNFTUJDB = ? CU RTQRQUGF D[ )GTOCP PCVWTCNKUV , % 2 'TZNGDGP KP /CKP CTVKENG %CV GXQNWVKQP DWV VJGUG CTG PQV XCNKF VCZQPQOKE PCOGU CPF JCXG DGGP 6JG HGNKFU CTG C TCRKFN[ GXQNXKPI HCOKN[ QH OCOOCNU WUGF QPN[ TCTGN[ KP UEKGPVKិE NKVGTCVWTG = ? DGECWUG .KP PCGWUཐU DKPQOKCN VCMGU RTGEGFGPEG = ?

5IF XJMEDBU (GNKU UKNXGUVTKU N[DKEC JT UIF BODFTUPS PG UIF EPNFTUJD DBU

%CVU JCXG GKVJGT C OWVWCNKUVKE QT EQOOGPUCN TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ JWOCPU +P EQORCTKUQP VQ FQIU ECVU JCXG PQV WPFGT IQPG OCLQT EJCPIGU FWTKPI VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP RTQEGUU CU VJG HQTO CPF DGJCXKQT QH VJG FQOGUVKE ECV KU PQV TCFKECNN[ FKាGTGPV HTQO VJQUG QH YKNFECVU CPF FQOGUVKE ECVU CTG RGTHGEVN[ ECRCDNG QH UWTXKXKPI KP VJG YKNF = ?= ? 6JKU NKO KVGF GXQNWVKQP FWTKPI FQOGUVKECVKQP OGCPU VJCV FQOGUVKE ECVU VGPF VQ KPVGTDTGGF HTGGN[ YKVJ YKNF TGNCVKXGU = ? FKU VKPIWKUJKPI VJGO HTQO QVJGT FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU (WNN[ FQOGUVKECVGF JQWUG ECVU CNUQ QHVGP KPVGTDTGGF YKVJ HGTCN ' DBUVT RQRWNCVKQPU = ? 5GXGTCN PCVWTCN DGJCXKQTU CPF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH YKNFECVU OC[ JCXG RTGCFCRVGF VJGO HQT FQOGUVKECVKQP CU RGVU = ? 6JGUG VTCKVU KPENWFG VJGKT UOCNN UK\G UQEKCN PCVWTG QDXKQWU DQF[ NCPIWCIG NQXG QH RNC[ CPF TGNCVKXGN[ JKIJ KPVGNNKIGPEG = ? ཊ VJG[ OC[ CNUQ JCXG CP KPDQTP VGPFGPE[ VQYCTFU VCOGPGUU = ?

VJCV UJCTG C EQOOQP CPEGUVQT QPN[ ཊ OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ= ? CPF KPENWFG NKQPU VKIGTU EQWICTU CPF OCP[ QVJ GTU 9KVJKP VJKU HCOKN[ FQOGUVKE ECVU 'FMJT DBUVT CTG RCTV QH VJG IGPWU 'FMJT YJKEJ KU C ITQWR QH UOCNN ECVU EQPVCKPKPI CDQWV UGXGP URGEKGU FGRGPFKPI WRQP ENCUUK ិECVKQP UEJGOG = ?= ? /GODGTU QH VJG IGPWU CTG HQWPF YQTNFYKFG CPF KPENWFG VJG LWPING ECV 'FMJT DIBVT QH UQWVJGCUV #UKC 'WTQRGCP YKNFECV ' TJMWFTUSJT TJMWFTUSJT #HTKECP YKNFECV ' T MZCJDB VJG %JKPGUG OQWPVCKP ECV

' CJFUJ CPF VJG #TCDKCP UCPF ECV ' NBSHBSJUB COQPI QVJGTU = ?

6YQ OCKP VJGQTKGU CTG IKXGP CDQWV JQY ECVU YGTG FQOGU VKECVGF +P QPG RGQRNG FGNKDGTCVGN[ VCOGF ECVU KP C RTQ EGUU QH CTVKិEKCN UGNGEVKQP CU VJG[ YGTG WUGHWN RTGFCVQTU QH XGTOKP = ? 6JKU JCU DGGP ETKVKEK\GF CU KORNCWUKDNG DG ECWUG VJG TGYCTF HQT UWEJ CP GាQTV OC[ JCXG DGGP VQQ NKVVNG ECVU IGPGTCNN[ FQ PQV ECTT[ QWV EQOOCPFU CPF CN VJQWIJ VJG[ FQ GCV TQFGPVU QVJGT URGEKGU UWEJ CU HGTTGVU QT VGTTKGTU OC[ DG DGVVGT CV EQPVTQNNKPI VJGUG RGUVU = ? 6JG CN VGTPCVKXG KFGC KU VJCV ECVU YGTG UKORN[ VQNGTCVGF D[ RGQRNG CPF ITCFWCNN[ FKXGTIGF HTQO VJGKT YKNF TGNCVKXGU VJTQWIJ PCVWTCN UGNGEVKQP CU VJG[ CFCRVGF VQ JWPVKPI VJG XGTOKP = ? #NN VJG ECVU KP VJKU IGPWU UJCTG C EQOOQP CPEGUVQT VJCV HQWPF CTQWPF JWOCPU KP VQYPU CPF XKNNCIGU RTQDCDN[ NKXGF CTQWPF ཊ OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ KP #UKC = ? # RQRWNCVKQP QH 6TCPUECWECUKCP DNCEM HGTCN ECVU YCU QPEG 6JG GZCEV TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJKP VJG (GNKFCG CTG ENQUG DWV ENCUUKិGF CU 'FMJT EBFNPO 5CVWPKP DWV PQY VJKU RQR UVKNN WPEGTVCKP = ?= ? G I VJG %JKPGUG OQWPVCKP ECV KU WNCVKQP KU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG C RCTV QH FQOGUVKE ECV = ? UQOGVKOGU ENCUUKិGF WPFGT VJG PCOG 'FMJT TJMWFTUSJT CJ FUJ CU C UWDURGEKGU QH VJG YKNFECV NKMG VJG 0QTVJ #HTKECP XCTKGV[ ' T MZCJDB = ?= ? #U FQOGUVKE ECVU CTG NKVVNG CN VGTGF HTQO YKNFECVU VJG[ ECP TGCFKN[ KPVGTDTGGF 6JKU 3.3 Genetics J[DTKFK\CVKQP RQUGU C FCPIGT VQ VJG IGPGVKE FKUVKPEVKXG PGUU QH YKNFECV RQRWNCVKQPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP 5EQVNCPF CPF /CKP CTVKENG %CV IGPGVKEU *WPICT[ CPF RQUUKDN[ CNUQ VJG +DGTKCP 2GPKPUWNC = ? 6JG FQOGUVKE ECV YCU ិTUV ENCUUKិGF CU 'FMJT DBUVT D[ %CTQNWU .KPPCGWU KP VJG VJ GFKVKQP QH JKU 4ZTUFNB /BU VSBF KP = ?= ? $GECWUG QH OQFGTP RJ[NQIGPGVKEU FQ OGUVKE ECVU CTG WUWCNN[ TGICTFGF CU CPQVJGT UWDURGEKGU QH VJG YKNFECV ' TJMWFTUSJT = ?= ?= ? 6JKU JCU TGUWNVGF KP

6JG FQOGUVKECVGF ECV CPF KVU ENQUGUV YKNF CPEGUVQT CTG DQVJ FKRNQKF QTICPKUOU VJCV RQUUGUU EJTQOQUQOGU= ? CPF TQWIJN[ IGPGU = ? #DQWV JGTKVCDNG IGPGVKE FKUQTFGTU JCXG DGGP KFGPVKិGF KP ECVU OCP[ UKOKNCT VQ JW OCP KPDQTP GTTQTU = ? 6JG JKIJ NGXGN QH UKOKNCTKV[ COQPI

"/"50.: VJG OGVCDQNKUO QH OCOOCNU CNNQYU OCP[ QH VJGUG HG NKPG FKUGCUGU VQ DG FKCIPQUGF WUKPI IGPGVKE VGUVU VJCV YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ FGXGNQRGF HQT WUG KP JWOCPU CU YGNN CU VJG WUG QH ECVU CU CPKOCN OQFGNU KP VJG UVWF[ QH VJG JWOCP FKUGCUGU = ?= ?

3.4 Anatomy /CKP CTVKENG %CV CPCVQO[ &QOGUVKE ECVU CTG UKOKNCT KP UK\G VQ VJG QVJGT OGODGTU Brain

Spinal cord

Nasal cavity Buccal cavity

Stomach Diaphragm Liver Kidney

Large intestine

$BU TLVMM

Anus Testis Trachea Esophagus Gallbladder Lung

Heart

Bladder

Urethra

Spleen

%JBHSBN PG UIF HFOFSBM BOBUPNZ PG B NBMF

QH VJG IGPWU 'FMJT V[RKECNN[ YGKIJKPI DGVYGGP CPF MI CPF ND = ? *QYGXGT UQOG DTGGFU UWEJ CU VJG /CKPG %QQP ECP QEECUKQPCNN[ GZEGGF MI ND %QPXGTUGN[ XGT[ UOCNN ECVU NGUU VJCP MI ND JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF = ? 6JG YQTNF TGEQTF HQT VJG NCTIGUV ECV KU MI ND = ? 6JG UOCNNGUV CFWNV ECV GXGT QឹEKCNN[ TGEQTFGF YGKIJGF CTQWPF MI ND = ? (GTCN ECVU VGPF VQ DG NKIJVGT CU VJG[ JCXG OQTG NKOKVGF CEEGUU VQ HQQF VJCP JQWUG ECVU +P VJG $QUVQP CTGC VJG CXGTCIG HGTCN CFWNV OCNG YKNN YGKIJ MI ND CPF CXGTCIG HGTCN HGOCNG MI ND = ? %CVU CXGTCIG CDQWV ཊ EO ཊ KP KP JGKIJV CPF EO KP KP JGCF DQF[ NGPIVJ

OCNGU DGKPI NCTIGT VJCP HGOCNGU YKVJ VCKNU CXGTCIKPI EO KP KP NGPIVJ = ?

XGTVGDTCG CPF UGXGTKPI KVU URKPCN EQTF ECWUKPI KTTGXGTUKDNG RCTCN[UKU CPF FGCVJ = ? %QORCTGF VQ QVJGT HGNKPGU FQ OGUVKE ECVU JCXG PCTTQYN[ URCEGF ECPKPG VGGVJ YJKEJ KU CP CFCRVCVKQP VQ VJGKT RTGHGTTGF RTG[ QH UOCNN TQFGPVU YJKEJ JCXG UOCNN XGTVGDTCG = ? 6JG RTGOQNCT CPF ិTUV OQNCT VQ IGVJGT EQORQUG VJG ECTPCUUKCN RCKT QP GCEJ UKFG QH VJG OQWVJ YJKEJ GឹEKGPVN[ UJGCTU OGCV KPVQ UOCNN RKGEGU NKMG C RCKT QH UEKUUQTU 6JGUG CTG XKVCN KP HGGFKPI UKPEG ECVUཐ UOCNN OQNCTU ECPPQV EJGY HQQF GាGEVKXGN[ = ?

%CVU NKMG FQIU CTG FKIKVKITCFGU 6JG[ YCNM FKTGEVN[ QP VJGKT VQGU YKVJ VJG DQPGU QH VJGKT HGGV OCMKPI WR VJG NQYGT RCTV QH VJG XKUKDNG NGI = ? %CVU CTG ECRCDNG QH YCNM KPI XGT[ RTGEKUGN[ DGECWUG NKMG CNN HGNKPGU VJG[ FKTGEVN[ TGIKUVGT VJCV KU VJG[ RNCEG GCEJ JKPF RCY CNOQUV FK TGEVN[ KP VJG RTKPV QH VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI HQTG RCY OKPK OK\KPI PQKUG CPF XKUKDNG VTCEMU 6JKU CNUQ RTQXKFGU UWTG HQQVKPI HQT VJGKT JKPF RCYU YJGP VJG[ PCXKICVG TQWIJ VGT TCKP 7PNKMG OQUV OCOOCNU YJGP ECVU YCNM VJG[ WUG C ནRCEKPIཔ ICKV VJCV KU VJG[ OQXG VJG VYQ NGIU QP QPG UKFG QH VJG DQF[ DGHQTG VJG NGIU QP VJG QVJGT UKFG 6JKU VTCKV KU UJCTGF YKVJ ECOGNU CPF IKTCាGU #U C YCNM URGGFU WR KPVQ C VTQV C ECVཐU ICKV EJCPIGU VQ DG C ནFKCIQPCNཔ ICKV UKOKNCT %CVU JCXG UGXGP EGTXKECN XGTVGDTCG CU FQ CNOQUV CNN VQ VJCV QH OQUV QVJGT OCOOCNU CPF OCP[ QVJGT NCPF CP OCOOCNU VJQTCEKE XGTVGDTCG JWOCPU JCXG UGXGP KOCNU UWEJ CU NK\CTFU VJG FKCIQPCNN[ QRRQUKVG JKPF CPF NWODCT XGTVGDTCG JWOCPU JCXG ិXG VJTGG UCETCN XGTVG HQTG NGIU OQXG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ = ? DTCG NKMG OQUV OCOOCNU JWOCPU JCXG ិXG CPF C XCTK .KMG CNOQUV CNN OGODGTU QH VJG (GNKFCG ECVU JCXG RTQ CDNG PWODGT QH ECWFCN XGTVGDTCG KP VJG VCKN JWOCPU TG VTCEVCDNG CPF TGVTCEVCDNG ENCYU = ? +P VJGKT PQTOCN TG VCKP VJTGG VQ ិXG ECWFCN XGTVGDTCG HWUGF KPVQ CP KPVGT NCZGF RQUKVKQP VJG ENCYU CTG UJGCVJGF YKVJ VJG UMKP CPF PCN EQEE[Z = ? 6JG GZVTC NWODCT CPF VJQTCEKE XGTVG HWT CTQWPF VJG RCY U VQG RCFU 6JKU MGGRU VJG ENCYU UJCTR DTCG CEEQWPV HQT VJG ECVཐU URKPCN OQDKNKV[ CPF ីGZKDKN D[ RTGXGPVKPI YGCT HTQO EQPVCEV YKVJ VJG ITQWPF CPF CN KV[ #VVCEJGF VQ VJG URKPG CTG TKDU VJG UJQWNFGT CPF NQYU VJG UKNGPV UVCNMKPI QH RTG[ 6JG ENCYU QP VJG HQTG HGGV VJG RGNXKU = ? 7PNKMG JWOCP CTOU ECV HQTGNKODU CTG CTG V[RKECNN[ UJCTRGT VJCP VJQUG QP VJG JKPF HGGV = ? %CVU CVVCEJGF VQ VJG UJQWNFGT D[ HTGG ីQCVKPI ENCXKENG DQPGU ECP XQNWPVCTKN[ GZVGPF VJGKT ENCYU QP QPG QT OQTG RCYU YJKEJ CNNQY VJGO VQ RCUU VJGKT DQFKGU VJTQWIJ CP[ URCEG 6JG[ OC[ GZVGPF VJGKT ENCYU KP JWPVKPI QT UGNH FGHGPUG KPVQ YJKEJ VJG[ ECP ិV VJGKT JGCFU = ? ENKODKPI MPGCFKPI QT HQT GZVTC VTCEVKQP QP UQHV UWTHCEGU 6JG ECV UMWNN KU WPWUWCN COQPI OCOOCNU KP JCXKPI XGT[ NCTIG G[G UQEMGVU CPF C RQYGTHWN CPF URGEKCNK\GF LCY = ? 9KVJKP VJG LCY ECVU JCXG VGGVJ CFCRVGF HQT MKNNKPI RTG[ CPF VGCTKPI OGCV 9JGP KV QXGTRQYGTU KVU RTG[ C ECV FGNKXGTU C NGVJCN PGEM DKVG YKVJ KVU VYQ NQPI ECPKPG VGGVJ KPUGTVKPI VJGO DGVYGGP VYQ QH VJG RTG[ཐU

/QUV ECVU JCXG ិXG ENCYU QP VJGKT HTQPV RCYU CPF HQWT QP VJGKT TGCT RCYU = ? 6JG ិHVJ HTQPV ENCY VJG FGYENCY KU RTQZKOCN VQ VJG QVJGT ENCYU /QTG RTQZKOCNN[ KU C RTQ VTWUKQP YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ DG C UKZVJ ནិPIGTཔ 6JKU URGEKCN HGCVWTG QH VJG HTQPV RCYU QP VJG KPUKFG QH VJG YTKUVU KU VJG ECTRCN RCF CNUQ HQWPF QP VJG RCYU QH DKI ECVU CPF QH FQIU

+V JCU PQ HWPEVKQP KP PQTOCN YCNMKPI DWV KU VJQWIJV VQ DG CP CPVKUMKFFKPI FGXKEG WUGF YJKNG LWORKPI 5QOG DTGGFU QH ECVU CTG RTQPG VQ RQN[FCEV[N[ GZVTC VQGU CPF ENCYU = ? 6JGUG CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ EQOOQP CNQPI VJG PQTVJGCUV EQCUV QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC = ?

3.5 Physiology

$)"15&3 $"5 OCTMGVGF VJCV CTG UWRRNGOGPVGF YKVJ EJGOKECNN[ U[PVJG UK\GF VCWTKPG CPF QVJGT PWVTKGPVU KP CVVGORVU VQ RTQFWEG C EQORNGVG FKGV *QYGXGT UQOG QH VJGUG RTQFWEVU UVKNN HCKN VQ RTQXKFG CNN VJG PWVTKGPVU ECVU TGSWKTG = ? CPF FKGVU EQPVCKPKPI PQ CPKOCN RTQFWEVU RQUG VJG TKUM QH ECWUKPI UGXGTG PWVTKVKQPCN FGិEKGPEKGU = ? %CVU FQ GCV ITCUU QEECUKQPCNN[ 2TQRQUGF GZRNCPCVKQPU KP ENWFG VJCV ITCUU KU C UQWTEG QH HQNKE CEKF QT FKGVCT[ ិDGT = ?

%CVU CTG HCOKNKCT CPF GCUKN[ MGRV CPKOCNU CPF VJGKT RJ[U 3.6 Senses KQNQI[ JCU DGGP RCTVKEWNCTN[ YGNN UVWFKGF KV IGPGTCNN[ TG UGODNGU VJCV QH QVJGT ECTPKXQTQWU OCOOCNU DWV FKURNC[U UGXGTCN WPWUWCN HGCVWTGU RTQDCDN[ CVVTKDWVCDNG VQ ECVUཐ FG /CKP CTVKENG %CV UGPUGU UEGPV HTQO FGUGTV FYGNNKPI URGEKGU = ? (QT KPUVCPEG ECVU %CVU JCXG GZEGNNGPV PKIJV XKUKQP CPF ECP UGG CV QPN[ QPG CTG CDNG VQ VQNGTCVG SWKVG JKIJ VGORGTCVWTGU *WOCPU IGP GTCNN[ UVCTV VQ HGGN WPEQOHQTVCDNG YJGP VJGKT UMKP VGO RGTCVWTG RCUUGU CDQWV q% q( DWV ECVU UJQY PQ FKUEQOHQTV WPVKN VJGKT UMKP TGCEJGU CTQWPF q% q( = ? CPF ECP VQNGTCVG VGORGTCVWTGU QH WR VQ q%

q( KH VJG[ JCXG CEEGUU VQ YCVGT = ? %CVU EQPUGTXG JGCV D[ TGFWEKPI VJG ីQY QH DNQQF VQ VJGKT UMKP CPF NQUG JGCV D[ GXCRQTCVKQP VJTQWIJ VJGKT OQWVJU %CVU JCXG OKPKOCN CDKNKV[ VQ UYGCV YKVJ INCPFU NQECVGF RTKOCTKN[ KP VJGKT RCY RCFU = ? CPF RCPV HQT JGCV TGNKGH QPN[ CV XGT[ JKIJ VGORGTCVWTGU= ? DWV OC[ CNUQ RCPV YJGP UVTGUUGF # ECVཐU DQF[ VGORGTCVWTG FQGU PQV XCT[ VJTQWIJQWV VJG FC[ VJKU KU RCTV QH ECVUཐ IGPGTCN NCEM QH EKTECFKCP TJ[VJOU CPF OC[ TGីGEV VJGKT VGPFGPE[ VQ DG CE VKXG DQVJ FWTKPI VJG FC[ CPF CV PKIJV = ? %CVUཐ HGEGU CTG EQORCTCVKXGN[ FT[ CPF VJGKT WTKPG KU JKIJN[ EQPEGPVTCVGF DQVJ QH YJKEJ CTG CFCRVCVKQPU VQ CNNQY ECVU VQ TGVCKP CU OWEJ YCVGT CU RQUUKDNG = ? 6JGKT MKFPG[U CTG UQ GឹEKGPV VJG[ ECP UWTXKXG QP C FKGV EQPUKUVKPI QPN[ QH OGCV YKVJ PQ CFFKVKQPCN YCVGT = ? CPF ECP GXGP TGJ[FTCVG D[ FTKPMKPI UGCYCVGT = ? = ? %CVU CTG QDNKICVG ECTPKXQTGU VJGKT RJ[UKQNQI[ JCU GXQNXGF VQ GឹEKGPVN[ RTQEGUU OGCV CPF VJG[ JCXG FKឹEWNV[ FK IGUVKPI RNCPV OCVVGT = ? +P EQPVTCUV VQ QOPKXQTGU UWEJ CU TCVU YJKEJ QPN[ TGSWKTG CDQWV RTQVGKP KP VJGKT FKGV CDQWV QH C ECVཐU FKGV OWUV DG RTQVGKP = ? %CVU CTG WPWUWCNN[ FGRGPFGPV QP C EQPUVCPV UWRRN[ QH VJG COKPQ CEKF CTIKPKPG CPF C FKGV NCEMKPI CTIKPKPG ECWUGU OCTMGF YGKIJV NQUU CPF ECP DG TCRKFN[ HCVCN = ? #PQVJGT WPWUWCN HGCVWTG KU VJCV VJG ECV ECPPQV RTQFWEG VCWTKPG YKVJ VCW TKPG FGិEKGPE[ ECWUKPI OCEWNCT FGIGPGTCVKQP YJGTGKP VJG ECVཐU TGVKPC UNQYN[ FGIGPGTCVGU ECWUKPI KTTGXGTUKDNG DNKPFPGUU = ? 5KPEG ECVU VGPF VQ GCV CNN QH VJGKT RTG[ VJG[ QDVCKP OKPGTCNU D[ FKIGUVKPI CPKOCN DQPGU CPF C FKGV EQORQUGF QPN[ QH OGCV OC[ ECWUG ECNEKWO FGិEKGPE[ = ? # ECVཐU ICUVTQKPVGUVKPCN VTCEV KU CFCRVGF VQ OGCV GCVKPI DG KPI OWEJ UJQTVGT VJCP VJCV QH QOPKXQTGU CPF JCXKPI NQY NGXGNU QH UGXGTCN QH VJG FKIGUVKXG GP\[OGU PGGFGF VQ FKIGUV ECTDQJ[FTCVGU = ? 6JGUG VTCKVU UGXGTGN[ NKOKV VJG ECVཐU CDKN KV[ VQ FKIGUV CPF WUG RNCPV FGTKXGF PWVTKGPVU CU YGNN CU EGT VCKP HCVV[ CEKFU = ? &GURKVG VJG ECVཐU OGCV QTKGPVGF RJ[U KQNQI[ UGXGTCN XGIGVCTKCP QT XGICP ECV HQQFU JCXG DGGP

"O PEE FZFE 5VSLJTI 7BO LJUUFO

UKZVJ VJG NKIJV NGXGN TGSWKTGF HQT JWOCP XKUKQP = ? 6JKU KU RCTVN[ VJG TGUWNV QH ECV G[GU JCXKPI C VCRGVWO NWEKFWO YJKEJ TGីGEVU CP[ NKIJV VJCV RCUUGU VJTQWIJ VJG TGVKPC DCEM KPVQ VJG G[G VJGTGD[ KPETGCUKPI VJG G[GཐU UGPUKVKXKV[ VQ FKO NKIJV = ? #PQVJGT CFCRVCVKQP VQ FKO NKIJV KU VJG NCTIG RWRKNU QH ECVUཐ G[GU 7PNKMG UQOG DKI ECVU UWEJ CU VKIGTU FQOGUVKE ECVU JCXG UNKV RWRKNU = ? 6JGUG UNKV RWRKNU ECP HQEWU DTKIJV NKIJV YKVJQWV EJTQOCVKE CDGTTCVKQP CPF CTG PGGFGF UKPEG VJG FQOGUVKE ECVཐU RWRKNU CTG OWEJ NCTIGT TGNCVKXG VQ VJGKT G[GU VJCP VJG RWRKNU QH VJG DKI ECVU = ? +PFGGF CV NQY NKIJV NGXGNU C ECVཐU RWRKNU YKNN GZRCPF VQ EQXGT OQUV QH VJG GZRQUGF UWTHCEG QH KVU G[GU = ? *QY GXGT FQOGUVKE ECVU JCXG TCVJGT RQQT EQNQT XKUKQP CPF

NKMG OQUV PQPRTKOCVG OCOOCNU JCXG QPN[ VYQ V[RGU QH EQPGU QRVKOK\GF HQT UGPUKVKXKV[ VQ DNWG CPF [GNNQYKUJ ITGGP VJG[ JCXG NKOKVGF CDKNKV[ VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ DGVYGGP TGF CPF ITGGP = ? # RCRGT TGRQTVGF C TGURQPUG VQ OKF FNG YCXGNGPIVJU HTQO C U[UVGO QVJGT VJCP VJG TQFU YJKEJ OKIJV DG FWG VQ C VJKTF V[RG QH EQPG *QYGXGT VJKU CR RGCTU VQ DG CP CFCRVCVKQP VQ NQY NKIJV NGXGNU TCVJGT VJCP

)&"-5) TGRTGUGPVKPI VTWG VTKEJTQOCVKE XKUKQP = ?

KPI QDLGEVU FKTGEVN[ CPF D[ UGPUKPI CKT EWTTGPVU VJG[ CNUQ DNKPM TGីGZGU VQ RTQVGEV VJG G[GU HTQO %CVU JCXG GZEGNNGPV JGCTKPI CPF ECP FGVGEV CP GZVTGOGN[ VTKIIGT RTQVGEVKXG = ? FCOCIG DTQCF TCPIG QH HTGSWGPEKGU 6JG[ ECP JGCT JKIJGT RKVEJGF UQWPFU VJCP GKVJGT FQIU QT JWOCPU FGVGEVKPI HTGSWGPEKGU HTQO *\ VQ *\ C TCPIG QH QEVCXGU YJKNG JWOCPU ECP QPN[ JGCT HTQO *\ VQ *\ CPF FQIU 3.7 Health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ិGNF KV[ KU HWTVJGT GPJCPEGF D[ VJG ECVཐU NCTIG OQXCDNG QWVGT 2GV *QURKVCN UWIIGUV CP CXGTCIG NKHGURCP QH [GCTU GCTU VJGKT RKPPCG YJKEJ DQVJ CORNKH[ UQWPFU CPF JGNR C KP YKVJ TGIKQPCN XCTKCVKQPU HTQO [GCTU KP ECV UGPUG VJG FKTGEVKQP HTQO YJKEJ C PQKUG KU EQOKPI = ? &GNCYCTG VQ [GCTU KP %QNQTCFQ = ? *QYGXGT ECVU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF CU TGCEJKPI KPVQ VJGKT U = ? YKVJ VJG QNFGUV MPQYP ECV %TGOG 2Wា F[KPI CV C XGTKិGF CIG QH = ?

$BUTࣙ XIJTLFST BSF IJHIMZ TFOTJUJWF UP UPVDI

%CVU JCXG CP CEWVG UGPUG QH UOGNN YJKEJ KU FWG KP RCTV VQ VJGKT YGNN FGXGNQRGF QNHCEVQT[ DWND CPF CNUQ VQ C NCTIG UWTHCEG QH QNHCEVQT[ OWEQUC CDQWV EO2 US KP KP CTGC YJKEJ KU CDQWV VYKEG VJCV QH JWOCPU = ? %CVU CTG XGT[ UGPUKVKXG VQ RJGTQOQPGU UWEJ CU OGTECRVQ OGVJ[NDWVCP QN = ? YJKEJ VJG[ WUG VQ EQOOWPKECVG VJTQWIJ WTKPG URTC[KPI CPF OCTMKPI YKVJ UEGPV INCPFU = ? /CP[ ECVU CNUQ TGURQPF UVTQPIN[ VQ RNCPVU VJCV EQPVCKP PGRGVCNCEVQPG GURGEKCNN[ ECVPKR CU VJG[ ECP FGVGEV VJCV UWDUVCPEG CV NGUU VJCP QPG RCTV RGT DKNNKQP = ? #DQWV ཋ QH ECVU CTG CាGEVGF D[ PGRGVCNCEVQPG = ? 6JKU TG URQPUG KU CNUQ RTQFWEGF D[ QVJGT RNCPVU UWEJ CU UKN XGT XKPG "DUJOJEJB QPMZHBNB CPF VJG JGTD XCNGTKCP KV OC[ DG ECWUGF D[ VJG UOGNN QH VJGUG RNCPVU OKOKEM KPI C RJGTQOQPG CPF UVKOWNCVKPI ECVUཐ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

5RC[KPI QT PGWVGTKPI UKIPKិECPVN[ KPETGCUGU NKHG GZ RGEVCPE[ QPG UVWF[ HQWPF PGWVGTGF OCNG ECVU NKXGF VYKEG CU NQPI CU KPVCEV OCNGU YJKNG URC[GF HGOCNG ECVU NKXGF NQPIGT VJCP KPVCEV HGOCNGU = ? 7PPGWVGTGF ECVU KP VJG 7 5 CTG VKOGU CU NKMGN[ VQ DG JKV D[ C ECT CU C PGWVGTGF ECV CPF CTG VKOGU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ TGSWKTG VTGCVOGPV HQT CP CPKOCN DKVG = ? *CXKPI C ECV PGWVGTGF EQPHGTU JGCNVJ DGPGិVU UKPEG ECUVTCVGF OCNGU ECPPQV FG XGNQR VGUVKEWNCT ECPEGT URC[GF HGOCNGU ECPPQV FGXGNQR WVGTKPG QT QXCTKCP ECPEGT CPF DQVJ JCXG C TGFWEGF TKUM QH OCOOCT[ ECPEGT = ? &GURKVG YKFGURTGCF EQPEGTP CDQWV VJG YGNHCTG QH HTGG TQCOKPI ECVU VJG NKHGURCPU QH PGWVGTGF HGTCN ECVU KP OCPCIGF EQNQPKGU EQORCTG HCXQWTCDN[ YKVJ VJQUG QH RGV ECVU = ? = ? 0GWVGTGF ECVU KP OCPCIGF EQNQPKGU ECP CNUQ NKXG NQPI NKXGU = ?= ?= ?= ?

3.7.1 Diseases %CVU ECP UWាGT HTQO C YKFG TCPIG QH JGCNVJ RTQDNGOU KPENWFKPI KPHGEVKQWU FKUGCUGU RCTCUKVGU KPLWTKGU CPF EJTQPKE FKUGCUG 8CEEKPCVKQPU CTG CXCKNCDNG HQT OCP[ QH VJGUG FKUGCUGU CPF FQOGUVKE ECVU CTG TGIWNCTN[ IKXGP VTGCV OGPVU VQ GNKOKPCVG RCTCUKVGU UWEJ CU YQTOU CPF ីGCU

3.7.2 Poisoning +P CFFKVKQP VQ QDXKQWU FCPIGTU UWEJ CU TQFGPVKEKFGU KPUGEVKEKFGU CPF JGTDKEKFGU ECVU OC[ DG RQKUQPGF D[ OCP[ EJGOKECNU WUWCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF UCHG D[ VJGKT JWOCP IWCTFKCPU = ? DGECWUG VJGKT NKXGTU CTG NGUU GាGEVKXG CV UQOG HQTOU QH FGVQZKិECVKQP VJCP VJQUG QH OCP[ QVJGT CPKOCNU KPENWFKPI JWOCPU CPF FQIU = ?= ? 5QOG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP ECWUGU QH RQKUQPKPI KP ECVU CTG CPVKHTGG\G CPF TQFGPV DCKVU = ? %CVU OC[ DG RCTVKEWNCTN[ UGPUKVKXG VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNNWVCPVU = ?= ? 9JGP C ECV JCU C

$)"15&3 $"5

UWFFGP QT RTQNQPIGF UGTKQWU KNNPGUU YKVJQWV CP[ QDXKQWU OQXGOGPV UNGGR QHVGP CEEQORCPKGF D[ OWUENG VYKVEJGU ECWUG KV JCU RQUUKDN[ DGGP GZRQUGF VQ C VQZKP YJKEJ UWIIGUVU VJG[ CTG FTGCOKPI = ? /CP[ JWOCP OGFKEKPGU UJQWNF PGXGT DG IKXGP VQ ECVU (QT GZCORNG VJG RCKPMKNNGT RCTCEGVCOQN QT CEGVCOKPQRJGP 3.8.1 UQNF CU 6[NGPQN CPF 2CPCFQN KU GZVTGOGN[ VQZKE VQ ECVU GXGP XGT[ UOCNN FQUGU PGGF KOOGFKCVG VTGCVOGPV CPF ECP DG HCVCN = ?= ? 'XGP CURKTKP YJKEJ KU UQOGVKOGU WUGF VQ VTGCV CTVJTKVKU KP ECVU KU OWEJ OQTG VQZKE VQ VJGO VJCP VQ JWOCPU= ? CPF OWUV DG CFOKPKUVGTGF ECWVKQWUN[ = ? 5KOKNCTN[ CRRNKECVKQP QH OKPQZKFKN 4QICKPG VQ VJG UMKP QH ECVU GKVJGT CEEKFGPVCNN[ QT D[ YGNN OGCPKPI IWCTFKCPU CVVGORVKPI VQ EQWPVGT NQUU QH HWT JCU UQOGVKOGU DGGP HCVCN = ? 'UUGPVKCN QKNU ECP DG VQZKE VQ ECVU CPF ECUGU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF QH UGTKQWU KNNPGUUGU ECWUGF D[ VGC VTGG QKN KPENWFKPI ីGC VTGCVOGPVU CPF UJCORQQU EQPVCKPKPI KV = ? 1VJGT EQOOQP JQWUGJQNF UWDUVCPEGU VJCV UJQWNF DG WUGF YKVJ ECWVKQP CTQWPF ECVU KPENWFG OQVJDCNNU CPF QVJGT PCRJVJCNGPG RTQFWEVU = ? 2JGPQN DCUGF RTQFWEVU G I 2KPG 5QN &GVVQN .[UQN QT JGZCEJNQTQRJGPG = ? CTG QH VGP WUGF HQT ENGCPKPI CPF FKUKPHGEVKPI PGCT ECVUཐ HGGFKPI CTGCU QT NKVVGT DQZGU DWV VJGUG ECP UQOGVKOGU DG HCVCN = ? 'VJ[NGPG IN[EQN QHVGP WUGF CU CP CWVQOQVKXG CPVKHTGG\G KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ CRRGCNKPI VQ ECVU CPF CU NKVVNG CU C VGCURQQP HWN ECP DG HCVCN = ? 5QOG JWOCP HQQFU CTG VQZKE VQ ECVU HQT GZCORNG EJQEQNCVG ECP ECWUG VJGQDTQOKPG RQKUQPKPI CNVJQWIJ WPNKMG FQIU HGY ECVU YKNN GCV EJQEQNCVG = ? .CTIG COQWPVU QH QPKQPU QT ICTNKE CTG CNUQ RQKUQPQWU VQ ECVU = ? /CP[ JQWUGRNCPVU CTG CNUQ FCPIGTQWU = ? UWEJ CU 1IJMPEFOESPO URGEKGU CPF VJG NGCXGU QH VJG 'CUVGT NKN[

-JMJVN MPOHJતPSVN YJKEJ ECP ECWUG RGTOCPGPV CPF NKHG VJTGCVGPKPI MKFPG[ FCOCIG = ?

Sociability

4PDJBM HSPPNJOH JO B QBJS

#NVJQWIJ YKNFECVU CTG UQNKVCT[ VJG UQEKCN DGJCXKQT QH FQOGUVKE ECVU KU OWEJ OQTG XCTKCDNG CPF TCPIGU HTQO YKFGN[ FKURGTUGF KPFKXKFWCNU VQ HGTCN ECV EQNQPKGU VJCV HQTO CTQWPF C HQQF UQWTEG DCUGF QP ITQWRU QH EQ QRGTCVKPI HGOCNGU = ?= ? 9KVJKP UWEJ ITQWRU QPG ECV KU WUWCNN[ FQOKPCPV QXGT VJG QVJGTU = ? 'CEJ ECV KP C EQNQP[ JQNFU C FKUVKPEV VGTTKVQT[ YKVJ UGZWCNN[ CEVKXG OCNGU JCXKPI VJG NCTIGUV VGTTKVQTKGU YJKEJ CTG CDQWV VKOGU NCTIGT VJCP VJQUG QH HGOCNG ECVU CPF OC[ QXGT NCR YKVJ UGXGTCN HGOCNGUཐ VGTTKVQTKGU = ? 6JGUG VGTTKVQ TKGU CTG OCTMGF D[ WTKPG URTC[KPI D[ TWDDKPI QDLGEVU CV JGCF JGKIJV YKVJ UGETGVKQPU HTQO HCEKCN INCPFU CPF D[ FGHGECVKQP = ? $GVYGGP VJGUG VGTTKVQTKGU CTG PGWVTCN CTGCU YJGTG ECVU YCVEJ CPF ITGGV QPG CPQVJGT YKVJQWV VGTTKVQTKCN 3.8 Behavior EQPីKEVU 1WVUKFG VJGUG PGWVTCN CTGCU VGTTKVQT[ JQNFGTU WUWCNN[ EJCUG CYC[ UVTCPIGT ECVU CV ិTUV D[ UVCTKPI JKUU 5GG CNUQ %CV DGJCXKQT %CV EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF %CV KPI CPF ITQYNKPI CPF KH VJCV FQGU PQV YQTM D[ UJQTV DWV KPVGNNKIGPEG PQKU[ CPF XKQNGPV CVVCEMU &GURKVG UQOG ECVU EQJCDKVKPI KP EQNQPKGU VJG[ FQ PQV JCXG C UQEKCN UWTXKXCN UVTCVGI[ QT = ? (TGG TCPIKPI ECVU CTG CEVKXG DQVJ FC[ CPF PKIJV CNVJQWIJ C RCEM OGPVCNKV[ CPF CNYC[U JWPV CNQPG VJG[ VGPF VQ DG UNKIJVN[ OQTG CEVKXG CV PKIJV = ?= ? 6JG &QOGUVKE ECVU WUG OCP[ XQECNK\CVKQPU HQT VKOKPI QH ECVUཐ CEVKXKV[ KU SWKVG ីGZKDNG CPF XCTKGF YJKEJ EQOOWPKECVKQP KPENWFKPI RWTTKPI VTKNNKPI JKUUKPI OGCPU JQWUG ECVU OC[ DG OQTG CEVKXG KP VJG OQTPKPI CPF ITQYNKPI UPCTNKPI ITWPVKPI CPF UGXGTCN FKាGTGPV HQTOU GXGPKPI ETGRWUEWNCT DGJCXKQT CU C TGURQPUG VQ ITGCVGT QH OGQYKPI = ? $[ EQPVTCUV HGTCN ECVU CTG IGPGTCNN[ JWOCP CEVKXKV[ CV VJGUG VKOGU = ? #NVJQWIJ VJG[ URGPF UKNGPV = ? 6JGKT V[RGU QH DQF[ NCPIWCIG KPENWFKPI VJG OCLQTKV[ QH VJGKT VKOG KP VJG XKEKPKV[ QH VJGKT JQOG RQUKVKQP QH GCTU CPF VCKN TGNCZCVKQP QH YJQNG DQF[ CPF JQWUGECVU ECP TCPIG OCP[ JWPFTGFU QH OGVGTU HTQO VJKU MPGCFKPI QH RCYU CTG CNN KPFKECVQTU QH OQQF 6JG EGPVTCN RQKPV CPF CTG MPQYP VQ GUVCDNKUJ VGTTKVQTKGU VJCV VCKN CPF GCTU CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ KORQTVCPV UQEKCN UKIPCN XCT[ EQPUKFGTCDN[ KP UK\G KP QPG UVWF[ TCPIKPI HTQO VQ OGEJCPKUOU KP ECVU = ?= ? G I YKVJ C TCKUGF VCKN CEVKPI JGEVCTGU VQ CETGU = ? CU C HTKGPFN[ ITGGVKPI CPF ីCVVGPGF GCTU KPFKECVKPI %CVU EQPUGTXG GPGTI[ D[ UNGGRKPI OQTG VJCP OQUV CPK JQUVKNKV[ 6CKN TCKUKPI CNUQ KPFKECVGU VJG ECVཐU RQUKVKQP KP OCNU GURGEKCNN[ CU VJG[ ITQY QNFGT 6JG FCKN[ FWTCVKQP QH VJG ITQWRཐU UQEKCN JKGTCTEJ[ YKVJ FQOKPCPV KPFKXKFWCNU = ? UNGGR XCTKGU WUWCNN[ ཊ JQWTU YKVJ ཊ DGKPI VJG TCKUKPI VJGKT VCKNU NGUU QHVGP VJCP UWDQTFKPCVG CPKOCNU CXGTCIG 5QOG ECVU ECP UNGGR CU OWEJ CU JQWTU KP C 0QUG VQ PQUG VQWEJKPI KU CNUQ C EQOOQP ITGGVKPI CPF KU UQNKEKVGF JQWT RGTKQF 6JG VGTO ECV PCR HQT C UJQTV TGUV TGHGTU VQ OC[ DG HQNNQYGF D[ UQEKCN ITQQOKPI YJKEJ= ? D[ QPG QH VJG ECVU TCKUKPI CPF VKNVKPI KVU JGCF VJG ECVཐU VGPFGPE[ VQ HCNN CUNGGR NKIJVN[ HQT C DTKGH RGTKQF 9JKNG CUNGGR ECVU GZRGTKGPEG UJQTV RGTKQFU QH TCRKF G[G *QYGXGT UQOG RGV ECVU CTG RQQTN[ UQEKCNK\GF +P RCTVKE

#&)"7*03

5IF IPPLFE QBQJMMBF PO B DBUࣙT UPOHVF BDU MJLF B IBJSCSVTI UP IFMQ DMFBO BOE EFUBOHMF GVS

EQCV YKVJ C EQOD QT UVKា DTWUJ = ? 5QOG ECVU ECP FGXGNQR C EQORWNUKXG DGJCXKQT MPQYP CU RU[EJQIGPKE CNQRGEKC QT GZEGUUKXG ITQQOKPI = ? %PNFTUJD DBU XJUI BO "MBTLBO .BMBNVUF EPH

3.8.3 Fighting

#OQPI FQOGUVKE ECVU OCNGU CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ ិIJV VJCP HGOCNGU = ? #OQPI HGTCN ECVU VJG OQUV EQOOQP TGCUQP HQT ECV ិIJVKPI KU EQORGVKVKQP DGVYGGP VYQ OCNGU VQ OCVG YKVJ C HGOCNG +P UWEJ ECUGU OQUV ិIJVU CTG YQP D[ VJG JGCXKGT OCNG = ? #PQVJGT EQOOQP TGCUQP HQT ិIJVKPI KP 6JQWIJ ECVU CPF FQIU CTG DGNKGXGF VQ DG PCVWTCN GPGOKGU FQOGUVKE ECVU KU VJG FKឹEWNV[ QH GUVCDNKUJKPI VGTTKVQTKGU YKVJKP C UOCNN JQOG = ? (GOCNG ECVU CNUQ ិIJV QXGT VGT VJG[ ECP NKXG VQIGVJGT KH EQTTGEVN[ UQEKCNK\GF = ? TKVQT[ QT VQ FGHGPF VJGKT MKVVGPU 0GWVGTKPI YKNN FGETGCUG (QT ECVU NKHG KP RTQZKOKV[ VQ JWOCPU CPF QVJGT CPK QT GNKOKPCVG VJKU DGJCXKQT KP OCP[ ECUGU UWIIGUVKPI VJCV OCNU MGRV D[ VJGO COQWPVU VQ C U[ODKQVKE UQEKCN CFCR VJG DGJCXKQT KU NKPMGF VQ UGZ JQTOQPGU VCVKQP 6JG[ OC[ GZRTGUU ITGCV CាGEVKQP VQYCTFU VJGKT JWOCP CPF GXGP QVJGT EQORCPKQPU GURGEKCNN[ KH VJG[ RU[EJQNQIKECNN[ KORTKPV QP VJGO CV C XGT[ [QWPI CIG CPF CTG VTGCVGF YKVJ EQPUKUVGPV CាGEVKQP 'VJQNQIKECNN[ VJG JWOCP MGGRGT QH C ECV OC[ HWPEVKQP CU C UQTV QH UWTTQICVG HQT VJG ECVཐU OQVJGT CPF CFWNV JQWUGECVU NKXG VJGKT NKXGU KP C MKPF QH GZVGPFGF MKVVGPJQQF = ? C HQTO QH DGJCXKQTCN PGQVGP[ 6JG JKIJ RKVEJGF UQWPFU JQWUGECVU OCMG VQ UQ NKEKV HQQF OC[ OKOKE VJG ETKGU QH C JWPIT[ JWOCP KPHCPV OCMKPI VJGO RCTVKEWNCTN[ JCTF HQT JWOCPU VQ KIPQTG = ? WNCT QNFGT ECVU OC[ UJQY CIITGUUKXGPGUU VQYCTFU PGYN[ CTTKXGF MKVVGPU YJKEJ OC[ KPENWFG DKVKPI CPF UETCVEJ KPI VJKU V[RG QH DGJCXKQT KU MPQYP CU HGNKPG CUQEKCN CIITGUUKQP = ?

3.8.2

Grooming

%CVU CTG MPQYP HQT VJGKT ENGCPNKPGUU URGPFKPI OCP[ JQWTU NKEMKPI VJGKT EQCVU = ? 6JG ECVཐU VQPIWG JCU DCEMYCTFU HCEKPI URKPGU CDQWV ͳO NQPI YJKEJ CTG ECNNGF RCRKNNCG 6JGUG CTG SWKVG TKIKF CU VJG[ EQPVCKP MGTCVKP = ? 6JGUG URKPGU CNNQY ECVU VQ ITQQO VJGOUGNXGU D[ NKEMKPI VJGKT HWT YKVJ VJG TQYU QH RCRKNNCG CEVKPI NKMG C JCKTDTWUJ 5QOG ECVU RCTVKEWNCTN[ NQPIJCKTGF ECVU QEEC UKQPCNN[ TGIWTIKVCVG JCKTDCNNU QH HWT VJCV JCXG EQNNGEVGF KP VJGKT UVQOCEJU HTQO ITQQOKPI 6JGUG ENWORU QH HWT CTG WUWCNN[ UCWUCIG UJCRGF CPF CDQWV ཊ EO NQPI *CKTDCNNU ECP DG RTGXGPVGF YKVJ TGOGFKGU VJCV GCUG GNKOKPCVKQP QH VJG JCKT VJTQWIJ VJG IWV CU YGNN CU TGIWNCT ITQQOKPI QH VJG

$BUT JOUJNJEBUF PQQPOFOUT CZ BSDIJOH UIFJS CBDLT SBJTJOH UIFJS GVS UVSOJOH TJEFXBZT BOE IJTTJOH

9JGP ិIJVKPI ECVU OCMG VJGOUGNXGU CRRGCT OQTG KO RTGUUKXG CPF VJTGCVGPKPI D[ TCKUKPI VJGKT HWT CTEJKPI VJGKT DCEMU CPF VWTPKPI UKFGYC[U VJWU KPETGCUKPI VJGKT CRRCT GPV UK\G = ? 1HVGP VJG GCTU CTG RQKPVGF FQYP CPF DCEM VQ CXQKF FCOCIG VQ VJG KPPGT GCT CPF RQVGPVKCNN[ NKUVGP HQT CP[ EJCPIGU DGJKPF VJGO YJKNG HQEWUGF HQTYCTF 6JG[ OC[ CNUQ XQECNK\G NQWFN[ CPF DCTG VJGKT VGGVJ KP CP GាQTV

VQ HWTVJGT KPVKOKFCVG VJGKT QRRQPGPV (KIJVU WUWCNN[ EQP UKUV QH ITCRRNKPI CPF FGNKXGTKPI RQYGTHWN UNCRU VQ VJG HCEG CPF DQF[ YKVJ VJG HQTGRCYU CU YGNN CU DKVGU %CVU CNUQ VJTQY VJGOUGNXGU VQ VJG ITQWPF KP C FGHGPUKXG RQUVWTG VQ TCMG VJGKT QRRQPGPVཐU DGNN[ YKVJ VJGKT RQYGTHWN JKPF NGIU = ?

$)"15&3 $"5 JKIJ RNCEGU QT RGTEJKPI +P VJG YKNF C JKIJGT RNCEG OC[ UGTXG CU C EQPEGCNGF UKVG HTQO YJKEJ VQ JWPV FQOGUVKE ECVU OC[ UVTKMG RTG[ D[ RQWPEKPI HTQO C RGTEJ UWEJ CU C VTGG DTCPEJ CU FQGU C NGQRCTF = ? 1VJGT RQUUKDNG GZ RNCPCVKQPU KPENWFG VJG JGKIJV IKXGU VJG ECV C DGVVGT QD UGTXCVKQP RQKPV CNNQYKPI KV VQ UWTXG[ KVU VGTTKVQT[ &WT KPI C HCNN HTQO C JKIJ RNCEG C ECV ECP TGីGZKXGN[ VYKUV KVU DQF[ CPF TKIJV KVUGNH WUKPI KVU CEWVG UGPUG QH DCNCPEG CPF ីGZKDKNKV[ = ? 6JKU KU MPQYP CU VJG ECV TKIJVKPI TG ីGZ #P KPFKXKFWCN ECV CNYC[U TKIJVU KVUGNH KP VJG UCOG YC[ RTQXKFGF KV JCU VJG VKOG VQ FQ UQ FWTKPI C HCNN 6JG JGKIJV TGSWKTGF HQT VJKU VQ QEEWT KU CTQWPF EO HV %CVU YKVJQWV C VCKN G I /CPZ ECVU CNUQ JCXG VJKU CDKN KV[ UKPEG C ECV OQUVN[ OQXGU KVU JKPF NGIU CPF TGNKGU QP EQPUGTXCVKQP QH CPIWNCT OQOGPVWO VQ UGV WR HQT NCPFKPI CPF VJG VCKN KU NKVVNG WUGF HQT VJKU HGCV = ? 6JKU NGCFU VQ VJG RTQXGTD ནC ECV CNYC[U NCPFU QP KVU HGGVཔ

5GTKQWU FCOCIG KU TCTG CU VJG ិIJVU CTG WUWCNN[ UJQTV KP FWTCVKQP YKVJ VJG NQUGT TWPPKPI CYC[ YKVJ NKVVNG OQTG VJCP C HGY UETCVEJGU VQ VJG HCEG CPF GCTU *QYGXGT ិIJVU HQT OCVKPI TKIJVU CTG V[RKECNN[ OQTG UGXGTG CPF KPLWTKGU OC[ KPENWFG FGGR RWPEVWTG YQWPFU CPF NCEGTCVKQPU 0QT OCNN[ UGTKQWU KPLWTKGU HTQO ិIJVKPI CTG NKOKVGF VQ KPHGE VKQPU QH UETCVEJGU CPF DKVGU VJQWIJ VJGUG ECP QEECUKQPCNN[ MKNN ECVU KH WPVTGCVGF +P CFFKVKQP DKVGU CTG RTQDCDN[ VJG OCKP TQWVG QH VTCPUOKUUKQP QH HGNKPG KOOWPQFGិEKGPE[ XKTWU = ? 5GZWCNN[ CEVKXG OCNGU CTG WUWCNN[ KPXQNXGF KP OCP[ ិIJVU FWTKPI VJGKT NKXGU CPF QHVGP JCXG FGEKFGFN[ DCVVGTGF HCEGU YKVJ QDXKQWU UECTU CPF EWVU VQ VJGKT GCTU 1PG RQQTN[ WPFGTUVQQF GNGOGPV QH ECV JWPVKPI DGJCXKQT KU CPF PQUGU VJG RTGUGPVCVKQP QH RTG[ VQ JWOCP IWCTFKCPU 'VJQNQIKUV 2CWN .G[JCWUGP RTQRQUGF VJCV ECVU CFQRV JWOCPU KPVQ VJGKT UQEKCN ITQWR CPF UJCTG GZEGUU MKNN YKVJ QVJGTU KP VJG 3.8.4 Hunting and feeding ITQWR CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG NQECN RGEMKPI QTFGT KP YJKEJ JW OCPU CTG RNCEGF CV QT PGCT VJG VQR = ? #PVJTQRQNQIKUV CPF \QQNQIKUV &GUOQPF /QTTKU KP JKU DQQM $BU XBUDIJOH UWIIGUVU YJGP ECVU DTKPI JQOG OKEG QT DKTFU VJG[ CTG CVVGORVKPI VQ VGCEJ VJGKT JWOCP VQ JWPV QT VT[ KPI VQ JGNR VJGKT JWOCP CU KH HGGFKPI ནCP GNFGTN[ ECV QT CP KPGRV MKVVGPཔ = ?= ? /QTTKUཐU VJGQT[ KU KPEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG HCEV VJCV OCNG ECVU CNUQ DTKPI JQOG RTG[ FGURKVG OCNGU JCXKPI PQ KPXQNXGOGPV YKVJ TCKUKPI MKVVGPU = ?

" DBU UIBU IBT DBVHIU B NPVTF

%CVU JWPV UOCNN RTG[ RTKOCTKN[ DKTFU CPF TQFGPVU = ? CPF CTG QHVGP WUGF CU C HQTO QH RGUV EQPVTQN = ?= ? &QOGU VKE ECVU CTG C OCLQT RTGFCVQT QH YKNFNKHG KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU MKNNKPI CP GUVKOCVGF ཊ DKNNKQP DKTFU CPF ཊ DKNNKQP OCOOCNU CPPWCNN[ = ?= ? 6JG DWNM QH VJG RTGFCVKQP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KU FQPG D[ OKN NKQP HGTCN CPF UVTC[ ECVU 'ាGEVKXG OGCUWTGU VQ TG FWEG VJKU RQRWNCVKQP CTG GNWUKXG OGGVKPI QRRQUKVKQP HTQO ECV GPVJWUKCUVU = ?= ? +P VJG ECUG QH HTGG TCPIKPI RGVU GSWKRRKPI ECVU YKVJ DGNNU CPF PQV NGVVKPI VJGO QWV CV PKIJV YKNN TGFWEG YKNFNKHG RTGFCVKQP = ? (TGG HGF HGTCN ECVU CPF JQWUG ECVU VGPF VQ EQPUWOG OCP[ UOCNN OGCNU KP C UKP ING FC[ CNVJQWIJ VJG HTGSWGPE[ CPF UK\G QH OGCNU XCTKGU DGVYGGP KPFKXKFWCNU = ? %CVU WUG VYQ JWPVKPI UVTCVGIKGU GKVJGT UVCNMKPI RTG[ CEVKXGN[ QT YCKVKPI KP CODWUJ WPVKN CP CPKOCN EQOGU ENQUG GPQWIJ VQ DG ECRVWTGF #NVJQWIJ KV KU PQV EGTVCKP VJG UVTCVGI[ WUGF OC[ FGRGPF QP VJG RTG[ URGEKGU KP VJG CTGC YKVJ ECVU YCKVKPI KP CODWUJ QWVUKFG DWTTQYU DWV VGPFKPI VQ CEVKXGN[ UVCNM DKTFU = ? /QUV DTGGFU QH ECV JCXG C PQVGF HQPFPGUU HQT UGVVNKPI KP

&QOGUVKE ECVU UGNGEV HQQF DCUGF QP KVU VGORGTCVWTG UOGNN CPF VGZVWTG UVTQPIN[ FKUNKMKPI EJKNNGF HQQFU CPF TGURQPF KPI OQUV UVTQPIN[ VQ OQKUV HQQFU TKEJ KP COKPQ CEKFU YJKEJ CTG UKOKNCT VQ OGCV = ?= ? %CVU OC[ TGLGEV PQXGN ីCXQTU C TGURQPUG VGTOGF PGQRJQDKC CPF NGCTP SWKEMN[ VQ CXQKF HQQFU VJCV JCXG VCUVGF WPRNGCUCPV KP VJG RCUV = ? 6JG[ OC[ CNUQ CXQKF UWICT[ HQQFU CPF OKNM UKPEG VJG[ CTG NCEVQUG KPVQNGTCPV VJGUG UWICTU CTG PQV GCUKN[ FKIGUVGF CPF OC[ ECWUG UQHV UVQQNU QT FKCTTJGC = ?= ? 6JG[ ECP CNUQ FGXGNQR QFF GCVKPI JCDKVU 5QOG ECVU NKMG VQ GCV QT EJGY QP QVJGT VJKPIU OQUV EQOOQPN[ YQQN DWV CNUQ RNCUVKE RCRGT UVTKPI CNWOKPWO HQKN %JTKUVOCU VTGG VKP UGN QT GXGP EQCN 6JKU EQPFKVKQP RKEC ECP VJTGCVGP VJGKT JGCNVJ FGRGPFKPI QP VJG COQWPV CPF VQZKEKV[ QH VJG KVGOU GCVGP = ?= ? 5KPEG ECVU ECPPQV HWNN[ ENQUG VJGKT NKRU CTQWPF UQOGVJKPI VQ ETGCVG UWEVKQP VJG[ WUG C NCRRKPI OGVJQF YKVJ VJG VQPIWG VQ FTCY NKSWKF WRYCTFU KPVQ VJGKT OQWVJU .CR RKPI CV C TCVG QH HQWT VKOGU C UGEQPF VJG ECV VQWEJGU VJG UOQQVJ VKR QH KVU VQPIWG VQ VJG UWTHCEG QH VJG YCVGT CPF SWKEMN[ TGVTCEVU KV FTCYKPI YCVGT WRYCTFU = ?

3.8.5 Play /CKP CTVKENG %CV RNC[ CPF VQ[U &QOGUVKE ECVU GURGEKCNN[ [QWPI MKVVGPU CTG MPQYP HQT

#&)"7*03

1MBZ ркгHIU CFUXFFO LJUUFOT BHF XFFLT

NQUG KPVGTGUV VJG[ DGEQOG JCDKVWCVGF KP C VQ[ VJG[ JCXG RNC[GF YKVJ DGHQTG = ? %CVU CNUQ VGPF VQ RNC[ YKVJ VQ[U OQTG YJGP VJG[ CTG JWPIT[ = ? 5VTKPI KU QHVGP WUGF CU C VQ[ DWV KH KV KU GCVGP KV ECP DGEQOG ECWIJV CV VJG DCUG QH VJG ECVр╜РU VQPIWG CPF VJGP OQXG KPVQ VJG KPVGUVKPGU C OGFKECN GOGTIGPE[ YJKEJ ECP ECWUG UGTKQWU KNNPGUU GXGP FGCVJ = ? 1YKPI VQ VJG TKUMU RQUGF D[ ECVU GCVKPI UVTKPI KV KU UQOGVKOGU TGRNCEGF YKVJ C NCUGT RQKPVGT U FQV YJKEJ ECVU OC[ EJCUG = ? 9JKNG EQPEGTPU JCXG DGGP TCKUGF CDQWV VJG UCHGV[ QH RNC[KPI YKVJ NCUGTU ,QJP /CTUJCNN CP QRJVJCNOQNQIKUV CV 5V 6JQOCUр╜Р *QURKVCN JCU UVCVGF KV YQWNF DG р╜УXKTVWCNN[ KORQUUKDNGр╜Ф VQ DNKPF C ECV YKVJ C NCUGT RQKPVGT = ?

3.8.6 Reproduction

8IFO DBUT NBUF UIF UPNDBU NBMF CJUFT UIF TDSVркв PG UIF GFNBMFргЩT OFDL BT TIF BTTVNFT B QPTJUJPO DPOEVDJWF UP NBUJOH LOPXO BT MPSEPTJT CFIBWJPS

5GG CNUQ -KVVGP

" GFNBMF UVYFEP DBU FOHBHFT JO QMBZ

(GOCNG ECVU CTG UGCUQPCNN[ RQN[GUVTQWU YJKEJ OGCPU VJG[ OC[ JCXG OCP[ RGTKQFU QH JGCV QXGT VJG EQWTUG QH C [GCT VJG UGCUQP DGIKPPKPI KP URTKPI CPF GPFKPI KP NCVG CWVWOP *GCV RGTKQFU QEEWT CDQWV GXGT[ VYQ YGGMU CPF NCUV CDQWV VQ FC[U = ? /WNVKRNG OCNGU YKNN DG CVVTCEVGF VQ C HGOCNG KP JGCV 6JG OCNGU YKNN сЮ╖IJV QXGT JGT CPF VJG XKEVQT YKPU VJG TKIJV VQ OCVG #V сЮ╖TUV VJG HGOCNG TGLGEVU VJG OCNG DWV GXGPVWCNN[ VJG HGOCNG CNNQYU VJG OCNG VQ OCVG 6JG HGOCNG WVVGTU C NQWF [QYN CU VJG OCNG RWNNU QWV QH JGT DGECWUG C OCNG ECVр╜РU RGPKU JCU C DCPF QH CDQWV р╜К DCEMYCTFU RQKPVKPI RGPKNG URKPGU YJKEJ CTG CDQWV OO NQPI = ? WRQP YKVJFTCYCN QH VJG RGPKU VJG URKPGU TCMG VJG YCNNU QH VJG HGOCNGр╜РU XCIKPC YJKEJ KU C VTKIIGT HQT QXWNCVKQP 6JKU CEV CNUQ QEEWTU VQ ENGCT VJG XCIKPC QH QVJGT URGTO KP VJG EQPVGZV QH C UGEQPF QT OQTG OCVKPI VJWU IKXKPI VJG NCVGT OCNGU C NCTIGT EJCPEG QH EQPEGRVKQP

VJGKT NQXG QH RNC[ 6JKU DGJCXKQT OKOKEU JWPVKPI CPF KU KORQTVCPV KP JGNRKPI MKVVGPU NGCTP VQ UVCNM ECRVWTG CPF MKNN RTG[ = ? %CVU CNUQ GPICIG KP RNC[ сЮ╖IJVKPI YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT CPF YKVJ JWOCPU 6JKU DGJCXKQT OC[ DG C YC[ HQT ECVU VQ RTCEVKEG VJG UMKNNU PGGFGF HQT TGCN EQODCV CPF OKIJV CNUQ TGFWEG CP[ HGCT VJG[ CUUQEKCVG YKVJ NCWPEJKPI CVVCEMU QP QVJGT CPKOCNU = ? #HVGT OCVKPI VJG HGOCNG YCUJGU JGT XWNXC VJQTQWIJN[ +H 1YKPI VQ VJG ENQUG UKOKNCTKV[ DGVYGGP RNC[ CPF JWPV C OCNG CVVGORVU VQ OCVG YKVJ JGT CV VJKU RQKPV VJG HGOCNG KPI ECVU RTGHGT VQ RNC[ YKVJ QDLGEVU VJCV TGUGODNG RTG[ YKNN CVVCEM JKO #HVGT CDQWV VQ OKPWVGU QPEG VJG UWEJ CU UOCNN HWTT[ VQ[U VJCV OQXG TCRKFN[ DWV TCRKFN[ HGOCNG KU сЮ╖PKUJGF ITQQOKPI VJG E[ENG YKNN TGRGCV = ?

$)"15&3 $"5

$GECWUG QXWNCVKQP KU PQV CNYC[U VTKIIGTGF D[ C UKPING OCVKPI HGOCNGU OC[ PQV DG KORTGIPCVGF D[ VJG ិTUV OCNG YKVJ YJKEJ VJG[ OCVG = ? (WTVJGTOQTG ECVU CTG UWRGTHGEWPF VJCV KU C HGOCNG OC[ OCVG YKVJ OQTG VJCP QPG OCNG YJGP UJG KU KP JGCV YKVJ VJG TGUWNV VJCV FKាGTGPV MKVVGPU KP C NKVVGT OC[ JCXG FKាGTGPV HCVJGTU = ?

DNG HQT VJG UQWPF = ? +V YCU WPVKN TGEGPV VKOGU DGNKGXGF VJCV QPN[ VJG ECVU QH VJG 'FMJT IGPWU EQWNF RWTT *QY GXGT HGNKFU QH VJG 1BOUIFSB IGPWU VKIGT NKQP LCIWCT CPF NGQRCTF CNUQ RTQFWEG UQWPFU UKOKNCT VQ RWTTKPI DWV QPN[ YJGP GZJCNKPI = ?

3.9 Ecology 3.9.1 Habitats

" OFXCPSO LJUUFO

#V JQWTU CHVGT EQPEGRVKQP VJG OQTWNC HQTOU #V JQWTU GCTN[ DNCUVQE[UVU HQTO #V ཊ FC[U KORNCPVC VKQP QEEWTU = ?= ? 6JG IGUVCVKQP RGTKQF HQT ECVU KU DGVYGGP CPF FC[U YKVJ CP CXGTCIG QH FC[U = ? 6JG UK\G QH C NKVVGT WUWCNN[ KU VJTGG VQ ិXG MKVVGPU YKVJ VJG ិTUV NKVVGT WUWCNN[ UOCNNGT VJCP UWDUGSWGPV NKVVGTU -KVVGPU CTG YGCPGF DGVYGGP UKZ CPF UGXGP YGGMU QNF CPF ECVU PQTOCNN[ TGCEJ UGZWCN OCVWTKV[ CV ཊ OQPVJU HGOCNGU CPF VQ ཊ OQPVJU

OCNGU CNVJQWIJ VJKU ECP XCT[ FGRGPFKPI QP DTGGF = ? (GOCNGU ECP JCXG VYQ VQ VJTGG NKVVGTU RGT [GCT UQ OC[ RTQ FWEG WR VQ MKVVGPU KP VJGKT DTGGFKPI URCP QH CTQWPF VGP [GCTU = ?

" CMBDL DBU JO TOPXZ XFBUIFS

%CVU CTG C EQUOQRQNKVCP URGEKGU CPF CTG HQWPF CETQUU OWEJ QH VJG YQTNF = ? )GPGVKEKUV 5VGRJGP ,COGU 1 $TKGP QH VJG 0CVKQPCN %CPEGT +PUVKVWVG KP (TGFGTKEM /CT[NCPF TGOCTMGF QP JQY UWEEGUUHWN ECVU JCXG DGGP KP GXQNWVKQP CT[ VGTOU ན%CVU CTG QPG QH GXQNWVKQPཐU OQUV EJCTKUOCVKE ETGCVWTGU 6JG[ ECP NKXG QP VJG JKIJGUV OQWPVCKPU CPF KP VJG JQVVGUV FGUGTVU པ= ? 6JG[ CTG GZVTGOGN[ CFCRVCDNG CPF CTG PQY RTGUGPV QP CNN EQPVKPGPVU GZEGRV #PVCTEVKEC CPF %CVU CTG TGCF[ VQ IQ VQ PGY JQOGU CV CDQWV YGGMU QP QH VJG OCKP ITQWRU QH KUNCPFUཋGXGP QP UWD = ?= ? QH CIG = ? YJGP VJG[ CTG TGCF[ VQ NGCXG VJGKT OQVJGT #PVCTEVKE KUNCPFU UWEJ CU VJG -GTIWGNGP +UNCPFU 6JG[ ECP DG UWTIKECNN[ UVGTKNK\GF URC[GF QT ECUVTCVGF (GTCN ECVU ECP NKXG KP HQTGUVU ITCUUNCPFU VWPFTC EQCUVCN CU GCTN[ CU YGGMU VQ NKOKV WPYCPVGF TGRTQFWEVKQP = ? CTGCU CITKEWNVWTCN NCPF UETWDNCPFU WTDCP CTGCU CPF 6JKU UWTIGT[ CNUQ RTGXGPVU WPFGUKTCDNG UGZ TGNCVGF DGJCX YGVNCPFU = ? 6JGKT JCDKVCVU GXGP KPENWFG UOCNN QEGCPKE KQT UWEJ CU CIITGUUKQP VGTTKVQT[ OCTMKPI URTC[KPI WTKPG KUNCPFU YKVJ PQ JWOCP KPJCDKVCPVU = ? (WTVJGT VJG ENQUG KP OCNGU CPF [QYNKPI ECNNKPI KP HGOCNGU 6TCFKVKQPCNN[ TGNCVKXGU QH FQOGUVKE ECVU VJG #HTKECP YKNFECV 'FMJT TJM VJKU UWTIGT[ YCU RGTHQTOGF CV CTQWPF UKZ VQ PKPG OQPVJU WFTUSJT MZCJDB CPF VJG #TCDKCP UCPF ECV 'FMJT NBSHBSJUB QH CIG DWV KV KU KPETGCUKPIN[ DGKPI RGTHQTOGF RTKQT VQ DQVJ KPJCDKV FGUGTV GPXKTQPOGPVU = ? CPF FQOGUVKE ECVU RWDGTV[ CV CDQWV VJTGG VQ UKZ OQPVJU = ? +P VJG 75 CDQWV UVKNN UJQY UKOKNCT CFCRVCVKQPU CPF DGJCXKQTU = ? 6JG ECVཐU QH JQWUGJQNF ECVU CTG PGWVGTGF = ? CDKNKV[ VQ VJTKXG KP CNOQUV CP[ VGTTGUVTKCN JCDKVCV JCU NGF VQ KVU FGUKIPCVKQP CU QPG QH VJG YQTNFཐU YQTUV KPXCUKXG URGEKGU = ?

3.8.7

Vocalizations

/CKP CTVKENG %CV EQOOWPKECVKQP

3.9.2 Impact on prey species

6Q FCVG HGY UEKGPVKិE FCVC CTG CXCKNCDNG VQ CUUGUU VJG KO 6JG ECV KU C XGT[ XQECN CPKOCN -PQYP HQT KVU VTCFGOCTM RCEV QH ECV RTGFCVKQP QP RTG[ RQRWNCVKQPU 'XGP YGNN HGF RWTTKPI KV CNUQ RTQFWEGU C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH QVJGT UQWPFU FQOGUVKE ECVU OC[ JWPV CPF MKNN OCKPN[ ECVEJKPI UOCNN 6JG OGEJCPKUO D[ YJKEJ ECVU RWTT KU GNWUKXG 6JG ECV OCOOCNU DWV CNUQ DKTFU CORJKDKCPU TGRVKNGU ិUJ CPF JCU PQ WPKSWG CPCVQOKECN HGCVWTG VJCV KU ENGCTN[ TGURQPUK KPXGTVGDTCVGU = ?= ? *WPVKPI D[ FQOGUVKE ECVU OC[ DG

&$0-0(:

&BUJOH B IPVTF TQBSSPX

'FSBM DBU DBSSZJOH B SBCCJU QSFZ

&SJUIBDVT SVCFDVMB CPF FWPPQEMU 1SVOFMMB NPEVMBSJT QH FGCVJU YGTG C TGUWNV QH ECV RTGFCVKQP = ? 6JG RTGUGPEG QH NCTIGT ECTPKXQTGU UWEJ CU EQ[QVGU YJKEJ RTG[ QP ECVU CPF QVJGT UOCNN RTGFCVQTU TGFWEGU VJG GាGEV QH RTGFCVKQP D[ ECVU CPF QVJGT UOCNN RTGFCVQTU UWEJ CU QRQUUWOU CPF TCEEQQPU QP DKTF PWODGTU CPF XCTKGV[ = ? 6JG RTQRQUCN VJCV ECV RQRWNCVKQPU YKNN KPETGCUG YJGP VJG PWODGTU QH VJGUG VQR RTGFCVQTU FGENKPG KU ECNNGF VJG OGUQRTGFCVQT TGNGCUG J[RQVJGUKU *QYGXGT C PGY UVWF[ UWIIGUVU ECVU CTG C OWEJ ITGCVGT OGPCEG VJCP RTGXKQWUN[ VJQWIJV CPF HGTCN ECVU MKNN UGXGTCN DKNNKQP DKTFU GCEJ [GCT KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU = ?

EQPVTKDWVKPI VQ VJG FGENKPG KP VJG PWODGTU QH DKTFU KP WT DCP CTGCU CNVJQWIJ VJG KORQTVCPEG QH VJKU GាGEV TGOCKPU EQPVTQXGTUKCN = ? +P VJG YKNF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH HGTCN ECVU FWTKPI JWOCP UGVVNGOGPV ECP VJTGCVGP PCVKXG URGEKGU YKVJ GZVKPEVKQP = ? +P OCP[ ECUGU EQPVTQNNKPI QT GNKOK PCVKPI VJG RQRWNCVKQPU QH PQP PCVKXG ECVU ECP RTQFWEG C TCRKF TGEQXGT[ KP PCVKXG CPKOCNU = ? *QYGXGT VJG GEQ NQIKECN TQNG QH KPVTQFWEGF ECVU ECP DG OQTG EQORNKECVGF (QT GZCORNG ECVU ECP EQPVTQN VJG PWODGTU QH TCVU YJKEJ CNUQ RTG[ QP DKTFUཐ GIIU CPF [QWPI UQ C ECV RQRWNCVKQP 1P KUNCPFU DKTFU ECP EQPVTKDWVG CU OWEJ CU QH C ECP RTQVGEV CP GPFCPIGTGF DKTF URGEKGU D[ UWRRTGUUKPI ECVཐU FKGV = ? +P PGCTN[ CNN ECUGU JQYGXGT VJG ECV ECP OGUQRTGFCVQTU = ? PQV DG KFGPVKិGF CU VJG UQNG ECWUG HQT TGFWEKPI VJG PWO +P VJG 5QWVJGTP *GOKURJGTG ECVU CTG C RCTVKEWNCT RTQDNGO DGTU QH KUNCPF DKTFU CPF KP UQOG KPUVCPEGU GTCFKECVKQP QH KP NCPFOCUUGU UWEJ CU #WUVTCNCUKC YJGTG ECV URGEKGU JCXG ECVU JCU ECWUGF C OGUQRTGFCVQT TGNGCUG GាGEV = ? YJGTG PGXGT DGGP PCVKXG CPF HGY GSWKXCNGPV PCVKXG OGFKWO VJG UWRRTGUUKQP QH VQR ECTPKXQTGU ETGCVGU CP CDWPFCPEG UK\GF OCOOCNKCP RTGFCVQTU QEEWTTGF = ? 0CVKXG URGEKGU QH UOCNNGT RTGFCVQTU VJCV ECWUG C UGXGTG FGENKPG KP VJGKT UWEJ CU VJG 0GY <GCNCPF MCMCRQ CPF VJG #WUVTCNKCP UJCTGF RTG[ &QOGUVKE ECVU CTG JQYGXGT MPQYP VQ DG C DGVVQPI HQT GZCORNG VGPF VQ DG OQTG GEQNQIKECNN[ XWN EQPVTKDWVKPI HCEVQT VQ VJG FGENKPG QH OCP[ URGEKGU C HCE PGTCDNG CPF DGJCXKQTCNN[ ནPCKXGཔ VQ RTGFCVKQP D[ HGTCN VQT VJCV JCU WNVKOCVGN[ NGF KP UQOG ECUGU VQ GZVKPEVKQP ECVU = ? (GTCN ECVU JCXG JCF C OCLQT KORCEV QP VJGUG PC 6JG 5QWVJ +UNCPF RKQRKQ %JCVJCO +UNCPFU TCKN = ? VJG VKXG URGEKGU CPF JCXG RNC[GF C NGCFKPI TQNG KP VJG GPFCP #WEMNCPF +UNCPFU /GTICPUGT = ? CPF VJG EQOOQP FKX IGTOGPV CPF GZVKPEVKQP QH OCP[ CPKOCNU = ? KPI RGVTGN= ? CTG C HGY HTQO C NQPI NKUV YKVJ VJG OQUV %CV PWODGTU KP VJG 7- CTG ITQYKPI CPF VJGKT CDWPFCPEG GZVTGOG ECUG DGKPI VJG ីKIJVNGUU 5VGRJGPU +UNCPF YTGP FTKXGP VQ GZVKPEVKQP QPN[ C HGY [GCTU CHVGT KVU KU HCT CDQXG VJG ནPCVWTCNཔ ECTT[KPI ECRCEKV[ DGECWUG VJGKT YJKEJ YCU= ?= ? FKUEQXGT[ RQRWNCVKQP UK\GU CTG KPFGRGPFGPV QH VJGKT RTG[ཐU F[PCO KEU K G ECVU CTG ནTGETGCVKQPCNཔ JWPVGTU YKVJ QVJGT HQQF UQWTEGU = ? 2QRWNCVKQP FGPUKVKGU ECP DG CU JKIJ CU KPFKXKFWCNU RGT MO2= ? CPF VJG VTGPF KU CP KPETGCUG QH OKNNKQP ECVU CPPWCNN[

3.9.3

Impact on birds

6JG FQOGUVKE ECV KU RTQDCDN[ C UKIPKិECPV RTGFCVQT QH DKTFU 7- CUUGUUOGPVU KPFKECVG VJG[ OC[ DG CEEQWPVCDNG HQT CP GUVKOCVGF OKNNKQP DKTF FGCVJU GCEJ [GCT = ? %GTVCKP URGEKGU CRRGCT OQTG UWUEGRVKDNG VJCP QVJGTU HQT GZCORNG QH JQWUG URCTTQY OQTVCNKV[ KU NKPMGF VQ VJG FQOGUVKE ECV = ? +P VJG TGEQXGT[ QH TKPIGF TQDKPU

5QOG QH VJG UCOG HCEVQTU VJCV JCXG RTQOQVGF CFCRVKXG TC FKCVKQP QH KUNCPF CXKHCWPC QXGT GXQNWVKQPCT[ VKOG CRRGCT VQ RTQOQVG XWNPGTCDKNKV[ VQ PQP PCVKXG URGEKGU KP OQF GTP VKOG 6JG UWUEGRVKDKNKV[ QH OCP[ KUNCPF DKTFU KU WP FQWDVGFN[ FWG VQ GXQNWVKQP KP VJG CDUGPEG QH OCKPNCPF RTGFCVQTU EQORGVKVQTU FKUGCUGU CPF RCTCUKVGU KP CFFK VKQP VQ NQYGT TGRTQFWEVKXG TCVGU CPF GZVGPFGF KPEWDCVKQP RGTKQFU = ? 6JG NQUU QH ីKIJV QT TGFWEGF ី[KPI CDKNKV[ KU CNUQ EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH OCP[ KUNCPF GPFGOKEU = ? 6JGUG DKQNQIKECN CURGEVU JCXG KPETGCUGF XWNPGTCDKNKV[ VQ GZVKPE VKQP KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH KPVTQFWEGF URGEKGU UWEJ CU VJG FQ OGUVKE ECV = ? 'SWCNN[ DGJCXKQTCN VTCKVU GZJKDKVGF D[ KU NCPF URGEKGU UWEJ CU ནRTGFCVQT[ PCKXGV[པ= ? CPF ITQWPF PGUVKPI = ? JCXG CNUQ EQPVTKDWVGF VQ VJGKT UWUEGRVKDKNKV[

$)"15&3 $"5

3.10 Cats and humans /CKP CTVKENG %CVU CPF JWOCPU %CVU CTG EQOOQP RGVU KP 'WTQRG CPF 0QTVJ #OGTKEC

$BU BOE IVNBO SFTUJOH UPHFUIFS

CPF VJGKT YQTNFYKFG RQRWNCVKQP GZEGGFU OKNNKQP = ? "NFSJDBO GFSBM GBSN DBU #NVJQWIJ ECV IWCTFKCPUJKR JCU EQOOQPN[ DGGP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ YQOGP = ? C )CNNWR RQNN TGRQTVGF VJCV OGP CPF (QTWO 4QOCPWO YKVJ ECVU CV UQOG QH VJGUG UKVGU CPF YQOGP YGTG GSWCNN[ NKMGN[ VQ QYP C ECV = ? DGKPI HGF CPF IKXGP OGFKECN CVVGPVKQP D[ XQNWPVGGTU = ? #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CU 2WDNKE CVVKVWFGU VQYCTFU HGTCN ECVU XCT[ YKFGN[ TCPIKPI YGNN CU DGKPI MGRV CU RGVU ECVU CTG CNUQ WUGF KP VJG KPVGTPC HTQO UGGKPI VJGO CU HTGG TCPIKPI RGVU VQ TGICTFKPI VJGO VKQPCN HWT VTCFG = ? HQT OCMKPI EQCVU INQXGU JCVU UJQGU CU XGTOKP = ? 1PG EQOOQP CRRTQCEJ VQ TGFWEKPI VJG DNCPMGVU CPF UVWាGF VQ[U #DQWV ECVU CTG PGGFGF HGTCN ECV RQRWNCVKQP KU VGTOGF VTCR PGWVGT TGVWTP YJGTG VQ OCMG C ECV HWT EQCV = ? 6JKU WUG JCU PQY DGGP QWV VJG ECVU CTG VTCRRGF PGWVGTGF KOOWPK\GF CICKPUV TCDKGU NCYGF KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #WUVTCNKC CPF VJG 'WTQRGCP CPF VJG HGNKPG NGWMGOKC XKTWU CPF VJGP TGNGCUGF $GHQTG 7PKQP = ? *QYGXGT UQOG ECV HWTU CTG UVKNN OCFG KPVQ TGNGCUKPI VJGO DCEM KPVQ VJGKT HGTCN EQNQPKGU VJG CVVGPF DNCPMGVU KP 5YKV\GTNCPF CU HQNM TGOGFKGU DGNKGXGF VQ JGNR KPI XGVGTKPCTKCP QHVGP PKRU VJG VKR Qា QPG GCT VQ OCTM KV CU TJGWOCVKUO = ? PGWVGTGF CPF KPQEWNCVGF UKPEG VJGUG ECVU OC[ DG VTCRRGF # HGY CVVGORVU VQ DWKNF C ECV EGPUWU JCXG DGGP OCFG QXGT CICKP 8QNWPVGGTU EQPVKPWG VQ HGGF CPF IKXG ECTG VQ VJGUG VJG [GCTU DQVJ VJTQWIJ CUUQEKCVKQPU QT PCVKQPCN CPF KPVGT ECVU VJTQWIJQWV VJGKT NKXGU )KXGP VJKU UWRRQTV VJGKT NKHGU PCVKQPCN QTICPK\CVKQPU UWEJ CU VJG %CPCFKCP (GFGTCVKQP RCPU CTG KPETGCUGF CPF DGJCXKQT CPF PWKUCPEG RTQDNGOU QH *WOCPG 5QEKGVKGU U QPG= ? CPF QXGT VJG PGV = ?= ? ECWUGF D[ EQORGVKVKQP HQT HQQF CTG TGFWEGF = ? DWV UWEJ C VCUM FQGU PQV UGGO UKORNG VQ CEJKGXG )GP GTCN GUVKOCVGU HQT VJG INQDCN RQRWNCVKQP QH FQOGUVKE ECVU TCPIG YKFGN[ HTQO CP[YJGTG DGVYGGP OKNNKQP VQ 3.12 History and mythology OKNNKQP = ?= ?= ?= ?= ?= ?

3.11 Feral cats /CKP CTVKENG (GTCN ECV (GTCN ECVU CTG FQOGUVKE ECVU VJCV YGTG DQTP KP QT JCXG TG XGTVGF VQ C YKNF UVCVG 6JG[ CTG WPHCOKNKCT YKVJ CPF YCT[ QH JWOCPU CPF TQCO HTGGN[ KP WTDCP CPF TWTCN CTGCU = ? 6JG PWODGTU QH HGTCN ECVU KU PQV MPQYP DWV GUVKOCVGU QH VJG 75 HGTCN RQRWNCVKQP TCPIG HTQO VQ OKNNKQP = ? (GTCN ECVU OC[ NKXG CNQPG DWV OQUV CTG HQWPF KP NCTIG EQNQPKGU YJKEJ QEEWR[ C URGEKáž·E VGTTKVQT[ CPF CTG WUW CNN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ C UQWTEG QH HQQF = ? (COQWU HGTCN ECV EQNQPKGU CTG HQWPF KP 4QOG CTQWPF VJG %QNQUUGWO

/CKP CTVKENGU %WNVWTCN FGRKEVKQPU QH ECVU CPF %CVU KP CP EKGPV 'I[RV 6TCFKVKQPCNN[ JKUVQTKCPU VGPFGF VQ VJKPM CPEKGPV 'I[RV YCU VJG UKVG QH ECV FQOGUVKECVKQP QYKPI VQ VJG ENGCT FG RKEVKQPU QH JQWUG ECVU KP 'I[RVKCP RCKPVKPIU CDQWV [GCTU QNF = ? *QYGXGT KP C 0GQNKVJKE ITCXG GZEC XCVGF KP 5JKNNQWTQMCODQU %[RTWU EQPVCKPGF VJG UMGNG VQPU NCKF ENQUG VQ QPG CPQVJGT QH DQVJ C JWOCP CPF C ECV 6JG ITCXG KU GUVKOCVGF VQ DG [GCTU QNF RWUJKPI DCEM VJG GCTNKGUV MPQYP HGNKPGཊJWOCP CUUQEKC VKQP UKIPKិECPVN[ = ?= ?= ? 6JG ECV URGEKOGP KU NCTIG CPF ENQUGN[ TGUGODNGU VJG #HTKECP YKNFECV ' T MZCJDB TCVJGT VJCP RTGUGPV FC[ FQOGUVKE ECVU 6JKU FKUEQXGT[ EQODKPGF YKVJ IGPGVKE UVWFKGU UWIIGUVU ECVU YGTG RTQDC

4&& "-40

MKNNKPI QH ECVU KP /GFKGXCN ;RTGU $GNIKWO KU EQOOGO QTCVGF KP VJG KPPQEWQWU RTGUGPV FC[ -CVVGPUVQGV ECV RC TCFG

" UI DFOUVSZ ESBXJOH PG B UBCCZ DBU

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ិ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ីWGPEG FGEKUKQPU OCFG D[ JW OCPU +P ,CRCP VJG NBOFLJ OFLP ECV KU C U[ODQN QH IQQF HQTVWPG

#EEQTFKPI VQ C O[VJ KP OCP[ EWNVWTGU ECVU JCXG OWNVK RNG NKXGU +P OCP[ EQWPVTKGU VJG[ CTG DGNKGXGF VQ JCXG PKPG NKXGU DWV KP +VCN[ )GTOCP[ )TGGEG CPF UQOG 5RCPKUJ URGCMKPI TGIKQPU VJG[ CTG UCKF VQ JCXG UGXGP NKXGU = ? YJKNG KP 6WTMKUJ CPF #TCDKE VTCFKVKQPU VJG PWODGT QH NKXGU KU UKZ = ? 6JG O[VJ KU CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG PCVWTCN UWRRNGPGUU CPF UYKHVPGUU ECVU GZJKDKV VQ GUECRG NKHG VJTGCVGPKPI UKVWCVKQPU = ? #NUQ NGPFKPI ETGFGPEG VQ VJKU O[VJ KU VJG HCEV VJCV HCNNKPI ECVU QHVGP NCPF QP VJGKT HGGV WUKPI CP KPUVKPEVKXG TKIJVKPI TGីGZ VQ VYKUV VJGKT DQF KGU CTQWPF 0QPGVJGNGUU ECVU ECP UVKNN DG KPLWTGF QT MKNNGF D[ C JKIJ HCNN = ?

3.13 See also • #PKOCN VGUVKPI QP ECVU • #PKOCN VTCEM • %CPEGT KP ECVU • %CV NCF[ • %CV [GCTU • .KUV QH ECV DTGGFU • .KUV QH ECVU • .KUV QH ិEVKQPCN ECVU • .QNECV • 2GV FQQT KPENWFKPI ECV ីCR • 2GV ិTUV CKF

#NVJQWIJ PQ URGEKGU CTG UCETGF KP +UNCO ECVU CTG • 2QRWNCT ECV PCOGU TGXGTGF D[ /WUNKOU 5QOG 9GUVGTP YTKVGTU JCXG UVCVGF /WJCOOCF JCF C HCXQTKVG ECV /WG\\C = ? *G KU TG • 6TCR PGWVGT TGVWTP RQTVGF VQ JCXG NQXGF ECVU UQ OWEJ ནJG YQWNF FQ YKVJ QWV JKU ENQCM TCVJGT VJCP FKUVWTD QPG VJCV YCU UNGGRKPI QP KVཔ = ? 6JG UVQT[ JCU PQ QTKIKP KP GCTN[ /WUNKO YTKVGTU Cats by location CPF UGGOU VQ EQPHWUG C UVQT[ QH C NCVGT 5Wិ UCKPV #JOGF CT 4KHC K EGPVWTKGU CHVGT /WJCOOCF = ? • %CVU KP CPEKGPV 'I[RV (TG[LC VJG IQFFGUU QH NQXG DGCWV[ CPF HGTVKNKV[ KP 0QTUG O[VJQNQI[ KU FGRKEVGF CU TKFKPI C EJCTKQV FTCYP D[ ECVU • %CVU KP #WUVTCNKC /CP[ EWNVWTGU JCXG PGICVKXG UWRGTUVKVKQPU CDQWV ECVU #P • %CVU KP 0GY <GCNCPF GZCORNG YQWNF DG VJG DGNKGH VJCV C DNCEM ECV ནETQUUKPI QPGཐU RCVJཔ NGCFU VQ DCF NWEM QT VJCV ECVU CTG YKVEJGUཐ HCOKNKCTU WUGF VQ CWIOGPV C YKVEJཐU RQYGTU CPF UMKNNU 6JG • %CVU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

3.14 References = ? 9Q\GPETCHV 9 % ན5RGEKGU 'FMJT DBUVT +P 9KN UQP & ' 4GGFGT & / .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME

TF GF ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 1%.% = ? ན+6+5 5VCPFCTF 4GRQTV 2CIG (GNKU ECVWUཔ *5*4 0OMJOF %BUBCBTF 4GUVQP 8KTIKPKC +PVGITCVGF 6CZQPQOKE +PHQT OCVKQP 5[UVGO 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? .KPPCGWU %CTQNWU = ? 5[UVGOC PCVWTCG RGT TGIPC VTKC PCVWTCG UGEWPFWO ENCUUGU QTFKPGU IGPGTC URGEKGU EWO EJCTCEVGTKDWU FKាGTGPVKKU U[PQP[OKU NQEKU

KP .CVKP 1 VJ GF *QNOKCG .CWTGPVKK 5CNXKK R 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? &TKUEQNN % # /CE&QPCNF & 9 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ན+P VJG .KIJV QH 'XQNWVKQP +++ 6YQ %GP VWTKGU QH &CTYKP 5CEMNGT %QNNQSWKWO (TQO 9KNF #P KOCNU VQ &QOGUVKE 2GVU ཊ #P 'XQNWVKQPCT[ 8KGY QH &QOGUVKECVKQPཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF /BUJPOBM "DBEFNZ PG 4DJFODFT PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT PG "NFSJDB 106

5 ཊ $KDEQFG 20#5 & FQK RPCU 2/% 2/+& = ? ན+6+5 5VCPFCTF 4GRQTV 2CIG (GNKU ECVWU FQOGUVKECཔ PQ DJU 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? )PVTFDBU "NFSJDBO )FSJUBHF %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &OHMJTI -BOHVBHF 'FWECVKQP ;CJQQ EQO QPNKPG GF $QUVQP *QWIJVQP /KឺKP 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? /QGNM /KNFTGF #RTKN ན8QECNK\KPI KP VJG *QWUG ECV # 2JQPGVKE CPF (WPEVKQPCN 5VWF[པ 5IF "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 1TZDIPMPHZ 57 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? 4QEJNKV\ +TGPG 5IF 8FMGBSF PG $BUT ན#PKOCN 9GNHCTGཔ UGTKGU $GTNKP 5RTKPIGT RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 9CFG 0KEJQNCU ,WPG ན5VWF[ 6TCEGU %CVཐU #P EGUVT[ VQ /KFFNG 'CUVཔ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 0GY ;QTM 0;6% 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? 8KIPG ,& )WKNCKPG , &GDWG - *C[G . )ªTCTF 2 #RTKN ན'CTN[ VCOKPI QH VJG ECV KP %[RTWUཔ 4DJFODF 304 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? ན1NFGUV -PQYP 2GV %CV! [GCT QNF $WTKCN (QWPF QP %[RTWUཔ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD /FXT 0CVKQPCN )GQ ITCRJKE 5QEKGV[ #RTKN 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ = ? &TKUEQNN %CTNQU # %NWVVQP $TQEM ,WNKGV -KVEJGPGT #P FTGY % 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ,WPG ན6JG 'XQ NWVKQP QH *QWUG %CVUཔ 4DJFOUJણD "NFSJDBO 0GY ;QTM 0CVWTG 2WDI )TQWR 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? $TCFUJCY *QTUិGNF ) ( #NNGP , # 4QDKPUQP + *

ན(GTCN %CVU 6JGKT 4QNG KP VJG 2QRWNCVKQP &[PCO KEU QH 'FMJT DBUVT "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 65

ཊ FQK 5

$)"15&3 $"5 = ? /E-PKIJV )GQTIG * &OHMJTI 8PSET BOE 5IFJS #BDLHSPVOE 0GY ;QTM & #RRNGVQP CPF %QORCP[ ཊ XKC 3WGUVKC UWDUETKRVKQP TGSWKTGF R = ? ན%CVཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ,GCP 2CWN 5CXKIPCE %JDUJPOOBJSF GSBO§BJT HBVMPJT U X ནEJCVཔ 2CTKU 'TTCPEG = ? ན2WUUཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGT UKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? 8FCTUFSࣙT &ODZDMPQFEJD 6OBCSJEHFE %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &O HMJTI -BOHVBHF 0GY ;QTM )TCOGTE[ $QQMU R = ? ན9JCV FQ [QW ECNN C ITQWR QH ! 0YGPSE %JDUJPOBSJFT 0OMJOF 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན6QO ECV VQO ECVཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1Z HQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན)KD P པ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PK XGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན3WGGP ECVཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PK XGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན5KTGཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན&CO P པ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PK XGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན%CVNKPIཔ 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ 1ZHQTF 7PK XGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ,QJPUQP 9CTTGP 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ན2J[NQIG PGVKE 4GEQPUVTWEVKQP QH VJG (GNKFCG 7UKPI 5 T40# CPF 0#&* /KVQEJQPFTKCN )GPGUཔ +PVSOBM PG .PMFDVMBS &WPMVUJPO 44 5 ཊ5 FQK 2. 2/+& = ? ན+6+5 5VCPFCTF 4GRQTV 2CIG (GNKUཔ %BUBCBTF 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

*5*4 0OMJOF

= ? 5VGHQា 4GDGEEC 0QXGODGT $BUT 0GY ;QTM $GPEJOCTM $QQMU R +5$0 = ? ,QJPUQP 9CTTGP ' 'K\KTKM ' 2GEQP 5NCVVGT[ , /WTRJ[ 9 , #PVWPGU # 6GGNKPI ' 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ན6JG .CVG /KQEGPG 4CFKCVKQP QH /QFGTP (GNKFCG # )GPGVKE #UUGUUOGPVཔ 4DJ FODF 311 ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK , FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? /CVVGTP /KEJGNNG ; /E.GPPCP &GDQTCJ # ན2J[NQIGP[ CPF 5RGEKCVKQP QH (GNKFUཔ $MBEJTUJDT 16 ཊ FQK L VD Z = ? /CUWFC 4 .QRG\ , 8 5NCVVGT[ , 2 ;WJMK 0 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ན/QNGEWNCT 2J[NQIGP[ QH /KVQEJQPFTKCN %[VQEJTQOG D CPF 5 T40# 5GSWGPEGU KP VJG (GNKFCG 1EGNQV CPF &QOGUVKE %CV .KPGCIGUཔ .PMFDVMBS 1IZMPHFOFUJDT BOE &WPMVUJPO 6 ཊ FQK ORGX 2/+&

3&'&3&/$&4 = ? 1NKXGKTC 4 )QFKPJQ 4 4CPFK ' #NXGU 2 % ན*[DTKFK\CVKQP 8GTUWU %QPUGTXCVKQP #TG &QOGUVKE %CVU 6JTGCVGPKPI VJG )GPGVKE +PVGITKV[ QH 9KNFECVU 'FMJT TJM WFTUSJT TJMWFTUSJT KP +DGTKCP 2GPKPUWNC! 1IJMPT 5SBOT 3 4PD -POE # #JPM 4DJ 363 FQK TUVD 2/% 2/+& = ? 9Q\GPETCHV 9 % ན5RGEKGU 'FMJT TJMWFTUSJT +P 9KNUQP & ' 4GGFGT & / .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME TF GF ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 1%.% = ? ན1RKPKQP པ #VMMFUJO PG ;PPMPHJDBM /PNFODMBUVSF

+PVGTPCVKQPCN %QOOKUUKQP QP <QQNQIKECN 0QOGPENCVWTG

+%<0 60 #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WPG = ? /CE&QPCNF / . 4QIGTU 3 4 /QTTKU , )

ན0WVTKVKQP QH VJG FQOGUVKE ECV C OCOOCNKCP ECTPKXQTGཔ "OOVBM 3FWJFX PG /VUSJUJPO 4 ཊ FQK CPPWTGX PW 2/+& = ? $CTQP #NCP 5VGYCTV % 0 9CTTGP , / ,CPWCT[ ན2CVVGTPU QH 5QEKCN +PVGTCEVKQP KP %CVU 'FMJT EPNFTUJDB #FIBWJPVS 11 ཊ FQK : ,5614 = ? 8GNNC %CTQN[P / 5JGNVQP .QTTCKPG / /E)QPCING ,QJP , 5VCPINGKP 6GTT[ 9 3PCJOTPOࣙT (FOFUJDT GPS $BU #SFFEFST BOE 7FUFSJOBSJBOT VJ GF $WVVGTYQTVJ *GKPGOCPP R +5$0 = ? .KRKPUMK /QPKMC , (TQGPKEMG .WV\ $C[UCE -CVJ NGGP % $KNNKPIU 0KEJQNCU % .GWVGPGIIGT %JTKU VKCP / .GX[ #NQP / .QPIGTK /CTKC 0KKPK 6KTTK 1\RKPCT *C[FCT ,CPWCT[ ན6JG #UEGPV QH %CV $TGGFU )GPGVKE 'XCNWCVKQPU QH $TGGFU CPF 9QTNFYKFG 4CPFQO DTGF 2QRWNCVKQPUཔ (FOPNJDT 91 ཊ FQK L [IGPQ 2/% 2/+& = ? %COGTQP $GCWOQPV %JCTNQVVG .QYG 5CTCJ ' $TCF UJCY ,QJP 9 5 ན'XKFGPEG 5WIIGUVKPI 2TG CFCRVCVKQP VQ &QOGUVKECVKQP VJTQWIJQWV VJG 5OCNN (GNK FCGཔ #JPMPHJDBM +PVSOBM PG UIF -JOOFBO 4PDJFUZ 75 ཊ FQK L Z 4G VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? (QING $TWEG GF *OUFSSFMBUJPOT #FUXFFO 1FPQMF BOE 1FUT %JCTNGU % 6JQOCU 2WDNKECVKQPU +5$0 = ? 1 %QPPQT 6 2 ན9KNF QT &QOGUVKE! $KQ OGVTKE 8CTKCVKQP KP VJG %CV 'FMJT TJMWFTUSJT *OUFSOB UJPOBM +PVSOBM PG 0TUFPBSDIBFPMPHZ 17 ཊ FQK QC

CPF ) DCPFKPIཔ $ISPNPTPNF 3FTFBSDI 10 ཊ FQK # 2/+& = ? 2QPVKWU , 7 /WNNKMKP , % 5OKVJ & 4 FU BM

ན+PKVKCN 5GSWGPEG CPF %QORCTCVKXG #PCN[UKU QH VJG %CV )GPQOGཔ (FOPNF 3FTFBSDI 17 ཊ FQK IT 2/% 2/+& = ? 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , ,QJPUQP 9 &TKUEQNN % 2QPVKWU , 2GEQP 5NCVVGT[ , /GPQVVK 4C[OQPF / ན5VCVG QH %CV )GPQOKEUཔ 5SFOET JO (FOFUJDT 24 ཊ FQK L VKI 2/+& = ? 5GYGNN # % *CUMKPU / ' )KIGT 7 ན+PJGTKVGF /GVCDQNKE &KUGCUG KP %QORCPKQP #PKOCNU 5GCTEJKPI HQT 0CVWTGཐU /KUVCMGUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ +PVSOBM 174

ཊ FQK L VXLN 2/% 2/+& = ? 1 $TKGP 5VGRJGP , /GPQVVK 4C[OQPF / /WTRJ[ 9 , ;WJMK 0 ན6JG (GNKPG )GPQOG 2TQLGEVཔ "OOVBM 3FWJFX PG (FOFUJDT 36 ཊ FQK CPPWTGX IGPGV 2/+& = ? *CTVYGNN 5CTCJ ཊ =EQR[TKIJV FCVG? ན&YCTH /KFIGV CPF /KPKCVWTG %CVU +PENWFKPI 6GC EWR %CVU .FTTZ#FBTU DPN UGNH RWDNKUJGF 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^FCVG JGNR = ? 9KNUQP ,WNKC ཊ =EQR[TKIJV FCVG? ན%CV 9QTNF 4GEQTFUཔ $BU 8PSME DPN BV UGNH RWDNKUJGF #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGO DGT %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^FCVG JGNR = ? ན(GNKPG 8GVGTKPCT[ ECTG D[ 6JG $QUVQP %CV *QURK VCN (GNKPG (CUV %CVUཔ 6JG $QUVQP %CV *QURKVCN 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ = ? ན&QOGUVKE %CVཔ "OJNBM #ZUFT 5GC9QTNF 2CTMU CPF 'P VGTVCKPOGPV 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO QVJGT UQWTEGU CPF PCOGU VJGO DWV FQGU PQV EKVG VJGO KP FGVCKN = ? 9CNMGT 9CTTGP ( 4UVEZ PG UIF $BU XJUI 3FGFSFODF UP )VNBO #FJOHT VJ 4GXKUGF GF 6JQOUQP .GCTPKPI +5$0 = ? )KNNKU 4KEM GF ,WN[ ན%CV 5MGNGVQPཔ ;PPMBC " 8FCTJUF GPS "OJNBM #JPMPHZ .C %TQUUG 9+ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9KUEQPUKP #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP &GEGODGT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ?

• %CUG .KPFC 2 5IF $BU *UT #FIBWJPS /VUSJ UJPO BOE )FBMUI #OGU +# +QYC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2T +5$0

= ? ན%CVCNQIWG QH VJG 5RGEKOGPU QH %CWECUKCP .CTIG /CO OCNKCP (CWPC KP VJG %QNNGEVKQP QH 6JG 0CVKQPCN /WUGWO QH )GQTIKCཔ %CWECUKCP NCTIG OCOOCNKCP PCTQF TW 4G VTKGXGF ,WN[

= ? 5OKVJ 2CVTKEKC 6EJGTPQX 'KVCP 4USVDUVSF 'VOD UJPO BOE &WPMVUJPO PG UFFUI (TGWPF 2WDNKUJKPI *QWUG .VF R +5$0

= ? 0KG 9 9CPI , 1 $TKGP 2 % ན6JG )GPQOG 2J[NQIGP[ QH &QOGUVKE %CV 4GF 2CPFC CPF (KXG /WUVGNKF 5RGEKGU 4GXGCNGF D[ %QORCTCVKXG %JTQOQUQOG 2CKPVKPI

= ? .CESWCPKVK ( )TCUUQ 4 <CIQ / #WIWUV ན/QVQT 2CVVGTPU KP 9CNMKPIཔ /FXT 1IZTJPM 4DJ 14 ཊ 2/+&

= ? %JTKUVGPUGP 9GPF[ 0VUXJUUJOH $BUT )NQDG 2G SWQV R +5$0 = ? 4WUUGNN #PVJQP[ 2 $T[CPV *CTQNF 0 ན%NCY 4GVTCEVKQP CPF 2TQVTCEVKQP KP VJG %CTPKXQTC 6JG %JGGVCJ #EKPQP[Z ,WDCVWU CU CP #V[RK ECN (GNKFཔ +PVSOBM PG ;PPMPHZ 254 ཊ FQK 5 = ? #TOGU #PPGVVC ( &GEGODGT ན1WVNKPG QH %CV .GUUQPUཔ 5IF 4DIPPM +PVSOBM ' . -GNNQII %Q LXI 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? &CPHQTVJ %* #RTKN ན*GTGFKV[ QH RQN[FCEV[N[ KP VJG ECVཔ 5IF +PVSOBM PG )FSFEJUZ 38 ཊ 2/+& = ? .GVVKEG .# *KNN #' &GXGPPG[ 25 *KNN 4' #RTKN ན2QKPV OWVCVKQPU KP C FKUVCPV UQPKE JGFIGJQI EKU TGIWNCVQT IGPGTCVG C XCTKCDNG TGIWNCVQT[ QWVRWV TGURQPUK DNG HQT RTGCZKCN RQN[FCEV[N[པ )VNBO .PMFDVMBS (FOFU JDT 17 ཊ FQK JOI FFO 2/+& = ? -CJP %[PVJKC / .KPG 5EQVV *QNNCPFGT ,QUGRJ .GG GF 5IF .FSDL .FSJBM .BOVBM GPS 1FU )FBMUI /GTEM +5$0 = ? 5WDEQOOKVVGG QP &QI CPF %CV 0WVTKVKQP /VUSJFOU 3FRVJSFNFOUT PG %PHT BOE $BUT 9CUJKPIVQP &% 0C VKQPCN #ECFGOKGU 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? ན*QY FQ ECVU UYGCV! %CV *GCNVJ EQO 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? #FCOU 6 /QTICP / . *WPVGT 9 5 *QNOGU - 4

ན6GORGTCVWTG 4GIWNCVKQP QH VJG 7PCPGUVJGVK\GF %CV &WTKPI /KNF %QNF CPF 5GXGTG *GCV 5VTGUUཔ +PVSOBM PG "QQMJFE 1IZTJPMPHZ 29 ཊ 2/+& = ? %QOOKVVGG QP #PKOCN 0WVTKVKQP /VUSJFOU 3F RVJSFNFOUT PG $BUT PF GF 0CVKQPCN #ECFGO[ 2T = ? 2TGPVKUU 2JQGDG ) ན*[FTQRGPKC KP %CV CPF &QI #DKNKV[ QH VJG %CV VQ /GGV KVU 9CVGT 4GSWKTGOGPVU 5QNGN[ HTQO C &KGV QH (KUJ QT /GCVཔ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 1IZT JPMPHZ 196 ཊ 2/+& = ? 9QNH # 8 ན2QVCDKNKV[ QH 5GC 9CVGT YKVJ 5RGEKCN 4GHGTGPEG VQ VJG %CVཔ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 1IZTJPMPHZ 196 ཊ 2/+& = ? /QTTKU , ) 4QIGTU 3 4 &GEGODGT ན#TIK PKPG #P 'UUGPVKCN #OKPQ #EKF HQT VJG %CVཔ +PVSOBM PG /VUSJUJPO 108 ཊ 2/+& = ? <QTCP & . ན6JG %CTPKXQTG %QPPGEVKQP VQ 0WVTKVKQP KP %CVUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FU FSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 221 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? )TC[ % / 5GNNQP 4 - (TGGOCP . / ན0W VTKVKQPCN #FGSWCE[ QH 6YQ 8GICP &KGVU HQT %CVUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 225 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+&

$)"15&3 $"5 = ? <CIJKPK ) $KCIK ) ན0WVTKVKQPCN 2GEWNKCTKVKGU CPF &KGV 2CNCVCDKNKV[ KP VJG %CVཔ 7FU 3FT $PNNVO 29

5WRRNGOGPV ཊ FQK U 2/+& = ? ན%CV *GCNVJ 9J[ &Q %CVU 'CV )TCUU! "OJ NBM1MBOFU DPN 0QXGODGT 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? 1NNKXKGT ( , 5COWGNUQP & # $TQQMU & ' .GYKU 2 # -CNNDGTI / ' -QOCTQO[ # / ན%QO RCTCVKXG /QTRJQNQI[ QH VJG 6CRGVWO .WEKFWO COQPI 5GNGEVGF 5RGEKGU 7FUFSJOBSZ 0QIUIBMNPMPHZ 7 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+& = ? /CNOUVT·O 6 -T·IGT 4* ན2WRKN UJCRGU CPF NGPU QRVKEU KP VJG G[GU QH VGTTGUVTKCN XGTVGDTCVGUཔ + &YQ #JPM 209 2V ཊ FQK LGD 2/+& = ? *COOQPF 2 /QWCV ) 5 8 ན6JG TGNC VKQPUJKR DGVYGGP HGNKPG RWRKN UK\G CPF NWOKPCPEGཔ &YQFSJNFOUBM #SBJO 3FTFBSDI 59 ཊ FQK $( = ? .QQR / 5 $TWEG . . ན%CV %QNQT 8K UKQP 6JG 'ាGEV QH 5VKOWNWU 5K\Gཔ 4DJFODF 199

ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK . FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? )WGPVJGT 'NMG <TGPPGT 'DGTJCTV #RTKN ན6JG 5RGEVTCN 5GPUKVKXKV[ QH &CTM CPF .KIJV CFCRVGF %CV 4GVK PCN )CPINKQP %GNNUཔ +PVSOBM PG /FVSPTDJFODF 13 ཊ 2/+& = ? *GាPGT 4KEM[G 5 0QXGODGT ན2TKOCVG *GCT KPI HTQO C /COOCNKCP 2GTURGEVKXGཔ 5IF "OBUPN JDBM 3FDPSE 1BSU " %JTDPWFSJFT JO .PMFDVMBS $FM MVMBS BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ #JPMPHZ 281 ཊ FQK CT C 2/+& #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGODGT 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? *GាPGT *GPT[ ' /C[ ན#WFKVQT[ #YCTGPGUUཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 57 ཊ ཊ FQK 5 = ? 5WPSWKUV /GNXKP ' 5WPSWKUV (KQPC 8JME $BUT PG UIF 8PSME 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? $NWODGTI / 5 ན4QFGPV WNVTCUQPKE UJQTV ECNNU NQEQOQVKQP DKQOGEJCPKEU CPF EQOOWPKECVKQPཔ +PVSOBM PG $PNQBSBUJWF 1TZDIPMPHZ 106 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? *GាPGT 4KEM[G 5 ན*GCTKPI 4CPIG QH VJG &QOGUVKE %CVཔ )FBSJOH 3FTFBSDI 19 ཊ FQK 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? /QWNVQP &CXKF ) #WIWUV ན1NHCEVKQP KP /COOCNUཔ "NFSJDBO ;PPMPHZ 7 ཊ FQK KED

3&'&3&/$&4 = ? /K[C\CMK / ;COCUJKVC 6 5W\WMK ; 5CKVQ ; 5QGVC 5 6CKTC * 5W\WMK # ན# /C LQT 7TKPCT[ 2TQVGKP QH VJG &QOGUVKE %CV 4GIWNCVGU VJG 2TQFWEVKQP QH (GNKPKPG C 2WVCVKXG 2JGTQOQPG 2TGEWT UQTཔ $IFN #JPM 2&( 13 ཊ FQK L EJGODKQN 2/+& = ? 5QOOGTXKNNG $ # ན1NHCEVQT[ #YCTGPGUUཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 57 ཊ ཊ FQK 5

= ? .GX[ ,WNKG - %TCYHQTF 2 %[PFC 0QXGODGT ན*WOCPG UVTCVGIKGU HQT EQPVTQNNKPI HGTCN ECV RQRWNCVKQPUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 225 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? # PWODGT QH VJG HQWT TGOCKPKPI EQNQP[ ECVU CV VJG 2CTNKC OGPV *KNN %CV 5CPEVWCT[ KP 1VVCYC 1PVCTKQ %CPCFC YGTG CPF [GCTU QNF KP ན# DGNQXGF 2CTNKCOGPV *KNN CVVTCEVKQP WUGU WR KVU PKPG NKXGUཔ -CTCP 5OKVJ 6JG )NQDG CPF /CKN (GDTWCT[

= ? )TQIPGV ,Gា ,WPG ན%CVPKR +VU 7UGU CPF 'ាGEVU 2CUV CPF 2TGUGPVཔ 5IF $BOBEJBO 7FUFSJOBSZ +PVSOBM 31 = ? , 4GOHT[ (GTCN %CVU KP VJG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO ,#8/#

ཊ 2/% 2/+& 8QN 0Q (GDTWCT[ RR CV R CXCKNCDNG QPNKPG CV RR QH ན#8/# #PKOCN = ? 6WTPGT 4COQPC /C[ ན*QY FQGU ECVPKR YQTM 9GNHCTG (QTWO 6JG YGNHCTG QH ECVUཔ 0QXGODGT KVU OCIKE QP ECVU! 5EKGPVKិE #OGTKECP = ? 6WEMGT #TVJWT 6WEMGT 5JCTQP ན%CVPKR CPF VJG = ? <QTTQ VJG NCUV ECV QH C EQNQP[ CV VJG /GTTKOCEM 4KXGT KP 0GYDWT[RQTV /CUUCEJWUGVVU FKGF KP CV CIG ECVPKR TGURQPUGཔ &DPOPNJD #PUBOZ 42 ཊ ན6TCR 0GWVGT 4GVWTP 'ាGEVKXGN[ 5VCDKNK\GU CPF 4GFWEGU FQK $( (GTCN %CV 2QRWNCVKQPU 6TCR 0GWVGT 4GVWTP *WOCPGN[ = ? ན9J[ %CVU %CP V 6CUVG 5YGGVUཔ 2GVUKFG /CTEJ 5VCDKNK\GF CPF 4GFWEGF KP 5K\G VJG /GTTKOCEM 4KXGT 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ %QNQP[པ #NNG[ %CV #NNKGU CEEGUUGF #WIWUV CP GCTNKGT CTVKENG KP VJG .# 6KOGU YCU YTKVVGP YJGP <QTTQ = ? $TCFUJCY ,QJP 9 5 ,WN[ ན6JG 'XQNWVKQPCT[ YCU VJG NCUV TGOCKPKPI NKXKPI ECV ན#FXQECVGU TGRQTV UWE $CUKU HQT VJG (GGFKPI $GJCXKQT QH &QOGUVKE &QIU %CPKU EGUU YKVJ VTCR PGWVGT TGVWTP CRRTQCEJ VQ UVTC[ ECVUཔ .QU HCOKNKCTKU CPF %CVU (GNKU ECVWU +PVSOBM PG /VUSJUJPO #PIGNGU 6KOGU 5GRVGODGT 136 5ཊ 2/+& = ? -TCHV 9 (GDTWCT[ ན)GTKCVTKEU KP ECPKPG CPF HG = ? 6JG NCUV ECV KP C OCPCIGF EQNQP[ KP 9CUJKPIVQP & % FKGF CV CIG ན6TCR 0GWVGT 4GVWTP 'ាGEVKXGN[ 5VCDKNK\GU CPF NKPG KPVGTPCN OGFKEKPGཔ &VSPQFBO +PVSOBM PG .FEJDBM 3F 4GFWEGU (GTCN %CV 2QRWNCVKQPU 9CUJKPIVQP & % %CV TFBSDI 3 ཊ ཊ 2/+& %QNQP[ 5VCDKNK\GF CPF 'XGPVWCNN[ 4GFWEGF VQ <GTQཔ #NNG[ = ? 0CUUCT 4 /QUKGT , 9KNNKCOU . (GDTWCT[ ན5VWF[ %CV #NNKGU CEEGUUGF #WIWUV QH VJG HGNKPG CPF ECPKPG RQRWNCVKQPU KP VJG ITGCVGT .CU 8G ICU CTGCཔ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 7FUFSJOBSZ 3FTFBSDI 45 = ? ན6QZKE VQ %CVUཔ 7FU*OGP DPN 4GVTKGXGF &G EGODGT 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU

ཊ 2/+& KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO QVJGT UQWTEGU DWV FQGU PQV PCOG VJGO = ? ན5VCVG QH 2GV *GCNVJ 4GRQTVཔ $CPិGNF 2GV *QURKVCN 6JG TGRQTV TGីGEVU FCVC HTQO ECVU UGGP CV OQTG = ? 9KNNKCOU 4 6 (GDTWCT[ ན5RGEKGU 8CTKCVKQPU KP VJG 2CVJYC[U QH &TWI /GVCDQNKUOཔ &OWJSPONFOUBM )FBMUI VJCP CPKOCN JQURKVCNU KP 75 UVCVGU KP (QT 1FSTQFDUJWFT 22 ཊ FQK ,5614 NKHG GZRGEVCPE[ GUVKOCVGU ECVU GWVJCPK\GF CV CP CIG QH QXGT 2/% 2/+& QPG [GCT QNF YGTG KPENWFGF KP VJG FCVC R = ? 'ZCORNG ན/G YQY 6GZCU 9QOCP 5C[U %CV KU ;GCTU = ? 4QYNCPF , ན+PEKFGPEG QH 'VJ[NGPG )N[EQN +PVQZ KECVKQP KP &QIU CPF %CVU 5GGP CV %QNQTCFQ 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ 1NF ཊ #NVJQWIJ 5JG %CP V *GCT QT 5GG 8GT[ 9GNN %CV 8GVGTKPCT[ 6GCEJKPI *QURKVCNཔ 7FU )VN 5PYJDPM 29 GTCEM VJG %CV +U 5VKNN 2WTTKPIཔ .4/#$ .4/ DPN 0GY ཊ 2/+& ;QTM /KETQUQHV 5GRVGODGT #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 2QVGTC % ན%JGOKECN 'ZRQUWTGU %CVU CU 5GPVKPGN 5RGEKGUཔ &OWJSPONFOUBM )FBMUI 1FSTQFDUJWFT 115 = ? (VJOOFTT 8PSME 3FDPSET TGRTKPV GF $CPVCO R # FQK GJR C C 2/% +5$0 6JG QNFGUV ECV GXGT YCU 2/+& %TGOG 2Wា YJQ =UKE? YCU DQTP QP #WIWUV CPF NKXGF WPVKN #WIWUV ཊ [GCTU CPF FC[U KP VQVCN = ? #NNGP # . ,WPG ན6JG &KCIPQUKU QH #E GVCOKPQRJGP 6QZKEQUKU KP C %CVཔ $BOBEJBO 7FUFSJ = ? ན%CV %CTG 5RC[ཊ0GWVGTཔ "41$" PSH 0GY ;QTM OBSZ +PVSOBM 44 ཊ 2/% 2/+& #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #P KOCNU 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO = ? 8KNNCT & $WEM 9 $ )QP\CNG\ , / ན+DWRTQ HGP #URKTKP CPF #EGVCOKPQRJGP 6QZKEQUKU CPF 6TGCVOGPV QVJGT UQWTEGU DWV FQGU PQV PCOG VJGO KP &QIU CPF %CVUཔ 7FU )VN 5PYJDPM 40 ཊ = ? .GX[ ,WNKG - )CNG &CXKF 9 )CNG .GUNKG # ,CP 2/+& WCT[ ན'XCNWCVKQP QH VJG GាGEV QH C NQPI VGTO VTCR PGWVGT TGVWTP CPF CFQRVKQP RTQITCO QP C = ? &G%NGOGPVK %COKNNG $CKNG[ -GKVJ . )QNFUVGKP HTGG TQCOKPI ECV RQRWNCVKQPཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFS 5RGPEGT % 1TUGT /KEJCGN 5EQVV ན5WURGEVGF JDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 222 ཊ 6QZKEQUKU CHVGT 6QRKECN #FOKPKUVTCVKQP QH /KPQZKFKN FQK LCXOC 2/+& KP 6YQ %CVUཔ +PVSOBM PG 7FUFSJOBSZ &NFSHFODZ BOE

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ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? ན%CV $GJCXKQT $QF[ .CPIWCIGཔ "OJNBM1MBOFU DPN #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP (GDTWCT[ = ? 4QWUUGCWZ % ) 5OKVJ 4 # 0KEJQNUQP 5 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT ན#EWVG 2KPG 5QN 6QZKEKV[ KP C &QOGUVKE %CVཔ 7FUFSJ OBSZ BOE )VNBO 5PYJDPMPHZ 28 ཊ 2/+& = ? %CHC\\Q 5 0CVQNK ན6JG 5QEKCN (WPE VKQP QH 6CKN 7R KP VJG &QOGUVKE %CV 'FMJT TJM WFTUSJT DBUVT #FIBW 1SPDFTTFT 80 ཊ = ? ན#PVKHTGG\G 9CTPKPIཔ %CV (CPEKGTUཐ #UUQEKCVKQP %(# FQK L DGRTQE 2/+& #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP /C[ 4GVTKGXGF ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR /C[ = ? ན&GCVJ D[ %JQEQNCVG! /GVJ[NZCPVJKPG 6QZKEQUKUཔ 7FU = ? .GXKPG ' 2GTT[ 2 5ECTNGVV , *QWRV - FSJOBSZ 5FDIOJDJBO 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV ན+PVGTECV #IITGUUKQP KP *QWUGJQNFU (QNNQYKPI VJG +PVTQ FWEVKQP QH C 0GY %CVཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF = ? ན2NCPVU CPF ;QWT %CVཔ %CV (CPEKGTUཐ #UUQEKCVKQP 90 ཊ FQK L CRRNCPKO #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,CPWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN /C[ = ? .CPIUVQP %CVJ[ ' ,CPWCT[ ན#EWVG 4GPCN (CKN = ? ན&QIU CPF %CVU ཊ )GVVKPI #NQPIཔ 2GVWPKXGTUKV[ EQO 4G VTKGXGF ,WN[ WTG %CWUGF D[ .KN[ +PIGUVKQP KP 5KZ %CVUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 220 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? ན6JG %CV $QF[ #FQNGUEGPEG CPF 5GZWCN /CVWTKV[པ "OJ NBM1MBOFU DPN "OJNBM %JTDPWFSZ DPN &KUEQXGT[ %QO = ? )GTOCKP ' $GPJCOQW 5 2QWNNG / . OWPKECVKQPU ན%CV )WKFGཔ UGEVKQP #TEJKXGF HTQO ན5RCVKQ VGORQTCN 5JCTKPI DGVYGGP VJG 'WTQRGCP 9KNF VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WPG ECV VJG &QOGUVKE %CV CPF VJGKT *[DTKFUཔ +PVSOBM PG ;PPMPHZ 276 ཊ FQK L = ? /E%QOD - 6C[NQT # / 9KNUQP % %JCTNVQP $ & Z

ན6JG %T[ 'ODGFFGF YKVJKP VJG 2WTTཔ $VSS #JPM 19 4 ཊ FQK L EWD = ? $CTTCVV &CXKF ) ,WPG ན*QOG 4CPIG 5K\G 2/+& *CDKVCV 7VKNKUCVKQP CPF /QXGOGPV 2CVVGTPU QH 5WDWTDCP CPF (CTO %CVU 'FMJT DBUVT &DPHSBQIZ 20 ཊ = ? 'YKPI 6QO ན# *CKT[ &KNGOOC 9JGP *CKT FQK L VD Z ,5614 $CNNU #TGP V *CTONGUUཔ $BU 8BUDI (GNKPG *GCNVJ %GP VGT %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? 4CPFCNN 9CNVGT ,QJPUQP 4 ( 4CPFCNN 5 %WPPKPI JCO , 6 ན%KTECFKCP TJ[VJOU KP HQQF KPVCMG CPF CEVKXKV[ KP FQOGUVKE ECVUཔ #FIBWJPSBM /FVSPTDJFODF 99 = ? $QUJGN , 9KNDQTP 9 * 5KPIJ $ $ 2GVGT 5 5VWT / ན(KNKHQTO 2CRKNNCG QH %CV 6QPIWGཔ $FMMT 5JT ཊ FQK 2/+& TVFT 0SHBOT 114 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? ,QWXGV /KEJGN ན9JCV &QGU C %CV &TGCO #DQWV! 5SFOET JO /FVSPTDJFODFT 2 ཊ = ? /QQP (CPGNNK #NKEG ན(GNKPG %QORWNUKXG $GJCXKQTཔ FQK 6WHVU 7PKXGTUKV[ 5EJQQN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT #TEJKXG = ? 2QPVKGT &QOKPKSWG 'WIGPKC 0CVQNK ན/CNG 4G RTQFWEVKXG 5WEEGUU KP VJG &QOGUVKE %CV 'FMJT DBUVT . = ? .KPFGNN 'NNGP / &GEGODGT ན+PVGTECV #IITGU # %CUG *KUVQT[པ #FIBWJPVSBM 1SPDFTTFT 37 ཊ UKQP # 4GVTQURGEVKXG 5VWF[ 'ZCOKPKPI 6[RGU QH #IITGU FQK UKQP 5GZGU QH (KIJVKPI 2CKTU CPF 'ាGEVKXGPGUU QH 6TGCV OGPVཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 55 ཊ ཊ = ? %TQYGNN &CXKU 5 . %WTVKU 6 / -PQYNGU 4 , FQK 5 ན5QEKCN 1TICPK\CVKQP KP VJG %CV # /QFGTP 7PFGTUVCPF KPIཔ +PVSOBM PG 'FMJOF .FEJDJOF BOE 4VSHFSZ 6 ཊ FQK L LHOU 2/+& = ? #MKJKTQ ;COCPG 6GTWQ &QK ;WKVK 1PQ ན/CVKPI $GJCXKQTU %QWTVUJKR 4CPM CPF /CVKPI 5WEEGUU QH /CNG 4GVTKGXGF /C[ (GTCN %CV 'FMJT DBUVT +PVSOBM PG &UIPMPHZ 14 ཊ = ? $TCFUJCY ,9 )QQFYKP & .GITCPF &GHTªVKP 8 0QVV FQK $( */ , 9 ན(QQF UGNGEVKQP D[ VJG FQOGUVKE ECV CP QDNKICVG ECTPKXQTGཔ $PNQ #JPDIFN 1IZTJPM " 1IZT = ? ན#IITGUUKQP $GVYGGP (COKN[ %CVU པ 6JG *WOCPG 5QEK JPM 114 ཊ FQK GV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN 2/+& ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU QP &GEGODGT

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= ? 2GFGTUGP 0 % ;COCOQVQ , - +UJKFC 6 *CPUGP = ? ན2KEC 6JG 7P ិPKEM[ (GNKPG ཊ %JGYKPI QT 'CVKPI %QTFU * ན(GNKPG +OOWPQFGិEKGPE[ 8KTWU +PHGEVKQPཔ (CDTKE *QWUGRNCPVU 'VE པ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 7FUFSJOBSZ *NNVOPMPHZ BOE *NNVOPQBUIPMPHZ 21 5EJQQN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT ཊ FQK 2/+& 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU KPHQT OCVKQP HTQO QVJGT UQWTEGU DWV FQGU PQV PCOG VJGO = ? 9QQFU / /E&QPCNF 4# *CTTKU 5 ན2TGFCVKQP = ? 9CFG 0KEJQNCU 0QXGODGT ན(QT %CVU C $KI QH YKNFNKHG D[ FQOGUVKE ECVU (GNKU ECVWU KP )TGCV $TKVCKPཔ )WNR 9KVJ C 6QWEJ QH VJG 6QPIWGཔ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4G .BNNBM 3FWJFX 23 ཊ FQK L VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT Z = ? 2QKTKGT ( ' *WUUG[ . - ,WN[ ན0QP = ? %NQPGU %CVU #PF %JGOKECNU 6JKPMKPI 5EKGPVKិECNN[ JWOCP 2TKOCVG .GCTPKPI 6JG +ORQTVCPEG QH .GCTP #DQWV %QPVTQXGTUKCN +UUWGU ཊ 2CIG +TYKP . 5NGUPKEM KPI HTQO CP 'XQNWVKQPCT[ 2GTURGEVKXGཔ "OUISP ཊ QPMPHZ BOE &EVDBUJPO 2VBSUFSMZ 13 ཊ FQK CGS Z L ,5614 = ? 2GUVU QH %TQRU KP 9CTOGT %NKOCVGU CPF 6JGKT %QPVTQN ཊ 2CIG &GPPKU 5 *KNN ཊ = ? $[GTU ,QJP # $GMQា /CTE "OJNBM 1MBZ &WPMVUJPOBSZ $PNQBSBUJWF BOE &DPMPHJDBM 1FSTQFDUJWFT = ? .QUU 5EQVV 4 6QO 9KNN CPF 2GVGT 2 /CTTC ,CP %CODTKFIG 'PINCPF %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R WCT[ ན6JG KORCEV QH HTGG TCPIKPI FQOGUVKE ECVU QP +5$0 YKNFNKHG QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUཔ /BUVSF $PNNVOJDBUJPOT 4 #TVKENG PWODGT $KDEQFG 0CV%Q ' . = ? *CNN 5CTCJ . ན1DLGEV 2NC[ KP #FWNV &QOGU FQK PEQOOU 9G GUVKOCVG VJCV HTGG TCPIKPI VKE %CVU 6JG 4QNGU QH *CDKVWCVKQP CPF &KUKPJKDKVKQPཔ FQOGUVKE ECVU MKNN ཊ DKNNKQP DKTFU CPF ཊ DKN "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 79 ཊ NKQP OCOOCNU CPPWCNN[ FQK 5 = ? 0CVCNKG #PIKGT ,CPWCT[ ན6JCV %WFFN[ -KVV[ +U = ? *CNN 5CTCJ . ,WPG ན6JG +PីWGPEG QH *WPIGT QP &GCFNKGT 6JCP ;QW 6JKPMཔ 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4G 1DLGEV 2NC[ D[ #FWNV &QOGUVKE %CVUཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #F VTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ IBWJPVS 4DJFODF 58 ཊ ཊ FQK 5 = ? 6WTPGT &GPPKU % $CVGUQP 2CVTKEM GFU 5IF %PNFTUJD $BU 5IF #JPMPHZ PG JUT #FIBWJPVS PF GF = ? /CE2JCKN %CVTKQPC 0QXGODGT ན)CUVTQKPVGUVKPCN %CODTKFIG 'PINCPF %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 QDUVTWEVKQPཔ $MJOJDBM 5FDIOJRVFT JO 4NBMM "OJNBM 1SBDUJDF 17 ཊ FQK UXOU 2/+& = ? 0CUJ *QNN[ ན9J[ &Q %CVU .KMG *KIJ 2NCEGU! 1FU&EV DBUJPO DPN &TU (QUVGT 5OKVJ +PE #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG = ? ན(CV +PFQQT %CVU 0GGF 'ZGTEKUGཔ 1PDPOP 3FDPSE &G QTKIKPCN QP ,CPWCT[ EGODGT 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO QVJGT UQWTEGU DWV FQGU PQV PCOG VJGO = ? ན(CNNKPI %CVUཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? '[G 'ZRGTV %JCNNGPIGU .CUGT 2GP &CPIGT ##$ /FXT 0QXGODGT = ? 0IW[GP *W[ & ན*QY &QGU C %CV #NYC[U .CPF QP +VU (GGV! %ZOBNJDT ** .& $PVSTF .BUFSJBMT = ? ན2TQNKិE %CVU 6JG 'UVTQWU %[ENGཔ 8GVGTKPCT[ .GCTPKPI )GQTIKC +PUVKVWVG QH 6GEJPQNQI[ 5EJQQN QH /GFKECN 'PIK 5[UVGOU 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG PGGTKPI 4GVTKGXGF /C[ 6JKU KU C VGTVKCT[ UQWTEG VJCV ENGCTN[ KPENWFGU KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO QVJGT UQWTEGU DWV = ? #TQPUQP . 4 %QQRGT / . ན2GPKNG 5RKPGU QH VJG &QOGUVKE %CV 6JGKT 'PFQETKPG DGJCXKQT 4GNCVKQPUཔ FQGU PQV PCOG VJGO "OBU 3FD 157 ཊ FQK CT = ? .G[JCWUGP 2CWN $BU #FIBWJPS 5IF 1SFEBUPSZ 2/+& BOE 4PDJBM #FIBWJPS PG %PNFTUJD BOE 8JME $BUT 0GY = ? 9KNFV & ' 5GCIGT 5 9 %JCMTCDQTV[ 2 - ;QTM )CTNCPF 562/ 2T +5$0 ན'ាGEV QH %QRWNCVQT[ 5VKOWNK QP +PEKFGPEG QH 1XWNCVKQP = ? &GUOQPF /QTTKU $BUXBUDIJOH 8IZ $BUT 1VSS CPF QP 5GTWO .WVGKPK\KPI *QTOQPG KP VJG %CVཔ &O BOE &WFSZUIJOH &MTF :PV &WFS 8BOUFE UP ,OPX %TQYP EPDSJOPMPHZ 107 ཊ FQK GPFQ 2WDNKUJKPI 2/+& = ? 9J[ &Q %CVU $TKPI *QOG &GCF #PKOCNU ^ %CVU &GCF = ? 9KNNKCO ( 5YCPUQP 6GTTK . 4QVJ &CXKF ' 9KNV ན+P /KEG 8KXQ 'ODT[QIGPGUKU 'ODT[Q /KITCVKQP CPF 'ODT[QPKE /QTVCNKV[ KP VJG &QOGUVKE %CVཔ #JPMPHZ PG 3FQSPEVDUJPO = ? -KGP\NG ' ན$NQQF 5WICT .GXGNU CPF 4GPCN 5WICT 'ZETGVKQP CHVGT VJG +PVCMG QH *KIJ %CTDQJ[FTCVG &KGVU KP = ? ན%CV &GXGNQROGPV ཊ 'ODT[QNQI[པ %CVUཔ +PVSOBM PG /VUSJUJPO 124 5WRRNGOGPV 5ཊ 2JR OGF WPUY GFW CW ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF 5 2/+& 5GRVGODGT = ? $TCFUJCY ,QJP 9 5 #RTKN ན(CEVQTU CាGEV = ? 6UWVUWK 6 5VCDGPHGNFV ) * ན$KQNQI[ QH 1XCT KPI RKEC KP VJG FQOGUVKE ECVཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #F KCP %[ENGU 2TGIPCPE[ CPF RUGWFQRTGIPCPE[ KP VJG &Q IBWJPVS 4DJFODF 52 ཊ ཊ FQK 5 OGUVKE %CVཔ + 3FQSPE 'FSUJM 4VQQM 47 ཊ 2/+&

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= ? $GJTGPF -CVTKP 9GINGT /QPKMC VTCPUNCVGF HTQO )GT = ? %QWTEJCOR ( %JCRWKU , . 2CUECN / ན/CO OCP D[ 'NK\CDGVJ & %TCYHQTF 5IF $PNQMFUF OCN +PXCFGTU QP +UNCPFU +ORCEV %QPVTQN CPF %QPVTQN #PPL PG $BU $BSF )PX UP 3BJTF B )BQQZ BOE )FBMUIZ $BU +ORCEVཔ #JPM 3FW $BNC 1IJMPT 4PD 78 ཊ *CWRRCWIG 0; $CTTQPཐU 'FWECVKQPCN 5GTKGU +PE R FQK 5 2/+& +5$0 = ? 4C[PGT / , *CWDGT / ' +ODGT / , 5VCOR = ? 1NUQP 2 0 -WUVTKV\ / 8 ,QJPUVQP 5 & 4 - %NQWV / 0 ན5RCVKCN *GVGTQIGPG ན'CTN[ CIG 0GWVGTKPI QH &QIU CPF %CVU KP VJG 7PKVGF KV[ QH /GUQRTGFCVQT 4GNGCUG YKVJKP CP 1EGCPKE +U 5VCVGU # 4GXKGY + 3FQSPE 'FSUJM 4VQQM 57 ཊ NCPF 5[UVGOཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF /BUJPOBM "DBEFNZ 2/+& PG 4DJFODFT PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT PG "NFSJDB 104

ཊ $KDEQFG 20#5 4 = ? 4QQV -WUVTKV\ /CTICTGV 8 ན&GVGTOKPKPI VJG QR FQK RPCU 2/% 2/+& VKOCN CIG HQT IQPCFGEVQO[ QH FQIU CPF ECVUཔ +PVSOBM PG "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDJOF 231 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? %JTKU 4 &KEMOCP ན1XGTXKGY QH VJG +ORCEVU QH (GTCN %CVU QP #WUVTCNKCP 0CVKXG (CWPCཔ #WUVTCNKCP &G = ? %JW -CT[GP #PFGTUQP 9 / 4KGUGT / ; RCTVOGPV QH VJG 'PXKTQPOGPV 9CVGT *GTKVCIG CPF VJG ན2QRWNCVKQP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU CPF PGWVGT UVCVWU QH ECVU NKXKPI #TVU #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGODGT KP JQWUGJQNFU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFS 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV JDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 234 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? ,COGU * #EJCT[C #$ 6C[NQT ,# (TGCM /, ན# ECUG QH DKVVGP $GVVQPIUཔ + 'PSFOTJD 0EPOUPTUPNBUPM 20 = ? ན9J[ CPF *QY &Q %CVU 2WTT! .KDTCT[ QH %QPITGUU

ཊ 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? )NGP #5 &KEMOCP %4 ན%QORNGZ KPVGT CEVKQPU COQPI OCOOCNKCP ECTPKXQTGU KP #WU VTCNKC CPF VJGKT KORNKECVKQPU HQT YKNFNKHG OCPCIG = ? 4CPFGTUQP ,COGU ,CPWCT[ ན(TQO .KQP VQ /QI OGPVཔ #JPM 3FW $BNC 1IJMPT 4PD 80 ཊ IKG *QY %CVU %NKODGF VJGKT (COKN[ 6TGGཔ 5IF (VBSEJBO FQK 5 2/+&

.QPFQP = ? ན2CPVJGTCཔ 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT

= ? 5C[ .WFQXKE ན5RCVKQ VGORQTCN XCTKCVKQP KP ECV = ? /C[ 4 ན%QPVTQN QH (GNKPG &GNKPSWGPE[པ /BUVSF 332 ཊ $KDEQFG 0CVWT / RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKV[ KP C UWD #PVCTEVKE GPXKTQPOGPVཔ 1PMBS FQK C #JPMPHZ 25 ཊ FQK U = ? (TGPQV ; %JQYP 5VGXGP . 9JKPCO ,GPPKG 5GNMKTM = ? .KDGTI 1 ན(QQF *CDKVU CPF 2TG[ +ORCEV D[ (GTCN CPF *QWUG DCUGF &QOGUVKE %CVU KP C 4WTCN #TGC KP 5QWVJ 2CVTKEKC / %QPXG[ 2GVGT 5MQVPKEMK /CT[ $GTIUVTQO GTP 5YGFGPཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 65 ཊ &CPC / ན$KQNQIKECN +PXCUKQPU KP VJG #PVCTEVKE FQK ,5614 'ZVGPV +ORCEVU CPF +ORNKECVKQPUཔ #JPMPHJDBM 3FWJFXT 80

ཊ FQK 5 = ? %JWEJGT 2 $ .CYVQP , * ན2TGFCVKQP D[ &QOGUVKE %CVU KP CP 'PINKUJ XKNNCIGཔ +PVSOBM PG ;P = ? ན'EQNQI[ QH 'FMJT DBUVT (MPCBM *OWBTJWF 4QFDJFT PMPHZ -POEPO 212 ཊ FQK L %BUBCBTF +PXCUKXG 5RGEKGU 5RGEKCNKUV )TQWR 4G VD Z VTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? 0QICNGU / /CTVKP # 6GTUJ[ $ 4 &QPNCP % , = ? /GCF % , ན4KPIGF DKTFU MKNNGF D[ ECVUཔ .BNNBM 3FWJFX 12 ཊ FQK L 8GKVEJ & 7GTVC 0 9QQF $ #NQPUQ , VD Z ན# 4GXKGY QH (GTCN %CV 'TCFKECVKQP QP +UNCPFUཔ $PO TFSWBUJPO #JPMPHZ 18 FQK L = ? %TQQMU -GXKP 4 5QWN /KEJCGN ' Z ན/GUQRTGFCVQT 4GNGCUG CPF #XKHCWPCN 'ZVKPEVKQPU KP C (TCIOGPVGF 5[UVGOཔ /BUVSF 400 ཊ = ? ན QH VJG 9QTNFཐU 9QTUV +PXCUKXG #NKGP 5RGEKGU # 5G $KDEQFG 0CVWT % FQK NGEVKQP HTQO VJG )NQDCN +PXCUKXG 5RGEKGU &CVCDCUGཔ 6JG +PXCUKXG 5RGEKGU 5RGEKCNKUV )TQWR #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGODGT 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? ན;QW VJQWIJV YCVEJKPI ECV XKFGQU YCU JCTONGUU HWP! 6JKPM #)#+0 པ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 4QDGTVUQP + & ན5WTXG[ QH 2TGFCVKQP D[ = ? (K\VIGTCNF / $ 6WTPGT &GPPKU % 6WTPGT $CVGUQP PQ DJU GF )VOUJOH #FIBWJPVS PG %PNFTUJD $BUT BOE 5IFJS &QOGUVKE %CVUཔ "VTU 7FU + 76 ཊ *NQBDU PO 1SFZ 1PQVMBUJPOT KP 6JG &QOGUVKE %CV 6JG FQK L VD Z 2/+& $KQNQI[ QH KVU $GJCXKQWT RR ཊ = ? $GEMGTOCP # 2 $QQVU / )CUVQP - , = ? %QWTEJCOR ( .CPINCKU / CPF 5WIKJCTC ) ན7TDCP $KTF &GENKPGU CPF VJG (GCT QH %CVUཔ "OJNBM ན%CVU RTQVGEVKPI DKTFU OQFGNNKPI VJG OGUQRTGFCVQT TG $POTFSWBUJPO 10 ཊ FQK L NGCUG GាGEVཔ +PVSOBM PG "OJNBM &DPMPHZ 68 ཊ Z FQK L Z

3&'&3&/$&4

= ? 5VCVVGTUិGNF # , %TQUD[ / , .QPI # , CPF 9GIG = ? ན*WOCPG UQEKGV[ NCWPEJGU PCVKQPCN ECV EGPUWUཔ $#$ & % &OEFNJD #JSE "SFBT PG UIF 8PSME 1SJPSJ /FXT 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT UJFT GPS #JPEJWFSTJUZ $POTFSWBUJPO ན$KTF.KHG %QPUGTXCVKQP 5GTKGUཔ 0Q %CODTKFIG 'PINCPF $WTNKPIVQP 2TGUU = ? ན%CVU $Gཔ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT +5$0 = ? ན6JG 5WRTGOG %CV %GPUWUཔ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 9KNNKCOU # , 4UBUVT BOE $POTFSWBUJPO PG 4FBCJSET BU TPNF *TMBOET JO UIF "GSJDBO 4FDUPS PG UIF 4PVUI FSO 0DFBO *O 4UBUVT BOE $POTFSWBUJPO PG UIF 8PSMEࣙT = ? ན#DQWV 2GVUཔ +(#* 'WTQRG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT 4FBCJSET FE $SPYBMM + 1 &WBOT 1 ( ) 4DISFJCFS 3 8 *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVODJM GPS #JSE 1SFTFSWBUJPO %CO = ? .GIC[ ,/ ན5WT WPG VGPVCVKXG F GUVKOCVKQP FW PQO DTG VQVCN FG EJCVU FQOGUVKSWGU FCPU NG OQPFGཔ =6GPVC DTKFIG RR ཊ VKXG GUVKOCVKQP QH VJG VQVCN PWODGT QH FQOGUVKE ECVU KP VJG YQTNF? $PNQUFT 3FOEVT %F M "DBE©NJF %FT 4DJFODFT = ? (CNNC 4 # /FX ;FBMBOE #JSE -JGF 1BTU BOE 4©SJF *** 4DJFODFT %F -B 7JF KP (TGPEJ 303 ཊ 1SFTFOU 5VKNGU 2/+& +0+56 = ? )CNDTGCVJ 4 $TQYP & ན6JG 6CNG QH VJG .KIJVJQWUG MGGRGTཐU %CV &KUEQXGT[ CPF 'ZVKPEVKQP QH = ? ན%CVU OQUV KPVGTGUVKPI HCEVU CDQWV EQOOQP FQOGUVKE VJG 5VGRJGPU +UNCPF 9TGP 5SBWFSTJB MZBMMJ /PUPSOJT RGVUཔ 2TCXFC TW 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT 51 ཊ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 1EVQDGT = ? ན5VWF[ 6TCEGU %CVཐU #PEGUVT[ VQ /KFFNG 'CUVཔ 0GY ;QTM 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6KOGU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? &QYFKPI , ' /WTRJ[ ' % ན6JG +ORCEV QH 2TGFCVKQP DG +PVTQFWEGF /COOCNU QP 'PFGOKE 5JQTG = ? 5VCPNG[ & )GJTV 5GVJ 2 & 4KNG[ $TKCP . %[RJGT DKTFU KP 0GY <GCNCPF # %QPUGTXCVKQP 2GTURGEVKXGཔ #J /CTEJ 6SCBO $BSOJWPSFT &DPMPHZ $POતJDU BOE PMPHJDBM $POTFSWBUJPO 99 ཊ FQK 5 $POTFSWBUJPO ,*7 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? +TGPG 4QEJNKV\ #RTKN 5IF 8FMGBSF PG $BUT = ? 9JKVKPI / ( $TCFNGT 5 CPF /CZYGNN 6 5RTKPIGT 5EKGPEG $WUKPGUU /GFKC 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQ ན.QUU CPF 4GEQXGT[ QH 9KPIU KP 5VKEM +PUGEVUཔ /BUVSF DGT 421 ཊ $KDEQFG 0CVWT 9 FQK PCVWTG 2/+& = ? ན9JCV KU VJG FKាGTGPEG DGVYGGP C UVTC[ ECV CPF C HGTCN ECV! *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TEJKXGF = ? 9%/% /E%QOD , )TQQODTKFIG $ $[HQTF ' #N HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP /C[ NCP % *QYNCPF , /CIKP % 5OKVJ * )TGGPYQQF 8 CPF 5KORUQP . 8PSME $POTFSWBUJPO .POJUPS = ? ན6QTTG #TIGPVKPC ECV UJGNVGT པ 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG JOH $FOUSF %JCROCP CPF *CNN +5$0 = ? 4QYCP #PFTGY 0 &GDQTCJ , 5CNGO 0QXGODGT = ? 5VGCFOCP & 9 /CTVKP 2 5 ན6JG ན པ 5IF 4UBUF PG UIF "OJNBMT ** *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ .CVG 3WCVGTPCT[ 'ZVKPEVKQP CPF (WVWTG 4GUWTTGEVKQP 2TGUU +5$0 #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QH $KTFU QP 2CEKិE +UNCPFUཔ &BSUI 4DJFODF 3F QP 0QXGODGT WJFXT 61 ཊ $KDEQFG '54X 5 FQK 5 = ? /WKT *C\GN #RTKN ན#PEKGPV 4GOCKPU %QWNF $G 1NFGUV 2GV %CVཔ /FX 4DJFOUJTU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? #DD[ 'NNKP 1EVQDGT ན/QTG /GP #TG 7P CDCUJGFN[ 'ODTCEKPI 6JGKT .QXG QH %CVUཔ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? 9CNVQP /CTUJC #RTKN ན#PEKGPV $WTKCN .QQMU = ? ,QPGU ,GាTG[ / 0QXGODGT ན%QORCPKQPUJKR CPF .QXG QH #PKOCNU &TKXG 2GV 1YPGTUJKRཔ )CNNWR +PE 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ?

= ? = ?

= ?

.KMG *WOCP CPF 2GV %CVཔ %00 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT

= ? ན)CVQU HWGTQP FQOGUVKECFQU GP %JKPC JCEG C²QUཔ -B /BDJ³O 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT ན9JCV +U 6JCV 6JG[ TG 9GCTKPI! *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP &GEGODGT = ? /CUQP + . &WPMVUJPO PG %PNFTUJDBUFE "OJNBMT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT 2TGPVKEG *CNN 2TGUU +5$0 ན'7 RTQRQUGU ECV CPF FQI HWT DCPཔ $$% 0GYU = ? 8G[PG 2CWN = ? ན6JG *QWUGJQNF CPF +VU 0QXGODGT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT (TGGF 5NCXGUཔ 5IF 3PNBO &NQJSF #TVJWT )QNFJCOOGT +MWOC %CTN[ ,WPG ན'7 #PPQWPEGU 5VTKEV $CP

6TCPU TF GF %CODTKFIG /CUUCEJWUGVVU *CTXCTF QP &QI CPF %CV (WT +ORQTVU CPF 'ZRQTVUཔ )464 PSH *W %QNNGIG R +5$0 OCPG 5QEKGV[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP = ? )G[GT )GQTIKG #PPG 8IFO $BUT 3FJHOFE -JLF (GDTWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT ,JOHT 0O UIF 5SBJM PG UIF 4BDSFE $BUT -CPUCU %KV[ /KU 2CVGTUQP 6QP[ #RTKN ན5YKV\GTNCPF (KPFU C UQWTK #PFTGYU /E/GGN +5$0 9C[ VQ 5MKP C %CV HQT VJG (WT 6TCFG CPF *KIJ (CUJKQPཔ 5IF *OEFQFOEFOU .QPFQP 'PINCPF 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQ = ? /KPQW 4GGXGU .VIBNNBE JO &VSPQF 0GY ;QTM DGT 7PKXGTUKV[ 0;7 2TGUU R +5$0

= ? #N 6JCJCDK 5JCOUWFFKP ན$KQITCRJ[ QH CN 4KHCKཔ 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? 0QTC 5WIQDQPQ /CTEJ ན.CU XKFCU FGN ICVQཔ KP 5RCPKUJ 'N %QOGTEKQ 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ = ? 6KO &QYNKPI /CTEJ ན6CNN VCKNU 2GV O[VJU DWUVGFཔ 5IF (VBSEJBO 7- 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ = ? 9CEJVOGKUVGT 4QUKPC ན%CV /[VJU /KUKPHQTOC VKQP CPF 7PVTWVJUཔ #FTU $BU "SU DPN UGNH RWDNKUJGF 4G VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? #52%# ,WPG ན6JG #52%# 9CTPU #DQWV *KIJ 4KUG (CNNU D[ %CVUཔ 0GY ;QTM #DQWV EQO 4G VTKGXGF #RTKN

3.15 External links • 6JG FKEVKQPCT[ FGិPKVKQP QH MKVV[ CV 9KMVKQPCT[ • &CVC TGNCVGF VQ %CV CV 9KMKURGEKGU • /GFKC TGNCVGF VQ %CV CV 9KMKOGFKC %QOOQPU • #PKOCN %CTG CV 9KMKDQQMU • 3WQVCVKQPU TGNCVGF VQ %CV CV 9KMKSWQVG • %CV &QOGUVKE 6JG &ODZDMPQFEJB "NFSJDBOB • *KIJ 4GUQNWVKQP +OCIGU QH VJG %CV $TCKP • $KQFKXGTUKV[ *GTKVCIG .KDTCT[ DKDNKQITCRJ[ HQT 'FMJT DBUVT • %CVRGTV 6JG %CV 'ZRGTV ཊ %CV CTVKENGU • 8KGY VJG ECV IGPQOG KP 'PUGODN

$)"15&3 $"5

Chapter 4

House mouse 6JG house mouse .VT NVTDVMVT KU C UOCNN OCOOCN QH VJG QTFGT 4QFGPVKC EJCTCEVGTKUVKECNN[ JCXKPI C RQKPVGF UPQWV UOCNN TQWPFGF GCTU CPF C NQPI PCMGF QT CNOQUV JCKTNGUU VCKN +V KU QPG QH VJG OQUV PWOGTQWU URGEKGU QH VJG IGPWU .VT #NVJQWIJ C YKNF CPKOCN VJG JQWUG OQWUG OCKPN[ NKXGU KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ JWOCPU 6JG JQWUG OQWUG JCU DGGP FQOGUVKECVGF CU VJG RGV QT HCPE[ OQWUG CPF CU VJG NCDQTCVQT[ OQWUG YJKEJ KU QPG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OQFGN QTICPKUOU KP DKQNQI[ CPF OGFKEKPG 6JG EQORNGVG OQWUG TGHGTGPEG IGPQOG YCU UGSWGPEGF KP = ?= ? +V KU D[ HCT VJG OCOOCN OQUV EQOOQPN[ IGPGVKECNN[ CNVGTGF HQT UEKGPVKáž·E TGUGCTEJ = ?

QH JGCV NQUU KP VJGTOQTGIWNCVKQP= ? CNQPI YKVJ ཋ VQ C NGUUGT GZVGPV ཋ VJG JCKTNGUU RCTVU QH VJG RCYU CPF GCTU $NQQF ីQY VQ VJG VCKN ECP DG RTGEKUGN[ EQPVTQNNGF KP TG URQPUG VQ EJCPIGU KP CODKGPV VGORGTCVWTG WUKPI C U[UVGO QH CTVGTKQXGPQWU CPCUVQOQUGU VQ KPETGCUG VJG VGORGTCVWTG QH VJG UMKP QP VJG VCKN D[ CU OWEJ CU q% VQ NQUG DQF[ JGCV = ? 6CKN NGPIVJ XCTKGU CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGP VCN VGORGTCVWTG QH VJG OQWUG FWTKPI RQUV PCVCN FGXGNQR OGPV CPF UQ OKEG NKXKPI KP EQNFGT TGIKQPU VGPF VQ JCXG UJQTVGT VCKNU = ? 6JG VCKN KU CNUQ WUGF HQT DCNCPEG YJGP VJG OQWUG KU ENKODKPI QT TWPPKPI QT CU C DCUG YJGP VJG CPK OCN UVCPFU QP KVU JKPF NGIU C DGJCXKQWT MPQYP CU ནVTKRQF KPIཔ CPF VQ EQPXG[ KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV VJG FQOKPCPEG UVCVWU QH CP KPFKXKFWCN KP GPEQWPVGTU YKVJ QVJGT OKEG = ? +P CFFKVKQP VQ VJG TGIWNCT RGC UK\G VJ[OWU QTICP KP VJG EJGUV JQWUG OKEG JCXG C UGEQPF HWPEVKQPCN RKPJGCF UK\G VJ[OWU QTICP KP VJG PGEM PGZV VQ VJG VTCEJGC = ?

4.1 Characteristics *QWUG OKEG JCXG CP CFWNV DQF[ NGPIVJ PQUG VQ DCUG QH VCKN QH ཊ EO ཊ KP CPF C VCKN NGPIVJ QH ཊ EO ཊ KP 6JG YGKIJV KU V[RKECNN[ ཊ I ཊ Q\ +P VJG YKNF VJG[ XCT[ KP EQNQT HTQO NKIJV VQ FCTM CIQWVK NKIJV VQ FCTM DTQYP DWV FQOGUVKECVGF HCPE[ OKEG CPF NCDQTCVQT[ OKEG CTG RTQFWEGF KP OCP[ EQNQTU TCPIKPI HTQO YJKVG VQ EJCORCIPG VQ DNCEM = ? 6JG[ JCXG UJQTV JCKT CPF UQOG DWV PQV CNN UWD URGEKGU JCXG C NKIJV DGNN[ = ? 6JG GCTU CPF VCKN JCXG NKVVNG JCKT 6JG JKPF HGGV CTG UJQTV EQORCTGF VQ "QPEFNVT OKEG QPN[ ཊ OO ཊ KP NQPI VJG PQTOCN ICKV KU C TWP YKVJ C UVTKFG QH CDQWV EO KP VJQWIJ VJG[ ECP LWOR XGTVKECNN[ WR VQ EO

KP = ? 6JG XQKEG KU C JKIJ RKVEJGF USWGCM = ?= ? *QWUG OKEG VJTKXG WPFGT C XCTKGV[ QH EQPFKVKQPU VJG[ CTG HQWPF KP CPF CTQWPF JQOGU CPF EQOOGTEKCN UVTWEVWTGU CU YGNN CU KP QRGP áž·GNFU CPF CITKEWNVWTCN NCPFU

4.2 Taxonomy and subspecies /KEG CTG OCOOCNU QH VJG )NKTGU ENCFG YJKEJ OGCPU VJG[ CTG COQPIUV VJG ENQUGUV TGNCVKXGU QH JWOCPU QVJGT VJCP NCIQOQTRJU VTGGUJTGYU ី[KPI NGOWTU CPF QVJGT RTKOCVGU 6JG VJTGG YKFGN[ CEEGRVGF UWDURGEKGU CTG KPETGCUKPIN[ VTGCVGF CU FKUVKPEV URGEKGU = ?= ? • .VT NVTDVMVT DBTUBOFVT UQWVJGTP CPF UQWVJGCUVGTP #UKC • .VT NVTDVMVT EPNFTUJDVT YGUVGTP 'WTQRG UQWVJ YGUVGTP #UKC #OGTKECU #HTKEC CPF 1EGCPKC

0GY DQTP OCNGU CPF HGOCNGU ECP DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF QP ENQUG GZCOKPCVKQP CU VJG CPQIGPKVCN FKUVCPEG KP OCNGU KU • .VT NVTDVMVT NVTDVMVT GCUVGTP 'WTQRG CPF PQTVJ CRRTQZKOCVGN[ FQWDNG VJCV QH VJG HGOCNG = ? (TQO VJG CIG GTP #UKC QH CDQWV FC[U HGOCNGU JCXG ិXG RCKTU QH OCOOCT[ INCPFU CPF PKRRNGU OCNGU JCXG PQ PKRRNGU = ? 9JGP UGZ 6YQ CFFKVKQPCN UWDURGEKGU JCXG DGGP TGEQIPK\GF OQTG WCNN[ OCVWTG VJG OQUV UVTKMKPI CPF QDXKQWU FKាGTGPEG KU TGEGPVN[ = ? VJG RTGUGPEG QH VGUVKENGU QP VJG OCNGU 6JGUG CTG NCTIG EQORCTGF VQ VJG TGUV QH VJG DQF[ CPF ECP DG TGVTCEVGF • .VT NVTDVMVT CBDUSJBOVT EGPVTCN #UKC KPVQ VJG DQF[ 6JG VCKN YJKEJ KU WUGF HQT DCNCPEG = ?= ?= ? JCU QPN[ C VJKP EQXGTKPI QH JCKT CU KV KU VJG OCKP RGTKRJGTCN QTICP

• .VT NVTDVMVT HFOUJMVMVT #TCDKCP 2GPKPUWNC /CFCICUECT = ?

$)"15&3 )064& .064&

/CP[ OQTG PCOGU JCXG DGGP IKXGP VQ JQWUG OKEG DWV 4.4 Social behaviour CTG PQY TGICTFGF CU U[PQP[OU QH QVJGT UWDURGEKGU 5QOG RQRWNCVKQPU CTG J[DTKFU QH FKាGTGPV UWDURGEKGU KPENWFKPI 6JG UQEKCN DGJCXKQWT QH VJG JQWUG OQWUG KU PQV TKIKFN[ VJG ,CRCPGUG JQWUG OQWUG . N NPMPTTJOVT = ?= ? ិZGF KPVQ URGEKGU URGEKិE RCVVGTPU DWV KU KPUVGCF CFCRV CDNG VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPFKVKQPU UWEJ CU VJG CXCKN CDKNKV[ QH HQQF CPF URCEG = ?= ? 6JKU CFCRVCDKNKV[ CNNQYU JQWUG OKEG VQ KPJCDKV FKXGTUG CTGCU TCPIKPI HTQO UCPF[ 4.3 Behaviour FWPGU VQ CRCTVOGPV DWKNFKPIU = ?

&BUJOH

*QWUG OKEG WUWCNN[ TWP YCNM QT UVCPF QP CNN HQWTU DWV YJGP GCVKPI ិIJVKPI QT QTKGPVKPI VJGOUGNXGU VJG[ TGCT WR QP VJGKT JKPF NGIU YKVJ CFFKVKQPCN UWRRQTV HTQO VJG VCKN C DGJCXKQWT MPQYP CU VTKRQFKPI /KEG CTG IQQF LWORGTU ENKODGTU CPF UYKOOGTU CPF CTG IGPGTCNN[ EQP UKFGTGF VQ DG VJKIOQVCEVKE K G WUWCNN[ CVVGORVU VQ OCKP VCKP EQPVCEV YKVJ XGTVKECN UWTHCEGU /KEG CTG OQUVN[ ETGRWUEWNCT QT PQEVWTPCN VJG[ CTG CXGTUG VQ DTKIJV NKIJVU 6JG CXGTCIG UNGGR VKOG QH C ECRVKXG JQWUG OQWUG KU TGRQTVGF VQ DG JQWTU RGT FC[ = ? 6JG[ NKXG KP C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH JKFFGP RNCEGU PGCT HQQF UQWTEGU CPF EQPUVTWEV PGUVU HTQO XCTKQWU UQHV OCVGTKCNU /KEG CTG VGTTKVQTKCN CPF QPG FQOKPCPV OCNG WUWCNN[ NKXGU VQIGVJGT YKVJ UGXGTCN HGOCNGU CPF [QWPI &QOKPCPV OCNGU TGURGEV GCEJ QVJGTཐU VGTTKVQT[ CPF PQTOCNN[ GPVGT CPQVJGTཐU VGTTK VQT[ QPN[ KH KV KU XCECPV +H VYQ QT OQTG OCNGU CTG JQWUGF VQIGVJGT KP C ECIG VJG[ YKNN QHVGP DGEQOG CIITGUUKXG WP NGUU VJG[ JCXG DGGP TCKUGF VQIGVJGT HTQO DKTVJ *QWUG OKEG RTKOCTKN[ HGGF QP RNCPV OCVVGT DWV CTG QOPKXQTQWU 6JG[ YKNN GCV VJGKT QYP HGEGU VQ CESWKTG PW VTKGPVU RTQFWEGF D[ DCEVGTKC KP VJGKT KPVGUVKPGU *QWUG OKEG NKMG OQUV QVJGT TQFGPVU FQ PQV XQOKV /KEG CTG IGPGTCNN[ CHTCKF QH TCVU YJKEJ QHVGP MKNN CPF GCV OKEG C DGJCXKQT MPQYP CU OWTKEKFG &GURKVG VJKU HTGG NKXKPI RQRWNCVKQPU QH TCVU CPF OKEG FQ GZKUV VQIGVJGT KP HQTGUV CTGCU KP 0GY <GCNCPF 0QTVJ #OGTKEC CPF GNUG YJGTG *QWUG OKEG CTG IGPGTCNN[ RQQT EQORGVKVQTU CPF KP OQUV CTGCU ECPPQV UWTXKXG CYC[ HTQO JWOCP UGVVNGOGPVU KP CTGCU YJGTG QVJGT UOCNN OCOOCNU UWEJ CU YQQF OKEG CTG RTGUGPV = ? *QYGXGT KP UQOG CTGCU UWEJ CU #WU VTCNKC OKEG CTG CDNG VQ EQGZKUV YKVJ QVJGT UOCNN TQFGPV URGEKGU = ?

*QWUG OKEG JCXG VYQ HQTOU QH UQEKCN DGJCXKQWT VJG GZ RTGUUKQP QH YJKEJ FGRGPFU QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPVGZV *QWUG OKEG KP DWKNFKPIU CPF QVJGT WTDCPK\GF CTGCU YKVJ ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ VQ JWOCPU CTG MPQYP CU EQOOGPUCN = ? %QOOGPUCN OKEG RQRWNCVKQPU QHVGP JCXG CP GZEGUUKXG HQQF UQWTEG TGUWNVKPI KP JKIJ RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKVKGU CPF UOCNN JQOG TCPIGU 6JKU ECWUGU C UYKVEJ HTQO VGTTKVQ TKCN DGJCXKQWT VQ C JKGTCTEJ[ QH KPFKXKFWCNU = ?= ? 9JGP RQRWNCVKQPU JCXG CP GZEGUU QH HQQF VJGTG KU NGUU HGOCNG HGOCNG CIITGUUKQP YJKEJ WUWCNN[ QEEWTU VQ ICKP CEEGUU VQ HQQF QT VQ RTGXGPV KPHCPVKEKFG = ? /CNG OCNG CIITGU UKQP QEEWTU KP EQOOGPUCN RQRWNCVKQPU OCKPN[ VQ FG HGPF HGOCNG OCVGU CPF RTQVGEV C UOCNN VGTTKVQT[ = ?= ? 6JG JKIJ NGXGN QH OCNG OCNG CIITGUUKQP YKVJ C NQY HGOCNG HGOCNG CIITGUUKQP NGXGN KU EQOOQP KP RQN[ICOQWU RQRWNCVKQPU = ? 6JG UQEKCN WPKV QH EQOOGPUCN JQWUG OQWUG RQRWNCVKQPU IGPGTCNN[ EQPUKUVU QH QPG OCNG CPF VYQ QT OQTG HGOCNGU WUWCNN[ TGNCVGF = ?= ? 6JGUG ITQWRU DTGGF EQQRGTCVKXGN[ YKVJ VJG HGOCNGU EQOOWPCNN[ PWTU KPI 6JKU EQQRGTCVKXG DTGGFKPI CPF TGCTKPI D[ TGNCVGF HG OCNGU JGNRU KPETGCUG TGRTQFWEVKXG UWEEGUU 9JGP PQ TG NCVGF HGOCNGU CTG RTGUGPV DTGGFKPI ITQWRU ECP HQTO HTQO PQP TGNCVGF HGOCNGU = ? +P QRGP CTGCU UWEJ CU UJTWDU CPF ិGNFU VJG JQWUG OQWUG RQRWNCVKQP KU MPQYP CU PQPEQOOGPUCN 6JGUG RQRWNCVKQPU CTG QHVGP NKOKVGF D[ YCVGT QT HQQF UWR RN[ CPF JCXG NCTIG VGTTKVQTKGU = ? (GOCNG HGOCNG CIITGU UKQP KP VJG PQPEQOOGPUCN JQWUG OQWUG RQRWNCVKQPU KU OWEJ JKIJGT TGCEJKPI C NGXGN IGPGTCNN[ CVVTKDWVGF VQ HTGG TCPIKPI URGEKGU /CNG CIITGUUKQP KU CNUQ JKIJGT KP PQPEQOOGPUCN RQRWNCVKQPU +P EQOOGPUCN RQRWNCVKQPU OCNGU EQOG KPVQ EQPVCEV YKVJ QVJGT OCNGU SWKVG HTGSWGPVN[ FWG VQ JKIJ RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKVKGU CPF CIITGUUKQP OWUV DG OGFKCVGF QT VJG TKUM QH KPLWT[ DGEQOGU VQQ ITGCV = ? $QVJ EQOOGPUCN CPF PQPEQOOGPUCN JQWUG OQWUG OCNGU CIITGUUKXGN[ FGHGPF VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ CPF CEV VQ GZENWFG CNN KPVTWFGTU /CNGU OCTM VJGKT VGTTKVQT[ D[ UEGPV OCTMKPI YKVJ WTKPG +P OCTMGF VGTTKVQTKGU KPVTWFGTU UJQYGF UKI PKិECPVN[ NQYGT CIITGUUKQP VJCP VJG VGTTKVQT[ TGUKFGPVU = ? *QWUG OKEG UJQY C OCNG DKCUGF FKURGTUCN OCNGU IGPGT CNN[ NGCXG VJGKT DKTVJ UKVGU CPF OKITCVG VQ HQTO PGY VGTTKVQ TKGU YJGTGCU HGOCNGU IGPGTCNN[ UVC[ CPF CTG QRRQTVWPKUVKE DTGGFGTU TCVJGT VJCP UGCUQPCN = ?

4.5 Senses and communication

-*'& $:$-& "/% 3&130%6$5*0/

4.5.1

Vision

6JG XKUWCN CRRCTCVWU QH OKEG KU DCUKECNN[ UKOKNCT VQ VJCV QH JWOCPU DWV FKាGTU KP VJCV VJG[ CTG FKEJTQOCVU CPF JCXG QPN[ VYQ V[RGU QH EQPG EGNNU YJGTGCU JWOCPU CTG VTKEJTQOCVU CPF JCXG VJTGG 6JKU OGCPU VJCV OKEG FQ PQV RGTEGKXG UQOG QH VJG EQNQTU KP VJG JWOCP XKUWCN URGEVTWO = ? *QYGXGT VJG XGPVTCN CTGC QH VJG OQWUG TGVKPC JCU C OWEJ ITGCVGT FGPUKV[ QH WNVTCXKQNGV UGPUKVKXG EQPGU VJCP QVJGT CTGCU QH VJG TGVKPC CNVJQWIJ VJG DKQNQI KECN UKIPKិECPEG QH VJKU UVTWEVWTG KU WPMPQYP = ?= ?= ? +P OKEG IGPGVKECNN[ GPIKPGGTGF D[ UEKGPVKUVU CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC VQ RTQFWEG VJG VJKTF V[RG QH EQPG " UXP EBZ PME NPVTF YGTG UJQYP VQ DG CDNG VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ C TCPIG QH EQNQTU = ? UKOKNCT VQ VJCV RGTEGKXGF D[ VGVTCEJTQOCVU

4.5.2

Olfaction

*QWUG OKEG CNUQ TGN[ QP RJGTQOQPGU HQT UQEKCN EQOOW PKECVKQP UQOG QH YJKEJ CTG RTQFWEGF D[ VJG RTGRWVKCN INCPFU QH DQVJ UGZGU 6JG VGCT ីWKF CPF WTKPG QH OCNG OKEG CNUQ EQPVCKPU RJGTQOQPGU UWEJ CU OCLQT WTKPCT[ RTQVGKPU = ?= ? /KEG FGVGEV RJGTQOQPGU OCKPN[ YKVJ VJG XQOGTQPCUCN QTICP ,CEQDUQPཐU QTICP NQECVGF CV VJG DQV VQO QH VJG PQUG 6JG WTKPG QH JQWUG OKEG GURGEKCNN[ VJCV QH OCNGU JCU C EJCTCEVGTKUVKE UVTQPI QFQT #V NGCUV FKាGT GPV EQORQWPFU UWEJ CU CNMCPGU CNEQJQNU GVE CTG FG VGEVCDNG KP VJG WTKPG #OQPI VJGO ិXG EQORQWPFU CTG URGEKិE VQ OCNGU PCOGN[ E[ENQJGZGPG OGVJCPQN COKPQVTKC\QNG COKPQ U VTKC\QNG GVJ[N RJGPQN GVJ[N FKOGVJ[N QEVCPG CPF KQFQWPFGECPG = ? 1FQWTU HTQO CFWNV OCNGU QT HTQO RTGIPCPV QT NCEVCVKPI HGOCNGU ECP URGGF WR QT TGVCTF UGZWCN OCVWTCVKQP KP LWXG PKNG HGOCNGU CPF U[PEJTQPKUG TGRTQFWEVKXG E[ENGU KP OC VWTG HGOCNGU K G VJG 9JKVVGP GាGEV 1FQWTU QH WPHCOKN KCT OCNG OKEG OC[ VGTOKPCVG RTGIPCPEKGU K G VJG $TWEG GាGEV

4.5.3

Touch

" UXP XFFL PME NPVTF KVTU BCPVU UP PQFO JUT FZFT

GZRQUGF VQ OCNG WTKPG VJG[ YKNN EQOG KPVQ GUVTWU CHVGT JQWTU /CNG JQWUG OKEG EQWTV HGOCNGU D[ GOKVVKPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKE WNVTCUQPKE ECNNU KP VJG M*\ཊ M*\ TCPIG 6JG ECNNU CTG OQUV HTGSWGPV FWTKPI EQWTVUJKR YJGP VJG OCNG KU UPKា KPI CPF HQNNQYKPI VJG HGOCNG JQYGXGT VJG ECNNU EQPVKPWG CHVGT OCVKPI JCU DGIWP CV YJKEJ VKOG VJG ECNNU CTG EQKP EKFGPV YKVJ OQWPVKPI DGJCXKQWT /CNGU ECP DG KPFWEGF VQ GOKV VJGUG ECNNU D[ HGOCNG RJGTQOQPGU 6JG XQECNK\C VKQPU CRRGCT VQ FKាGT DGVYGGP KPFKXKFWCNU CPF JCXG DGGP EQORCTGF VQ DKTF UQPIU DGECWUG QH VJGKT EQORNGZKV[ = ? 9JKNG HGOCNGU JCXG VJG ECRCDKNKV[ VQ RTQFWEG WNVTCUQPKE ECNNU VJG[ V[RKECNN[ FQ PQV FQ UQ FWTKPI OCVKPI DGJCXKQWT

4.6 Life cycle and reproduction

(QNNQYKPI EQRWNCVKQP HGOCNG OKEG YKNN PQTOCNN[ FGXGNQR C EQRWNCVKQP RNWI YJKEJ RTGXGPVU HWTVJGT EQRWNCVKQP 6JKU RNWI UVC[U KP RNCEG HQT UQOG JQWTU 6JG IGUVCVKQP RG TKQF KU CDQWV ཊ FC[U CPF VJG[ IKXG DKTVJ VQ C NKVVGT QH ཊ [QWPI CXGTCIG UKZ VQ GKIJV 1PG HGOCNG ECP JCXG VQ NKVVGTU RGT [GCT UQ VJG OQWUG RQRWNCVKQP ECP KP ETGCUG XGT[ SWKEMN[ $TGGFKPI QEEWTU VJTQWIJQWV VJG [GCT

*QYGXGT CPKOCNU NKXKPI KP VJG YKNF FQ PQV TGRTQFWEG KP VJG EQNFGT OQPVJU GXGP VJQWIJ VJG[ FQ PQV JKDGTPCVG

(GOCNG JQWUG OKEG JCXG CP GUVTQWU E[ENG CDQWV HQWT VQ UKZ FC[U NQPI YKVJ GUVTWU KVUGNH NCUVKPI NGUU VJCP C FC[ +H UGX GTCN HGOCNGU CTG JGNF VQIGVJGT WPFGT ETQYFGF EQPFKVKQPU VJG[ YKNN QHVGP PQV JCXG CP GUVTWU CV CNN +H VJG[ CTG VJGP

6JG RWRU CTG DQTP DNKPF CPF YKVJQWV HWT QT GCTU 6JG GCTU CTG HWNN[ FGXGNQRGF D[ VJG HQWTVJ FC[ HWT DGIKPU VQ CRRGCT CV CDQWV UKZ FC[U CPF VJG G[GU QRGP CTQWPF FC[U CHVGT DKTVJ VJG RWRU CTG YGCPGF CV CTQWPF FC[U (GOCNGU TGCEJ UGZWCN OCVWTKV[ CV CDQWV UKZ YGGMU QH CIG CPF OCNGU

/KEG ECP UGPUG UWTHCEGU CPF CKT OQXGOGPVU YKVJ VJGKT YJKUMGTU YJKEJ CTG CNUQ WUGF FWTKPI VJKIOQVCZKU +H OKEG CTG DNKPF HTQO DKTVJ UWRGT PQTOCN ITQYVJ QH VJG XKDTKUUCG QEEWTU RTGUWOCDN[ CU C EQORGPUCVQT[ TGURQPUG = ? QT KH VJG XKDTKUUCG CTG CDUGPV VJG WUG QH XKUKQP KU KPVGPUKិGF = ?

$)"15&3 )064& .064&

CV CDQWV GKIJV YGGMU DWV DQVJ ECP EQRWNCVG CU GCTN[ CU áž·XG KP VJG &SZB VJG QNFGUV GZVCPV %JKPGUG FKEVKQPCT[ HTQO C YGGMU +H VJG KPHCPVU NKXG KP JKIJ VGORGTCVWTGF CTGC HTQO OGPVKQP KP CP $% XGTUKQP = ? *WOCP FQOGUVKECVKQP DKTVJ VJG[ YKNN DGEQOG NGUU JCKTGF = ? NGF VQ PWOGTQWU UVTCKPU QH HCPE[ QT JQDD[ OKEG YKVJ C XCTKGV[ QH EQNQWTU CPF C FQEKNG VGORGTCOGPV = ? &QOGU VKE XCTKGVKGU QH VJG JQWUG OQWUG CTG DTGF CU C HQQF UQWTEG HQT UQOG ECTPKXQTQWU RGV TGRVKNGU DKTFU CTVJTQRQFU CPF 4.7 Life expectancy áž·UJ = ? *QWUG OKEG WUWCNN[ NKXG NGUU VJCP QPG [GCT KP VJG YKNF FWG VQ C JKIJ NGXGN QH RTGFCVKQP CPF GZRQUWTG VQ JCTUJ GPXKTQP OGPVU +P RTQVGEVGF GPXKTQPOGPVU JQYGXGT VJG[ QHVGP NKXG VYQ VQ VJTGG [GCTU 6JG /GVJWUGNCJ /QWUG 2TK\G KU C EQORGVKVKQP VQ DTGGF QT GPIKPGGT GZVTGOGN[ NQPI NKXGF NCDQTCVQT[ OKEG #U QH VJG TGEQTF JQNFGT YCU C IGPGVKECNN[ GPIKPGGTGF OQWUG VJCV NKXGF HQT FC[U

[GCTU FC[U = ? #PQVJGT TGEQTF JQNFGT VJCV YCU MGRV KP CP GPTKEJGF GPXKTQPOGPV DWV FKF PQV TGEGKXG CP[ IGPGVKE RJCTOCEQNQIKECN QT FKGVCT[ VTGCVOGPV NKXGF HQT FC[U [GCTU FC[U = ?= ?

4.8 Mice and humans 5GG CNUQ (CPE[ OQWUG *QWUG OKEG WUWCNN[ NKXG KP RTQZKOKV[ VQ JWOCPU KP QT CTQWPF JQWUGU QT áž·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

4.8.1 Mice and diseases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ីGCU VJCP VJG TCV CPF DGECWUG VJG ីGC YJKEJ KV PCV WTCNN[ JCTDQWTU GZJKDKVU NKVVNG VGPFGPE[ VQ CVVCEM OCP KP FGHCWNV QH KVU PCVWTCN JQUV = ? 4KEMGVVUKCNRQZ KU URTGCF D[ OKEG KP IGPGTCN KU XGT[ TCTG CPF IGPGTCNN[ XGT[ OKNF CPF TGUQNXGU YKVJKP ཊ YGGMU KH WPVTGCVGF 6JGTG CTG PQ MPQYP FGCVJU TGUWNVKPI HTQO VJG FKUGCUG /WTKPG V[RJWU CNUQ ECNNGF GPFGOKE V[RJWU KU ECWUGF D[ VJG DCEVGTKC 4KEMGVVUKC V[RJK CPF KU VTCPUOKV VGF D[ VJG ីGCU VJCV KPHGUV TCVU 9JKNG TCV ីGCU CTG VJG OQUV EQOOQP XGEVQTU ECV ីGCU CPF OQWUG ីGCU CTG NGUU EQO OQP OQFGU QH VTCPUOKUUKQP 'PFGOKE V[RJWU KU JKIJN[ VTGCVCDNG YKVJ CPVKDKQVKEU /QUV RGQRNG TGEQXGT HWNN[ DWV FGCVJ OC[ QEEWT KP VJG GNFGTN[ UGXGTGN[ FKUCDNGF QT RC VKGPVU YKVJ C FGRTGUUGF KOOWPG U[UVGO .GRVQURKTQUKU KU ECTTKGF D[ OKEG ECP DG VTCPUOKVVGF D[ VJG WTKPG QH CP KPHGEVGF CPKOCN CPF KU EQPVCIKQWU CU NQPI CU VJG WTKPG KU UVKNN OQKUV = ?

4.8.2 Invasive species /KEG JCXG DGEQOG CP KPXCUKXG URGEKGU QP KUNCPFU VQ YJGTG VJG[ JCXG URTGCF FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF QH 'WTQRGCP GZRNQ TCVKQP CPF EQNQPKUCVKQP 0GY <GCNCPF JCF PQ NCPF OCOOCNU QVJGT VJCP VJG NGUUGT UJQTV VCKNGF DCV .ZTUBDJOB UVCFSDVMBUB RTKQT VQ JWOCP "O JOEJWJEVBMMZ WFOUJMBUFE BOE TFBMFE DBHF GPS MBCPSBUPSZ NJDF QEEWRCVKQP CPF VJG JQWUG OQWUG KU QPG QH OCP[ URGEKGU VJCV JCXG DGGP KPVTQFWEGF /KEG CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT C TG 6JG áž·TUV YTKVVGP TGHGTGPEG VQ OKEG MGRV CU RGVU QEEWTU FWEVKQP KP PCVKXG DKTF URGEKGU UKPEG VJG[ GCV UQOG QH VJG

3&'&3&/$&4 UCOG HQQFU CU DKTFU 6JG[ CTG CNUQ MPQYP VQ MKNN NK\CTFU CPF JCXG C NCTIG GាGEV QP PCVKXG KPUGEVU = ? )QWIJ +UNCPF KP VJG 5QWVJ #VNCPVKE KU WUGF D[ URGEKGU QH UGCDKTF HQT DTGGFKPI KPENWFKPI CNOQUV CNN QH VJG YQTNFཐU 6TKUVCP CNDCVTQUU %JPNFEFB EBCCFOFOB CPF #VNCPVKE RG VTGN 1UFSPESPNB JODFSUB 7PVKN JQWUG OKEG CTTKXGF QP VJG KUNCPF KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YKVJ UCKNQTU VJG DKTFU FKF PQV JCXG CP[ OCOOCNKCP RTGFCVQTU 6JG OKEG JCXG UKPEG ITQYP WPWUWCNN[ NCTIG CPF JCXG NGCTPGF VQ CVVCEM CNDCVTQUU EJKEMU YJKEJ ECP DG PGCTN[ O VCNN DWV CTG NCTIGN[ KO OQDKNG D[ YQTMKPI KP ITQWRU CPF IPCYKPI QP VJGO WPVKN VJG[ DNGGF VQ FGCVJ = ?

= ? $GTT[ R = ? $GTT[ R = ? $CMGT 41 $QFOCP )4 6KOO 4/ ན4QFGPV 2TQQH %QPUVTWEVKQP CPF 'ZENWUKQP /GVJQFUཔ +P *[IP UVTQO 5' 6KOO 4/ .CTUQP )' 1SFWFOUJPO BOE $POUSPM PG 8JMEMJGF %BNBHF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GDTCUMC .KPEQNP = ? .[PGDQTI . .BNNBMT PG &VSPQF $NCPFHQTF 2TGUU = ? .CYTGPEG /, $TQYP 49 .BNNBMT PG #SJUBJO 5IFJS 5SBDLT 5SBJMT BOE 4JHOT $NCPFHQTF 2TGUU

+P VJG ITCKP DGNV QH UQWVJ GCUVGTP #WUVTCNKC VJG KPVTQ = ? *QVEJMKUU #- 8CPFGPDGTIJ ,) 8CPFGPDGTIJ ,WN[ ན6JG CPQIGPKVCN FKUVCPEG KPFGZ QH OKEG /WU FWEGF URGEKGU .VT EPNFTUJDVT DTGGF UQ UWEEGUUHWNN[ VJCV OWUEWNWU FQOGUVKEWU CP CPCN[UKUཔ $POUFNQPSBSZ 5PQ GXGT[ VJTGG [GCTU QT UQ VJG[ TGCEJ RNCIWG RTQRQTVKQPU JDT JO -BCPSBUPSZ "OJNBM 4DJFODF 44 ཊ 2/+& CEJKGXKPI FGPUKVKGU QH RGT JGEVCTG ECWUKPI OCUUKXG FKUTWRVKQP VQ EQOOWPKVKGU CPF NQUUGU VQ CITKEWNVWTG QH = ? /C[GT ,# (QNG[ , &G .C %TW\ & %JWQPI %/ 9KFGNKV\ # OKNNKQP CPPWCNN[ = ?

4.8.3

In folk culture

4 (QNG[ FG NC %TW\ %JWQPI 9KFGNKV\ 0QXGODGT ན%QPXGTUKQP QH VJG PKRRNG VQ JCKT DGCTKPI GR KVJGNKC D[ NQYGTKPI DQPG OQTRJQIGPGVKE RTQVGKP RCVJ YC[ CEVKXKV[ CV VJG FGTOCN GRKFGTOCN KPVGTHCEGཔ 5IF "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 1BUIPMPHZ 173 ཊ FQK CLRCVJ 2/% 2/+&

+ORQTVCPEG QH OKEG CU C JQWUG CPF CITKEWNVWTCN RGUV TG UWNVGF KP C FGXGNQROGPV QH C XCTKGV[ QH OKEG TGNCVGF TKV WCNU CPF UVQTKGU KP YQTNFཐU EWNVWTGU #NTGCF[ VJG CPEKGPV = ? )TGGPG ' % ན#PCVQO[ QH VJG TCVཔ 5SBOT 'I[RVKCPU JCF C UVQT[ CDQWV ན6JG OQWUG CU XK\KGT = ? BDUJPOT PG UIF "NFSJDBO 1IJMPTPQIJDBM 4PDJFUZ 27

/CP[ 5QWVJGTP 5NCXU JCF C VTCFKVKQPCN CPPWCN ན/QWUG FQK ,5614 &C[པ EGNGDTCVKQP +P VJG GCUVGTP $CNMCPU OQUV QH $WNICTKC /CEGFQPKC VJG 6QTNCM FKUVTKEVU QH 5GTDKC VJG = ? 5KGIGN / + ན6JG VCKN NQEQOQVKQP CPF DCNCPEG KP OKEG པ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG 1IZTJDBM "OUISPQPMPHZ 33 ན/QWUG &C[པ $WNICTKCP ϓϯϿϯ ϫϬϴ ϓϯϿϯϴ ϫϬϴ YCU

FQK CLRC EGNGDTCVGF QP 1EVQDGT QH VJG ,WNKCP ECNGPFCT EQTTG URQPFU VQ 1EVQDGT QH VJG )TGIQTKCP ECNGPFCT KP VJG = ? $WEM % 9 6QNOCP 0 CPF 6QNOCP 9 ན6JG VCKN VJ CPF UV EGPVWTKGU VJG PGZV FC[ CHVGT VJG HGCUV QH CU C DCNCPEKPI QTICP KP OKEGཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 6 5V &GOGVTKWU +P VJG YGUVGTP $CNMCPU $QUPKC %TQCVKC

ཊ FQK ,5614 VJG /QWUG &C[ YQWNF WUWCNN[ DG EGNGDTCVGF KP VJG URTKPI = ? .G $CTU &CPKGN )Q\CTKQ / %CFFGP 5 9 &GEGO FWTKPI VJG /CUNGPKVUC YGGM QT GCTN[ KP VJG .GPV = ?

4.9 References = ? /WUUGT ) #OQTK ) *WVVGTGT 4 -T[ĢVWHGM $ ;KIKV 0 /KVUCKP ) .VT NVTDVMVT +P +7%0 +7%0 4GF .KUV QH 6JTGCVGPGF 5RGEKGU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? )TGIQT[ 5) 5GMJQP / 5EJGKP , <JCQ 5 1UQGICYC - 5EQVV %' 'XCPU 45 GV CN ན# RJ[UKECN OCR QH VJG OQWUG IGPQOGཔ /BUVSF 418 ཊ FQK PCVWTG 2/+& = ? /QWUG )GPQOG 5GSWGPEKPI %QPUQTVKWO 9CVGTUVQP 4* .KPFDNCF 6QJ - $KTPG[ ' 4QIGTU , #DTKN ,( #ICTYCN 2 GV CN ན+PKVKCN UGSWGPEKPI CPF EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU QH VJG OQWUG IGPQOGཔ /BUVSF 420 ཊ FQK PCVWTG 2/+& = ? ན)# OQWUG YGNHCTG CUUGUUOGPVཔ 0CVKQPCN %GPVTG HQT VJG 4GRNCEGOGPV 4GិPGOGPV CPF 4GFWEVKQP QH #PKOCNU KP 4GUGCTEJ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[

DGT ན#PKOCN OQFGNU QH PQEKEGRVKQPཔ 1IBSNB DPMPHJDBM 3FWJFXT #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT 2JCTOCEQNQI[ CPF 'ZRGTKOGPVCN 6JGTCRGWVKEU 53 ཊ 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? $GTT[ R = ? 8®EVQT 5¢PEJG\ %QTFGTQ 4QFTKIQ # /GFGNN®P GF

$POUSJCVDJPOFT NBTUP[PPM³HJDBT FO IPNFOBKF B #FSOBSEP 7JMMB /ªZKEQ & ( 70#/ +PUVKVWVQ FG $K QNQI®C RR ཊ = ? 6GTU\QYUMK ) ) GV CN

FGPEG HQT C (WPEVKQPCN 5GEQPF 6J[OWU KP 4DJFODF 312 'ZVTC ^RCIGU QT ^CV FQK UEKGPEG +550

ན'XK /KEGཔ

JGNR 2/+&

= ? /KVEJGNN ,QPGU #, #OQTK ) $QIFCPQYKE\ 9 -T[UVWHGM $ 4GKLPFGTU 2,* 5RKV\GPDGTIGT ( 5VWDDG / 6JKUUGP ,$/ 8QJTCNKM 8 <KOC , 5IF "UMBT PG &VSP QFBO .BNNBMT 6 # & 2Q[UGT +5$0 = ? /WUUGT %CTNGVQP

= ? 2TCIGT '/ 1TTGIQ % CPF 5CIG 4& ན)GPGVKE XCTKCVKQP CPF RJ[NQIGQITCRJ[ QH %GPVTCN #UKCP CPF QVJGT JQWUG OKEG KPENWFKPI C OCLQT PGY OKVQEJQPFTKCN NKPGCIG KP ;GOGPཔ (FOFUJDT 150 ཊ 2/% 2/+& = ? $QPJQOOG ( /K[CUJKVC 0 $QWTUQV %CVCNCP , CPF /QTK YCMK - ན)GPGVKE XCTKCVKQP CPF RQN[RJ[NGVKE QTKIKP KP ,CRCPGUG /WU OWUEWNWUཔ )FSFEJUZ 63 ཊ FQK JF[ 2/+& = ? ན 9KPMU! ,GPPKHGT 5 *QNNCPF /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 8QN 0Q ,WN[ = ? 6CVVGTUCNN (* 5OKVJ 4* 0QYGNN ( ན'Z RGTKOGPVCN EQNQPK\CVKQP QH EQPVTCUVKPI JCDKVCVU D[ JQWUG OKEGཔ ;FJUTDISJGU G¼S 4¤VHFUJFSLVOEF 62 ཊ = ? /QTQ & CPF /QTTKU - ན/QXGOGPVU CPF TGHWIKC QH .CMGNCPF &QYPU UJQTV VCKNGF OKEG -FHHBEJOB MBLFEPX OFOTJT CPF JQWUG OKEG .VT EPNFTUJDVT QP 6JGXGPCTF +U NCPF 9GUVGTP #WUVTCNKCཔ 8JMEMJGF 3FTFBSDI 27 ཊ FQK 94 = ? (T[PVC &CPKGN /CTMGu VC 5NCuDQXCu *CPC 8CuEJQXCu 4CFMC 8QNHQXCu CPF 2CXGN /WPENKPIGT Xᤱ%JQXᤱ *CPC 8QNHQXᤱ 4CFMC /WPENKPIGT 2CXGN ན#IITGUUKQP CPF EQOOGPUCNKUO KP JQWUG OQWUG C EQORCTCVKXG UVWF[ CETQUU 'WTQRG CPF VJG PGCT GCUVཔ "HHSFTTJWF #FIBWJPVS 31 ཊ FQK CD = ? )TC[ 5COCPVJC ,CPG *WTUV ན$GJCXKQWTCN OGEJC PKUOU WPFGTN[KPI VJG URCVKCN FKURGTUKQP QH EQOOGPUCN /WU FQOGUVKEWU CPF ITCUUNCPF /WU URTGVWUཔ "OJNBM #FIBWJPS 53 ཊ FQK CPDG = ? 9QNា 4, ན/CVKPI DGJCXKQWT CPF HGOCNG EJQKEG VJGKT TGNCVKQP VQ UQEKCN UVTWEVWTG KP YKNF ECWIJV JQWUG OKEG /WU OWUEWNWU JQWUGF KP C UGOK PCVWTCN GPXK TQPOGPVཔ +PVSOBM PG ;PPMPHZ -POEPO 207 ཊ FQK L VD Z = ? 5\GPE\K 2GVGT 1ZCPC $CuPU\GIK <KVC )TQQu CPF 8KNOQU #NVDCiEMGT )TQ´ <KVC #NVDÂ¥EMGT 8KNOQU ན&G XGNQROGPV QH VJG UQEKCN DGJCXKQT QH VYQ OKEG URGEKGU YKVJ EQPVTCUVKPI UQEKCN U[UVGOUཔ "HHSFTTJWF #FIBWJPS 38 ཊ FQK CD = ? &QDUQP 5VGRJGP %NCWFG $CWFQKP ན'ZRGTKOGP VCN VGUVU QH URCVKCN CUUQEKCVKQP CPF MKPUJKR KP OQPQICOQWU OKEG /WU URKEKNGIWU CPF RQN[I[PQWU OKEG /WU OWU EWNWU FQOGUVKEWU $BOBEJBO +PVSOBM PG ;PPMPHZ 80 ཊ FQK \ = ? )GTNCEJ ) ན'OKITCVKQP OGEJCPKUOU KP HGTCN JQWUG OKEG # NCDQTCVQT[ KPXGUVKICVKQP QH VJG KPីWGPEG QH UQEKCN UVTWEVWTG RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKV[ CPF CIITGUUKQPཔ #FIBWJPSBM BOE &DPMPHJDBM 4PDJPCJPMPHZ 39 ཊ FQK U = ? 5OGG .WE[ 1FNKPI /CTEJ ན/KEG OCFG VQ UGG C TCKPDQY QH EQNQWTUཔ /BUVSF /CEOKNNCP 2WDNKUJ GTU .KOKVGF 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? %CNFGTQPG , $ ,CEQDU ) * ,CEQDU ན4GIKQPCN XCTKCVKQPU KP VJG TGNCVKXG UGPUKVKXKV[ VQ 78 NKIJV KP VJG OQWUG TGVKPCཔ 7JTVBM /FVSPTDJFODF 12 ཊ FQK U 2/+&

$)"15&3 )064& .064& = ? ;QMQJ[COC 5 5JK ; 5 5JK ན)GPGVKEU CPF GXQ NWVKQP QH WNVTCXKQNGV XKUKQP KP XGTVGDTCVGUཔ '&#4 -FUUFST 486 ཊ FQK U 2/+& = ? 0GKV\ / 0GKV\ , 0GKV\ ན6JG WPEQOOQP TGVKPC QH VJG EQOOQP JQWUG OQWUGཔ 5SFOET JO /FVSPTDJFODF 24

ཊ FQK U = ? -KOQVQ * *CIC 5 5CVQ - 6QWJCTC - 1EV ན5GZ URGEKិE RGRVKFGU HTQO GZQETKPG INCPFU UVKOWNCVG OQWUG XQOGTQPCUCN UGPUQT[ PGWTQPUཔ /BUVSF 437 ཊ FQK PCVWTG +550 2/+& = ? %JCOGTQ 2 /CTVQP 6( .QICP &9 2 GV CN &GEGODGT ན+FGPVKិECVKQP QH RTQVGKP RJGTQOQPGU VJCV RTQ OQVG CIITGUUKXG DGJCXKQWTཔ /BUVSF 450 ཊ FQK PCVWTG +550 2/+& ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^ិTUV OKUU KPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV

JGNR ^ិTUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR = ? #EJKTCOCP 5 #TEJWPCP ) 5 #TEJWPCP ) &GE ན%JCTCEVGTK\CVKQP QH WTKPCT[ XQNCVKNGU KP 5YKUU OCNG OKEG

/WU OWUEWNWU DKQCUUC[ QH KFGPVKិGF EQORQWPFUཔ + #JPTDJ 27 ཊ FQK $( +550 2/+& = ? 4CWUEJGEMGT , 2 6KCP $ -QTVG / GV CN ན%TQUU OQFCN EJCPIGU KP VJG UQOCVQUGPUQT[ XKDTKUUC DCTTGN U[U VGO QH XKUWCNN[ FGRTKXGF CPKOCNUཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF /BUJPOBM "DBEFNZ PG 4DJFODFT 64" 89 ཊ FQK RPCU = ? 5QMQNQX 8 ' 6KMJQPQXC ) 0 CPF 6KMJQPQX + #

4QNG QH UGPUG U[UVGOU KP VJG DGJCXKQT QH 4[WM[W OKEG +\XGUVK[C #MCFGOKK 0CWM 5GTK[C $KQNQIKEJGUMC[C ཊ = ? *QN[ 6' )WQ < &GEGODGT ན7NVTCUQPKE UQPIU QH OCNG OKEGཔ 1-P4 #JPM 3 G FQK LQWTPCN RDKQ 2/% 2/+& = ? #PQP ན/QWUG *WUDCPFT[ $TGGFKPI CPF &GXGNQROGPVཔ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $BSPMJOB *SWJOF 5SBOTHFOJD .PVTF 'BDJMJUZ (VJEFMJOFT 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CTQNKPC 4GVTKGXGF &GEGO DGT = ? ན.CVGUV /RTK\G 9KPPGTUཔ "OES[FK #BSULF .QSJ[F GPS -POHFWJUZ /GVJWUGNCJ (QWPFCVKQP ཊ 4G VTKGXGF = ? %QPPQT 5VGXG 1EV ན1NFGUV OQWUG KP ECRVKX KV[ YKPU VQR UEKGPEG CYCTFཔ 5IF *OEFQFOEFOU 6, 4G VTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? ན4GXGTUCN 2TK\Gཔ /GVJWUGNCJ (QWPFCVKQP 4GVTKGXGF = ? $QWTUQV 2 &KP 9 #PCPF 4 &CTXKEJG & &QF $ 8QP &GKONKPI ( 6CNYCT )2 CPF $QPJQOOG ( ན1TKIKP CPF TCFKCVKQP QH VJG JQWUG OQWUG OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# RJ[NQIGP[པ +PVSOBM PG &WPMVUJPOBSZ #JPMPHZ 9 ཊ FQK L Z

#*#-*0(3"1): = ? %WEEK 6 8KIPG , & CPF #WាTC[ , % ན(KTUV QE EWTTGPEG QH VJG JQWUG OQWUG /WU OWUEWNWU FQOGUVK EWU 5EJYCT\ 5EJYCT\ KP VJG 9GUVGTP /GFKVGT TCPGCP C \QQCTEJCGQNQIKECN TGXKUKQP QH UWDHQUUKN QEEWT TGPEGUཔ #JPMPHJDBM +PVSOBM PG UIF -JOOFBO 4PDJFUZ 84 ཊ FQK L Z = ? )½PF½\ + #WាTC[ , % $TKVVQP &CXKFKCP , %CVCNCP , )CPGO ) 4COCNJKPJQ /) /CVJKCU /. CPF 5GCTNG ,$

ན/QNGEWNCT UVWFKGU QP VJG EQNQPK\CVKQP QH VJG /CFGKTCP CTEJKRGNCIQ D[ JQWUG OKEGཔ .PMFDVMBS &DPMPHZ 10 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+& = ? ན6JG *KUVQT[ 1H (CPE[ /KEGཔ #OGTKECP (CPE[ 4CV CPF /QWUG #UUQEKCVKQP 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? VJG 4CV CPF /QWUG %NWD QH #OGTKEC = ? JVVR YYY EFE IQX TQFGPVU FKUGCUGU FKTGEV JVON = ? 5GG 6JG EGPVTG HQT (QQF 5GEWTKV[ CPF 2WDNKE *GCNVJ +PUVKVWVG HQT +PVGTPCVKQPCN %Q QRGTCVKQP CPF KP #P KOCN $KQNQIKEU +QYC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ #OGU +QYC JVVR YYY EHURJ KCUVCVG GFW (CEVUJGGVU RFHU N[ORJQE[VKEAEJQTKQOGPKPIKVKU RFH = ? 6JTGG YGGMU DGHQTG RTGUGPVCVKQP C OQWUG JCF DKVVGP JGT ិPIGT ཝ +PHGEVKQP D[ N[ORJQE[VKE EJQTKQOGPKPIKVKU XKTWU CHVGT EQPVCEV YKVJ TQFGPVU ECP ECWUG XKTCN OGPKPIK VKU 6JG CESWKTGF HQTO QH VJG FKUGCUG KU MPQYP VQ DG UGNH NKOKVKPI KP KOOWPQEQORGVGPV RCVKGPVU 5GG JVVR YYY PVXI PN CTVKMGNGP OGPKPIKVKU PC OWK\GPDGGV CDUVTCEV = ? +PVGTKO )WKFCPEG HQT /KPKOK\KPI 4KUM HQT *WOCP .[O RJQE[VKE %JQTKQOGPKPIKVKU 8KTWU +PHGEVKQP #UUQEKCVGF YKVJ 4QFGPVU 5GG JVVR YYY EFE IQX OOYT RTGXKGY OOYTJVON OO F C JVO = ? ,COKGUQP & , -QWTVKU # 2 $GNN / 4CUOWUUGP 5 # ན.[ORJQE[VKE EJQTKQOGPKPIKVKU XKTWU #P GOGTIKPI QDUVGVTKE RCVJQIGP! "NFSJDBO +PVS OBM PG 0CTUFUSJDT BOE (ZOFDPMPHZ 194 ཊ FQK L CLQI 2/+& = ? $QPVJKWU & , ན.[ORJQE[VKE EJQTKQOGPKPIKVKU XKTWU #P WPFGTTGEQIPK\GF ECWUG QH PGWTQNQIKE FKUGCUG KP VJG HGVWU EJKNF CPF CFWNVཔ 4FNJOBST JO 1FEJBUSJD /FV SPMPHZ 19 ཊ FQK L URGP 2/+& = ? # *KUVQT[ QH $WDQPKE 2NCIWG KP VJG $TKVKUJ +UNGU RCIG D[ , ( & 5JTGYUDWT[ %COGDTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU = ? 5GG QPN[ &WVEJ HTQO VJG &WVEJ GSWKXCNGPV QH VJG 75 %&% JVVR YYY TKXO PN &QEWOGPVGPAGPARWDNKECVKGU 2TQHGUUKQPGGNA2TCMVKUEJ 4KEJVNKLPGP +PHGEVKG\KGMVGP .%+ATKEJVNKLPGP .%+ATKEJVNKLPA.GRVQURKTQUG = ? -KPI %CTQNKPG GF 5IF )BOECPPL PG /FX ;FBMBOE .BNNBMT #WEMNCPF 0 < 1ZHQTF 7PKXGT UKV[ 2TGUU KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ VJG /COOCN 5QEKGV[ 0GY <GCNCPF $TCPEJ +5$0

= ? 9CPNGUU 4/ #PIGN # %WVJDGTV 4, *KNVQP )/ 4[CP 2) #PIGN %WVJDGTV *KNVQP 4[CP ན%CP RTGFC VKQP D[ KPXCUKXG OKEG FTKXG UGCDKTF GZVKPEVKQPU! #JPMPHZ -FUUFST 3 ཊ FQK TUDN 2/% 2/+& = ? #PQP ན/KEG C ECUG UVWF[པ #JPUFDIOPMPHZ "VTUSBMJB %QOOQPYGCNVJ QH #WUVTCNKC 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 6JG OQWUG CU XK\KGT UQWTEGF VQ 'OOC $TWPPGT 6TCWV 5JFSHFTDIJDIUFO BVT EFN 1IBSBPOFOMBOE /CKP\ <CDGTP = ? 2NQVPKMQXC #PPC #TMCFKGXPC χϴϴϧ χϷϱϧϫЃϬϩϴϧ ϖϲϵϹϴϯϱϵϩϧ

ϋϠϛϜϙϖϛϑϐϖϟϠϖϥϓϟϘώϭ ϑϓϜϑϞώϢϖϭ όϔϛϜϗ οϙώϐϖϖ &UIOPMJOHVJTUJD (FPH SBQIZ PG UIF 4PVUI 4MBW -BOET KP 4WUUKCP /QUEQY +PFTKM RR ཊ +5$0

4.10 Bibliography • $GTT[ 4 , ན6JG PCVWTCN JKUVQT[ QH VJG JQWUG OQWUGཔ 'JFME 4UVEJFT (KGNF 5VWFKGU %QWPEKN 3 ཊ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT • /WUUGT ) ) %CTNGVQP / & ན5WRGTHCO KN[ /WTQKFGCཔ +P 9KNUQP & ' 4GGFGT & / .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME B UBYPOPNJD BOE HFP HSBQIJD SFGFSFODF TF GF $CNVKOQTG ,QJPU *QR MKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

4.11 Further reading • 0[D[ , ན%J #WFKVQT[ EQOOWPKECVKQP KP CFWNVUཔ +P 9KNNQVV ,COGU ( )BOECPPL PG .PVTF "VEJUPSZ 3FTFBSDI 'SPN #FIBWJPS UP .PMFDVMBS #J PMPHZ $QEC 4CVQP %4% 2TGUU RR ཊ

4.12 External links 4.12.1 Taxonomy • )PVTF NPVTF CV VJG 'PE[ENQRGFKC QH .KHG • JVVR YYY HKPFOKEG QTI

4.12.2 Genetics • *QWUG OQWUG CV 0CVKQPCN %GPVGT HQT $KQVGEJPQNQI[ +PHQTOCVKQP 0%$+ • 'PUGODN /WU OWUEWNWU IGPQOG DTQYUGT HTQO VJG 'PUGODN 2TQLGEV • 8GIC /WU OWUEWNWU IGPQOG DTQYUGT KPENWFGU 01& OQWUG UGSWGPEG CPF CPPQVCVKQP

4.12.3

$)"15&3 )064& .064&

Media

• 2KEVWTGU OQXKGU CPF CRRNGVU UJQYKPI VJG CPCVQO[ QH .VT NVTDVMVT HTQO YYY FKIKOQTRJ QTI • /KEJCGN 2WTF[ ན4GUGCTEJGTU CFF OKEG VQ NKUV QH ETGCVWTGU VJCV UKPI KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH OCVGUཔ 5VWF[ QH OCNG OQWUG ནUQPIཔ YKVJ OQWUG UQPI TGEQTFKPI

/2 D[ 9CUJKPIVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ /GFKECN 5EJQQN • #TMKXG 2JQVQITCRJU 5JQTV VGZV • *KIJ 4GUQNWVKQP $TCKP /CRU CPF $TCKP #VNCUGU QH .VT NVTDVMVT

4.12.4

Further reading

• 0CVWTG /QWUG 5RGEKCN • $KQNQI[ QH .CDQTCVQT[ 4QFGPVU D[ &CXKF ) $GUUGNUGP • *QWUG /QWUG (CEV 5JGGV HTQO VJG 0CVKQPCN 2GUV /CPCIGOGPV #UUQEKCVKQP YKVJ KPHQTOCVKQP QP JCDKVU JCDKVCV CPF JGCNVJ VJTGCVU • %QORTGJGPUKXG JQWUG OQWUG KPHQTOCVKQP KPENWFKPI RKEVWTGU D[ VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH /KEJKICP /WUGWO QH <QQNQI[ • (CPE[ /KEG KPENWFGU OWEJ DGJCXKQTCN CPF RJ[UKQ NQIKECN KPHQTOCVKQP • 5QOG KPHQTOCVKQP QP OWTKEKFG • 8QECNK\CVKQPU FWTKPI EQRWNCVKQP

Chapter 5

List of rodents of Australia 6JKU KU C UWD NKUV QH VJG NKUV QH OCOOCNU QH #WUVTCNKC

• 5JQTV VCKNGF JQRRKPI OQWUGབྷ /PUPNZT BNQMVT extinct

6JKU KU VJG NKUV QH TQFGPVU QH #WUVTCNKC = ?= ? #WUVTCNKC JCU C NCTIG PWODGT QH KPFKIGPQWU TQFGPVU CNN HTQO VJG HCOKN[ /WTKFCG 6JGUG CTG RTGUWOGF VQ JCXG CTTKXGF YKVJKP VJG NCUV OKNNKQP [GCTU HTQO #UKC = ? 6JG DNCEM TCV DTQYP TCV 2CEKិE TCV CPF JQWUG OQWUG YGTG CEEKFGPVCNN[ KPVTQFWEGF VQ #WUVTCNKC YKVJ 'WTQRGCP UGVVNGOGPV CU YCU C UOCNN RQRWNCVKQP QH VJG ិXG NKPGF RCNO USWKTTGN PGCT 2GTVJ

• 0QTVJGTP JQRRKPI OQWUG /PUPNZT BRVJMP • &WUM[ JQRRKPI OQWUG /PUPNZT GVTDVT • .QPI VCKNGF JQRRKPI OQWUGབྷ /PUPNZT MPOHJDBVEB UVT extinct • $KI GCTGF JQRRKPI OQWUGབྷ /PUPNZT NBDSPUJT extinct

5.1 Old “Endemics” * 5.1.1

• (CYP JQRRKPI OQWUG /PUPNZT DFSWJOVT

• /KVEJGNNཐU JQRRKPI OQWUG /PUPNZT NJUDIFMMJ

Muridae

• 9JKVG HQQVGF TCDDKV TCVབྷ $POJMVSVT BMCJQFT extinct • $TWUJ VCKNGF TCDDKV TCV $POJMVSVT QFOJDJMMBUVT

• &CTNKPI &QYPU JQRRKPI OQWUGབྷ /PUPNZT NPSEBY extinct • )TGCV JQRRKPI OQWUGབྷ /PUPNZT UR extinct • 2TGJGPUKNG VCKNGF TCV 1PHPOPNZT NPMMJQJMPTVT

• 4CMCNK YCVGT TCV )ZESPNZT DISZTPHBTUFS

• #UJ ITG[ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT BMCPDJOFSFVT

• (QTTGUVཐU OQWUG -FHHBEJOB GPSSFTUJ

• 5KNM[ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT BQPEFNPJEFT

• .CMGNCPF &QYPU OQWUG -FHHBEJOB MBLFEPXOFOTJT

• 6TKUJ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT ણU[SPZ nearly extinct

བྷ

• .GUUGT UVKEM PGUV TCV -FQPSJMMVT BQJDBMJT extinct

• 2NCKPU TCV 1TFVEPNZT BVTUSBMJT

• )TGCVGT UVKEM PGUV TCV -FQPSJMMVT DPOEJUPS

• $QNCOཐU OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT CPMBNJ • -CMCFW RGDDNG OQWPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT DBMBCZJ

• $TQCF VQQVJGF OQWUG .BTUBDPNZT GVTDVT

• 9GUVGTP RGDDNG OQWPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT DIBQ NBOJ

• )TCUUNCPF OGNQO[U NFMPNZT CVSUPOJ

• .KVVNG PCVKXG OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT EFMJDBUVMVT

• %CRG ;QTM OGNQO[U NFMPNZT DBQFOTJT

• &GUGTV OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT EFTFSUPS

• (CYP HQQVGF OGNQO[U NFMPNZT DFSWJOJQFT

• 5JCTM $C[ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT ણFMEJ

• $TCODNG %C[ OGNQO[U NFMPNZT SVCJDPMB

• 5OQM[ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT GVNFVT

• $NCEM HQQVGF VTGG TCV .FTFNCSJPNZT HPVMEJ

• $NWG ITG[ OQWUGབྷ 1TFVEPNZT HMBVDVT extinct

• )QNFGP DCEMGF VTGG TCV .FTFNCSJPNZT NBDSVSVT

• )QWNFཐU OQWUGབྷ 1TFVEPNZT HPVMEJ extinct

• 5RKPKHGZ JQRRKPI OQWUG /PUPNZT BMFYJT

• 'CUVGTP EJGUVPWV OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT HSBDJMJDBVEBUVT

$)"15&3 -*45 0' 30%&/54 0' "6453"-*"

• 5CPF[ KPNCPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT IFSNBOOTCVSHFOTJT

5.3.2 Sciuridae

• .QPI VCKNGF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT IJHHJOTJ

• (KXG NKPGF RCNO USWKTTGNe 'VOBNCVMVT QFOOBOUJJ

• %GPVTCN RGDDNG OQWPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT KPIOTPOJ

• )TG[ USWKTTGNe 4DJVSVT DBSPMJOFOTJT PQY extinct in Australia

• -KODGTNG[ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT MBCPSJGFY

• 9GUVGTP EJGUVPWV OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT OBOVT

• 0GY *QNNCPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT OPWBFIPMMBOEJBF • 9GUVGTP OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT PDDJEFOUBMJT

• *CUVKPIU 4KXGT OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT PSBMJT • 2KNNKIC OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT QJMMJHBFOTJT

• 'CUVGTP RGDDNG OQWPF OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT QBUSJVT • *GCVJ OQWUG 1TFVEPNZT TIPSUSJEHFJ

• )KCPV YJKVG VCKNGF TCV 6SPNZT DBVEJNBDVMBUVT • /CUMGF YJKVG VCKNGF TCV 6SPNZT IBESPVSVT • (CNUG YCVGT TCV 9FSPNZT NZPJEFT • %QOOQP TQEM TCV ;Z[PNZT BSHVSVT

• #TPJGO .CPF TQEM TCV ;Z[PNZT NBJOJ

• %CTRGPVCTKCP TQEM TCV ;Z[PNZT QBMBUBMJT • %GPVTCN TQEM TCV ;Z[PNZT QFEVODVMBUVT

• -KODGTNG[ TQEM TCV ;Z[PNZT XPPEXBSEJ

5.2 New “Endemics” * 5.2.1

Muridae

5.4 Notes †

'ZVKPEV

¤

+PVTQFWEGF

* 5GXGTCN QH VJGUG URGEKGU CTG PQV CEVWCNN[ GPFGOKE VQ VJG EQWPVT[ #WUVTCNKC DWV VQ VJG #WUVTCNCUKC GEQ\QPG YJKEJ KPENWFGU 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC CPF GCUVGTP +PFQPGUKC 6JG JGCFKPIU ན1NF 'PFGOKEUཔ CPF ན0GY 'PFGOKEUཔ CTG WUGF JGTG KP VJCV UGPUG CHVGT 5VTCJCP= ?

5.5 See also • .KUV QH OCOOCNU QH #WUVTCNKC • .KUV QH OQPQVTGOGU CPF OCTUWRKCNU QH #WU VTCNKC • .KUV QH DCVU QH #WUVTCNKC

• .KUV QH RNCEGPVCN OCOOCNU KPVTQFWEGF VQ #WU VTCNKC • .KUV QH OCTKPG OCOOCNU QH #WUVTCNKC

5.6 References

• &WUM[ TCV 3BUUVT DPMMFUUJ

= ? 8CP &[MG 5 CPF 5VTCJCP 4 GFU 5IF .BNNBMT PG "VTUSBMJB 6JKTF 'FKVKQP 0GY *QNNCPF 3WGGPUNCPF /WUGWO $TKUDCPG +5$0

• %CRG ;QTM TCV 3BUUVT MFVDPQVT

= ? /GPMJQTUV 2 CPF -PKIJV ( " 'JFME (VJEF UP UIF .BNNBMT PG "VTUSBMJB 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU /GN DQWTPG +5$0 :

• $WUJ TCV 3BUUVT GVTDJQFT

• 5YCOR TCV 3BUUVT MVUSFPMVT

• %CPGិGNF TCV 3BUUVT TPSEJEVT

= ? $KNN $TGGF (TGF (QTF PCVKXG /KEG CPF TCVU #WU VTCNKCP 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[ 5GTKGU %5+41 RWDNKECVKQPU +5$0

• .QPI JCKTGF TCV 3BUUVT WJMMPTJTTJNVT

= ? 5VTCJCP 4 GF 5IF .BNNBMT PG "VTUSBMJB 4G XKUGF UGEQPF 'FKVKQP 4GGF 0GY *QNNCPF 5[FPG[ +5$0

• 2CNG ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT UVOOFZJ

5.3 Introduced 5.3.1

Muridae

• *QWUG OQWUGe .VT NVTDVMVT • 2CEKិE TCVe 3BUUVT FYVMBOT

• $TQYP TCVe 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT • $NCEM TCVe 3BUUVT 3BUUVT

5.7 External links • JVVR YYY EUKTQ CW OWNVKOGFKC 4GUWTTGEV C PCVKXG 4QFGPV URGEKGU JVON

Chapter 6

Mouse ན/KEGཔ TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG /KEG FKUCO DKIWCVKQP 6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG CPKOCN (QT VJG EQORWVGT KPRWV FGXKEG UGG /QWUG EQORWVKPI (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG /QWUG FKUCODKIWCVKQP

6.1 Reproduction

# mouse RNWTCN mice KU C UOCNN OCOOCN DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG QTFGT QH TQFGPVU EJCTCEVGTKUVKECNN[ JCXKPI C RQKPVGF UPQWV UOCNN TQWPFGF GCTU C DQF[ NGPIVJ UECN[ VCKN CPF C JKIJ DTGGFKPI TCVG 6JG DGUV MPQYP OQWUG URGEKGU KU VJG EQOOQP JQWUG OQWUG .VT NVTDVMVT +V KU CNUQ C RQRWNCT RGV +P UQOG RNCEGU EGTVCKP MKPFU QH áž·GNF OKEG CTG CNUQ EQOOQP 6JG[ CTG MPQYP VQ KPXCFG JQOGU HQT HQQF CPF QEECUKQPCNN[ UJGNVGT 6JG #OGTKECP YJKVG HQQVGF OQWUG 1FSPNZTDVT MFVDP QVT CPF VJG EFFS NPVTF 1FSPNZTDVT NBOJDVMBUVT CU YGNN CU QVJGT EQOOQP URGEKGU QH OQWUG NKMG TQFGPVU CTQWPF VJG YQTNF CNUQ UQOGVKOGU NKXG KP JQWUGU 6JGUG JQYGXGT CTG KP QVJGT IGPGTC %CVU YKNF FQIU HQZGU DKTFU QH RTG[ UPCMGU CPF GXGP EGT VCKP MKPFU QH CTVJTQRQFU JCXG DGGP MPQYP VQ RTG[ JGCX KN[ WRQP OKEG 0GXGTVJGNGUU DGECWUG QH KVU TGOCTMCDNG CFCRVCDKNKV[ VQ CNOQUV CP[ GPXKTQPOGPV VJG OQWUG KU QPG QH VJG OQUV UWEEGUUHWN OCOOCNKCP IGPGTC NKXKPI QP 'CTVJ VQFC[ /KEG ECP CV VKOGU DG XGTOKP FCOCIKPI CPF GCV KPI ETQRU = ? ECWUKPI UVTWEVWTCN FCOCIG CPF URTGCFKPI FKUGCUGU VJTQWIJ VJGKT RCTCUKVGU CPF HGEGU = ? +P 0QTVJ #OGTKEC DTGCVJKPI FWUV VJCV JCU EQOG KP EQPVCEV YKVJ OQWUG GZETGOGPV JCU DGGP NKPMGF VQ JCPVCXKTWU YJKEJ OC[ NGCF VQ *CPVCXKTWU 2WNOQPCT[ 5[PFTQOG *25

EBZ PME QVQT

$TGGFKPI QPUGV KU CV CDQWV FC[U QH CIG KP DQVJ HGOCNGU CPF OCNGU CNVJQWIJ HGOCNGU OC[ JCXG VJGKT ិTUV GUVTWU CV ཊ FC[U /KEG CTG RQN[GUVTQWU CPF DTGGF [GCT TQWPF QXWNCVKQP KU URQPVCPGQWU 6JG FWTCVKQP QH VJG GUVTQWU E[ENG KU ཊ FC[U CPF GUVTWU KVUGNH NCUVU CDQWV JQWTU QEEWTTKPI KP VJG GXGPKPI 8CIKPCN UOGCTU CTG WUGHWN KP VKOGF OCVKPIU VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UVCIG QH VJG GUVTQWU E[ ENG /CVKPI KU WUWCNN[ PQEVWTPCN CPF OC[ DG EQPិTOGF D[ VJG RTGUGPEG QH C EQRWNCVQT[ RNWI KP VJG XCIKPC WR VQ JQWTU RQUV EQRWNCVKQP 6JG RTGUGPEG QH URGTO QP C XCIKPCN UOGCT KU CNUQ C TGNKCDNG KPFKECVQT QH OCVKPI = ?

2TKOCTKN[ PQEVWTPCN= ?= ? CPKOCNU OKEG EQORGPUCVG HQT VJGKT RQQT G[GUKIJV YKVJ C MGGP UGPUG QH JGCTKPI CPF TGN[ (GOCNG OKEG JQWUGF VQIGVJGT VGPF VQ IQ KPVQ CPGUVTWU GURGEKCNN[ QP VJGKT UGPUG QH UOGNN VQ NQECVG HQQF CPF CXQKF CPF FQ PQV E[ENG +H GZRQUGF VQ C OCNG OQWUG QT VJG RTGFCVQTU = ? RJGTQOQPGU QH C OCNG OQWUG OQUV QH VJG HGOCNGU YKNN /KEG DWKNF KPVTKECVG DWTTQYU KP VJG YKNF 6JGUG DWTTQYU IQ KPVQ GUVTWU KP CDQWV JQWTU 6JKU U[PEJTQPK\CVKQP QH V[RKECNN[ JCXG NQPI GPVTCPEGU CPF CTG GSWKRRGF YKVJ GU VJG GUVTQWU E[ENG KU MPQYP CU VJG 9JKVVGP GាGEV 6JG ECRG VWPPGNU TQWVGU +P CV NGCUV QPG URGEKGU VJG CTEJKVGE GZRQUWTG QH C TGEGPVN[ DTGF OQWUG VQ VJG RJGTQOQPGU QH C UVTCPIG OCNG OQWUG OC[ RTGXGPV KORNCPVCVKQP QT VWTCN FGUKIP QH C DWTTQY KU C IGPGVKE VTCKV = ? RUGWFQRTGIPCPE[ C RJGPQOGPQP MPQYP CU VJG $TWEG GH HGEV = ? 6JG CXGTCIG IGUVCVKQP RGTKQF KU FC[U # HGT VKNG RQUVRCTVWO GUVTWU QEEWTU ཊ JQWTU HQNNQYKPI

RCTVWTKVKQP CPF UKOWNVCPGQWU NCEVCVKQP CPF IGUVCVKQP RTQ NQPIU IGUVCVKQP ཊ FC[U QYKPI VQ FGNC[GF KORNCPVCVKQP 6JG CXGTCIG NKVVGT UK\G KU ཊ FWTKPI QRVKOWO RTQFWE VKQP DWV KU JKIJN[ UVTCKP FGRGPFGPV #U C IGPGTCN TWNG KPDTGF OKEG VGPF VQ JCXG NQPIGT IGUVCVKQP RGTKQFU CPF UOCNNGT NKVVGTU VJCP QWVDTGF CPF J[DTKF OKEG 6JG [QWPI CTG ECNNGF RWRU CPF YGKIJ ཊ I ཊ Q\ CV DKTVJ CTG JCKTNGUU CPF JCXG ENQUGF G[GNKFU CPF GCTU %CP PKDCNKUO KU WPEQOOQP DWV HGOCNGU UJQWNF PQV DG FKU VWTDGF FWTKPI RCTVWTKVKQP CPF HQT CV NGCUV FC[U RQUVRCT VWO 2WRU CTG YGCPGF CV YGGMU QH CIG YGCPKPI YGKIJV KU ཊ I ཊ Q\ +H VJG RQUVRCTVWO GUVTWU KU PQV WVKNK\GF VJG HGOCNG TGUWOGU E[ENKPI ཊ FC[U RQUV YGCPKPI = ?

$)"15&3 .064&

6.3 Subgenera

0GYDQTP OCNG OKEG CTG FKUVKPIWKUJGF HTQO PGYDQTP HG OCNGU D[ PQVKPI VJG ITGCVGT CPQIGPKVCN FKUVCPEG CPF NCTIGT IGPKVCN RCRKNNC KP VJG OCNG 6JKU KU DGUV CEEQORNKUJGF D[ 'JFME NPVTF PG UIF TVCHFOVT .VT NKHVKPI VJG VCKNU QH NKVVGTOCVGU CPF EQORCTKPI RGTKPGWOU = ? #NN OGODGTU QH VJG .VT IGPWU CTG TGHGTTGF VQ CU OKEG *QYGXGT VJG VGTO NPVTF ECP CNUQ DG CRRNKGF VQ URGEKGU QWVUKFG QH VJKU IGPWU .PVTF QHVGP TGHGTU VQ CP[ UOCNN 6.2 Laboratory mice OWTQKF TQFGPV YJKNG SBU TGHGTU VQ NCTIGT OWTQKF TQFGPVU 6JGTGHQTG VJGUG VGTOU CTG PQV VCZQPQOKECNN[ URGEKិE (QT /CKP CTVKENG .CDQTCVQT[ OQWUG UKORNKEKV[ QPN[ VJG TQFGPV UWDIGPGTC DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG /KEG CTG EQOOQP GZRGTKOGPVCN CPKOCNU KP NCDQTCVQT[ TG .VT IGPWU CTG NKUVGF JGTG )GPWU .VT 6[RKECN OKEG • 5WDIGPWU $PFMPNZT 'CUV #UKC • 5WDIGPWU .VT 'WTCUKC VQ 0QTVJ #HTKEC GZEGRV HQT VJG JQWUG OQWUG YJKEJ KU YQTNFYKFG • 5WDIGPWU /BOOPNZT 5WD 5CJCTCP #HTKEC • 5WDIGPWU 1ZSPNZT 'CUV #UKC ,OPDLPVU NJDF

UGCTEJ QH DKQNQI[ CPF RU[EJQNQI[ ិGNFU RTKOCTKN[ DGECWUG VJG[ CTG OCOOCNU CPF CNUQ DGECWUG VJG[ UJCTG C JKIJ FG ITGG QH JQOQNQI[ YKVJ JWOCPU 6JG[ CTG VJG OQUV EQO OQPN[ WUGF OCOOCNKCP OQFGN QTICPKUO OQTG EQOOQP VJCP TCVU 6JG OQWUG IGPQOG JCU DGGP UGSWGPEGF CPF XKTVWCNN[ CNN OQWUG IGPGU JCXG JWOCP JQOQNQIU 6JG[ ECP CNUQ DG OCPKRWNCVGF KP YC[U VJCV CTG KNNGICN YKVJ JW OCPU CNVJQWIJ CPKOCN TKIJVU CEVKXKVUVU QHVGP QDLGEV # knockout mouse KU C IGPGVKECNN[ GPIKPGGTGF OQWUG VJCV JCU JCF QPG QT OQTG QH KVU IGPGU OCFG KPQRGTCDNG VJTQWIJ C IGPG MPQEMQWV 4GCUQPU HQT EQOOQP UGNGEVKQP QH /KEG CTG UOCNN UK\G KP GZRGPUKXG YKFGN[ XCTKGF FKGV GCUKN[ OCKPVCKPGF CPF ECP TGRTQFWEG SWKEMN[ 5GXGTCN IGPGTCVKQPU QH OKEG ECP DG QDUGTXGF KP C TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTV RGTKQF QH VKOG /KEG CTG IGPGTCNN[ XGT[ FQEKNG KH TCKUGF HTQO DKTVJ CPF IKXGP UWឹ EKGPV JWOCP EQPVCEV *QYGXGT EGTVCKP UVTCKPU JCXG DGGP MPQYP VQ DG SWKVG VGORGTCOGPVCN /KEG CPF TCVU JCXG VJG UCOG QTICPU KP VJG UCOG RNCEGU YKVJ VJG FKាGTGPEG QH UK\G

• 5WDIGPWU CPF URGEKGU .VT MFQJEPJEFT

6.4 As pets

1FU NJDF

/CKP CTVKENG (CPE[ OQWUG /CP[ RGQRNG DW[ OKEG CU EQORCPKQP RGVU 6JG[ ECP DG RNC[HWN NQXKPI CPF ECP ITQY WUGF VQ DGKPI JCPFNGF .KMG

"4 '00%

RGV TCVU RGV OKEG UJQWNF PQV DG NGHV WPUWRGTXKUGF QWV RGT I Q\ QH DQF[ YGKIJV RGT FC[ YCVGT KPVCMG KU UKFG CU VJG[ JCXG OCP[ PCVWTCN RTGFCVQTU KPENWFKPI DWV CRRTQZKOCVGN[ ON KOR сЮ╕ Q\ 75 сЮ╕ Q\ RGT PQV NKOKVGF VQ DKTFU UPCMGU NK\CTFU ECVU CPF FQIU /CNG I QH DQF[ YGKIJV RGT FC[ = ? OKEG VGPF VQ JCXG C UVTQPIGT QFQT VJCP VJG HGOCNGU *QY GXGT OKEG CTG ECTGHWN ITQQOGTU CPF CU RGVU VJG[ PGXGT PGGF DCVJKPI 9GNN NQQMGF CHVGT OKEG ECP OCMG KFGCN 6.6 As food RGVU 5QOG EQOOQP OQWUG ECTG RTQFWEVU CTG

ргЬ1JOLJFргЭ NJDF GPS TBMF BT SFQUJMF GPPE

/KEG CTG C UVCRNG KP VJG FKGV QH OCP[ UOCNN ECTPKXQTGU *WOCPU JCXG GCVGP OKEG UKPEG RTGJKUVQTKE VKOGU CPF UVKNN GCV VJGO CU C FGNKECE[ VJTQWIJQWV GCUVGTP <CODKC CPF PQTVJGTP /CNCYK = ? YJGTG VJG[ CTG C UGCUQPCN UQWTEG QH RTQVGKP /KEG CTG PQ NQPIGT TQWVKPGN[ EQPUWOGF D[ JW OCPU GNUGYJGTG +P XCTKQWU EQWPVTKGU OKEG CTG WUGF CU HQQF= ? HQT RGVU UWEJ CU UPCMGU NK\CTFU HTQIU VCTCPVWNCU CPF DKTFU QH RTG[ CPF OCP[ RGV UVQTGU ECTT[ OKEG HQT VJKU RWTRQUG 5QOG EQWP тАв %CIG р╜К 7UWCNN[ C JCOUVGT QT IGTDKN ECIG DWV C XCTK VTKGU UWEJ CU )GTOCP[ CPF VJG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO JCXG GV[ QH URGEKCN OQWUG ECIGU CTG PQY CXCKNCDNG /QUV DCPPGF VJG RTCEVKEG QH HGGFKPI NKXG OKEG EKVKPI GVJKECN EQPEGTPU TGICTFKPI DQVJ RTGFCVQT CPF RTG[ = ? UJQWNF JCXG C UGEWTG FQQT = ?

(BOFTI TJUT BрквFDUJPOBUFMZ XJUI IJT WBIBOB .VTIJLB

%QOOQP VGTOU WUGF VQ TGHGT VQ FKсЮ╢GTGPV CIGU UK\GU QH тАв (QQF р╜К 5RGEKCN RGNNGVGF CPF UGGF DCUGF HQQF KU CXCKN OKEG YJGP UQNF HQT RGV HQQF CTG р╜УRKPMKGUр╜Ф р╜УHW\\KGUр╜Ф CDNG /KEG ECP IGPGTCNN[ GCV OQUV TQFGPV HQQF HQT р╜УETCYNGTUр╜Ф р╜УJQRRGTUр╜Ф CPF р╜УCFWNVUр╜Ф = ? 2KPMKGU CTG PGY TCVU OKEG JCOUVGTU IGTDKNU GVE DQTP OKEG VJCV JCXG PQV [GV ITQYP HWT HW\\KGU JCXG UQOG тАв $GFFKPI р╜К 7UWCNN[ OCFG QH JCTFYQQF RWNR UWEJ CU HWT DWV CTG PQV XGT[ OQDKNG JQRRGTU JCXG C HWNN EQCV QH CURGP UQOGVKOGU HTQO UJTGFFGF WPKPMGF RCRGT QT JCKT CPF CTG HWNN[ OQDKNG DWV CTG UOCNNGT VJCP CFWNV OKEG TGE[ENGF XKTIKP YQQF RWNR 7UKPI EQTP JWUM DGFFKPI /KEG YKVJQWV HWT CTG GCUKGT HQT VJG CPKOCN VQ EQPUWOG KU CXQKFGF DGECWUG KV RTQOQVGU "TQFSHJMMJT HWPIWU JQYGXGT OKEG YKVJ HWT OC[ DG OQTG EQPXKPEKPI CU CPK CPF ECP ITQY OQNF QPEG KV IGVU YGV YJKEJ KU TQWIJ OCN HGGF 6JGUG VGTOU CTG CNUQ WUGF VQ TGHGT VQ VJG XCTKQWU ITQYVJ UVCIGU QH TCVU UGG (CPE[ TCV QP VJGKT HGGV

6.5 Diet

6.7 Use for sense of smell

+P PCVWTG OKEG CTG NCTIGN[ JGTDKXQTGU EQPUWOKPI CP[ MKPF QH HTWKV QT ITCKP HTQO RNCPVU = ? *QYGXGT OKEG CFCRV YGNN VQ WTDCP CTGCU CPF CTG MPQYP HQT GCVKPI CNOQUV CNN V[RGU QH HQQF UETCRU +P ECRVKXKV[ OKEG CTG EQOOQPN[ HGF EQOOGTEKCN RGNNGVGF OQWUG FKGV 6JGUG FKGVU CTG PW VTKVKQPCNN[ EQORNGVG DWV VJG[ UVKNN PGGF C NCTIG XCTKGV[ QH XGIGVCDNGU (QQF KPVCMG KU CRRTQZKOCVGN[ I Q\

+UTCGNK UEKGPVKUVU JCXG VGUVGF OKEG CU C PGY HQTO QH CKT RQTV UGEWTKV[ FGVGEVQT +V EQPUKUVU QH VJTGG EQPEGCNGF ECT VTKFIGU GCEJ EQPVCKPKPI GKIJV URGEKCNN[ VTCKPGF OKEG +H VJG[ UGPUG VTCEGU QH GZRNQUKXGU QT FTWIU VJG[ YKNN VTKIIGT VJG CNCTO #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG /FX 4DJFOUJTU VJG OKEG YQTM HQWT JQWT UJKHVU CPF CTG OQTG CEEWTCVG VJCP WUKPI FQIU QT : TC[ OCEJKPGU = ?

6.8 See also • )GPGVKECNN[ OQFKិGF OQWUG • *QWUG OQWUG • .KUV QH ិEVKQPCN OKEG CPF TCVU • /QWUG VTCR • /QWUG EQORWVKPI • /WUQRJQDKC HGCT QH OKEG • 8CECPVK OQWUG • /QWUG DTCKP FGXGNQROGPV VKOGNKPG

6.9 References = ? /GGTDWTI $) 5KPINGVQP )4 .GKTU * ན6JG ;GCT QH VJG 4CV GPFU VKOG VQ ិIJV JWPIGT 1FTU .BOBH 4DJ 65

ཊ FQK RU 2/+& = ? /GGTDWTI $) 5KPINGVQP )4 -KLNUVTC # ན4QFGPV DQTPG FKUGCUGU CPF VJGKT TKUMU HQT RWD NKE JGCNVJཔ $SJU 3FW .JDSPCJPM 35 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? $GJPG[ 'ZRNQTCVKQPU QH &GGT /QWUG = ? 6JG (KGNF /QWUG = ? 6JG *WOCPG UQEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU = ? JVVR YYY PCVWTG EQO PCVWTG LQWTPCN X P HWNN PCVWTG JVON = ? .QWKUKCPC 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKECN #UUQEKCVKQP = ? 5JCTQP . 8CPFGTNKR .JDF &WFSZUIJOH "CPVU )JT UPSZ $BSF /VUSJUJPO )BOEMJOH BOE #FIBWJPS $CTTQPཐU 'FWECVKQPCN 5GTKGU RR ཊ +5$0 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? /QWUG 0QTVJYGUVGTP 7PKXGTUKV[ 'EQFQOG +PHQTOCVKQP 2CIG = ? 6GODQ /YK\GPIG 5 ན/KEG CU C &GNKECE[ VJG 5KIPKិ ECPEG QH /KEG KP VJG &KGV QH VJG 6WODWMC 2GQRNG QH 'CUV GTP <CODKCཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF = ? (QQF (TQ\GP OKEG TCVU %CPDGTTC 'ZQVKE 2GVU TGR VKNGUKPE EQO CW CEEGUUGF = ? ན5PCMG HGGFKPI 4QFGPVU (QQF KPHGEVKQPU (GGFKPI 5EJGFWNGཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན5QWVJ (NQTKFCཐU 6TWG 4QFGPV 2TQHGUUKQPCNUཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན/KEG VTCKPGF HQT CKTRQTV UGEWTKV[པ 5IF %BJMZ 5FMFHSBQI

.QPFQP

$)"15&3 .064&

6.10 External links • (CPE[ /KEG GZVGPUKXG KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV DTGGFKPI OKEG CPF MGGRKPI VJGO CU RGVU • *KIJ TGUQNWVKQP KOCIGU QH ETQUU UGEVKQPU QH OKEG DTCKPU • *KUVQT[ QH VJG OQWUG YKVJ HQEWU QP VJGKT WUG KP IG PGVKEU UVWFKGU • /QWUG VTCEMU *QY VQ KFGPVKH[ OQWUG VTCEMU

Chapter 7

Rat 6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG IGPWU 3BUUVT (QT RGV TCVU UGG (CPE[ TCV (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG 4CV FKUCODKIWCVKQP Rats CTG XCTKQWU OGFKWO UK\GF NQPI VCKNGF TQFGPVU QH VJG UWRGTHCOKN[ /WTQKFGC ན6TWG TCVUཔ CTG OGODGTU QH VJG IGPWU 3BUUVT VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV QH YJKEJ VQ JWOCPU CTG VJG DNCEM TCV 3BUUVT SBUUVT CPF VJG DTQYP TCV 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT /CP[ OGODGTU QH QVJGT TQFGPV IGPGTC CPF HCOKNKGU CTG CNUQ TGHGTTGF VQ CU TCVU CPF UJCTG OCP[ EJCT CEVGTKUVKEU YKVJ VTWG TCVU 4CVU CTG V[RKECNN[ FKUVKPIWKUJGF HTQO OKEG D[ VJGKT UK\G )GPGTCNN[ YJGP UQOGQPG FKUEQXGTU C NCTIG OWTQKF TQ " SBU JO B DJUZ TUSFFU FGPV KVU EQOOQP PCOG KPENWFGU VJG VGTO SBU YJKNG KH KV KU UOCNNGT VJG PCOG KPENWFGU VJG VGTO NPVTF 6JG OWTQKF HCOKN[ KU DTQCF CPF EQORNGZ CPF VJG EQOOQP VGTOU SBU CPF NPVTF CTG PQV VCZQPQOKECNN[ URGEKិE 5EKGPVKិECNN[ VJG VGTOU CTG PQV EQPិPGF VQ OGODGTU QH VJG 3BUUVT CPF .VT IGPGTC HQT GZCORNG VJG RCEM TCV CPF EQVVQP OQWUG

7.1 Species and description 6JG DGUV MPQYP TCV URGEKGU CTG VJG DNCEM TCV 3BUUVT SBU UVT CPF VJG DTQYP TCV 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT 6JG ITQWR KU IGPGTCNN[ MPQYP CU VJG 1NF 9QTNF TCVU QT VTWG TCVU CPF QTKIKPCVGF KP #UKC 4CVU CTG DKIIGT VJCP OQUV 1NF 9QTNF OKEG YJKEJ CTG VJGKT TGNCVKXGU DWV UGNFQO YGKIJ QXGT *EPM PG B SBU JO 1BUBO /FQBM

ITCOU ND KP VJG YKNF 6JG VGTO ནTCVཔ KU CNUQ WUGF KP VJG PCOGU QH QVJGT UOCNN OCOOCNU YJKEJ CTG PQV VTWG TCVU 'ZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG 0QTVJ #OGTKECP RCEM TCVU C PWODGT QH URGEKGU NQQUGN[ ECNNGF MCPICTQQ TCVU CPF QVJGTU 4CVU UWEJ CU VJG DCPFKEQQV TCV #BOEJDPUB CFOHBMFOTJT CTG OWTKPG TQFGPVU TGNCVGF VQ VTWG TCVU DWV CTG PQV OGODGTU QH VJG IGPWU 3BUUVT /CNG TCVU CTG ECNNGF DWEMU WPOCVGF HGOCNGU CTG ECNNGF FQGU RTGIPCPV QT RCTGPV HGOCNGU CTG ECNNGF FCOU CPF KPHCPVU CTG ECNNGF MKVVGPU QT RWRU # ITQWR QH TCVU KU GKVJGT TGHGTTGF VQ CU C RCEM QT C OKUEJKGH 6JG EQOOQP URGEKGU CTG QRRQTVWPKUVKE UWTXKXQTU CPF QH VGP NKXG YKVJ CPF PGCT JWOCPU VJGTGHQTG VJG[ CTG MPQYP CU EQOOGPUCNU 6JG[ OC[ ECWUG UWDUVCPVKCN HQQF NQUUGU GURGEKCNN[ KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU = ? *QYGXGT VJG YKFGN[ FKUVTKDWVGF CPF RTQDNGOCVKE EQOOGPUCN URGEKGU QH TCVU

CTG C OKPQTKV[ KP VJKU FKXGTUG IGPWU /CP[ URGEKGU QH TCVU CTG KUNCPF GPFGOKEU CPF UQOG JCXG DGEQOG GPFCPIGTGF FWG VQ JCDKVCV NQUU QT EQORGVKVKQP YKVJ VJG DTQYP DNCEM QT 2QN[PGUKCP TCV 9KNF TQFGPVU KPENWFKPI TCVU ECP ECTT[ OCP[ FKាGT GPV \QQPQVKE RCVJQIGPU UWEJ CU -FQUPTQJSB 5PYPQMBTNB HPOEJJ CPF $BNQZMPCBDUFS = ? 6JG $NCEM &GCVJ KU VTC FKVKQPCNN[ DGNKGXGF VQ JCXG DGGP ECWUGF D[ VJG OKETQ QTICPKUO :FSTJOJB QFTUJT ECTTKGF D[ VJG VTQRKECN TCV ីGC

9FOPQTZMMB DIFPQJT YJKEJ RTG[GF QP DNCEM TCVU NKXKPI KP 'WTQRGCP EKVKGU FWTKPI VJG GRKFGOKE QWVDTGCMU QH VJG /KFFNG #IGU VJGUG TCVU YGTG WUGF CU VTCPURQTV JQUVU 1VJGT \QQPQVKE FKUGCUGU NKPMGF VQ RGUV TQFGPVU KPENWFG ENCUUKECN UYKPG HGXGT CPF HQQV CPF OQWVJ FKUGCUG

$)"15&3 3"5

6JG CXGTCIG NKHGURCP QH CP[ IKXGP TCV FGRGPFU QP YJKEJ URGEKGU KU DGKPI FKUEWUUGF DWV OCP[ QPN[ NKXG CDQWV C [GCT FWG VQ RTGFCVKQP 6JG DNCEM CPF DTQYP TCVU FKXGTIGF HTQO QVJGT 1NF 9QTNF TCVU FWTKPI VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG 2NGKUVQEGPG KP VJG HQTGUVU QH #UKC

7.2 Pets /CKP CTVKENG (CPE[ TCV 5RGEKCNN[ DTGF TCVU JCXG DGGP MGRV CU RGVU CV NGCUV UKPEG

" MBCPSBUPSZ SBU TUSBJO LOPXO BT B ;VDLFS SBU JT CSFE UP CF HFOFUJDBMMZ QSPOF UP EJBCFUFT UIF TBNF NFUBCPMJD EJTPSEFS GPVOE BNPOH IVNBOT

NGCTPKPI CPF QVJGT OGPVCN RTQEGUUGU $CTPGVV CU YGNN CU VQ WPFGTUVCPF ITQWR DGJCXKQT CPF QXGTETQYFKPI

YKVJ VJG YQTM QH ,QJP $ %CNJQWP QP DGJCXKQTCN UKPM # UVWF[ HQWPF TCVU VQ RQUUGUU OGVCEQIPKVKQP C OGPVCN CDKNKV[ RTGXKQWUN[ QPN[ FQEWOGPVGF KP JWOCPU CPF UQOG RTKOCVGU = ?= ? &QOGUVKE TCVU FKាGT HTQO YKNF TCVU KP OCP[ YC[U 6JG[ CTG ECNOGT CPF NGUU NKMGN[ VQ DKVG VJG[ ECP VQNGTCVG ITGCVGT ETQYFKPI VJG[ DTGGF GCTNKGT CPF RTQFWEG OQTG QាURTKPI CPF VJGKT DTCKPU NKXGTU MKFPG[U CFTGPCN INCPFU CPF JGCTVU CTG UOCNNGT $CTPGVV

" EPNFTUJDBUFE SBU

VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ 2GV TCVU CTG V[RKECNN[ XCTKCPVU QH VJG URGEKGU DTQYP TCV DWV DNCEM TCVU CPF IKCPV RQWEJGF TCVU CTG CNUQ MPQYP VQ DG MGRV 2GV TCVU DGJCXG FKH HGTGPVN[ HTQO VJGKT YKNF EQWPVGTRCTVU FGRGPFKPI QP JQY OCP[ IGPGTCVKQPU VJG[ JCXG DGGP MGRV CU RGVU = ? 2GV TCVU FQ PQV RQUG CP[ OQTG QH C JGCNVJ TKUM VJCP RGVU UWEJ CU ECVU QT FQIU = ? 6COGF TCVU CTG IGPGTCNN[ HTKGPFN[ CPF ECP DG VCWIJV VQ RGTHQTO UGNGEVGF DGJCXKQTU

$TQYP TCVU CTG QHVGP WUGF CU OQFGN QTICPKUOU HQT UEKGP VKិE TGUGCTEJ 5KPEG VJG RWDNKECVKQP QH VJG TCV IGPQOG UGSWGPEG = ? CPF QVJGT CFXCPEGU UWEJ CU VJG ETGCVKQP QH C TCV 502 EJKR CPF VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH MPQEMQWV TCVU VJG NCDQTCVQT[ TCV JCU DGEQOG C WUGHWN IGPGVKE VQQN CNVJQWIJ PQV CU RQRWNCT CU OKEG 9JGP KV EQOGU VQ EQPFWEVKPI VGUVU TGNCVGF VQ KPVGNNKIGPEG NGCTPKPI CPF FTWI CDWUG TCVU CTG C RQRWNCT EJQKEG FWG VQ VJGKT JKIJ KPVGNNKIGPEG KPIGPWKV[ CIITGUUKXGPGUU CPF CFCRVCDKNKV[ 6JGKT RU[EJQNQI[ KP OCP[ YC[U UGGOU VQ DG UKOKNCT VQ JWOCPU 'PVKTGN[ PGY DTGGFU QT ནNKPGUཔ QH DTQYP TCVU UWEJ CU VJG 9KUVCT TCV JCXG DGGP DTGF HQT WUG KP NCDQTCVQTKGU /WEJ QH VJG IGPQOG QH 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT JCU DGGP UGSWGPEGF = ?

7.3.1 Intelligence

$GECWUG QH VJG CDKNKV[ VQ NGCTP TCVU YGTG GCTN[ QP KPXGU VKICVGF VQ UGG YJGVJGT VJG[ OC[ GZJKDKV IGPGTCN KPVGNNK IGPEG GZRTGUUGF D[ VJG RTGUGPEG QH C I HCEVQT NKMG NCTIGT QT OQTG EQORNGZ CPKOCNU # UVWF[ FKF PQV ិPF C I /CKP CTVKENG .CDQTCVQT[ TCV +P %NCTM 7PKXGTUKV[ KP 9QTEGUVGT /CUUCEJWUGVVU HCEVQT = ? PQT FKF C YQTM = ? C UVWF[= ? FKF

7PKVGF 5VCVGU GUVCDNKUJGF C RQRWNCVKQP QH FQOGUVKE CN DKPQ DTQYP TCVU VQ UVWF[ VJG GាGEVU QH FKGV CPF HQT QVJGT 4QDGTV 6JQTPFKMG HQT GZCORNG RTQ RJ[UKQNQIKECN UVWFKGU 1XGT VJG [GCTU TCVU JCXG DGGP XKFGF UVTQPI GXKFGPEG HQT I KP TCVU D[ VJG WUGF KP OCP[ GZRGTKOGPVCN UVWFKGU YJKEJ JCXG CFFGF WUG QH C XCTKGV[ QH VGUVU UWEJ CU OC\GU VQ QWT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH IGPGVKEU FKUGCUGU VJG GាGEVU QH RTQDNGO UQNXKPI VCUMU CPF UKORNG CXQKFCPEG FTWIU CPF QVJGT VQRKEU VJCV JCXG RTQXKFGF C ITGCV DGPGិV EQPFKVKQPKPI 6JQTPFKMG 2GTHQT HQT VJG JGCNVJ CPF YGNN DGKPI QH JWOCPMKPF .CDQTCVQT[ OCPEGU VGPFGF VQ EQTTGNCVG CETQUU VCUMU TCVU JCXG CNUQ RTQXGF XCNWCDNG KP RU[EJQNQIKECN UVWFKGU QH YKVJ UVTQPIGT CUUQEKCVKQPU HQWPF DGVYGGP

7.3 Subjects for scientific research

'00%

" SBU JO B TVCVSC PG 7BODPVWFS

OC\GU CPF RTQDNGO UQNXKPI VJCP YKVJ UKORNG CXQKFCPEG VCUMU 6JQTPFKMG CNUQ TGXKGYGF C FQ\GP GCTNKGT UVWFKGU YJKEJ CNUQ UWIIGUVGF VJCV VJG JKIJGUV EQTTGNCVKQPU CTG HQWPF DGVYGGP OQTG EQORNGZ RTQDNGO UQNXKPI VCUMU *QYGXGT KV UJQWNF DG PQVGF VJCV VJGTG YGTG QVJGT EQPVGORQTCT[ UVWFKGU VJCV HQWPF URNKV QT PGCT \GTQ QTFGT EQTTGNCVKQP OCVTKEGU HQT QVJGT RQRWNCVKQPU QH TCVU CETQUU EQIPKVKXG DCVVGTKGU UGG 4Q[EG ཋ= ? +P #PFGTUQP OGCUWTGF TCV RGTHQTOCPEG CPF HCEVQT CPCN[UKU RTQFWEGF C I CPF CNUQ EQTTGNCVKQPU YKVJ TCV DTCKP UK\G= ? CU KP JWOCPU CPF RTKOCVGU .QEWTVQ 5ECPNQP = ? /CV\GN FU BM = ? /CV\GN FU BM = ? -QNCVC FU BM = ? CPF /CV\GN FU BM = ? TGRNK ECVGF VJG HCEVQT DWV FKF PQV KPXGUVKICVG DTCKP UK\G .QEWTVQ FU BM .QEWTVQ FU BM KP EQPVTCUV HQWPF VJGKT HCEVQT CPCN[UKU IKXKPI HCEVQTU TCVJGT VJCP

7.3.2

Social intelligence

# EQPVTQNNGF UVWF[ HQWPF VJCV TCVU CTG CEVKXGN[ RTQUQEKCN 6JG[ FGOQPUVTCVG CNVTWKUVKE DGJCXKQWT VQ QVJGT TCVU KP GZRGTKOGPVU KPENWFKPI HTGGKPI VJGO HTQO ECIGU 9JGP RTGUGPVGF YKVJ TGCFKN[ CXCKNCDNG EJQEQNCVG EJKRU VGUV UWDLGEVU YQWNF ិTUV HTGG VJG ECIGF TCV CPF VJGP UJCTG VJG HQQF #NN HGOCNG TCVU KP VJG UVWF[ FKURNC[GF VJKU DG JCXKQWT YJKNG QH VJG OCNGU FKF PQV = ?

7.4 Food 4CV OGCV KU C HQQF VJCV YJKNG VCDQQ= ?= ? KP UQOG EWN VWTGU KU C FKGVCT[ UVCRNG KP QVJGTU 6CDQQU KPENWFG HGCTU QH FKUGCUG QT TGNKIKQWU RTQJKDKVKQP DWV KP OCP[ RNCEGU VJG JKIJ PWODGT QH TCVU JCU NGF VQ VJGKT KPEQTRQTCVKQP KPVQ VJG NQECN FKGVU

3BU NFBU EJTIFT JO :BOHTIVP (VBOHYJ $IJOB

+P UQOG EWNVWTGU TCVU CTG QT JCXG DGGP NKOKVGF CU CP CE EGRVCDNG HQTO QH HQQF VQ C RCTVKEWNCT UQEKCN QT GEQPQOKE ENCUU +P VJG /KUJOK EWNVWTG QH +PFKC TCVU CTG GUUGPVKCN VQ VJG VTCFKVKQPCN FKGV CU /KUJOK YQOGP OC[ GCV PQ OGCV GZEGRV ិUJ RQTM YKNF DKTFU CPF TCVU = ? %QPXGTUGN[ VJG /WUCJCT EQOOWPKV[ KP PQTVJ +PFKC JCU EQOOGTEKCNKUGF TCV HCTOKPI CU CP GZQVKE FGNKECE[ = ? +P VJG VTCFKVKQPCN EWN VWTGU QH VJG *CYCKKCPU CPF VJG 2QN[PGUKCPU TCV YCU CP GXGT[FC[ HQQF HQT EQOOQPGTU 9JGP HGCUVKPI VJG 2QN[ PGUKCP RGQRNG QH 4CRC 0WK EQWNF GCV TCV OGCV DWV VJG MKPI YCU PQV CNNQYGF VQ FWG VQ VJG KUNCPFGTUཐ DGNKGH KP JKU ནUVCVG QH UCETGFPGUUཔ ECNNGF UBQV = ? +P UVWF[KPI RTGEQPVCEV CT EJCGQNQIKECN UKVGU KP *CYCKK CTEJCGQNQIKUVU JCXG HQWPF VJG EQPEGPVTCVKQP QH VJG TGOCKPU QH TCVU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ EQOOQPGT JQWUGJQNFU CEEQWPVGF HQT VJTGG VKOGU VJG CP KOCN TGOCKPU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ GNKVG JQWUGJQNFU 6JG TCV DQPGU HQWPF KP CNN UKVGU CTG HTCIOGPVGF DWTPGF CPF EQX GTGF KP ECTDQPK\GF OCVGTKCN KPFKECVKPI VJG TCVU YGTG GCVGP CU HQQF 6JG ITGCVGT QEEWTTGPEG QH TCV TGOCKPU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ EQOOQPGT JQWUGJQNFU OC[ KPFKECVG VJG GNKVGU QH RTG EQPVCEV *CYCKK FKF PQV EQPUWOG VJGO CU C OCVVGT QH UVCVWU QT VCUVG = ? $CPFKEQQV TCVU CTG CP KORQTVCPV HQQF UQWTEG COQPI UQOG RGQRNGU KP 5QWVJGCUV #UKC CPF VJG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU (QQF CPF #ITKEWNVWTG 1TICPK\CVKQP GUVKOCVGF TCV OGCV OCMGU WR JCNH VJG NQECNN[ RTQFWEGF OGCV EQPUWOGF KP )JCPC YJGTG ECPG TCVU CTG HCTOGF CPF JWPVGF HQT VJGKT OGCV #HTKECP UNCXGU KP VJG #OGTKECP 5QWVJ YGTG MPQYP VQ JWPV YQQF TCVU COQPI QVJGT CPKOCNU VQ UWRRNGOGPV VJGKT HQQF TCVKQPU = ? CPF #DQTKIKPGU CNQPI VJG EQCUV KP UQWVJ GTP 3WGGPUNCPF #WUVTCNKC TGIWNCTN[ KPENWFGF TCVU KP VJGKT FKGV = ? 4KEGិGNF TCVU 3BUUVT BSHFOUJWFOUFS JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP WUGF CU HQQF KP TKEG RTQFWEKPI TGIKQPU UWEJ CU 8CNGPEKC CU KOOQTVCNK\GF D[ 8KEGPVG $NCUEQ +D¢²G\ KP JKU PQXGN $B±BT Z CBSSP #NQPI YKVJ GGN CPF NQECN DGCPU MPQYP CU HBSSBGPOT SBUB EF NBSKBM OCTUJ TCV KU QPG QH VJG OCKP KPITGFKGPVU KP VTCFKVKQPCN RCGNNC NCVGT TG RNCEGF D[ TCDDKV EJKEMGP CPF UGCHQQF = ? 4KEGិGNF TCVU CTG CNUQ EQPUWOGF KP VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU VJG +UCCP TGIKQP QH

6JCKNCPF CPF %CODQFKC +P NCVG 4GWVGTU TGRQTVGF VJG RTKEG QH TCV OGCV JCF SWCFTWRNGF KP %CODQFKC ETG CVKPI C JCTFUJKR HQT VJG RQQT YJQ EQWNF PQ NQPIGT CាQTF KV 'NUGYJGTG KP VJG YQTNF TCV OGCV KU EQPUKFGTGF FKUGCUGF CPF WPENGCP UQEKCNN[ WPCEEGRVCDNG QT VJGTG CTG UVTQPI TGNKIKQWU RTQUETKRVKQPU CICKPUV KV +UNCO CPF -CUJTWV VTC FKVKQPU RTQJKDKV KV YJKNG DQVJ VJG 5JKRKDQ RGQRNG QH 2GTW CPF 5KTKQP´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

7.5 Medicine

$)"15&3 3"5 0GY ;QTMGTUཐ CYCTGPGUU QH VJG RTGUGPEG CPF QP QEECUKQP DQNFPGUU CPF ENGXGTPGUU QH VJG TQFGPVU = ? 0GY ;QTM JCU URGEKិE TGIWNCVKQPU HQT IGVVKPI TKF QH TCVUཋOWNVK HCOKN[ TGUKFGPEGU CPF EQOOGTEKCN DWUKPGUUGU OWUV WUG C URG EKCNN[ VTCKPGF CPF NKEGPUGF GZVGTOKPCVQT = ? 2NCEGU VQ NQQM HQT TCV KPHGUVCVKQPU CTG CTQWPF RKRGU DGJKPF YCNNU CPF PGCT ICTDCIG ECPU 'ាGEVKXG TCV EQPVTQN TGSWKTGU OWPKEK RCN YQTMGTU CPF KPFKXKFWCNU VQ YQTM VQIGVJGT

7.8 Rats as invasive species 9JGP KPVTQFWEGF KPVQ NQECVKQPU YJGTG TCVU RTGXKQWUN[ FKF PQV GZKUV VJG[ ECWUG C JWIG COQWPV QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP 3BUUVT SBUUVT VJG DNCEM TCV KU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG QPG QH VJG YQTNFཐU YQTUV KPXCUKXG URGEKGU = ? #U RCTV QH KUNCPF TGUVQTCVKQP UQOG KUNCPFU JCXG JCF VJGKT TCV RQRWNCVKQPU GTCFKECVGF VQ RTQVGEV QT TGUVQTG VJG GEQNQI[ *CYCFCZ +UNCPF #NCUMC YCU FGENCTGF TCV HTGG CHVGT [GCTU CPF %CORDGNN +UNCPF 0GY <GCNCPF CHVGT CNOQUV [GCTU $TGCMUGC +UNCPF KP 0GY <GCNCPF YCU FGENCTGF TCV HTGG KP CHVGT CP GTCFKECVKQP ECORCKIP DCUGF QP C UWEEGUUHWN VTKCN QP VJG UOCNNGT *CYGC +UNCPF PGCTD[

4CVU ECP UGTXG CU \QQPQVKE XGEVQTU HQT EGTVCKP RCVJQIGPU 6JG %CPCFKCP RTQXKPEG QH #NDGTVC KU PQVCDNG HQT DGKPI CPF VJWU ECWUG FKUGCUG UWEJ CU .CUUC HGXGT NGRVQURKTQUKU VJG NCTIGUV KPJCDKVGF CTGC QP 'CTVJ YJKEJ KU HTGG QH VJG 0QTYGIKCP TCV # TCV EQPVTQN RTQITCO YCU ETGCVGF CH CPF *CPVCXKTWU KPHGEVKQP VGT VJG[ UVCTVGF GPVGTKPI VJG RTQXKPEG FWTKPI VJG U # U[UVGOCVKE FGVGEVKQP CPF GTCFKECVKQP U[UVGO YCU WUGF VJTQWIJQWV C EQPVTQN \QPG MO NQPI CPF MO YKFG 7.6 Odor detection CNQPI VJG GCUVGTP DQTFGT QH VJG RTQXKPEG VQ GNKOKPCVG TCV KPHGUVCVKQPU DGHQTG VJG TCVU EQWNF URTGCF HWTVJGT KPVQ VJG 4CVU JCXG C MGGP UGPUG QH UOGNN CPF CTG GCU[ VQ VTCKP RTQXKPEG #IITGUUKXG IQXGTPOGPV OGCUWTGU UVTQPI RWD 6JGUG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU JCXG DGGP GORNQ[GF HQT GZCORNG NKE UWRRQTV CPF EKVK\GP RCTVKEKRCVKQP MGGR TCV KPHGUVCVKQPU D[ VJG $GNIKCP PQP IQXGTPOGPVCN QTICPK\CVKQP #2121 VQ C OKPKOWO 6JG RTQITCO UVKNN CEVKXGN[ GORNQ[U RCVTQNU YJKEJ VTCKPU TCVU URGEKិECNN[ #HTKECP IKCPV RQWEJGF TCVU CNQPI #NDGTVCཐU DQTFGTU DWV VJG PWODGT QH TCV KPHGUVCVKQPU VQ FGVGEV NCPFOKPGU CPF FKCIPQUG VWDGTEWNQUKU VJTQWIJ HQWPF KP OQUV TGEGPV [GCTU JCU DGGP \GTQ = ? = ? = ? UOGNN = ?

7.7 Rats as pests 4CVU JCXG NQPI DGGP EQPUKFGTGF FGCFN[ RGUVU 1PEG EQP UKFGTGF C OQFGTP O[VJ VJG TCV ីQQF KP +PFKC JCU PQY DGGP XGTKិGF +PFGGF GXGT[ ិ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ិPKVKXGN[ TGHWVGF D[ 4QDGTV 5WNNKXCP KP JKU DQQM ན4CVUཔ URGCMU XQNWOGU CDQWV

7.9 Culture #PEKGPV 4QOCPU FKF PQV IGPGTCNN[ FKាGTGPVKCVG DGVYGGP TCVU CPF OKEG KPUVGCF TGHGTTKPI VQ VJG HQTOGT CU NVT NBY JNVT DKI OQWUG CPF VJG NCVVGT CU NVT NJOJNVT NKVVNG OQWUG 1P VJG +UNG QH /CP C FGRGPFGPE[ QH VJG $TKVKUJ %TQYP VJGTG KU C VCDQQ CICKPUV VJG YQTF TCV

7.9.1 Asian cultures /CKP CTVKENG 4CV \QFKCE 6JG TCV UQOGVKOGU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C OQWUG KU VJG ិTUV QH VJG VYGNXG CPKOCNU QH VJG %JKPGUG \QFKCE 2GQRNG DQTP KP VJKU [GCT CTG GZRGEVGF VQ RQUUGUU SWCNKVKGU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ

$6-563& TCVU KPENWFKPI ETGCVKXKV[ KPVGNNKIGPEG JQPGUV[ IGPGTQU KV[ CODKVKQP C SWKEM VGORGT CPF YCUVGHWNPGUU 2GQRNG DQTP KP C [GCT QH VJG TCV CTG UCKF VQ IGV CNQPI YGNN YKVJ ནOQPMG[Uཔ CPF ནFTCIQPUཔ CPF VQ IGV CNQPI RQQTN[ YKVJ ནJQTUGUཔ

CU VJG VGTO OBSL VQ OGCP CP KPFKXKFWCN YJQ YQTMU CU C RQNKEG KPHQTOCPV QT YJQ JCU VWTPGF UVCVGཐU GXKFGPEG 9TKVGT FKTGEVQT 2TGUVQP 5VWTIGU ETGCVGF VJG JWOQTQWU CNKCU ན4CVUM[YCVUM[པ HQT C UQNFKGT YJQ UGFWEGF KORTGI PCVGF CPF CDCPFQPGF VJG JGTQKPG QH JKU ិNO 5IF .JSBDMF PG .PSHBOࣙT $SFFL +V KU C VGTO PQWP CPF XGTD KP ETKOKPCN UNCPI HQT CP KPHQTOCPV ནVQ TCV QP UQOGQPGཔ KU VQ DGVTC[ VJGO D[ KPHQTOKPI VJG CWVJQTKVKGU QH C ETKOG QT OKUFGGF VJG[ EQOOKVVGF &GUETKDKPI C RGTUQP CU ནTCV NKMGཔ WUWCNN[ KORNKGU JG QT UJG KU WPCVVTCEVKXG CPF UWURK EKQWU #OQPI WPKQPU ནTCVཔ KU C VGTO HQT PQPWPKQP GORNQ[GTU QT DTGCMGTU QH WPKQP EQPVTCEVU CPF VJKU KU YJ[ WPKQPU WUG KPីCVCDNG TCVU = ?

7.9.3 Fiction 5IF JOEJHFOPVT SBUT BSF BMMPXFE UP SVO GSFFMZ UISPVHIPVU UIF ,BSOJ .BUB 5FNQMF

+P +PFKCP VTCFKVKQP TCVU CTG UGGP CU VJG XGJKENG QH )CPGUJC CPF C TCVཐU UVCVWG KU CNYC[U HQWPF KP C VGORNG QH )CPGUJ +P VJG PQTVJYGUVGTP +PFKCP EKV[ QH &GUJPQMG VJG TCVU CV VJG -CTPK /CVC 6GORNG CTG JGNF VQ DG FGUVKPGF HQT TGKPECTPCVKQP CU 5CFJWU *KPFW JQN[ OGP 6JG CV VGPFKPI RTKGUVU HGGF OKNM CPF ITCKP VQ VJG TCVU QH YJKEJ VJG RKNITKOU CNUQ RCTVCMG

7.9.2

5GG CNUQ (CPE[ TCV h (KEVKQP &GRKEVKQPU QH TCVU KP ិEVKQP CTG JKUVQTKECNN[ KPCEEWTCVG

European cultures

'WTQRGCP CUUQEKCVKQPU YKVJ VJG TCV CTG IGPGTCNN[ PGICVKXG (QT KPUVCPEG ན4CVU KU WUGF CU C UWDUVKVWVG HQT XCTKQWU XWNICT KPVGTLGEVKQPU KP VJG 'PINKUJ NCPIWCIG 6JGUG CUUQ EKCVKQPU FQ PQV FTCY QFS TF HTQO CP[ DKQNQIKECN QT DG JCXKQTCN VTCKV QH VJG TCV DWV RQUUKDN[ HTQO VJG CUUQEKCVKQP QH TCVU CPF ីGCU YKVJ VJG VJ EGPVWT[ OGFKGXCN RNCIWG ECNNGF VJG $NCEM &GCVJ 4CVU CTG UGGP CU XKEKQWU WPENGCP RCTCUKVKE CPKOCNU VJCV UVGCN HQQF CPF URTGCF FKUGCUG *QY GXGT UQOG RGQRNG KP 'WTQRGCP EWNVWTGU MGGR TCVU CU RGVU CPF EQPXGTUGN[ ិPF VJGO VQ DG VCOG ENGCP KPVGNNKIGPV CPF RNC[HWN 4CVU CTG QHVGP WUGF KP UEKGPVKិE GZRGTKOGPVU CPKOCN TKIJVU CEVKXKUVU CNNGIG VJG VTGCVOGPV QH TCVU KP VJKU EQPVGZV KU ETWGN 6JG VGTO ནNCD TCVཔ KU WUGF V[RKECNN[ KP C UGNH GាCEKPI OCPPGT VQ FGUETKDG C RGTUQP YJQUG LQD HWPEVKQP TGSWKTGU VJGO VQ URGPF C OCLQTKV[ QH VJGKT YQTM VKOG GP ICIGF KP DGPEJ NGXGN TGUGCTEJ UWEJ CU RQUVITCFWCVG UVW FGPVU KP VJG UEKGPEGU Terminology

*NQFSJBM +BQBO XBT EFQJDUFE BT B SBU JO B 8PSME 8BS ** 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BWZ QSPQBHBOEB QPTUFS

CPF PGICVKXG 6JG OQUV EQOOQP HCNUGJQQF KU VJG USWGCM KPI CNOQUV CNYC[U JGCTF KP QVJGTYKUG TGCNKUVKE RQTVTC[CNU

K G PQPCPVJTQRQOQTRJKE 9JKNG VJG TGEQTFKPIU OC[ DG QH CEVWCN USWGCMKPI TCVU VJG PQKUG KU WPEQOOQP VJG[ OC[ FQ UQ QPN[ KH FKUVTGUUGF JWTV QT CPPQ[GF 0QTOCN XQECNK\CVKQPU CTG XGT[ JKIJ RKVEJGF YGNN QWVUKFG VJG TCPIG QH JWOCP JGCTKPI 4CVU CTG CNUQ QHVGP ECUV KP XKEKQWU CPF CIITGUUKXG TQNGU YJGP KP HCEV VJGKT UJ[PGUU JGNRU MGGR VJGO WPFKUEQXGTGF HQT UQ NQPI KP CP KPHGUVGF JQOG

4CVU CTG HTGSWGPVN[ DNCOGF HQT FCOCIKPI HQQF UWRRNKGU CPF QVJGT IQQFU QT URTGCFKPI FKUGCUG 6JGKT TGRWVC VKQP JCU ECTTKGF KPVQ EQOOQP RCTNCPEG KP VJG 'PINKUJ NCPIWCIG ནTCVཔ KU QHVGP CP KPUWNV QT KU IGPGTCNN[ WUGF VQ UKIPKH[ CP WPUETWRWNQWU EJCTCEVGT KV KU CNUQ WUGF 6JG CEVWCN RQTVTC[CNU QH TCVU XCT[ HTQO PGICVKXG VQ RQU

$)"15&3 3"5

KVKXG YKVJ C OCLQTKV[ KP VJG PGICVKXG CPF CODKIWQWU = ? 6JG TCV RNC[U C XKNNCKP KP UGXGTCN OQWUG UQEKGVKGU HTQO $TKCP ,CESWGUཐU 3FEXBMM CPF 4QDKP ,CTXKUཐU 5IF %FQU GPSE .JDF VQ VJG TQNGU QH &KUPG[ཐU 2TQHGUUQT 4CVKICP CPF -CVG &K%COKNNQཐU 4QUEWTQ CPF $QVVKEGNNK 6JG[ JCXG QH VGP DGGP WUGF CU C OGEJCPKUO KP JQTTQT DGKPI VJG VKVWNCT GXKN KP UVQTKGU NKMG 5IF 3BUT QT * 2 .QXGETCHVཐU 5IF 3BUT JO UIF 8BMMT = ? CPF KP ិNOU NKMG 8JMMBSE CPF #FO #PQVJGT VGTTKH[KPI WUG QH TCVU KU CU C OGVJQF QH VQTVWTG HQT KPUVCPEG KP 4QQO KP )GQTIG 1TYGNNཐU /JOFUFFO &JHIUZ 'PVS QT 5IF 1JU BOE UIF 1FOEVMVN D[ 'FICT #NNCP 2QG

UQOG VJGQTKGU JCXG KPVGTVYKPGF VJG VCNG YKVJ GXGPVU TG NCVGF VQ VJG $NCEM 2NCIWG KP YJKEJ DNCEM TCVU OC[ JCXG RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG (KEVKQPCN YQTMU DCUGF QP VJG VCNG VJCV HQEWU JGCXKN[ QP VJG TCV CURGEV KPENWFG 2TCVEJ GVVཐU 5IF "NB[JOH .BVSJDF BOE IJT &EVDBUFE 3PEFOUT CPF $GNIKCP ITCRJKE PQXGN -F #BM EV 3BU .PSU 5IF #BMM PG UIF %FBE 3BU

5GNិUJ JGNRHWNPGUU ཋVJQUG YKNNKPI VQ JGNR HQT C RTKEGཋ JCU CNUQ DGGP CVVTKDWVGF VQ ិEVKQPCN TCVU = ? 6GORNGVQP HTQO ' $ 9JKVGཐU $IBSMPUUFࣙT 8FC TGRGCVGFN[ TGOKPFU VJG QVJGT EJCTCEVGTU VJCV JG KU QPN[ KPXQNXGF DGECWUG KV OGCPU OQTG HQQF HQT JKO CPF VJG EGNNCT TCV QH ,QJP /CUGិGNFཐU 5IF .JEOJHIU 'PML TGSWKTGU DTKDGT[ VQ DG QH CP[ CUUKUVCPEG

6JG IGPWU 3BUUVT KU C OGODGT QH VJG IKCPV UWD HCOKN[ /WTKPCG 5GXGTCN QVJGT OWTKPG IGPGTC CTG UQOGVKOGU EQPUKFGTGF RCTV QH 3BUUVT -FOPUISJY "OPOZNPNZT 4VOEBNZT ,BEBSTBOPNZT %JQMPUISJY .BSHBSFUBNZT -FOPNZT ,PNPEPNZT 1BMBXBOPNZT #VOPNZT /FTPSPNZT 4UFOPNZT 5BFSPNZT 1BSVSPNZT "CEJUPNZT 5SZQIPNZT -JNOPNZT 5BSTPNZT #VMMJNVT "QPNZT .JMMBSEJB 4SJMBOLBNZT /JWJWFOUFS .BYPNZT -FPQPMEBNZT #FSZMNZT .BTUPNZT .ZPNZT 1SBPNZT )ZMPNZTDVT )FJNZTDVT 4UPDIPNZT %FQIPNZT CPF "FUIPNZT

7.10 Taxonomy of 3BUUVT

$[ EQPVTCUV VJG TCVU CRRGCTKPI KP VJG &QEVQT &QNKVVNG DQQMU VGPF VQ DG JKIJN[ RQUKVKXG CPF NKMGCDNG EJCTCEVGTU OCP[ QH YJQO VGNN VJGKT TGOCTMCDNG NKHG UVQTKGU KP VJG /QWUG CPF 4CV %NWD GUVCDNKUJGF D[ VJG CPKOCN NQXKPI FQEVQT 6JG IGPWU 3BUUVT RTQRGT EQPVCKPU GZVCPV URGEKGU # 5QOG ិEVKQPCN YQTMU WUG TCVU CU VJG OCKP EJCTCEVGTU 0Q UWDIGPGTKE DTGCMFQYP QH VJG URGEKGU JCU DGGP RTQRQUGF VCDNG GZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG UQEKGV[ ETGCVGF D[ 1 $TKGPཐU DWV FQGU PQV KPENWFG CNN URGEKGU .ST 'SJTCZ BOE UIF 3BUT PG /*.) %PDUPS 3BU 4K\\Q VJG 4CV HTQO 6JG /WRRGVU CPF CPKOCVGF ិNOU UWEJ CU 7.10.1 Species 2KZCT U 3BUBUPVJMMF .PO PODMF E "N©SJRVF .Z "NFS JDBO 6ODMF C (TGPEJ ិNO KNNWUVTCVGU *GPTK .C )GPWU 3BUUVT 6[RKECN TCVU DQTKV U VJGQTKGU QP GXQNWVKQPCT[ RU[EJQNQI[ CPF JWOCP DGJCXKQTU D[ WUKPI UJQTV UGSWGPEGU KP VJG UVQT[NKPG UJQY • JODFSUBF TFEJT KPI NCD TCV GZRGTKOGPVU • #PPCPFCNGཐU TCV 3BUUVT BOOBOEBMFJ ཊ +P *CTT[ 6WTVNGFQXG U UEKGPEG ិEVKQP PQXGN )PNFXBSE +PFQPGUKC /CNC[UKC CPF 5KPICRQTG #PVOE JWOCPU WPKPVGPVKQPCNN[ KPVTQFWEG TCVU VQ VJG GEQN QI[ CV VJG JQOG YQTNF QH CP CNKGP TCEG YJKEJ RTGXKQWUN[ • 'PIICPQ TCV 3BUUVT FOHBOVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC KPXCFGF 'CTVJ CPF KPVTQFWEGF UQOG QH KVU QYP HCWPC KPVQ • 2JKNKRRKPG HQTGUV TCV 3BUUVT FWFSFUUJ ཊ VJG KVU GPXKTQPOGPV #PF # $GTVTCO %JCPFNGT RKVVGF JKU 2JKNKRRKPGU URCEG DQWPF RTQVCIQPKUV %QOOQFQTG )TKOGU CICKPUV • 2QN[PGUKCP TCV 3BUUVT FYVMBOT ཊ (KLK CPF OQUV IKCPV KPVGNNKIGPV TCVU YJQ VQQM QXGT UGXGTCN UVGNNCT U[U 2QN[PGUKCP KUNCPFU 0GY <GCNCPF 'CUVGT +U VGOU CPF GPUNCXGF VJGKT JWOCP KPJCDKVCPVU 6JG 5VCKP NCPF CPF *CYCKK NGUU 5VGGN 4CV KU PKEMPCOG QH VJG JWOCP RTQVCIQPKUV QH C UGTKGU QH JWOQTQWU UEKGPEG ិEVKQP PQXGNU YTKVVGP D[ • *CKPCNFཐU TCV 3BUUVT IBJOBMEJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC *CTT[ *CTTKUQP • *QQIGTYGTHཐU TCV 3BUUVT IPPHFSXFSણ ཊ +P FQPGUKC The Pied Piper /CKP CTVKENG 2KGF 2KRGT QH *COGNKP 1PG QH VJG QNFGUV CPF OQUV JKUVQTKE UVQTKGU CDQWV TCVU KU 5IF 1JFE 1JQFS PG )BNFMJO KP YJKEJ C TCV ECVEJGT NGCFU CYC[ CP KPHGUVCVKQP YKVJ GPEJCPVGF OWUKEཋVJG RKRGT KU NCVGT TGHWUGF RC[OGPV UQ JG KP VWTP NGCFU CYC[ VJG VQYPཐU EJKNFTGP 6JKU VCNG RNCEGF KP )GTOCP[ CTQWPF VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ JCU KPURKTGF VJG TGCNOU QH ិNO VJGCVTG NKV GTCVWTG CPF GXGP QRGTC 6JG UWDLGEV QH OWEJ TGUGCTEJ

• -QTKPEJཐU TCV 3BUUVT LPSJODIJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• བྷ/CENGCTཐU TCV 3BUUVT NBDMFBSJ ཊ %JTKUVOCU +UNCPF • 0KNNW TCV 3BUUVT NPOUBOVT ཊ 5TK .CPMC

• /QNCEECP RTGJGPUKNG VCKNGF TCV 3BUUVT NPSP UBJFOTJT ཊ +PFQPGUKC • བྷ$WNNFQI TCV 3BUUVT OBUJWJUBUJT ཊ %JTKUVOCU +U NCPF • -GTCNC TCV 3BUUVT SBOKJOJBF ཊ +PFKC

• 0GY +TGNCPF HQTGUV TCV 3BUUVT TBOJMB

5"90/0.: 0' 4#6675

• #PFCOCP TCV 3BUUVT TUPJDVT ཊ #PFCOCP +U NCPFU • 6KOQT TCV 3BUUVT UJNPSFOTJT ཊ 6KOQT

• 3 YBOUIVSVT ITQWR • $QPVJCKP TCV 3BUUVT CPOUBOVT QDU 3BUUVT GPSBNJOFVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC • 1RQUUWO TCV 3BUUVT NBSNPTVSVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 3 OPSWFHJDVT ITQWR • *KOCNC[CP ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT OJUJEVT ཊ $CPINCFGUJ $JWVCP %JKPC +PFKC +PFQPG UKC .CQU /[CPOCT 0GRCN 2CNCW VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU 6JCKNCPF CPF 8KGVPCO • $TQYP TCV QT 0QTYC[ TCV 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT ཊ YQTNFYKFG GZEGRV #PVCTEVKEC • 6WTMGUVCP TCV 3BUUVT QZDUPSJT QDU 3BUUVT UVSLFTUBOJDVT ཊ #HIJCPKUVCP %JKPC +PFKC +TCP -[TI[\UVCP 0GRCN CPF 2CMKUVCP • 3 SBUUVT ITQWR

• 2GNGPI TCV 3BUUVT QFMVSVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 5QWVJGCUVGTP ZCPVJWTWU TCV 3BUUVT TBMPDDP +PFQPGUKC • ;GNNQY VCKNGF TCV 3BUUVT YBOUIVSVT ཊ +PFQPG UKC • 3 MFVDPQVT ITQWR 0GY )WKPGCP ITQWR • #THCM TCV 8QIGNMQR OQWPVCKP TCV 3BUUVT BS GBLJFOTJT • 9GUVGTP 0GY )WKPGC OQWPVCKP TCV 3BUUVT BS SPHBOT

• 5WPDWTPGF TCV 3BUUVT BEVTUVT ཊ 'PIICPQ +U NCPF +PFQPGUKC

• 5WNC TCV 3BUUVT FMBQIJOVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 5KMMKO TCV 3BUUVT BOEBNBOFOTJT ཊ $JWVCP %CODQFKC %JKPC +PFKC .CQU /[CPOCT 0GRCN 6JCKNCPF CPF 8KGVPCO

• )KNWYG TCV 3BUUVT HJMVXFOTJT ཊ 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC

• 4KEG ិGNF TCV 5QWVJGCUV #UKC

3BUUVT

BSHFOUJWFOUFS

ཊ

• 5WOOKV TCV 3BUUVT CBMVFOTJT ཊ /CNC[UKC • #EGJ TCV 3BUUVT CMBOHPSVN

• 5RKP[ %GTCO TCV 3BUUVT GFMJDFVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC • ,CRGP TCV 3BUUVT KPCJFOTJT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• %CRG ;QTM TCV 3BUUVT MFVDPQVT ཊ #WUVTCNKC +PFQPGUKC CPF 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC • 'CUVGTP TCV 3BUUVT NPSEBY ཊ 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC

• 0QPUGPUG TCV 3BUUVT CVSSVT ཊ +PFKC

• /QUU HQTGUV TCV 3BUUVT OJPCF ཊ 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC +PFQPGUKC

• -QQROCPཐU TCV 3BUUVT LPPQNBOJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 0GY )WKPGCP TCV 3BUUVT OPWBFHVJOFBF ཊ 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC

• *QាOCPPཐU TCV 3BUUVT IPઢNBOOJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC • .GUUGT TKEG ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT MPTFB ཊ %JKPC .CQU 6CKYCP 6JCKNCPF CPF 8KGVPCO • /GPVCYCK TCV 3BUUVT MVHFOT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• /KPFQTQ DNCEM TCV 3BUUVT NJOEPSFOTJT ཊ VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU • .KVVNG UQHV HWTTGF TCV 3BUUVT NPMMJDPNVMVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC • 1UIQQFཐU TCV 3BUUVT PTHPPEJ ཊ 8KGVPCO • 2CNO TCV 3BUUVT QBMNBSVN ཊ +PFKC

• $NCEM TCV 3BUUVT SBUUVT ཊ YQTNFYKFG GZEGRV #PVCTEVKEC • 5CJ[CFTKU HQTGUV TCV 3BUUVT TBUBSBF

• 5KOCNWT TCV 3BUUVT TJNBMVSFOTJT ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 6CPG\WOK TCV 3BUUVT UBOF[VNJ ཊ #HIJCPKUVCP $CPINCFGUJ %CODQFKC %JKPC %QEQU -GGN KPI +UNCPFU (KLK +PFKC +PFQPGUKC ,CRCP 0QTVJ -QTGC 5QWVJ -QTGC .CQU /CNC[UKC /[CPOCT 0GRCN 2CMKUVCP VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU 6CKYCP 6JCKNCPF CPF 8KGVPCO • 6CYK VCYK HQTGUV TCV 3BUUVT UBXJUBXJFOTJT ཊ VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU • /CNC[CP ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT UJPNBOJDVT ཊ +PFQPG UKC /CNC[UKC VJG 2JKNKRRKPGU CPF 6JCKNCPF

• #TKCPWUཐU TCV 3BUUVT PNJDIMPEFT

• 2QEQEMཐU JKIJNCPF TCV 3BUUVT QPDPDLJ

• .CTIG 0GY )WKPGC URKP[ TCV 3BUUVT QSBFUPS ཊ +PFQPGUKC 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC CPF 5QNQOQP +UNCPFU • )NCEKGT TCV 3BUUVT SJDIBSETPOJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC

• 5VGKPཐU TCV 3BUUVT TUFJOJ ཊ +PFQPGUKC CPF 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC • 8CP &GWUGPཐU TCV 3BUUVT WBOEFVTFOJ ཊ 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC • 5NGPFGT TCV 3BUUVT WFSFDVOEVT ཊ +PFQPGUKC CPF 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC • 3 GVTDJQFT ITQWR #WUVTCNKCP ITQWR • &WUM[ TCV 3BUUVT DPMMFUUJ ཊ #WUVTCNKC • $WUJ TCV 3BUUVT GVTDJQFT ཊ #WUVTCNKC

• #WUVTCNKCP UYCOR TCV 3BUUVT MVUSFPMVT ཊ #WU VTCNKC • &WUM[ ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT TPSEJEVT ཊ #WUVTCNKC +PFQPGUKC CPF 2CRWC 0GY )WKPGC • 2CNG ិGNF TCV 3BUUVT UVOOFZJ ཊ #WUVTCNKC

• .QPI JCKTGF TCV 3BUUVT WJMMPTJTTJNVT ཊ #WU VTCNKC

$)"15&3 3"5

7.11 See also

ན6JG FCVC QP C ITQWR QH TCVU GCEJ OGCUWTGF HQT VJGKT URGGF QH TGCUQPKPI CE EWTCE[ QH TGCUQPKPI TGURQPUG ីGZKDKNKV[ CPF CVVGPVKQP HQT PQXGNV[ YGTG UWDLGEVGF VQ VYQ FKាGTGPV OGVJQFU QH HCEVQT CPCN[UKU $[ DQVJ OGVJQFU VJG EQTTGNCVKQP OCVTKZ QH VJGKT RGT HQTOCPEG YCU EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ C UKPING HCEVQT OQFGN +P C UGEQPF EQJQTV QH TCVU YJGTG DTCKP UK\G YCU MPQYP VJG UEQTG HQT VJKU ཏIGP GTCN HCEVQTཐ YCU EQORWVGF 6JG TGITGUUKQP HQT DTCKP YGKIJV CPF VJG IGPGTCN HCEVQT YCU UKI PKិECPV པ

• .KUV QH ិEVKQPCN TQFGPVU • 1TKGPVCN TCV ីGC • 4CV DCKVKPI • 9QTMKPI TCV • (CPE[ TCV

= ? ན+PFKXKFWCN FKាGTGPEGU CPF C URCVKCN NGCTPKPI HCEVQT KP VYQ UVTCKPU QH OKEG /WU OWUEWNWU

7.12 References = ? /GGTDWTI $) 5KPINGVQP )4 .GKTU * ན6JG ;GCT QH VJG 4CV GPFU VKOG VQ ិIJV JWPIGT 1FTU .BOBH 4DJ 65

ཊ FQK RU 2/+& = ? /GGTDWTI $) 5KPINGVQP )4 -KLNUVTC # ན4QFGPV DQTPG FKUGCUGU CPF VJGKT TKUMU HQT RWD NKE JGCNVJཔ $SJU 3FW .JDSPCJPM 35 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? ན9KNF 4CVU KP %CRVKXKV[ CPF &QOGUVKE 4CVU KP VJG 9KNFཔ 4CVDGJCXKQWT QTI 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན/GTM 8GVGTKPCT[ /CPWCN )NQDCN <QQPQUGU 6CDNGཔ /GT EMXGVOCPWCN EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? (QQVG #NNKUQP . ,QPCVJQP & %T[UVCN /CTEJ ན/GVCEQIPKVKQP KP VJG TCVཔ $VSSFOU #JPMPHZ 17 ཊ FQK L EWD 2/% 2/+& = ? ན4CVU %CRCDNG 1H 4GីGEVKPI 1P /GPVCN 2TQEGUUGUཔ 5EK GPEGFCKN[ EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? )KDDU 4# GV CN )GPQOG UGSWGPEG QH VJG $TQYP 0QT YC[ TCV [KGNFU KPUKIJVU KPVQ OCOOCNKCP GXQNWVKQP 0CVWTG #RTKN = ? ན)GPQOG RTQLGEVཔ (GDTWCT[

XXX FOTFNCM PSH

4GVTKGXGF

= ? .CUJNG[ - #SBJO .FDIBOJTNT BOE *OUFMMJHFODF &QXGT 2WDNKECVKQPU 0GY ;QTM RR

= ? ན+PFKXKFWCN &KាGTGPEGU KP VJG 'ZRTGUUKQP QH C ན)GPGTCNཔ .GCTPKPI #DKNKV[ KP /KEGཔ 0GWTQ ELD PGV 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན0QXGNV[ 5GGMKPI KP 1WVDTGF /KEG %QXCTKGU YKVJ )GP GTCN .GCTPKPI #DKNKVKGU +TTGURGEVKXG QH 5VTGUU 4GCE VKXKV[ 'OQVKQPCNKV[ CPF 2J[UKECN #VVTKDWVGUཔ 2&( 4WEEU TWVIGTU GFW 4GVTKGXGF = ? 75# ན&QOCKP 5RGEKិE CPF &QOCKP )GPGTCN .GCTPKPI (CEVQTU CTG 'ZRTGUUGF KP )GPGVKECNN[ *GVGTQIGPGQWU %& OKEGཔ 0EDK PNO PKJ IQX 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན+PFKXKFWCN &KាGTGPEGU KP #PKOCN +PVGNNKIGPEG .GCTPKPI 4GCUQPKPI 5GNGEVKXG #VVGPVKQP CPF +PVGT 5RGEKGU %QPUGT XCVKQP QH C %QIPKVKXG 6TCKVཔ 2&( 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན4CVU HTGG GCEJ QVJGT HTQO ECIGUཔ 0CVWTG EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? 0GYXKUKQP #TEJKXG ན4CVU HQT FKPPGT C FGN KECE[ VQ UQOG C VCDQQ VQ OCP[པ 0GYXKUKQP EQ WI 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན4CV OGCV VCDQQཔ 0GYU IQQING EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? /KNNU , 2 ,CPWCT[ 5IF .JTINJT PG UIF -PIJU 7BM MFZ "TTBN 6JG ,QWTPCN QH VJG 4Q[CN #PVJTQRQNQIKECN +P UVKVWVG QH )TGCV $TKVCKP CPF +TGNCPF 8QN 0Q RR = ? /WUCJCT *KPFWU EQOOGTEKCNKUG TCV HCTOKPI

= ? 6JQORUQP 4 %TKPGNNC ( CPF ;W , #SBJO .FDIBOJTNT JO 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH BOE *OUFMMJHFODF " -FTJPO 4VSWFZ PG UIF 3BU #SBJO 2NGPWO 0GY ;QTM RR

= ? .GCEJ *GNGP (GDTWCT[ %JE &BTU 1PMZOFTJBOT )BWF B $PODFQU PG -VYVSZ 'PPET 9QTNF #TEJCGQNQI[ 8QN 0Q .WZWT[ (QQFU RR

= ? 6JQTPFKMG 4 ན1TICPK\CVKQP QH DGJCXKQT KP VJG CNDKPQ TCVཔ (FOFU 1TZDIPM .POPHS

= ? -KTEJ 2CVTKEM 8 5JCT[P ,QPGU 1 &C[ (GDTWCT[ /FX "SDIBFPMPHJDBM *OTJHIUT JOUP 'PPE BOE 4UBUVT " $BTF 4UVEZ GSPN 1SF $POUBDU )BXBJJ 9QTNF #TEJCGQNQI[ 8QN 0Q RR

= ? SWQVG HTQO )CNUYQTVJ[ GV CN ན'XKFGPEG HQT IGPGTCN EQIPKVKXG CDKNKV[ I KP JGVGTQIGPGQWU UVQEM OKEG CPF CP CPCN[UKU QH RQVGPVKCN EQPHQWPFUཔ = ? #PFGTUQP ན'XKFGPEG HTQO VJG TCV HQT C IGPGTCN HCE VQT VJCV WPFGTNKGU EQIPKVKXG RGTHQTOCPEG CPF VJCV TGNCVGU VQ DTCKP UK\G KPVGNNKIGPEG!

= ? 1VVQ ,QJP 5QNQOQP #WIWUVWU /CTKQP $WTPU +++ &GEGO DGT #MBDL 'PMLT BOE 1PPS #VDLSBT "SDIFPMPHJDBM &WJEFODF PG 4MBWF BOE 0WFSTFFS -JWJOH $POEJUJPOT PO BO "OUFCFMMVN 1MBOUBUJPO ,QWTPCN QH $NCEM 5VWFKGU 8QN 0Q RR

&95&3/"- -*/,4 = ? *QDUQP -GKVJ # 5VGRJGP %QNNKGT #RTKN .B SJOF BOE 5FSSFTUSJBM 1SPUFJO JO "VTUSBMJBO "CPSJHJOBM %JFUT %WTTGPV #PVJTQRQNQI[ 8QN 0Q RR

• *GPFTKEMUQP 4 .PSF $VOOJOH UIBO .BO " $PNQMFUF )JTUPSZ PG UIF 3BU BOE JUT 3PMF JO $JWJMJ[B UJPO -GPUKPIVQP $QQMU +5$0

= ? /CPWGN 8¢\SWG\ /QPVCND¢P -B DPDJOB EF MPT NFEJUFSS¡ OFPT 'FKEKQPGU $ /GZKEQ

• ,CJP ) % 2 %QZ 5 /CM CPF 0 %JJQTP ན(CTOGT RCTVKEKRCVQT[ TGUGCTEJ QP TCV OCPCIGOGPV KP %CODQFKCཔ +P ) 5KPINGVQP . *KPFU * .GKTU CPF <JKDKP <JCPI ='FU ? &DPMPHJDBMMZ CBTFE SPEFOU NBOBHFNFOU #%+#4 %CPDGTTC %J RR ཊ +5$0

= ? $GJTGPU %NKាQTF # 5GRVGODGT 4IJQJCP 'PPE $BU FHPSJ[BUJPO BOE 1SFGFSFODF 3FMBUJPOTIJQT CFUXFFO *OEJHF OPVT BOE 8FTUFSO %JFUBSZ $PODFQUT #OGTKECP #PVJTQRQN QIKUV 0CVJCP 0GY 5GTKGU 8QN 0Q RR = ? 2TKGUV 2GTT[ 0 1EVQDGT 1SPWJTJPO GPS UIF "HFE BNPOH UIF 4JSJPO³ *OEJBOT PG #PMJWJB #OGTKECP #PVJTQ RQNQIKUV 0GY 5GTKGU 8QN 0Q RR = ? ན8KFGQ QH $CTV 9GGVLGPU VCNM QP WUG QH TCVU CU QFQWT FG VGEVQTUཔ 6GF EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན/CUUKXG RNCIWGU QH TCVU UYCTO CETQUU +PFKC GXGT[ ិHV[ [GCTUཔ +Q EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན6JG $NCEM 2NCIWGཔ 7PE GFW 4GVTKGXGF = ? /CGX -GPPGF[ ན$NCEM &GCVJ UVWF[ NGVU TCVU Qា VJG JQQM ^ 9QTNF PGYUཔ .QPFQP 6JG )WCTFKCP 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན%&% &KUGCUGU FKTGEVN[ VTCPUOKVVGF D[ TQFGPVU 4Q FGPVUཔ %FE IQX 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན5GCP 9KNUG[ TGXKGYU ཏ4CVUཐ D[ 4QDGTV 5WNNKXCP x .4$ /CTEJ པ .TD EQ WM 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན3WGUVKQPU CPF #PUYGTU 4GICTFKPI 0GY ;QTM 5VCVG 2GUV /CPCIGOGPV 2TQITCOཔ &1'% QH 0; 5VCVG 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན QH VJG 9QTNFཐU 9QTUV +PXCUKXG #NKGP 5RGEKGUཔ )NQDCN +PXCUKXG 5RGEKGU &CVCDCUG 4GVTKGXGF (GDTW CT[ = ? ན4CVVWU PQTXGIKEWU OCOOCN &GVCKNU QH VJKU URGEKGU KP #NDGTVCཔ )NQDCN +PXCUKXG 5RGEKGU &CVCDCUG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན4CV %QPVTQN KP #NDGTVCཔ )QXGTPOGPV QH #NDGTVC &G RCTVOGPV QH #ITKEWNVWTG CPF 4WTCN &GXGNQROGPV 4G VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན6JG *KUVQT[ QH 4CV %QPVTQN +P #NDGTVCཔ )QXGTPOGPV QH #NDGTVC &GRCTVOGPV QH #ITKEWNVWTG CPF 4WTCN &GXGNQR OGPV 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན0GXCFC ,QWTPCN .QWVU CPF VJG 4CV 9QTNFཔ 0L PRTK QTI 4GVTKGXGF = ? %NWVG ,QJP ,QJP )TCPV /CTEJ 5IF &ODZDMP QFEJB PG 'BOUBTZ 5V /CTVKPཐU )TKឹP R +5$0

7.13 Further reading • $CTPGVV 5 #PVJQP[ 5IF 4UPSZ PG 3BUT 5IFJS *NQBDU PO 6T BOE 0VS *NQBDU PO 5IFN #NNGP 7P YKP %TQYU 0GUV 059 RCIGU +5$0

• .GWPI .-2 %QZ 2GVGT ) ,CJP ) % 0WIGPV 4QDGTV ན'XCNWCVKPI TQFGPV OCPCIGOGPV YKVJ %CODQFKCP TKEG HCTOGTUཔ $BNCPEJBO +PVSOBM PG "HSJDVMUVSF 5 ཊ • /CVVJGYU + 'VMM 3FWFMBUJPOT PG B 1SPGFT TJPOBM 3BU $BUDIFS BGUFS :FBSTࣙ &YQFSJFODF UV GF /CPEJGUVGT (TKGPFN[ 5QEKGVKGU 2TKPVKPI %Q +5$0 • /WUUGT ) ) CPF / & %CTNGVQP ན(CO KN[ /WTKFCG KP & ' 9KNUQP CPF & / 4GGFGT GFU /COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF C 6CZQPQOKE CPF )GQITCRJKE 4GHGTGPEGཔ 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVW VKQP 2TGUU 9CUJKPIVQP & % RR ཊ • 0QYCM 4 / 8BMLFSࣙT .BNNBMT PG UIF 8PSME 8QN ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU .QP FQP • 5WNNKXCP 4QDGTV 3BUT " :FBS XJUI /FX :PSL T .PTU 6OXBOUFE *OIBCJUBOUT )TCPVC $QQMU .QPFQP • 5WNNKXCP 4QDGTV 3BUT 0CTFSWBUJPOT PO UIF )JTUPSZ BOE )BCJUBU PG UIF $JUZࣙT .PTU 6OXBOUFE *O IBCJUBOUT $NQQOUDWT[ 75# +5$0

7.14 External links • *KIJ 4GUQNWVKQP +OCIGU QH VJG 4CV $TCKP • 0CVKQPCN $KQ 4GUQWTEG 2TQLGEV HQT VJG 4CV KP ,CRCP • 4CV $GJCXKQWT CPF $KQNQI[ • 4CV )GPQOG &CVCDCUG • 6GZVU QP 9KMKUQWTEG • 4CV /FX *OUFSOBUJPOBM &ODZDMPQFEJB • 4CV &ODZDMPQ¦EJB #SJUBOOJDB VJ GF • 4CV &ODZDMPQFEJB "NFSJDBOB

Chapter 8

Rodent Rodents .CVKP SPEFSF VQ IPCY CTG OCOOCNU QH VJG QTFGT Rodentia EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ C UKPING RCKT QH EQP VKPWQWUN[ ITQYKPI KPEKUQTU KP GCEJ QH VJG WRRGT CPF NQYGT LCYU #DQWV HQTV[ RGTEGPV QH CNN OCOOCN URGEKGU CTG TQ FGPVU CPF VJG[ CTG HQWPF KP XCUV PWODGTU QP CNN EQP VKPGPVU GZEGRV #PVCTEVKEC 6JG[ CTG VJG OQUV FKXGTUK áž·GF OCOOCNKCP QTFGT CPF ECP DG HQWPF KP C XCTKGV[ QH VGTTGUVTKCN JCDKVCVU KPENWFKPI JWOCP OCFG GPXKTQPOGPVU 6JGTG CTG URGEKGU VJCV CTG CTDQTGCN HQUUQTKCN DWTTQYKPI CPF UGOK CSWCVKE 9GNN MPQYP TQFGPVU KPENWFG OKEG TCVU USWKTTGNU RTCKTKG FQIU RQTEWRKPGU DGCXGTU IWKPGC RKIU CPF JCOUVGTU 1VJGT CPKOCNU UWEJ CU TCDDKVU JCTGU CPF RKMCU YJKEJ EQWNF DG EQPHWUGF YKVJ TQFGPVU YGTG QPEG KPENWFGF YKVJ VJGO DWV CTG PQY EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG KP C UGRCTCVG QTFGT .CIQOQTRJC /QUV TQFGPVU CTG UOCNN CPKOCNU YKVJ TQDWUV DQFKGU UJQTV NKODU CPF NQPI VCKNU DWV VJGTG CTG GZEGRVKQPU VQ VJKU 6JG[ WUG VJGKT UJCTR KPEKUQTU VQ IPCY HQQF GZECXCVG DWTTQYU CPF FGHGPF VJGOUGNXGU /QUV GCV UGGFU QT QVJGT RNCPV OC VGTKCN DWV UQOG JCXG OQTG XCTKGF FKGVU 6JG[ VGPF VQ DG UQEKCN CPKOCNU CPF OCP[ URGEKGU NKXG KP UQEKGVKGU YKVJ EQORNGZ YC[U QH EQOOWPKECVKPI YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT /CVKPI COQPI TQFGPVU ECP XCT[ HTQO OQPQICO[ VQ RQN[I[P[ VQ RTQOKUEWKV[ /CP[ JCXG NKVVGTU QH WPFGTFGXGNQRGF CNVTKEKCN [QWPI YJKNG QVJGTU JCXG RTGEQEKCN [QWPI VJCV CTG TGNCVKXGN[ YGNN FGXGNQRGF CV DKTVJ 6JG TQFGPV HQUUKN TGEQTF FCVGU DCEM VQ VJG 2CNGQEGPG QP VJG UWRGTEQPVKPGPV QH .CWTCUKC 6JG[ ITGCVN[ FKXGT UKáž·GF KP VJG 'QEGPG CU VJG[ URTGCF CETQUU EQPVKPGPVU UQOGVKOGU GXGP áž·PFKPI OGCPU VQ ETQUU QEGCPU 4Q FGPVU TGCEJGF DQVJ 5QWVJ #OGTKEC CPF /CFCICUECT HTQO #HTKEC VJG[ YGTG CNUQ VJG QPN[ VGTTGUVTKCN RNCEGPVCN OCO OCNU VQ TGCEJ CPF EQNQPK\G #WUVTCNKC

8.1 Characteristics

%SBXJOH PG UZQJDBM SPEFOU UPPUI TZTUFN 5IF GSPOU TVSGBDF PG UIF JODJTPST JT IBSE FOBNFM XIFSFBT UIF SFBS JT TPGUFS EFOUJOF 5IF BDU PG DIFXJOH XFBST EPXO UIF EFOUJOF MFBWJOH B TIBSQ DIJTFM MJLF FEHF

6JG FKUVKPIWKUJKPI HGCVWTG QH VJG TQFGPVU KU VJGKT UKP ING RCKT QH EQPVKPWQWUN[ ITQYKPI TC\QT UJCTR KPEKUQTU = ? 6JGUG KPEKUQTU JCXG VJKEM NC[GTU QH GPCOGN QP VJG HTQPV CPF NKVVNG GPCOGN QP VJG DCEM = ? $GECWUG VJG[ FQ PQV UVQR ITQYKPI VJG CPKOCN OWUV EQPVKPWG VQ YGCT VJGO FQYP UQ VJCV VJG[ FQ PQV TGCEJ QT GXGP RKGTEG VJG UMWNN #U VJG KP EKUQTU ITKPF CICKPUV GCEJ QVJGT VJG UQHVGT FGPVKPG QP VJG TGCT QH VJG VGGVJ YGCTU CYC[ NGCXKPI VJG UJCTR GPCOGN GFIG UJCRGF NKMG VJG DNCFG QH C EJKUGN = ? /QUV URGEKGU JCXG WR VQ VGGVJ YKVJ PQ ECPKPGU QT CPVGTKQT RTGOQNCTU 6JGTG KU C ICR QT FKCUVGOC DGVYGGP VJG KPEKUQTU CPF VJG EJGGM VGGVJ KP OQUV URGEKGU 6JKU CNNQYU VJGO VQ UWEM KP VJGKT EJGGMU QT NKRU VQ UJKGNF VJGKT OQWVJU CPF VJTQCVU HTQO YQQF UJCXKPIU QT QVJGT KPGFKDNG OCVGTKCN CPF FKU ECTF VJKU YCUVG HTQO VJG UKFG QH VJG OQWVJ = ? %JKPEJKNNCU CPF IWKPGC RKIU JCXG C JKIJ áž·DTG FKGV CPF VJGKT OQNCTU JCXG PQ TQQVU CPF ITQY EQPVKPWQWUN[ NKMG VJG KPEKUQTU = ?

4QFGPVU JCXG DGGP WUGF CU HQQF HQT ENQVJKPI CU RGVU CPF CU NCDQTCVQT[ CPKOCNU KP TGUGCTEJ 5QOG URGEKGU KP RCT VKEWNCT VJG DTQYP TCV VJG DNCEM TCV CPF VJG JQWUG OQWUG CTG UGTKQWU RGUVU GCVKPI CPF URQKNKPI HQQF UVQTGF D[ JW OCPU CPF URTGCFKPI FKUGCUGU #EEKFGPVCNN[ KPVTQFWEGF URGEKGU QH TQFGPVU CTG QHVGP EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG KPXCUKXG CU VJG[ UQOGVKOGU VJTGCVGP VJG UWTXKXCN QH PCVKXG URGEKGU +P OCP[ URGEKGU VJG OQNCTU CTG TGNCVKXGN[ NCTIG KPVTKECVGN[ UWEJ CU KUNCPF DKTFU RTGXKQWUN[ KUQNCVGF HTQO NCPF DCUGF UVTWEVWTGF CPF JKIJN[ EWURGF QT TKFIGF VJQWIJ UQOG RTGFCVQTU UWEJ CU 1TFVEPIZESPNZT JCXG UOCNNGT CPF UKORNGT QPGU 4QFGPV OQNCTU CTG YGNN GSWKRRGF VQ ITKPF HQQF KPVQ UOCNN RCTVKENGU = ? 6JG LCY OWUEWNCVWTG KU UVTQPI 6JG NQYGT LCY

%*453*#65*0/ "/% )"#*5"5 KU VJTWUV HQTYCTF YJKNG IPCYKPI CPF KU RWNNGF DCEMYCTFU FWTKPI EJGYKPI = ? 4QFGPV ITQWRU FKាGT KP VJG CTTCPIG OGPV QH VJG LCY OWUENGU CPF CUUQEKCVGF UMWNN UVTWEVWTGU DQVJ HTQO QVJGT OCOOCNU CPF COQPIUV VJGOUGNXGU 6JG 5EKWTQOQTRJC UWEJ CU VJG 'CUVGTP ITG[ USWKTTGN JCXG C NCTIG FGGR OCUUGVGT OCMKPI VJGO GឹEKGPV CV DKVKPI YKVJ VJG KPEKUQTU 6JG /[QOQTRJC UWEJ CU VJG DTQYP TCV JCXG CP GPNCTIGF VGORQTCNKU OWUENG OCMKPI VJGO CDNG VQ EJGY RQYGTHWNN[ YKVJ VJG OQNCTU 6JG *[UVTKEQOQTRJC UWEJ CU VJG IWKPGC RKI JCXG C NCTIGT UWRGTិEKCN OCUUGVGT OWUENG CPF C UOCNNGT FGGR OCUUGVGT OWUENG VJCP TCVU QT USWKT TGNU RQUUKDN[ OCMKPI VJGO NGUU GឹEKGPV CV DKVKPI YKVJ VJG KPEKUQTU DWV VJGKT GPNCTIGF KPVGTPCN RVGT[IQKF OWUENG OC[ CNNQY VJGO VQ OQXG VJG LCY HWTVJGT UKFGYC[U YJGP 8PPE NPVTF XJUI JUT MPOH XIJTLFST EJGYKPI = ? 9JKNG VJG NCTIGUV URGEKGU VJG ECR[DCTC ECP YGKIJ CU OWEJ CU MI ND OQUV TQFGPVU YGKIJ NGUU VJCP I Q\ 6JG UOCNNGUV TQFGPV KU VJG $CNWEJKUVCP R[IO[ LGTDQC YJKEJ CXGTCIGU QPN[ EO KP KP JGCF CPF DQF[ NGPIVJ YKVJ CFWNV HGOCNGU YGKIJKPI QPN[ I Q\ 4QFGPVU JCXG YKFG TCPIKPI OQTRJQNQ IKGU DWV V[RKECNN[ JCXG USWCV DQFKGU CPF UJQTV NKODU = ? 6JG HQTGNKODU WUWCNN[ JCXG ិXG FKIKVU KPENWFKPI CP QRRQU CDNG VJWOD YJKNG VJG JKPF NKODU JCXG VJTGG VQ ិXG FKI KVU 6JG GNDQY IKXGU VJG HQTG CTOU ITGCV ីGZKDKNKV[ = ?= ? 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH URGEKGU CTG RNCPVKITCFG YCNMKPI QP DQVJ VJG RCNOU CPF UQNGU QH VJGKT HGGV CPF JCXG ENCY NKMG PCKNU 6JG PCKNU QH DWTTQYKPI URGEKGU VGPF VQ DG NQPI CPF UVTQPI YJKNG CTDQTGCN TQFGPVU JCXG UJQTVGT UJCTRGT PCKNU = ? 4QFGPV URGEKGU WUG C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH OGVJQFU QH NQEQOQVKQP KPENWFKPI SWCFTWRGFCN YCNMKPI TWPPKPI DWTTQYKPI CPF ENKODKPI DKRGFCN JQRRKPI MCPICTQQ TCV CPF JQRRKPI OQWUG UYKOOKPI CPF GXGP INKFKPI 5ECN[ VCKNGF USWKTTGNU CPF ី[KPI USWKTTGNU CNVJQWIJ PQV ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF ECP DQVJ INKFG HTQO VTGG VQ VTGG WUKPI RCTCEJWVG NKMG OGODTCPGU VJCV UVTGVEJ HTQO VJG HQTG NKODU VQ VJG JKPF NKODU = ? 6JG CIQWVK KU ីGGV HQQVGF CPF CPVGNQRG NKMG DGKPI FKIKVKITCFG CPF JCXKPI JQQH NKMG PCKNU 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH TQFGPVU JCXG VCKNU YJKEJ ECP DG QH OCP[ UJCRGU CPF UK\GU 5QOG VCKNU CTG RTGJGPUKNG CU KP VJG 'WTCUKCP JCTXGUV OQWUG CPF VJG HWT QP VJG VCKNU ECP XCT[ HTQO DWUJ[ VQ EQORNGVGN[ DCNF 6JG VCKN KU UQOGVKOGU WUGF HQT EQOOWPKECVKQP CU YJGP DGCXGTU UNCR VJGKT VCKNU QP VJG YCVGT UWTHCEG QT JQWUG OKEG TCVVNG VJGKT VCKNU VQ KPFK ECVG CNCTO 5QOG URGEKGU JCXG XGUVKIKCN VCKNU QT PQ VCKNU CV CNN = ? +P UQOG URGEKGU VJG VCKN KU ECRCDNG QH TGIGPGTCVKQP KH C RCTV KU DTQMGP Qា = ? 4QFGPVU IGPGTCNN[ JCXG YGNN FGXGNQRGF UGPUGU QH UOGNN JGCTKPI CPF XKUKQP 0QEVWTPCN URGEKGU QHVGP JCXG GP NCTIGF G[GU CPF UQOG CTG UGPUKVKXG VQ WNVTCXKQNGV NKIJV /CP[ URGEKGU JCXG NQPI UGPUKVKXG YJKUMGTU QT XKDTKU UCG HQT VQWEJ QT ནYJKUMKPIཔ 5QOG TQFGPVU JCXG EJGGM RQWEJGU YJKEJ OC[ DG NKPGF YKVJ HWT 6JGUG ECP DG VWTPGF KPUKFG QWV HQT ENGCPKPI +P OCP[ URGEKGU VJG VQPIWG ECPPQV TGCEJ RCUV VJG KPEKUQTU 4QFGPVU JCXG GH ិEKGPV FKIGUVKXG U[UVGOU CDUQTDKPI PGCTN[ RGTEGPV QH KPIGUVGF GPGTI[ 9JGP GCVKPI EGNNWNQUG VJG HQQF KU UQHV

GPGF KP VJG UVQOCEJ CPF RCUUGF VQ VJG EGEWO YJGTG DCE VGTKC TGFWEG KV VQ KVU ECTDQJ[FTCVG GNGOGPVU 6JG TQFGPV VJGP RTCEVKUGU EQRTQRJCI[ GCVKPI KVU QYP HGECN RGNNGVU UQ VJCV VJG PWVTKGPVU ECP DG CDUQTDGF D[ VJG IWV 4QFGPVU VJGTGHQTG QHVGP RTQFWEG C JCTF CPF FT[ HGECN RGNNGV = ? +P OCP[ URGEKGU VJG RGPKU EQPVCKPU C DQPG VJG DCEWNWO VJG VGUVGU ECP DG NQECVGF GKVJGT CDFQOKPCNN[ QT CV VJG ITQKP = ? 5GZWCN FKOQTRJKUO QEEWTU KP OCP[ TQFGPV URGEKGU +P UQOG TQFGPVU OCNGU CTG NCTIGT VJCP HGOCNGU YJKNG KP QVJ GTU VJG TGXGTUG KU VTWG /CNG DKCU UGZWCN FKOQTRJKUO KU V[RKECN HQT ITQWPF USWKTTGNU MCPICTQQ TCVU UQNKVCT[ OQNG TCVU CPF RQEMGV IQRJGTU KV NKMGN[ FGXGNQRGF FWG VQ UGZWCN UGNGEVKQP CPF ITGCVGT OCNG OCNG EQODCV (GOCNG DKCU UGZWCN FKOQTRJKUO GZKUVU COQPI EJKROWPMU CPF LWORKPI OKEG +V KU PQV WPFGTUVQQF YJ[ VJKU RCVVGTP QEEWTU DWV KP VJG ECUG QH [GNNQY RKPG EJKROWPMU KV OC[ DG VJCV OCNGU UGNGEVGF NCTIGT HGOCNGU FWG VQ VJGKT ITGCVGT TGRTQFWEVKXG UWEEGUU +P UQOG URGEKGU NKMG XQNGU UGZWCN FKOQTRJKUO ECP XCT[ HTQO RQRWNCVKQP VQ RQRWNCVKQP +P DCPM XQNGU HG OCNGU CTG V[RKECNN[ NCTIGT VJCP OCNGU JQYGXGT OCNG DKCU UGZWCN FKOQTRJKUO QEEWTU KP CNRKPG RQRWNCVKQPU RQUUKDN[ DGECWUG QH VJG NCEM QH RTGFCVQTU CPF ITGCVGT EQORGVKVKQP DGVYGGP OCNGU = ? 6JG FKXGTUKV[ QH EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH TQFGPVU KU ITGCV UQOG VKOGU GXGP KP ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF URGEKGU %JCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH UGXGTCN TQFGPVU CTG IKXGP KP VJG VCDNG DGNQY = ?

8.2 Distribution and habitat 1PG QH VJG OQUV YKFGURTGCF ITQWRU QH OCOOCNU TQ FGPVU ECP DG HQWPF QP GXGT[ EQPVKPGPV GZEGRV #PVCTE VKEC 6JG[ CTG VJG QPN[ VGTTGUVTKCN RNCEGPVCN OCOOCNU VJCV JCXG EQNQPK\GF #WUVTCNKC CPF 0GY )WKPGC YKVJQWV JWOCP KPVGTXGPVKQP *WOCPU JCXG CNUQ CNNQYGF VJG CPK OCNU VQ URTGCF VQ OCP[ TGOQVG QEGCPKE KUNCPFU G I VJG 2QN[PGUKCP TCV = ? 4QFGPVU JCXG CFCRVGF VQ CNOQUV GXGT[ VGTTGUVTKCN JCDKVCV HTQO EQNF VWPFTC YJGTG VJG[ ECP NKXG WPFGT UPQY VQ JQV FGUGTVU 5QOG URGEKGU UWEJ CU VTGG USWKTTGNU CPF 0GY 9QTNF RQTEWRKPGU CTG CTDQTGCN YJKNG UQOG UWEJ CU IQRJGTU CPF OQNG TCVU NKXG CNOQUV EQO

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

#SPXO SBU JO B તPXFSCPY 4PNF SPEFOUT IBWF UISJWFE JO IVNBO IBCJUBUT

8.3 Behavior and life history

RNGVGN[ WPFGTITQWPF YJGTG VJG[ DWKNF EQORNGZ DWTTQY 8.3.1 U[UVGOU 1VJGTU FYGNN QP VJG UWTHCEG QH VJG ITQWPF DWV OC[ JCXG C DWTTQY KPVQ YJKEJ VJG[ ECP TGVTGCV $GCXGTU CPF OWUMTCVU CTG MPQYP HQT DGKPI UGOK CSWCVKE = ? DWV VJG TQFGPV DGUV CFCRVGF HQT CSWCVKE NKHG KU RTQDCDN[ VJG GCTNGUU YCVGT TCV HTQO 0GY )WKPGC = ? 4QFGPVU JCXG CNUQ VJTKXGF KP JWOCP ETGCVGF GPXKTQPOGPVU UWEJ CU CITKEWNVWTCN CPF WTDCP CTGCU = ?

Feeding

&BTUFSO DIJQNVOL DBSSZJOH GPPE JO DIFFL QPVDIFT

4PNF SPEFOUT MJLF UIJT "NFSJDBO CFBWFS XJUI JUT EBN PG HOBXFE USFF USVOLT BOE UIF MBLF JU IBT DSFBUFE BSF DPOTJEFSFE FDPTZTUFN FOHJOFFST

6JQWIJ UQOG URGEKGU CTG EQOOQP RGUVU HQT JWOCPU TQ FGPVU CNUQ RNC[ KORQTVCPV GEQNQIKECN TQNGU = ? 5QOG TQ FGPVU CTG EQPUKFGTGF MG[UVQPG URGEKGU CPF GEQU[UVGO GP IKPGGTU KP VJGKT TGURGEVKXG JCDKVCVU +P VJG )TGCV 2NCKPU QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC VJG DWTTQYKPI CEVKXKVKGU QH RTCKTKG FQIU RNC[ KORQTVCPV TQNGU KP UQKN CGTCVKQP CPF PWVTKGPV TGFKUVTK DWVKQP TCKUKPI VJG QTICPKE EQPVGPV QH VJG UQKN CPF KPETGCU KPI VJG CDUQTRVKQP QH YCVGT 6JG[ OCKPVCKP VJGUG ITCUU NCPF JCDKVCVU = ? CPF UQOG NCTIG JGTDKXQTGU NKMG DKUQP CPF RTQPIJQTP RTGHGT VQ ITC\G PGCT RTCKTKG FQI EQNQPKGU FWG VQ VJG KPETGCUGF PWVTKVKQPCN SWCNKV[ QH HQTCIG = ? 2TCKTKG FQIU ECP JQYGXGT CNUQ EQPVTKDWVG VQ TGIKQPCN CPF NQECN DKQFKXGTUKV[ NQUU KPETGCUGF UGGF FGRTGFCVKQP CPF VJG GU VCDNKUJOGPV CPF URTGCF QH KPXCUKXG UJTWDU = ? $WTTQYKPI TQFGPVU OC[ GCV VJG HTWKVKPI DQFKGU QH HWPIK CPF URTGCF

/QUV TQFGPVU CTG JGTDKXQTQWU HGGFKPI GZENWUKXGN[ QP RNCPV OCVGTKCN UWEJ CU UGGFU UVGOU NGCXGU ីQYGTU CPF TQQVU 5QOG CTG QOPKXQTQWU CPF C HGY CTG RTGFCVQTU = ? 6JG ិGNF XQNG KU C V[RKECN JGTDKXQTQWU TQFGPV CPF HGGFU QP ITCUUGU JGTDU TQQV VWDGTU OQUU CPF QVJGT XGIGVCVKQP CPF IPCYU QP DCTM FWTKPI VJG YKPVGT +V QEECUKQPCNN[ GCVU KPXGTVGDTCVGU UWEJ CU KPUGEV NCTXCG = ? 6JG RNCKPU RQEMGV IQRJGT GCVU RNCPV OCVGTKCN HQWPF WPFGTITQWPF FWTKPI VWP PGNKPI CPF CNUQ EQNNGEVU ITCUUGU TQQVU CPF VWDGTU KP KVU EJGGM RQWEJGU CPF ECEJGU VJGO KP WPFGTITQWPF NCTFGT EJCODGTU = ? 6JG 6GZCU RQEMGV IQRJGT CXQKFU GOGTIKPI QPVQ VJG UWTHCEG VQ HGGF D[ UGK\KPI VJG TQQVU QH RNCPVU YKVJ KVU LCYU CPF RWNNKPI VJGO FQYPYCTFU KPVQ KVU DWTTQY +V CNUQ RTCEVKEGU EQRTQRJCI[ = ? 6JG #HTKECP RQWEJGF TCV HQTCIGU QP VJG UWTHCEG ICVJGTKPI CP[VJKPI VJCV OKIJV DG GFKDNG KPVQ KVU ECRCEKQWU EJGGM RQWEJGU WPVKN KVU HCEG DWNIGU QWV UKFGYC[U +V VJGP TGVWTPU VQ KVU DWTTQY VQ UQTV VJTQWIJ VJG OCVGTKCN KV JCU ICVJGTGF CPF GCVU VJG PWVTKVKQWU KVGOU = ? 6JG CIQWVK KU QPG QH VJG HGY CPKOCNU VJCV ECP DTGCM QRGP VJG NCTIG ECRUWNGU QH VJG $TC\KN PWV HTWKV 6JGTG CTG VQQ OCP[ UGGFU KPUKFG VQ DG EQPUWOGF KP QPG OGCN UQ VJG CIQWVK ECTTKGU UQOG Qា CPF ECEJGU VJGO 6JKU JGNRU FKU

#&)"7*03 "/% -*'& )*4503: RGTUCN QH VJG UGGFU CU CP[ VJCV VJG CIQWVK HCKNU VQ TGVTKGXG KVUGNH = ? CTG FKUVCPV HTQO VJG RCTGPV VTGG YJGP VJG[ IGTOKPCVG 1VJGT PWV DGCTKPI VTGGU VGPF VQ DGCT C INWV QH HTWKVU KP VJG CWVWOP 6JGUG CTG VQQ PWOGTQWU VQ DG GCVGP KP QPG OGCN 8.3.2 Social behavior CPF USWKTTGNU ICVJGT CPF UVQTG VJG UWTRNWU KP ETGXKEGU CPF JQNNQY VTGGU +P FGUGTV TGIKQPU UGGFU CTG QHVGP QPN[ CXCKN CDNG HQT UJQTV RGTKQFU 6JG MCPICTQQ TCV EQNNGEVU CNN KV ECP ិPF CPF UVQTGU VJGO KP NCTFGT EJCODGTU KP KVU DWTTQY = ?

1SBJSJF EPH ࣜUPXOࣝ

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# UVTCVGI[ HQT FGCNKPI YKVJ UGCUQPCN RNGPV[ KU VQ GCV CU OWEJ CU RQUUKDNG CPF UVQTG VJG UWTRNWU PWVTKGPVU CU HCV /CTOQVU FQ VJKU CPF OC[ DG RGTEGPV JGCXKGT KP VJG CWVWOP VJCP KP VJG URTKPI 6JG[ TGN[ QP VJGKT HCV TGUGTXGU FWTKPI VJGKT NQPI YKPVGT JKDGTPCVKQP = ? $GCXGTU HGGF QP VJG NGCXGU DWFU CPF KPPGT DCTM QH ITQYKPI VTGGU CU YGNN CU CSWCVKE RNCPVU 6JG[ UVQTG HQQF HQT YKPVGT WUG D[ HGNNKPI UOCNN VTGGU CPF NGCH[ DTCPEJGU KP VJG CWVWOP CPF KOOGTU KPI VJGO KP VJGKT RQPF UVKEMKPI VJG GPF KPVQ VJG OWF VQ CPEJQT VJGO *GTG VJG[ ECP CEEGUU VJGKT HQQF UWRRN[ WP FGTYCVGT GXGP YJGP VJGKT RQPF KU HTQ\GP QXGT = ?

4QFGPVU GZJKDKV C YKFG TCPIG QH V[RGU QH UQEKCN DGJCX KQT TCPIKPI HTQO VJG ិTUV MPQYP OCOOCNKCP ECUVG U[U VGO QH VJG PCMGF OQNG TCV = ? VJG GZVGPUKXG ནVQYPཔ QH VJG EQNQPKCN RTCKTKG FQI = ? VJTQWIJ HCOKN[ ITQWRU VQ VJG KP FGRGPFGPV UQNKVCT[ NKHG QH VJG GFKDNG FQTOQWUG #FWNV FQTOKEG OC[ JCXG QXGTNCRRKPI HGGFKPI TCPIGU DWV VJG[ NKXG KP KPFKXKFWCN PGUVU CPF HGGF UGRCTCVGN[ EQOKPI VQ IGVJGT DTKGី[ KP VJG DTGGFKPI UGCUQP VQ OCVG 6JG RQEMGV IQRJGT KU CNUQ C UQNKVCT[ CPKOCN QWVUKFG VJG DTGGFKPI UGC UQP GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN FKIIKPI C EQORNGZ VWPPGN U[UVGO CPF OCKPVCKPKPI C VGTTKVQT[ = ? .CTIGT TQFGPVU VGPF VQ NKXG KP HCOKN[ WPKVU YJGTG RCTGPVU CPF VJGKT QាURTKPI NKXG VQIGVJGT WPVKN VJG [QWPIUVGTU FKU RGTUG $GCXGTU NKXG KP GZVGPFGF HCOKN[ WPKVU V[RKECNN[ YKVJ C RCKT QH CFWNVU VJKU [GCTཐU MKVU VJG RTGXKQWU [GCTཐU Qា URTKPI CPF UQOGVKOGU QNFGT [QWPI = ? $TQYP TCVU WUW CNN[ NKXG KP UOCNN EQNQPKGU YKVJ WR VQ UKZ HGOCNGU UJCTKPI C DWTTQY CPF QPG OCNG FGHGPFKPI C VGTTKVQT[ CTQWPF VJG DWTTQY #V JKIJ RQRWNCVKQP FGPUKVKGU VJKU U[UVGO DTGCMU FQYP CPF OCNGU UJQY C JKGTCTEJKECN U[UVGO QH FQOKPCPEG YKVJ QXGTNCRRKPI TCPIGU (GOCNG QាURTKPI TGOCKP KP VJG EQNQP[ YJKNG OCNG [QWPI FKURGTUG = ? 6JG RTCKTKG XQNG KU OQPQICOQWU CPF HQTOU C NKHGNQPI RCKT DQPF 1WVUKFG VJG DTGGFKPI UGCUQP RTCKTKG XQNGU NKXG KP ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ YKVJ QVJGTU KP UOCNN EQNQPKGU # OCNG KU PQV CIITGUUKXG VQYCTFU QVJGT OCNGU WPVKN JG JCU OCVGF CHVGT YJKEJ VKOG JG FG HGPFU C VGTTKVQT[ C HGOCNG CPF C PGUV CICKPUV QVJGT OCNGU 6JG RCKT JWFFNG VQIGVJGT ITQQO QPG CPQVJGT CPF UJCTG PGUVKPI CPF RWR TCKUKPI TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU = ?

#NVJQWIJ VTCFKVKQPCNN[ TQFGPVU JCXG DGGP TGICTFGF CU JGT DKXQTGU C PWODGT QH URGEKGU QRRQTVWPKUVKECNN[ KPENWFG KP UGEVU ិUJ QT OGCV KP VJGKT FKGV CPF OQTG URGEKCNKUGF HQTOU TGN[ QP UWEJ HQQFU # HWPEVKQPCN OQTRJQNQIKECN UVWF[ QH VJG TQFGPV VQQVJ U[UVGO UWRRQTVU VJG KFGC VJCV RTKOKVKXG TQFGPVU YGTG QOPKXQTGU TCVJGT VJCP JGTDKXQTGU 5VWFKGU QH VJG NKVGTCVWTG UJQY VJCV PWOGTQWU OGODGTU QH VJG 5EK WTQOQTRJC CPF /[QOQTRJC CPF C HGY OGODGTU QH *[U VTKEQOQTRJC JCXG GKVJGT KPENWFGF CPKOCN OCVVGT KP VJGKT FKGV QT DGGP RTGRCTGF VQ GCV UWEJ HQQF YJGP Qា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ិUJ ETWUVCEGCPU OWUUGNU UPCKNU HTQIU DGVYGGP URGEKGU CPF V[RKECNN[ KPENWFGU OCMKPI CNCTO DKTFUཐ GIIU CPF YCVGT DKTFU = ?= ? 6JG ITCUUJQRRGT OQWUG ECNNU FGHGPFKPI VGTTKVQTKGU UJCTKPI HQQF RTQVGEVKPI PGUV HTQO FT[ TGIKQPU QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC HGGFU QP KPUGEVU UEQT KPI CTGCU CPF RTGXGPVKPI KPHCPVKEKFG = ? 6JG DNCEM VCKNGF RKQPU QVJGT UOCNN OKEG CPF QPN[ C UOCNN RCTV QH KVU FKGV KU RTCKTKG FQI HQTOU NCTIG VQYPU VJCV OC[ EQXGT OCP[ RNCPV OCVGTKCN +V JCU C EJWPM[ DQF[ YKVJ UJQTV NGIU CPF JGEVCTGU 6JG DWTTQYU FQ PQV KPVGTEQPPGEV DWV CTG GZ VCKN DWV KU CIKNG CPF ECP GCUKN[ QXGTRQYGT RTG[ CU NCTIG CU ECXCVGF CPF QEEWRKGF D[ VGTTKVQTKCN HCOKN[ ITQWRU MPQYP

$)"15&3 30%&/5

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/FQPUJTUJD TQFDJFT TVDI BT IPVTF NJDF SFMZ PO VSJOF GFDFT BOE HMBOEVMBS TFDSFUJPOT UP SFDPHOJ[F UIFJS LJO

CU EQVGTKGU # EQVGTKG QHVGP EQPUKUVU QH CP CFWNV OCNG VJTGG QT HQWT CFWNV HGOCNGU UGXGTCN PQP DTGGFKPI [GCT NKPIU CPF VJKU [GCTཐU QាURTKPI +PFKXKFWCNU YKVJKP EQ VGTKGU CTG HTKGPFN[ YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT DWV JQUVKNG VQYCTFU QWVUKFGTU = ?

XKFWCNU KU EQTTGNCVGF VQ VJG /*% IGPGU VJG[ JCXG KP EQO OQP +P PQP MKP EQOOWPKECVKQP YJGTG OQTG RGTOCPGPV QFQT OCTMGTU CTG TGSWKTGF CU CV VGTTKVQTKCN DQTFGTU VJGP PQP XQNCVKNG OCLQT WTKPCT[ RTQVGKPU /72U YJKEJ HWPE VKQP CU RJGTQOQPG VTCPURQTVGTU OC[ CNUQ DG WUGF /72U 2GTJCRU VJG OQUV GZVTGOG GZCORNGU QH EQNQPKCN DG OC[ CNUQ UKIPCN KPFKXKFWCN KFGPVKV[ YKVJ GCEJ OCNG JQWUG JCXKQT KP TQFGPVU CTG VJG GWUQEKCN PCMGF OQNG TCV CPF OQWUG .VT NVTDVMVT GZETGVKPI WTKPG EQPVCKPKPI CDQWV &COCTCNCPF OQNG TCV 6JG PCMGF OQNG TCV NKXGU EQO C FQ\GP IGPGVKECNN[ GPEQFGF /72U = ? RNGVGN[ WPFGTITQWPF CPF ECP HQTO EQNQPKGU QH WR VQ GKIJV[ KPFKXKFWCNU 1PN[ QPG HGOCNG CPF WR VQ VJTGG OCNGU KP *QWUG OKEG FGRQUKV WTKPG YJKEJ EQPVCKPU RJGTQOQPGU VJG EQNQP[ TGRTQFWEG YJKNG VJG TGUV QH VJG OGODGTU CTG HQT VGTTKVQTKCN OCTMKPI KPFKXKFWCN CPF ITQWR TGEQIPKVKQP UOCNNGT UVGTKNG CPF HWPEVKQP CU YQTMGTU 5QOG KPFKXKFW CPF UQEKCN QTICPKUCVKQP 6JKU ECP QEEWT KP C TCPIG QH CNU CTG QH KPVGTOGFKCVG UK\G 6JG[ JGNR YKVJ VJG TGCTKPI YC[U = ? QH VJG [QWPI CPF ECP VCMG VJG RNCEG QH C TGRTQFWEVKXG KH QPG FKGU = ? 6JG &COCTCNCPF OQNG TCV KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ • 6JG $TWEG GាGEV 2JGTQOQPGU HTQO UVTCPIG JCXKPI C UKPING TGRTQFWEVKXGN[ CEVKXG OCNG CPF HGOCNG KP C CFWNV OCNGU ECWUG HGOCNGU VQ VGTOKPCVG VJGKT EQNQP[ YJGTG VJG TGOCKPKPI CPKOCNU CTG PQV VTWN[ UVGTKNG RTGIPCPEKGU= ? DWV QPN[ DGEQOG HGTVKNG KH VJG[ GUVCDNKUJ C EQNQP[ QH VJGKT QYP = ? • 6JG 9JKVVGP GាGEV 2JGTQOQPGU HTQO HCOKN

8.3.3

Communication

Olfactory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

KCT OCNGU ECWUG U[PEJTQPQWU GUVTWU KP C HGOCNG RQRWNCVKQP= ?

• 6JG 8CPFGPDGTIJ GាGEV 2JGTQOQPGU HTQO OCVWTG OCNG JQWUG OKEG ECWUG CP GCTN[ KPFWEVKQP QH VJG ិTUV GUVTQWU E[ENG KP RTGRWDGTVCN HGOCNG OKEG= ? • 6JG .GGཊ$QQV GាGEV 2JGTQOQPGU HTQO OCVWTG HG OCNGU ECWUG VJG UWRRTGUUKQP QT RTQNQPICVKQP QH QG UVTQWU E[ENGU QH QVJGT HGOCNG JQWUG OKEG CPF QVJGT TQFGPVU YJGP VJG[ CTG JQWUGF KP ITQWRU CPF KUQNCVGF HTQO OCNGU= ? • 2JGTQOQPGU HTQO OCNGU QT HTQO RTGIPCPV QT NCEVCV KPI HGOCNGU ECP URGGF WR QT TGVCTF UGZWCN OCVWTCVKQP KP LWXGPKNG HGOCNGU= ? 6GTTKVQTKCN DGCXGTU CPF TGF USWKTTGNU KPXGUVKICVG CPF DG EQOG HCOKNKCT YKVJ VJG UEGPVU QH VJGKT PGKIJDQTU CPF TG URQPF NGUU CIITGUUKXGN[ VQ KPVTWUKQPU D[ VJGO VJCP VQ VJQUG OCFG D[ PQP VGTTKVQTKCN ནីQCVGTUཔ QT UVTCPIGTU 6JKU KU MPQYP CU VJG FGCT GPGO[ GាGEV = ?= ?

#&)"7*03 "/% -*'& )*4503: Auditory

.BSNPU XIJTUMJOH %FHVT IBWF B DPNQMFY WPDBM SFQFSUPJSF

/CP[ TQFGPV URGEKGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJQUG VJCV CTG FKWTPCN CPF UQEKCN JCXG C YKFG TCPIG QH CNCTO ECNNU VJCV CTG GOKV VGF YJGP VJG[ RGTEGKXG VJTGCVU 6JGTG CTG DQVJ FKTGEV CPF KPFKTGEV DGPGិVU QH FQKPI VJKU # RQVGPVKCN RTGFC VQT OC[ UVQR YJGP KV MPQYU KV JCU DGGP FGVGEVGF QT CP CNCTO ECNN ECP CNNQY EQPURGEKិEU QT TGNCVGF KPFKXKFWCNU VQ VCMG GXCUKXG CEVKQP = ? 5GXGTCN URGEKGU HQT GZCORNG RTCKTKG FQIU JCXG EQORNGZ CPVK RTGFCVQT CNCTO ECNN U[U VGOU 6JGUG URGEKGU OC[ JCXG FKាGTGPV ECNNU HQT FKាGTGPV RTGFCVQTU G I CGTKCN RTGFCVQTU QT ITQWPF DCUGF RTGFC VQTU CPF GCEJ ECNN EQPVCKPU KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV VJG PCVWTG QH VJG RTGEKUG VJTGCV = ? 6JG WTIGPE[ QH VJG VJTGCV KU CNUQ EQPXG[GF D[ VJG CEQWUVKE RTQRGTVKGU QH VJG ECNN = ? 5QEKCN TQFGPVU JCXG C YKFGT TCPIG QH XQECNK\CVKQPU VJCP FQ UQNKVCT[ URGEKGU (KHVGGP FKាGTGPV ECNN V[RGU JCXG DGGP TGEQIPK\GF KP CFWNV -CVCDC OQNG TCVU CPF HQWT KP LWXGPKNGU = ? 5KOKNCTN[ VJG FGIW CPQVJGT UQEKCN DWTTQY KPI TQFGPV GZJKDKVU C YKFG CTTC[ QH EQOOWPKECVKQP OGVJ QFU CPF JCU CP GNCDQTCVG XQECN TGRGTVQKTG EQORTKUKPI ិH VGGP FKាGTGPV ECVGIQTKGU QH UQWPF = ? 7NVTCUQPKE ECNNU RNC[ C RCTV KP UQEKCN EQOOWPKECVKQP DGVYGGP FQTOKEG CPF CTG WUGF YJGP VJG KPFKXKFWCNU CTG QWV QH UKIJV QH GCEJ QVJGT = ? *QWUG OKEG WUG DQVJ CWFKDNG CPF WNVTCUQPKE ECNNU KP C XCTK GV[ QH EQPVGZVU #WFKDNG XQECNKUCVKQPU ECP QHVGP DG JGCTF FWTKPI CIQPKUVKE QT CIITGUUKXG GPEQWPVGTU YJGTGCU WNVTC UQWPF KU WUGF KP UGZWCN EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF CNUQ D[ RWRU YJGP VJG[ JCXG HCNNGP QWV QH VJG PGUV = ? .CDQTCVQT[ TCVU YJKEJ CTG DTQYP TCVU 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT GOKV UJQTV JKIJ HTGSWGPE[ WNVTCUQPKE XQECNK\CVKQPU FWT KPI RWTRQTVGFN[ RNGCUWTCDNG GZRGTKGPEGU UWEJ CU TQWIJ CPF VWODNG RNC[ YJGP CPVKEKRCVKPI TQWVKPG FQUGU QH OQTRJKPG FWTKPI OCVKPI CPF YJGP VKEMNGF 6JG XQ ECNK\CVKQP FGUETKDGF CU C FKUVKPEV ནEJKTRKPIཔ JCU DGGP NKMGPGF VQ NCWIJVGT CPF KU KPVGTRTGVGF CU CP GZRGEVCVKQP QH UQOGVJKPI TGYCTFKPI +P ENKPKECN UVWFKGU VJG EJKTRKPI KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ RQUKVKXG GOQVKQPCN HGGNKPIU CPF UQEKCN DQPFKPI QEEWTU YKVJ VJG VKEMNGT TGUWNVKPI KP VJG TCVU DG EQOKPI EQPFKVKQPGF VQ UGGM VJG VKEMNKPI *QYGXGT CU VJG TCVU CIG VJG VGPFGPE[ VQ EJKTR FGENKPGU .KMG OQUV TCV

XQECNK\CVKQPU VJG EJKTRKPI KU CV HTGSWGPEKGU VQQ JKIJ HQT JWOCPU VQ JGCT YKVJQWV URGEKCN GSWKROGPV UQ DCV FGVGE VQTU JCXG DGGP WUGF HQT VJKU RWTRQUG = ? +V JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF VJCV DTQYP TCVU WUG WNVTCUQWPF HQT GEJQNQECVKQP = ? 6JG HTGSWGPEKGU JGCTF D[ TQFGPVU FKH HGT DGVYGGP URGEKGU 6JG VCDNG DGNQY UJQYU VJG JGCTKPI TCPIGU QH UGXGTCN URGEKGU = ?

Visual 4QFGPVU NKMG CNN RNCEGPVCN OCOOCNU GZEGRV RTKOCVGU JCXG LWUV VYQ V[RGU QH NKIJV TGEGRVKXG EQPGU KP VJGKT TGVKPC = ? C UJQTV YCXGNGPIVJ ནDNWG 78པ V[RG CPF C OKF FNG YCXGNGPIVJ ནITGGPཔ V[RG 6JG[ CTG VJGTGHQTG ENCUUK ិGF CU FKEJTQOCVU JQYGXGT VJG[ CTG XKUWCNN[ UGPUKVKXG KPVQ VJG WNVTCXKQNGV 78 URGEVTWO CPF VJGTGHQTG ECP UGG NKIJV VJCV JWOCPU ECP PQV 6JG HWPEVKQPU QH VJKU 78 UGP UKVKXKV[ CTG PQV CNYC[U ENGCT +P FGIWU HQT GZCORNG VJG DGNN[ TGីGEVU OQTG 78 NKIJV VJCP VJG DCEM 6JGTGHQTG YJGP C FGIW UVCPFU WR QP KVU JKPF NGIU YJKEJ KV FQGU YJGP CNCTOGF KV GZRQUGU KVU DGNN[ VQ QVJGT FGIWU CPF WNVTCXKQNGV XKUKQP OC[ UGTXG C RWTRQUG KP EQOOWPKECVKPI VJG CNCTO 9JGP KV UVCPFU QP CNN HQWTU KVU NQY 78 TGីGEVCPEG DCEM EQWNF JGNR OCMG VJG FGIW NGUU XKUKDNG VQ RTGFCVQTU = ? 7N VTCXKQNGV NKIJV KU CDWPFCPV FWTKPI VJG FC[ DWV PQV CV PKIJV 6JGTG KU C NCTIG KPETGCUG KP VJG TCVKQ QH WNVTCXKQNGV VQ XKUK DNG NKIJV KP VJG OQTPKPI CPF GXGPKPI VYKNKIJV JQWTU /CP[ TQFGPVU CTG CEVKXG FWTKPI VYKNKIJV JQWTU ETGRWUEWNCT CE VKXKV[ CPF 78 UGPUKVKXKV[ YQWNF DG CFXCPVCIGQWU CV VJGUG VKOGU 7NVTCXKQNGV TGីGEVKXKV[ KU QH FWDKQWU XCNWG HQT PQE VWTPCN TQFGPVU = ? 6JG WTKPG QH OCP[ TQFGPVU G I XQNGU FGIWU OKEG TCVU UVTQPIN[ TGីGEVU 78 NKIJV CPF VJKU OC[ DG WUGF KP EQOOWPKECVKQP D[ NGCXKPI XKUKDNG CU YGNN CU QNHCEVQT[ OCTMKPIU = ? *QYGXGT VJG COQWPV QH 78 VJCV KU TGីGEVGF FGETGCUGU YKVJ VKOG YJKEJ KP UQOG EKTEWOUVCPEGU ECP DG FKUCFXCPVCIGQWU VJG EQOOQP MGUVTGN ECP FKUVKPIWKUJ DG VYGGP QNF CPF HTGUJ TQFGPV VTCKNU CPF JCU ITGCVGT UWEEGUU JWPVKPI QXGT OQTG TGEGPVN[ OCTMGF TQWVGU = ?

$)"15&3 30%&/5

Tactile

5IF .JEEMF &BTU CMJOE NPMF SBU VTFT WJCSBUJPOBM DPNNVOJDBUJPO

8KDTCVKQPU ECP RTQXKFG EWGU VQ EQPURGEKិEU CDQWV URG EKិE DGJCXKQTU DGKPI RGTHQTOGF RTGFCVQT YCTPKPI CPF CXQKFCPEG JGTF QT ITQWR OCKPVGPCPEG CPF EQWTVUJKR 6JG /KFFNG 'CUV DNKPF OQNG TCV YCU VJG ិTUV OCOOCN HQT YJKEJ XKDTCVKQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP YCU FQEWOGPVGF 6JGUG HQUUQTKCN TQFGPVU DCPI VJGKT JGCF CICKPUV VJG YCNNU QH VJGKT VWPPGNU 6JKU DGJCXKQT YCU KPKVKCNN[ KPVGTRTGVGF CU RCTV QH VJGKT VWPPGN DWKNFKPI DGJCXKQT DWV KV YCU GXGPVW CNN[ TGCNK\GF VJCV VJG[ IGPGTCVG VGORQTCNN[ RCVVGTPGF XK DTCVKQPCN UKIPCNU HQT NQPI FKUVCPEG EQOOWPKECVKQP YKVJ PGKIJDQTKPI OQNG TCVU = ? (QQVFTWOOKPI KU WUGF YKFGN[ CU C RTGFCVQT YCTPKPI QT FGHGPUKXG CEVKQP +V KU WUGF RTKOCTKN[ D[ HQUUQTKCN QT UGOK HQUUQTKCN TQFGPVU = ? 6JG DCPPGT VCKNGF MCPICTQQ TCV RTQ FWEGU UGXGTCN EQORNGZ HQQVFTWOOKPI RCVVGTPU KP C PWO DGT QH FKាGTGPV EQPVGZVU QPG QH YJKEJ KU YJGP KV GP EQWPVGTU C UPCMG 6JG HQQVFTWOOKPI OC[ CNGTV PGCTD[ QាURTKPI DWV OQUV NKMGN[ EQPXG[U VJCV VJG TCV KU VQQ CNGTV HQT C UWEEGUUHWN CVVCEM VJWU RTGXGPVKPI VJG UPCMGཐU RTGFC VQT[ RWTUWKV = ?= ? 5GXGTCN UVWFKGU JCXG KPFKECVGF KPVGP VKQPCN WUG QH ITQWPF XKDTCVKQPU CU C OGCPU QH KPVTC URGEKិE EQOOWPKECVKQP FWTKPI EQWTVUJKR COQPI VJG %CRG OQNG TCV = ? (QQVFTWOOKPI JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF VQ DG KPXQNXGF KP OCNG OCNG EQORGVKVKQP VJG FQOKPCPV OCNG KPFKECVGU KVU TGUQWTEG JQNFKPI RQVGPVKCN D[ FTWOOKPI VJWU OKPK OK\KPI RJ[UKECN EQPVCEV YKVJ RQVGPVKCN TKXCNU = ?

8.3.4

Mating strategies

5QOG URGEKGU QH TQFGPV CTG OQPQICOQWU YKVJ CP CFWNV OCNG CPF HGOCNG HQTOKPI C NCUVKPI RCKT DQPF /QPQICO[ ECP EQOG KP VYQ HQTOU QDNKICVG CPF HCEWNVCVKXG +P QDNK ICVG OQPQICO[ DQVJ RCTGPVU ECTG HQT VJG QាURTKPI CPF RNC[ CP KORQTVCPV RCTV KP VJGKT UWTXKXCN 6JKU QEEWTU KP URGEKGU UWEJ CU %CNKHQTPKC OKEG QNFិGNF OKEG /CNCICU[ IKCPV TCVU CPF DGCXGTU +P VJGUG URGEKGU OCNGU WUWCNN[ OCVG QPN[ YKVJ VJGKT RCTVPGTU +P CFFKVKQP VQ KPETGCUGF ECTG HQT [QWPI QDNKICVG OQPQICO[ ECP CNUQ DG DGPGិ EKCN VQ VJG CFWNV OCNG CU KV FGETGCUGU VJG EJCPEGU QH PGXGT ិPFKPI C OCVG QT OCVKPI YKVJ CP KPHGTVKNG HGOCNG +P HCEWNVCVKXG OQPQICO[ VJG OCNGU FQ PQV RTQXKFG FKTGEV

5IF $BQF HSPVOE TRVJSSFM JT BO FYBNQMF PG B QSPNJTDVPVT SPEFOU

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ཐU ITQWPF USWKTTGNU /CNGU YKVJ VGTTKVQTKGU CTG MPQYP CU ནTGUKFGPVཔ OCNGU CPF VJG HGOCNGU VJCV NKXG YKVJKP VJG VGTTKVQTKGU CTG MPQYP CU ནTGUKFGPVཔ HGOCNGU +P VJG ECUG QH OCTOQVU TGUKFGPV OCNGU FQ PQV CRRGCT VQ GXGT NQUG VJGKT VGTTKVQTKGU CPF CNYC[U YKP GPEQWPVGTU YKVJ KP XCFKPI OCNGU 5QOG URGEKGU CTG CNUQ MPQYP VQ FKTGEVN[ FGHGPF VJGKT TGUKFGPV HGOCNGU CPF VJG GPUWKPI ិIJVU ECP NGCF VQ UGXGTG YQWPFKPI +P URGEKGU YKVJ PQP FGHGPUG RQN[I[P[ OCNGU CTG PQV VGTTKVQTKCN CPF YCPFGT YKFGN[ KP UGCTEJ QH HGOCNGU VQ OQPQRQNK\G 6JGUG OCNGU GUVCDNKUJ FQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJKGU YKVJ VJG JKIJ TCPMKPI OCNGU JCX KPI CEEGUU VQ VJG OQUV HGOCNGU 6JKU QEEWTU KP URGEKGU NKMG $GNFKPIཐU ITQWPF USWKTTGNU CPF UQOG VTGG USWKTTGN URGEKGU = ? 2TQOKUEWKV[ KP YJKEJ DQVJ OCNGU CPF HGOCNGU OCVG YKVJ OWNVKRNG RCTVPGTU CNUQ QEEWTU KP TQFGPVU +P URGEKGU UWEJ CU VJG YJKVG HQQVGF OQWUG HGOCNGU IKXG DKTVJ VQ NKVVGTU YKVJ OWNVKRNG RCVGTPKVKGU 2TQOKUEWKV[ NGCFU VQ KPETGCUGF URGTO EQORGVKVKQP CPF OCNGU VGPF VQ JCXG NCTIGT VGUVK ENGU +P VJG %CRG ITQWPF USWKTTGN VJG OCNGཐU VGUVGU ECP DG RGTEGPV QH KVU JGCF DQF[ NGPIVJ = ? 5GXGTCN TQFGPV URGEKGU JCXG ីGZKDNG OCVKPI U[UVGOU VJCV ECP XCT[ DG VYGGP OQPQICO[ RQN[I[P[ CPF RTQOKUEWKV[ = ? (GOCNG TQFGPVU RNC[ CP CEVKXG TQNG KP EJQQUKPI VJGKT OCVGU (CEVQTU VJCV EQPVTKDWVG VQ HGOCNG RTGHGTGPEG OC[

#&)"7*03 "/% -*'& )*4503: CPF NGCXG RGTOCPGPVN[ YJGP YGCPGF = ?

+P RTGEQEKCN URGEKGU VJG OQVJGTU KPXGUV NKVVNG KP PGUV DWKNF KPI CPF UQOG FQ PQV DWKNF PGUVU CV CNN 6JG HGOCNG IKXGU DKTVJ UVCPFKPI CPF VJG [QWPI GOGTIG DGJKPF JGT /QVJGTU QH VJGUG URGEKGU OCKPVCKP EQPVCEV YKVJ VJGKT JKIJN[ OQDKNG [QWPI YKVJ OCVGTPCN EQPVCEV ECNNU 6JQWIJ TGNCVKXGN[ KP FGRGPFGPV CPF YGCPGF YKVJKP FC[U RTGEQEKCN [QWPI OC[ EQPVKPWG VQ PWTUG CPF DG ITQQOGF D[ VJGKT OQVJGTU 4Q FGPV NKVVGT UK\GU CNUQ XCT[ CPF HGOCNGU YKVJ UOCNNGT NKV VGTU URGPF OQTG VKOG KP VJG PGUV VJCP VJQUG YKVJ NCTIGT NKVVGTU = ? " NBUJOH QMVH JO B GFNBMF 3JDIBSETPOࣙT HSPVOE TRVJSSFM

KPENWFG VJG UK\G FQOKPCPEG CPF URCVKCN CDKNKV[ QH VJG OCNG = ? +P VJG GWUQEKCN PCMGF OQNG TCVU C UKPING HGOCNG OQPQRQNK\GU OCVKPI HTQO CV NGCUV VJTGG OCNGU = ? +P OQUV TQFGPV URGEKGU UWEJ CU DTQYP TCVU CPF JQWUG OKEG QXWNCVKQP QEEWTU QP C TGIWNCT E[ENG YJKNG KP QVJGTU UWEJ CU XQNGU KV KU KPFWEGF D[ OCVKPI &WTKPI EQRWNCVKQP OCNGU QH UQOG TQFGPV URGEKGU FGRQUKV C OCVKPI RNWI KP VJG HGOCNGཐU IGPKVCN QRGPKPI DQVJ VQ RTGXGPV URGTO NGCMCIG CPF VQ RTQVGEV CICKPUV QVJGT OCNGU KPUGOKPCVKPI VJG HG OCNG (GOCNGU ECP TGOQXG VJG RNWI CPF OC[ FQ UQ GKVJGT 5XP 1BUBHPOJBO NBSBT XJUI ZPVOH BO FYBNQMF PG B NPOPHB KOOGFKCVGN[ QT CHVGT UGXGTCN JQWTU = ? NPVT BOE DPNNVOBM OFTUJOH TQFDJFT

8.3.5

Birth and parenting

:PVOH CBOL WPMFT JO UIFJS OFTU CFOFBUI B XPPE QJMF

4QFGPVU OC[ DG DQTP GKVJGT CNVTKEKCN DNKPF JCKTNGUU CPF TGNCVKXGN[ WPFGTFGXGNQRGF QT RTGEQEKCN OQUVN[ HWTTGF G[GU QRGP CPF HCKTN[ FGXGNQRGF FGRGPFKPI QP VJG URGEKGU 6JG CNVTKEKCN UVCVG KU V[RKECN HQT USWKTTGNU CPF OKEG YJKNG VJG RTGEQEKCN UVCVG WUWCNN[ QEEWTU KP URGEKGU NKMG IWKPGC RKIU CPF RQTEWRKPGU (GOCNGU YKVJ CNVTKEKCN [QWPI V[R KECNN[ DWKNF GNCDQTCVG PGUVU DGHQTG VJG[ IKXG DKTVJ CPF OCKPVCKP VJGO WPVKN VJGKT QាURTKPI CTG YGCPGF 6JG HGOCNG IKXGU DKTVJ UKVVKPI QT N[KPI FQYP CPF VJG [QWPI GOGTIG KP VJG FKTGEVKQP UJG KU HCEKPI 6JG PGYDQTPU ិTUV XGPVWTG QWV QH VJG PGUV C HGY FC[U CHVGT VJG[ JCXG QRGPGF VJGKT G[GU CPF KPKVKCNN[ MGGR TGVWTPKPI TGIWNCTN[ #U VJG[ IGV QNFGT CPF OQTG FGXGNQRGF VJG[ XKUKV VJG PGUV NGUU QHVGP

/QVJGT TQFGPVU RTQXKFG DQVJ FKTGEV RCTGPVCN ECTG UWEJ CU PWTUKPI ITQQOKPI TGVTKGXKPI CPF JWFFNKPI CPF KPFKTGEV RCTGPVKPI UWEJ CU HQQF ECEJKPI PGUV DWKNFKPI CPF RTQVGE VKQP VQ VJGKT QាURTKPI = ? +P OCP[ UQEKCN URGEKGU [QWPI OC[ DG ECTGF HQT D[ KPFKXKFWCNU QVJGT VJGP VJGKT RCTGPVU C RTCEVKEG MPQYP CU CNNQRCTGPVKPI QT EQQRGTCVKXG DTGGF KPI 6JKU KU MPQYP VQ QEEWT KP DNCEM VCKNGF RTCKTKG FQIU CPF $GNFKPIཐU ITQWPF USWKTTGNU YJGTG OQVJGTU JCXG EQO OWPCN PGUVU CPF PWTUG WPTGNCVGF [QWPI CNQPI YKVJ VJGKT QYP 6JGTG KU UQOG SWGUVKQP CU VQ YJGVJGT VJGUG OQVJGTU ECP FKUVKPIWKUJ YJKEJ [QWPI CTG VJGKTU +P VJG 2CVCIQPKCP OCTC [QWPI CTG CNUQ RNCEGF KP EQOOWPCN YCTTGPU DWV OQVJGTU FQ PQV RGTOKV [QWPIUVGTU QVJGT VJCP VJGKT QYP VQ PWTUG = ? +PHCPVKEKFG GZKUVU KP PWOGTQWU TQFGPV URGEKGU CPF OC[ DG RTCEVKEGF D[ CFWNV EQPURGEKិEU QH GKVJGT UGZ 5GXGTCN TGC UQPU JCXG DGGP RTQRQUGF HQT VJKU DGJCXKQT KPENWFKPI PW VTKVKQPCN UVTGUU TGUQWTEG EQORGVKVKQP CXQKFKPI OKUFKTGEV KPI RCTGPVCN ECTG CPF KP VJG ECUG QH OCNGU CVVGORVKPI VQ OCMG VJG OQVJGT UGZWCNN[ TGEGRVKXG 6JG NCVVGT TGC UQP KU YGNN UWRRQTVGF KP RTKOCVGU CPF NKQPU DWV NGUU UQ KP TQFGPVU = ? +PHCPVKEKFG CRRGCTU VQ DG YKFGURTGCF KP DNCEM VCKNGF RTCKTKG FQIU KPENWFKPI KPHCPVKEKFG HTQO KPXCFKPI OCNGU CPF KOOKITCPV HGOCNGU CU YGNN CU QEECUKQPCN ECP PKDCNKUO QH CP KPFKXKFWCNཐU QYP QាURTKPI = ? 6Q RTQVGEV CICKPUV KPHCPVKEKFG HTQO QVJGT CFWNVU HGOCNG TQFGPVU OC[ GORNQ[ CXQKFCPEG QT FKTGEV CIITGUUKQP CICKPUV RQVGPVKCN RGTRGVTCVQTU OWNVKRNG OCVKPI VGTTKVQTKCNKV[ QT GCTN[ VGT OKPCVKQP QH RTGIPCPE[ = ? (GVKEKFG ECP CNUQ QEEWT COQPI TQFGPVU KP #NRKPG OCTOQVU FQOKPCPV HGOCNGU VGPF VQ

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UWRRTGUU VJG TGRTQFWEVKQP QH UWDQTFKPCVGU D[ DGKPI CP VCIQPKUVKE VQYCTFU VJGO YJKNG VJG[ CTG RTGIPCPV 6JG TG UWNVKPI UVTGUU ECWUGU VJG HGVWUGU VQ CDQTV = ?

8.3.6

Cognition

• $GHQTG DKTVJ +P WVGTQ HGVCN TCVU FGVGEV QFQT DGCTKPI RCTVKENGU VJCV EQOG HTQO VJGKT OQVJGTཐU FKGV CPF ETQUU VJG RNCEGPVCN DCTTKGT 5JQTVN[ CHVGT DKTVJ PGY DQTP TCVU TGURQPF RQUKVKXGN[ VQ VJGUG HQQFU = ?= ? • &WTKPI PWTUKPI 0WTUKPI TCVU TGEGKXG KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV VJGKT OQVJGTཐU FKGV VJTQWIJ JGT OKNM 6JG[ RTGHGT VJG HQQFU UJG CVG FWTKPI NCEVCVKQP = ?= ? • 9GCPKPI 9JGP [QWPI TCVU CTG YGCPKPI CPF GCVKPI UQNKF HQQFU HQT VJG ិTUV VKOG VJG[ WUG CFWNV TCVU CU IWKFGU 6JG[ HQTCIG YJGTG VJG CFWNVU CTG HQTCIKPI QT YJGTG CFWNVU JCXG RTGXKQWUN[ UEGPV OCTMGF = ?= ?

,BOHBSPP SBUT DBO MPDBUF GPPE DBDIFT CZ TQBUJBM NFNPSZ

• #FQNGUEGPEG CPF CFWNVJQQF 9JGP TCVU HQTCIG QP VJGKT QYP VJGKT HQQF EJQKEGU CTG KPីWGPEGF D[ UQEKCN KPVGTCEVKQPU VJCV OC[ VCMG RNCEG HCT CYC[ HTQO HQTCI KPI UKVGU 6JG[ UOGNN HQQFU QP VJG HWT YJKUMGTU CPF GURGEKCNN[ VJG DTGCVJ QH QVJGT TCVU CPF UVTQPIN[ RTG HGT VJG HQQFU VJQUG TCVU JCF RTGXKQWUN[ GCVGP = ? 6JKU KPENKPGU VJGO PQV VQ GCV RQKUQPU CXQKFGF D[ QNFGT TCVU = ?

4QFGPVU JCXG CFXCPEGF EQIPKVKXG CDKNKVKGU 6JG[ ECP 8.4 SWKEMN[ NGCTP VQ CXQKF RQKUQPGF DCKVU YJKEJ OCMGU VJGO FKឹEWNV RGUVU VQ FGCN YKVJ = ? )WKPGC RKIU ECP NGCTP CPF TGOGODGT EQORNGZ RCVJYC[U VQ HQQF = ? 5SWKTTGNU CPF 8.4.1 MCPICTQQ TCVU CTG CDNG VQ NQECVG ECEJGU QH HQQF D[ URCVKCN OGOQT[ TCVJGT VJCP LWUV D[ UOGNN = ?= ? $GECWUG NCDQTCVQT[ OKEG JQWUG OKEG CPF TCVU DTQYP TCVU CTG YKFGN[ WUGF CU UEKGPVKិE OQFGNU VQ HWTVJGT QWT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH DKQNQI[ C ITGCV FGCN JCU EQOG VQ DG MPQYP CDQWV VJGKT EQIPKVKXG ECRCEKVKGU $TQYP TCVU GZ JKDKV EQIPKVKXG DKCU YJGTG KPHQTOCVKQP RTQEGUUKPI KU DK CUGF D[ YJGVJGT VJG[ CTG KP C RQUKVKXG QT PGICVKXG CាGEVKXG UVCVG = ? (QT GZCORNG NCDQTCVQT[ TCVU VTCKPGF VQ TGURQPF VQ C URGEKិE VQPG D[ RTGUUKPI C NGXGT VQ TGEGKXG C TGYCTF CPF VQ RTGUU CPQVJGT NGXGT KP TGURQPUG VQ C FKាGTGPV VQPG UQ CU VQ CXQKF TGEGKXKPI CP GNGEVTKE UJQEM CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ TGURQPF VQ CP KPVGTOGFKCVG VQPG D[ EJQQUKPI VJG TG YCTF NGXGT KH VJG[ JCXG LWUV DGGP VKEMNGF UQOGVJKPI VJG[ GPLQ[ KPFKECVKPI ནC NKPM DGVYGGP VJG FKTGEVN[ OGCUWTGF RQUKVKXG CាGEVKXG UVCVG CPF FGEKUKQP OCMKPI WPFGT WPEGT VCKPV[ KP CP CPKOCN OQFGN པ= ? .CDQTCVQT[ DTQYP TCVU OC[ JCXG VJG ECRCEKV[ HQT OGVCEQIPKVKQPཋVQ EQPUKFGT VJGKT QYP NGCTPKPI CPF VJGP OCMG FGEKUKQPU DCUGF QP YJCV VJG[ MPQY QT FQ PQV MPQY CU KPFKECVGF D[ EJQKEGU VJG[ OCMG CRRCTGPVN[ VTCF KPI Qា FKឹEWNV[ QH VCUMU CPF GZRGEVGF TGYCTFU OCMKPI VJGO VJG ិTUV CPKOCNU QVJGT VJCP RTKOCVGU VQ JCXG VJKU ECRCEKV[ = ?= ? DWV VJGUG ិPFKPIU CTG FKURWVGF UKPEG VJG TCVU OC[ JCXG DGGP HQNNQYKPI UKORNG QRGTCPV EQPFKVKQPKPI RTKPEKRNGU = ? QT C DGJCXKQTCN GEQPQOKE OQFGN = ? $TQYP TCVU WUG UQEKCN NGCTPKPI KP C YKFG TCPIG QH UKVWC VKQPU DWV RGTJCRU GURGEKCNN[ UQ KP CESWKTKPI HQQF RTGHGT GPEGU .GCTPKPI CDQWV UWKVCDNG HQQFU ECP DG FKXKFGF KPVQ HQWT NKHG UVCIGU = ?= ?

Classification and evolution Evolutionary history

/CUKNNCO[U TQ GPTTJM GSPN UIF &PDFOF .FTTFM 1JU GPTTJM TJUF (FS NBOZ

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

$-"44*'*$"5*0/ "/% &70-65*0/ 6JG JKUVQT[ QH VJG EQNQPK\CVKQP QH VJG YQTNFཐU EQPVKPGPVU D[ TQFGPVU KU EQORNGZ 6JG OQXGOGPVU QH VJG NCTIG UWRGT HCOKN[ /WTQKFGC KPENWFKPI JCOUVGTU IGTDKNU VTWG OKEG CPF TCVU OC[ JCXG KPXQNXGF WR VQ UGXGP EQNQPK\CVKQPU QH #HTKEC ិXG QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC HQWT QH 5QWVJGCUV #UKC VYQ QH 5QWVJ #OGTKEC CPF WR VQ VGP QH 'WTCUKC = ?

CTTKXKPI KP C UWDUGSWGPV YCXG KP VJG NCVG 2NKQEGPG QT GCTN[ 2NGKUVQEGPG 6JG GCTNKGUV HQUUKN TQFGPVU KP #WUVTCNKC JCXG C OCZKOWO CIG QH OKNNKQP [GCTU = ? CPF OQNGEWNCT FCVC KU EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG EQNQPK\CVKQP QH 0GY )WKPGC HTQO VJG YGUV FWTKPI VJG NCVG /KQEGPG QT GCTN[ 2NKQEGPG HQNNQYGF D[ TCRKF FKXGTUKិ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ិGF TCRKFN[ QT CEEQTFKPI VQ QVJGT XKGYU VJG[ JCF CNTGCF[ FKXGTUKិGF KP 0QTVJ CPF %GPVTCN #OGTKEC DGHQTG ETQUUKPI VJG NCPF DTKFIG = ?

5IF IPSOFE HPQIFS %GTCVQICWNWU JCVEJGTK B CVSSPXJOH NBN NBM PG UIF MBUF .JPDFOF UP FBSMZ 1MFJTUPDFOF XBT UIF POMZ IPSOFE SPEFOU < >

8.4.2 Standard classification

&WTKPI VJG 'QEGPG TQFGPVU DGICP VQ FKXGTUKH[ $GCXGTU CRRGCTGF KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC KP VJG NCVG 'QEGPG DG HQTG URTGCFKPI VQ 'WTCUKC = ? .CVG KP VJG 'QEGPG J[UVTKEQIPCVJU ECXKQOQTRJU EQNQPK\GF #HTKEC OQUV RTQDCDN[ JCXKPI QTKIKPCVGF KP #UKC CV NGCUV OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ = ? (TQO #HTKEC HQUUKN GXKFGPEG UJQYU VJCV UQOG J[UVTKEQIPCVJU OKITCVGF VQ 5QWVJ #OGTKEC YJKEJ JCF RTGXKQWUN[ DGGP CP KUQNCVGF EQPVKPGPV RQUUKDN[ OCM KPI WUG QH QEGCP EWTTGPVU VQ ETQUU VJG #VNCPVKE QP ីQCV KPI FGDTKU = ? %CXKQOQTRJU JCF CTTKXGF KP 5QWVJ #OGT KEC D[ OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ KORN[KPI C FCVG CV NGCUV CU GCTN[ CU VJKU HQT J[UVTKEQIPCVJU KP #HTKEC = ? CPF JCF TGCEJGF VJG )TGCVGT #PVKNNGU D[ VJG GCTN[ 1NKIQEGPG UWI IGUVKPI VJCV VJG[ OWUV JCXG FKURGTUGF TCRKFN[ CETQUU 5QWVJ #OGTKEC = ? $[ OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ HQUUKNU TGEQIPK\CDN[ DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG EWTTGPV HCOKNKGU UWEJ CU /WTKFCG JCF GOGTIGF = ? $[ VJG /KQEGPG YJGP #HTKEC JCF EQNNKFGF YKVJ #UKC #HTKECP TQFGPVU UWEJ CU VJG RQTEWRKPG DGICP VQ URTGCF KPVQ 'WTCUKC = ? 5QOG HQUUKN URGEKGU YGTG XGT[ NCTIG KP EQORCTKUQP VQ OQFGTP TQFGPVU CPF KPENWFGF VJG IKCPV DGCXGT $BTUPSPJEFT PIJPFOTJT YJKEJ ITGY VQ C NGPIVJ QH O HV KP CPF YGKIJV QH MI ND = ? 6JG NCTIGUV MPQYP TQFGPV YCU +PTFQIPBSUJHBTJB NPOFTJ C RCECTCPC YKVJ CP GUVKOCVGF DQF[ NGPIVJ QH O HV = ? 6JG ិTUV TQFGPVU CTTKXGF KP #WUVTCNKC XKC +PFQPGUKC CTQWPF OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ #NVJQWIJ OCTUWRKCNU CTG VJG OQUV RTQOKPGPV OCOOCNU KP #WUVTCNKC OCP[ TQFGPVU CNN DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG UWDHCOKN[ /WTKPCG CTG COQPI VJG EQPVKPGPVཐU OCOOCN URGEKGU = ? 6JGTG CTG CDQWV ិHV[ URGEKGU QH QNF GPFGOKEUཐ VJG ិTUV YCXG QH TQFGPVU VQ EQN QPK\G VJG EQWPVT[ KP VJG /KQEGPG CPF GCTN[ 2NKQEGPG CPF VGP VTWG TCVU 3BUUVT QH YJKEJ GKIJV CTG PGY GPFGOKEUཐ

6JG WUG QH VJG PCOG ན4QFGPVKCཔ KU CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG 'P INKUJ VTCXGNGT CPF PCVWTCNKUV 6JQOCU 'FYCTF $QYFKEJ

= ? 6JG JCTGU TCDDKVU CPF RKMCU QTFGT .CIQOQT RJC JCXG EQPVKPWQWUN[ ITQYKPI KPEKUQTU CU FQ TQFGPVU CPF YGTG CV QPG VKOG KPENWFGF KP VJG QTFGT *QYGXGT VJG[ JCXG CP CFFKVKQPCN RCKT QH KPEKUQTU KP VJG WRRGT LCY CPF VJG VYQ QTFGTU JCXG SWKVG UGRCTCVG GXQNWVKQPCT[ JKUVQTKGU = ? 6JG RJ[NQIGP[ QH VJG TQFGPVU RNCEGU VJGO KP VJG ENCFGU )NKTGU 'WCTEJQPVQINKTGU CPF $QTGQGWVJGTKC 6JG ENCFQ ITCO DGNQY UJQYU VJG KPPGT CPF QWVGT TGNCVKQPU QH 4Q FGPVKC DCUGF QP C CVVGORV D[ 9W GV CN VQ CNKIP VJG OQNGEWNCT ENQEM YKVJ RCNGQPVQNQIKECN FCVC = ? 6JG QTFGT 4QFGPVKC OC[ DG FKXKFGF KPVQ UWDQTFGTU KPHTCQTFGTU UWRGTHCOKNKGU CPF HCOKNKGU 6JGTG KU C ITGCV FGCN QH RCTCNNGNKUO CPF EQPXGTIGPEG COQPI TQFGPVU ECWUGF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV VJG[ JCXG VGPFGF VQ GXQNXG VQ ិNN NCTIGN[ UKOKNCT PKEJGU 6JKU RCTCNNGN GXQNWVKQP KP ENWFGU PQV QPN[ VJG UVTWEVWTG QH VJG VGGVJ DWV CNUQ VJG KPHTCQTDKVCN TGIKQP QH VJG UMWNN DGNQY VJG G[G UQEMGV CPF OCMGU ENCUUKិECVKQP FKឹEWNV CU UKOKNCT VTCKVU OC[ PQV DG FWG VQ EQOOQP CPEGUVT[ = ?= ? $TCPFV YCU VJG ិTUV VQ RTQRQUG FKXKFKPI 4QFGPVKC KPVQ VJTGG UWDQTFGTU 5EKWTQOQTRJC *[UVTKEQOQTRJC CPF /[QOQT RJC DCUGF QP VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH EGTVCKP OWUENGU KP VJG LCY CPF VJKU U[UVGO YCU YKFGN[ CEEGRVGF 5EJNQUUGT

RGTHQTOGF C EQORTGJGPUKXG TGXKGY QH TQFGPV HQU UKNU OCKPN[ WUKPI VJG EJGGM VGGVJ CPF HQWPF VJCV VJG[ ិVVGF KPVQ VJG ENCUUKECN U[UVGO DWV 6WNNDQTI RTQ RQUGF LWUV VYQ UWD QTFGTU 5EKWTQIPCVJK CPF *[UVTKEQI PCVJK 6JGUG YGTG DCUGF QP VJG FGITGG QH KPីGEVKQP QH VJG NQYGT LCY CPF YGTG VQ DG HWTVJGT UWDFKXKFGF KPVQ 5EK WTQOQTRJC /[QOQTRJC *[UVTKEQOQTRJC CPF $CVJ[GT IQOQTRJC /CVVJGY ETGCVGF C RJ[NQIGPGVKE VTGG QH 0GY 9QTNF TQFGPVU DWV FKF PQV KPENWFG VJG OQTG RTQD NGOCVKE 1NF 9QTNF URGEKGU (WTVJGT CVVGORVU CV ENCUUKិ

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ECVKQP EQPVKPWGF YKVJQWV CITGGOGPV YKVJ UQOG CWVJQTU CFQRVKPI VJG ENCUUKECN VJTGG UWDQTFGT U[UVGO CPF QVJGTU 6WNNDQTIཐU VYQ UWDQTFGTU = ? 6JGUG FKUCITGGOGPVU TGOCKP WPTGUQNXGF PQT JCXG OQNGEWNCT UVWFKGU HWNN[ TGUQNXGF VJG UKVWCVKQP VJQWIJ VJG[ JCXG EQPិTOGF VJG OQPQRJ[N[ QH VJG ITQWR CPF VJCV VJG ENCFG JCU FGUEGPFGF HTQO C EQOOQP 2CNGQEGPG CPEGU VQT %CTNGVQP CPF /WUUGT KP .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME JCXG RTQXKUKQPCNN[ CFQRVGF C ិXG UWDQT FGT U[UVGO 5EKWTQOQTRJC %CUVQTKOQTRJC /[QOQTRJC #PQOCNWTQOQTRJC CPF *[UVTKEQOQTRJC 6JGUG KPENWFG HCOKNKGU IGPGTC CPF URGEKGU = ?= ? Order Rodentia HTQO .CVKP SPEFSF VQ IPCY

$BWJPNPSQIB /PSUI "NFSJDBO QPSDVQJOF

"OPNBMVSPNPSQIB &BTU "GSJDBO TQSJOHIBSF

.ZPNPSQIB (PMEFO PS 4ZSJBO IBNTUFS

$BTUPSJNPSQIB #PUUBࣙT QPDLFU HPQIFS

• 5WDQTFGT #PQOCNWTQOQTRJC

• (COKN[ #PQOCNWTKFCG UECN[ VCKNGF USWKTTGNU • (COKN[ 2GFGVKFCG URTKPI JCTGU

4DJVSPNPSQIB "GSJDBO EPSNPVTF

• 5WDQTFGT %CUVQTKOQTRJC • 5WRGTHCOKN[ %CUVQTQKFGC

*/5&3"$5*0/ 8*5) )6."/4 • (COKN[ %CUVQTKFCG DGCXGTU • 5WRGTHCOKN[ )GQO[QKFGC • (COKN[ )GQO[KFCG RQEMGV IQ RJGTU VTWG IQRJGTU • (COKN[ *GVGTQO[KFCG MCPIC TQQ TCVU MCPICTQQ OKEG • 5WDQTFGT *[UVTKEQOQTRJC • (COKN[ JODFSUBF TFEJT &KCVQO[KFCG .CQVKCP TQEM TCV • +PHTCQTFGT %VGPQFCEV[NQOQTRJK

• (COKN[ %VGPQFCEV[NKFCG IWPFKU

• +PHTCQTFGT *[UVTKEQIPCVJK

• (COKN[ $CVJ[GTIKFCG #HTKECP OQNG TCVU • (COKN[ *[UVTKEKFCG 1NF 9QTNF RQTEWRKPGU • (COKN[ 2GVTQOWTKFCG FCUUKG TCV • (COKN[ 6JT[QPQO[KFCG ECPG TCVU

• 2CTXQTFGT %CXKQOQTRJC • (COKN[ བྷ*GRVCZQFQPVKFCG IKCPV JWVKCU • (COKN[ #DTQEQOKFCG EJKPEJKNNC TCVU • (COKN[ %CRTQO[KFCG JWVKCU • (COKN[ %CXKKFCG ECXKGU KPENWFKPI )WKPGC RKIU CPF VJG ECR[DCTC • (COKN[ %JKPEJKNNKFCG EJKPEJKNNCU XKUECEJCU • (COKN[ %VGPQO[KFCG VWEQ VWEQU • (COKN[ &CU[RTQEVKFCG CIQWVKU • (COKN[ %WPKEWNKFCG RCECU • (COKN[ &KPQO[KFCG RCECTCPCU • (COKN[ 'EJKO[KFCG URKP[ TCVU • (COKN[ 'TGVJK\QPVKFCG 0GY 9QTNF RQTEWRKPGU • (COKN[ /[QECUVQTKFCG PWVTKC EQ[RW • (COKN[ 1EVQFQPVKFCG QEVQFQPVU • 5WDQTFGT /[QOQTRJC • 5WRGTHCOKN[ &KRQFQKFGC • (COKN[ &KRQFKFCG LGTDQCU CPF LWORKPI OKEG • 5WRGTHCOKN[ /WTQKFGC • (COKN[ %CNQO[UEKFCG OQWUG NKMG JCOUVGTU • (COKN[ %TKEGVKFCG JCOUVGTU 0GY 9QTNF TCVU CPF OKEG OWUMTCVU XQNGU NGOOKPIU

• (COKN[ /WTKFCG VTWG OKEG CPF TCVU IGTDKNU URKP[ OKEG ETGUVGF TCV • (COKN[ 0GUQO[KFCG ENKODKPI OKEG TQEM OKEG YJKVG VCKNGF TCV /CNCICU[ TCVU CPF OKEG • (COKN[ 2NCVCECPVJQO[KFCG URKP[ FQTOKEG • (COKN[ 5RCNCEKFCG OQNG TCVU DCODQQ TCVU \QMQTU • 5WDQTFGT 5EKWTQOQTRJC • (COKN[ #RNQFQPVKKFCG OQWPVCKP DGCXGT • (COKN[ )NKTKFCG CNUQ /[ QZKFCG /WUECTFKPKFCG FQTOKEG • (COKN[ 5EKWTKFCG USWKT TGNU KPENWFKPI EJKROWPMU RTCKTKG FQIU OCTOQVU

8.5 Interaction with humans 8.5.1 Conservation 9JKNG TQFGPVU CTG PQV VJG OQUV UGTKQWUN[ VJTGCVGPGF QT FGT QH OCOOCNU VJGTG CTG URGEKGU KP IGPGTC VJCV CTG UCKF VQ YCTTCPV EQPUGTXCVKQP CVVGPVKQP= ? KP VJG HCEG QH NKOKVGF CRRTGEKCVKQP D[ VJG RWDNKE 5KPEG RGT EGPV QH TQFGPV IGPGTC EQPVCKP QPN[ QPG URGEKGU OWEJ RJ[NQIGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ EQWNF DG NQUV YKVJ C EQORCTCVKXGN[ UOCNN PWODGT QH GZVKPEVKQPU +P VJG CDUGPEG QH OQTG FG VCKNGF MPQYNGFIG QH URGEKGU CV TKUM CPF CEEWTCVG VCZQP QO[ EQPUGTXCVKQP OWUV DG DCUGF OCKPN[ QP JKIJGT VCZC

UWEJ CU HCOKNKGU TCVJGT VJCP URGEKGU CPF IGQITCRJKECN JQV URQVU = ? 5GXGTCN URGEKGU QH TKEG TCV JCXG DGEQOG GZ VKPEV UKPEG VJG VJ EGPVWT[ RTQDCDN[ VJTQWIJ JCDKVCV NQUU CPF VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH CNKGP URGEKGU = ? +P %QNQODKC VJG DTQYP JCKT[ FYCTH RQTEWRKPG YCU TGEQTFGF HTQO QPN[ VYQ OQWPVCKP NQECNKVKGU KP VJG U YJKNG VJG TGF ETGUVGF UQHV HWTTGF URKP[ TCV KU MPQYP QPN[ HTQO KVU V[RG NQECNKV[ QP VJG %CTKDDGCP EQCUV UQ VJGUG URGEKGU CTG EQPUKFGTGF XWNPGTCDNG = ? 6JG +7%0 5RGEKGU 5WTXKXCN %QOOKUUKQP YTKVGU ན9G ECP UCHGN[ EQPENWFG VJCV OCP[ 5QWVJ #OGTK ECP TQFGPVU CTG UGTKQWUN[ VJTGCVGPGF OCKPN[ D[ GPXKTQP OGPVCN FKUVWTDCPEG CPF KPVGPUKXG JWPVKPIཔ = ? 6JG ནVJTGG PQY EQUOQRQNKVCP EQOOGPUCN TQFGPV RGUV URGEKGUཔ= ? VJG DTQYP TCV VJG DNCEM TCV CPF VJG JQWUG OQWUG JCXG DGGP FKURGTUGF KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ JWOCPU RCTVN[ QP UCKNKPI UJKRU KP VJG #IG QH 'ZRNQTCVKQP CPF YKVJ C HQWTVJ URGEKGU KP VJG 2CEKិE VJG 2QN[PGUKCP TCV 3BUUVT FYVMBOT JCXG UGXGTGN[ FCOCIGF KUNCPF DKQVCU CTQWPF VJG YQTNF (QT GZCORNG YJGP VJG DNCEM TCV TGCEJGF .QTF *QYG +UNCPF KP QXGT RGTEGPV QH VJG VGTTGUVTKCN

$)"15&3 30%&/5

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áž¹P C EJCPEG VQ TGEQXGT HTQO PGCT GZVKPEVKQP = ?= ?

8.5.2

Uses

UQWTEG QH HWT HQT HGNVKPI CPF YCU HCTOGF GZVGPUKXGN[ KP #OGTKEC CPF 'WTQRG JQYGXGT HCUJKQPU EJCPIGF PGY OCVGTKCNU DGECOG CXCKNCDNG CPF VJKU CTGC QH VJG CPKOCN HWT KPFWUVT[ FGENKPGF = ? 6JG EJKPEJKNNC JCU C UQHV CPF UKNM[ EQCV CPF VJG FGOCPF HQT KVU HWT YCU UQ JKIJ VJCV KV YCU PGCTN[ YKRGF QWV KP VJG YKNF DGHQTG HCTOKPI VQQM QXGT CU VJG OCKP UQWTEG QH RGNVU = ? 6JG SWKNNU CPF IWCTFJCKTU QH RQTEWRKPGU CTG WUGF HQT VTCFKVKQPCN FGEQTCVKXG ENQVJ KPI (QT GZCORNG VJGKT IWCTFJCKTU CTG WUGF KP VJG ETG CVKQP QH VJG 0CVKXG #OGTKECP ནRQTM[ TQCEJཔ JGCFFTGUU 6JG OCKP SWKNNU OC[ DG F[GF CPF VJGP CRRNKGF KP EQODK PCVKQP YKVJ VJTGCF VQ GODGNNKUJ NGCVJGT CEEGUUQTKGU UWEJ CU MPKHG UJGCVJU CPF NGCVJGT DCIU .CMQVC YQOGP YQWNF JCTXGUV VJG SWKNNU HQT SWKNNYQTM D[ VJTQYKPI C DNCPMGV QXGT C RQTEWRKPG CPF TGVTKGXKPI VJG SWKNNU KV NGHV UVWEM KP VJG DNCPMGV = ? #V NGCUV URGEKGU QH TQFGPV OQUVN[ *[UVTKEQOQTRJC UWEJ CU IWKPGC RKIU CIQWVKU CPF ECR[DCTCU CTG GCVGP D[ JWOCPU KP VJGTG YGTG CV NGCUV FKាGTGPV UQEKGVKGU KP YJKEJ RGQRNG GCV TCVU = ? )WKPGC RKIU YGTG ិTUV TCKUGF HQT HQQF CTQWPF $ % CPF D[ $ % JCF DGEQOG VJG OCKP UQWTEG QH OGCV HQT VJG +PEC 'ORKTG &QTOKEG YGTG TCKUGF D[ VJG 4QOCPU KP URGEKCN RQVU ECNNGF ནINK TCTKCཔ QT KP NCTIG QWVFQQT GPENQUWTGU YJGTG VJG[ YGTG HCVVGPGF QP YCNPWVU EJGUVPWVU CPF CEQTPU 6JG FQTOKEG YGTG CNUQ ECWIJV HTQO VJG YKNF KP CWVWOP YJGP VJG[ YGTG HCVVGUV CPF GKVJGT TQCUVGF CPF FKRRGF KPVQ JQPG[ QT DCMGF YJKNG UVWាGF YKVJ C OKZVWTG QH RQTM RKPG PWVU CPF QVJGT ីCXQTKPIU 4GUGCTEJGTU HQWPF VJCV KP #OC\QPKC YJGTG NCTIG OCOOCNU YGTG UECTEG RCECU CPF EQOOQP CIQWVKU CEEQWPVGF HQT CTQWPF RGTEGPV QH VJG CPPWCN ICOG VCMGP D[ VJG KPFKIGPQWU RGQRNG DWV KP HQTGUVGF CTGCU YJGTG NCTIGT OCOOCNU YGTG CDWPFCPV VJGUG TQFGPVU EQORTKUGF QPN[ CDQWV RGTEGPV QH VJG VCMG = ?

$IJODIJMMB GVS DPBU FYIJCJUFE BU UIF 'ZRQUKVKQP 7PKXGTUCN 1BSJT

*WOCPKV[ JCU NQPI WUGF CPKOCN UMKPU HQT ENQVJKPI CU VJG NGCVJGT KU FWTCDNG CPF VJG HWT RTQXKFGU GZVTC KPUWNCVKQP = ? 6JG PCVKXG RGQRNG QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC OCFG OWEJ WUG QH DGCXGT RGNVU VCPPKPI CPF UGYKPI VJGO VQIGVJGT VQ OCMG TQDGU 'WTQRGCPU CRRTGEKCVGF VJG SWCNKV[ QH VJGUG CPF VJG 0QTVJ #OGTKECP HWT VTCFG FGXGNQRGF CPF DGECOG QH RTKOG KORQTVCPEG VQ GCTN[ UGVVNGTU +P 'WTQRG VJG UQHV WP FGTHWT MPQYP CU ནDGCXGT YQQNཔ YCU HQWPF VQ DG KFGCN HQT HGNVKPI CPF YCU OCFG KPVQ DGCXGT JCVU CPF VTKOOKPI HQT ENQVJKPI = ?= ? .CVGT VJG EQ[RW VQQM QXGT CU C EJGCRGT

)WKPGC RKIU CTG WUGF KP VJG EWKUKPG QH %W\EQ 2GTW KP FKUJGU UWEJ CU DVZ BM IPSOP DCMGF IWKPGC RKI = ?= ? 6JG VTCFKVKQPCN #PFGCP UVQXG MPQYP CU C RPODIB QT C GPH³O KU OCFG HTQO OWF CPF ENC[ TGKPHQTEGF YKVJ UVTCY CPF JCKT HTQO CPKOCNU UWEJ CU IWKPGC RKIU = ? +P 2GTW VJGTG CTG CV CP[ VKOG OKNNKQP FQOGUVKE IWKPGC RKIU YJKEJ CPPWCNN[ RTQFWEG OKNNKQP GFKDNG ECTECUUGU 6JKU CPKOCN KU CP GZEGNNGPV HQQF UQWTEG UKPEG VJG ីGUJ KU RTQVGKP = ? +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU OQUVN[ USWKTTGNU DWV CNUQ OWUMTCVU RQTEWRKPGU CPF ITQWPF JQIU CTG GCVGP D[ JWOCPU 6JG 0CXCLQ RGQRNG CVG RTCKTKG FQI DCMGF KP OWF YJKNG VJG 2CKWVG CVG IQRJGTU USWKTTGNU CPF TCVU = ? 4QFGPVU KPENWFKPI IWKPGC RKIU = ? OKEG TCVU JCOUVGTU IGTDKNU EJKPEJKNNCU FGIWU CPF EJKROWPMU OCMG EQPXG PKGPV RGVU CDNG VQ NKXG KP UOCNN URCEGU GCEJ URGEKGU YKVJ KVU QYP SWCNKVKGU = ? /QUV CTG PQTOCNN[ MGRV KP ECIGU QH UWKVCDNG UK\GU CPF JCXG XCTKGF TGSWKTGOGPVU HQT URCEG CPF UQEKCN KPVGTCEVKQP +H JCPFNGF HTQO C [QWPI CIG VJG[ CTG WUWCNN[ FQEKNG CPF FQ PQV DKVG )WKPGC RKIU JCXG C NQPI NKHGURCP CPF PGGF C NCTIG ECIG = ? 4CVU CNUQ PGGF RNGPV[ QH URCEG CPF ECP DGEQOG XGT[ VCOG ECP NGCTP VTKEMU CPF UGGO VQ GPLQ[ JWOCP EQORCPKQPUJKR /KEG CTG UJQTV NKXGF DWV VCMG WR XGT[ NKVVNG URCEG *COUVGTU CTG UQNKVCT[

*/5&3"$5*0/ 8*5) )6."/4

DWV VGPF VQ DG PQEVWTPCN 6JG[ JCXG KPVGTGUVKPI DGJCXKQTU TGOQVGN[ CPF GXGP RGTUWCFGF VQ XGPVWTG KPVQ DTKIJVN[ NKV DWV WPNGUU JCPFNGF TGIWNCTN[ VJG[ OC[ DG FGHGPUKXG )GT CTGCU YJKEJ TCVU WUWCNN[ CXQKF = ?= ?= ? DKNU CTG PQV WUWCNN[ CIITGUUKXG TCTGN[ DKVG CPF CTG UQEKCDNG CPKOCNU VJCV GPLQ[ VJG EQORCP[ QH JWOCPU CPF VJGKT QYP 8.5.3 As pests and disease vectors MKPF = ?

-BCPSBUPSZ IPVTF NPVTF

4QFGPVU CTG WUGF YKFGN[ CU OQFGN QTICPKUOU KP CPK OCN VGUVKPI = ?= ? #NDKPQ OWVCPV TCVU YGTG แ ทTUV WUGF HQT TGUGCTEJ KP CPF NCVGT DGECOG VJG แ ทTUV CPKOCN FQOGUVKECVGF HQT RWTGN[ UEKGPVKแ ทE RWTRQUGU = ? 0QYC FC[U VJG JQWUG OQWUG KU VJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ WUGF NCDQTC VQT[ TQFGPV CPF KP KV YCU GUVKOCVGF VJCV แ ทHV[ OKNNKQP YGTG WUGF CPPWCNN[ YQTNFYKFG 6JG[ CTG HCXQTGF DGECWUG QH VJGKT UOCNN UK\G HGTVKNKV[ UJQTV IGUVCVKQP RGTKQF CPF GCUG QH JCPFNKPI CPF DGECWUG VJG[ CTG UWUEGRVKDNG VQ OCP[ QH VJG EQPFKVKQPU CPF KPHGEVKQPU VJCV Cแ บKEV JWOCPU 6JG[ CTG WUGF KP TGUGCTEJ KPVQ IGPGVKEU FGXGNQROGPVCN DKQN QI[ EGNN DKQNQI[ QPEQNQI[ CPF KOOWPQNQI[ = ? )WKPGC RKIU YGTG RQRWNCT NCDQTCVQT[ CPKOCNU WPVKN VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ CDQWV OKNNKQP IWKPGC RKIU YGTG WUGF CPPW CNN[ KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU HQT TGUGCTEJ KP VJG U = ? DWV VJCV VQVCN FGETGCUGF VQ CDQWV D[ VJG OKF U = ? +P VJG[ EQPUVKVWVGF CDQWV QH CNN NCD QTCVQT[ CPKOCNU = ? )WKPGC RKIU RNC[GF C OCLQT TQNG KP VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV QH IGTO VJGQT[ KP VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ VJTQWIJ VJG GZRGTKOGPVU QH .QWKU 2CUVGWT ย OKNG 4QWZ CPF 4QDGTV -QEJ = ? 6JG[ JCXG DGGP NCWPEJGF KPVQ QT DKVCN URCEG แ ธKIJV UGXGTCN VKOGUเฝ แ ทTUV D[ VJG 7554 QP VJG 5RWVPKM DKQUCVGNNKVG QH /CTEJ YKVJ C UWEEGUU HWN TGEQXGT[ = ? 6JG PCMGF OQNG TCV KU VJG QPN[ MPQYP OCOOCN VJCV KU RQKMKNQVJGTOKE KV KU WUGF KP UVWFKGU QP VJGTOQTGIWNCVKQP +V KU CNUQ WPWUWCN KP PQV RTQFWEKPI VJG PGWTQVTCPUOKVVGT UWDUVCPEG 2 C HCEV YJKEJ TGUGCTEJGTU แ ทPF WUGHWN KP UVWFKGU QP RCKP = ?

3PEFOUT DBVTF TJHOJเชฃDBOU MPTTFT UP DSPQT TVDI BT UIFTF QPUBUPFT EBNBHFE CZ WPMFT

5QOG TQFGPV URGEKGU CTG UGTKQWU CITKEWNVWTCN RGUVU GCVKPI NCTIG SWCPVKVKGU QH HQQF UVQTGF D[ JWOCPU = ? (QT GZCO RNG KP VJG COQWPV QH TKEG NQUV VQ OKEG CPF TCVU KP #UKC YCU GUVKOCVGF VQ DG GPQWIJ VQ HGGF OKNNKQP RGQ RNG /QUV QH VJG FCOCIG YQTNFYKFG KU ECWUGF D[ C TGNC VKXGN[ UOCNN PWODGT QH URGEKGU EJKGแ ธ[ TCVU CPF OKEG = ? +P +PFQPGUKC CPF 6CP\CPKC TQFGPVU TGFWEG ETQR [KGNFU D[ CTQWPF แ ท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แ ทECPV XGEVQTU QH FKUGCUG = ? 6JG DNCEM TCV YKVJ VJG แ ธGCU VJCV KV ECTTKGU RNC[U C RTKOCT[ TQNG KP URTGCFKPI VJG DCEVGTKWO :FSTJOJB QFTUJT TGURQPUKDNG HQT DWDQPKE RNCIWG = ? CPF ECTTKGU VJG QTICPKUOU TGURQPUKDNG HQT V[RJWU 9GKNเฝ U FKUGCUG VQZQRNCUOQUKU CPF VTKEJKPQUKU = ? # PWODGT QH TQFGPVU ECTT[ JCPVCXKTWUGU KPENWFKPI VJG 2WWOCNC &QDTCXC CPF 5CCTGOCC XKTWUGU YJKEJ ECP KPHGEV JWOCPU = ? 4QFGPVU CNUQ JGNR VQ VTCPUOKV FKUGCUGU KPENWFKPI DCDGUKQUKU EW VCPGQWU NGKUJOCPKCUKU JWOCP ITCPWNQE[VKE CPCRNCUOQUKU .[OG FKUGCUG 1OUM JGOQTTJCIKE HGXGT 2QYCUUCP XKTWU TKEMGVVUKCNRQZ TGNCRUKPI HGXGT 4QEM[ /QWPVCKP URQVVGF HGXGT CPF 9GUV 0KNG XKTWU = ?

4QFGPVU JCXG UGPUKVKXG QNHCEVQT[ CDKNKVKGU YJKEJ JCXG DGGP WUGF D[ JWOCPU VQ FGVGEV QFQTU QT EJGOKECNU QH KPVGTGUV = ? 6JG )CODKCP RQWEJGF TCV KU CDNG VQ FGVGEV VWDGTEWNQUKU DCEKNNK YKVJ C UGPUKVKXKV[ QH WR VQ CPF URGEKแ ทEKV[ FGVGEVKPI VJG CDUGPEG QH VJG DCEKNNK QH QXGT VJG UCOG URGEKGU JCU DGGP VTCKPGF VQ FGVGEV NCPF OKPGU = ?= ? 4CVU JCXG DGGP UVWFKGF HQT RQUUKDNG WUG KP JC\CTFQWU UKVWCVKQPU UWEJ CU KP FKUCUVGT \QPGU 6JG[ ECP $GECWUG TQFGPVU CTG C PWKUCPEG CPF GPFCPIGT RWDNKE DG VTCKPGF VQ TGURQPF VQ EQOOCPFU YJKEJ OC[ DG IKXGP JGCNVJ JWOCP UQEKGVKGU QHVGP CVVGORV VQ EQPVTQN VJGO

6TCFKVKQPCNN[ VJKU KPXQNXGF RQKUQPKPI CPF VTCRRKPI OGVJ QFU VJCV YGTG PQV CNYC[U UCHG QT GាGEVKXG /QTG TG EGPVN[ KPVGITCVGF RGUV OCPCIGOGPV CVVGORVU VQ KORTQXG EQPVTQN YKVJ C EQODKPCVKQP QH UWTXG[U VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UK\G CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP QH VJG RGUV RQRWNCVKQP VJG GUVCDNKUJ OGPV QH VQNGTCPEG NKOKVU NGXGNU QH RGUV CEVKXKV[ CV YJKEJ VQ KPVGTXGPG KPVGTXGPVKQPU CPF GXCNWCVKQP QH Gា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ាGEVKXGN[ RTQXKFGF VJG TQFGPV RQRWNCVKQP KU PQV VQQ NCTIG = ? +P VJG 7- VYQ URGEKGU KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG JQWUG OQWUG CPF VJG DTQYP TCV CTG CEVKXGN[ EQPVTQNNGF VQ NKOKV FCOCIG KP ITQYKPI ETQRU NQUU CPF EQPVCOKPCVKQP QH UVQTGF ETQRU CPF UVTWEVWTCN FCOCIG VQ HCEKNKVKGU CU YGNN CU VQ EQORN[ YKVJ VJG NCY = ?

8.6 References = ? 5KPING ) &KEMOCP % 4 /CE&QPCNF & 9 ན4QFGPVUཔ +P /CE&QPCNF & 9 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG .BNNBMT PF GF 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 9CIIQPGT $GP #WIWUV ན+PVTQFWEVKQP VQ VJG 4QFGPVKCཔ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC /WUGWO QH 2CNGQP VQNQI[ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? 0QYCM 4 / 8BMLFSࣙT .BNNBMT PG UIF 8PSME ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? $NCUJិGNF ,GCP ( ན4QFGPVUཔ 4DJFODF &ODZDMPQFEJB 4G VTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? 0KGOKGE $TQQM # 1EVQDGT 4NBMM "OJNBM %FOUBM 0SBM BOE .BYJMMPGBDJBM %JTFBTF " $PMPVS )BOE CPPL %4% 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? %QZ 2JKNKR ) ,GាGT[ 0CVJCP ན4GXKGYKPI VJG /QTRJQNQI[ QH VJG ,CY %NQUKPI /WUEWNCVWTG KP 5SWKT TGNU 4CVU CPF )WKPGC 2KIU YKVJ %QPVTCUV 'PJCPEGF /KETQ%6པ 5IF "OBUPNJDBM 3FDPSE 294 ཊ FQK CT = ? 5VGHQា 4GDGEEC 5IF 3PEFOU 0SEFS /CTUJCNN %CXGPFKUJ RR ཊ ཊ +5$0 = ? 6JQTKPIVQP 4 9 ,T &CTTQY - #PFGTUQP % )

ན9KPI VKR CPCVQO[ CPF CGTQF[PCOKEU KP ី[ KPI USWKTTGNUཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 79 ཊ FQK ,5614

$)"15&3 30%&/5 = ? 5EJWNVG *QUVGFFG # + ན%JCRVGT 5GZWCN 5K\G &KOQTRJKUO KP 4QFGPVUཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? ན#P#IG 6JG CPKOCN CIGKPI CPF NQPIGXKV[ FCVCDCUGཔ *WOCP #IGKPI CPF )GPQOKEU 4GUQWTEGU 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? $GTT[ 4 , ན6JG PCVWTCN JKUVQT[ QH VJG JQWUG OQWUGཔ 'JFME 4UVEJFT (KGNF 5VWFKGU %QWPEKN 3 = ? )FUFSPDFQIBMVT HMBCFS 0CMGF OQNG TCVཔ &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? 5EJYCTV\ %JCTNGU 9CNUJ 5EJYCTV\ 'NK\CDGVJ 4GGFGT

5IF 8JME .BNNBMT PG .JTTPVSJ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH /KUUQWTK 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? 3BUUVT OPSWFHJDVT $TQYP TCVཔ &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4G VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? 4DJVSVT WVMHBSJT 'WTCUKCP TGF USWKTTGNཔ &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? 5RQVQTPQ #PIGN ' <WNGVC % # 8CNNCFCTGU , 2 &GCPG # . ,KOªPG\ , ' $IJODIJMMB MBOJHFS .BNNBMJBO 4QFDJFT 758 ཊ FQK = ? 8CPFGTNKR 5JCTQP 5IF (VJOFB 1JH )BOECPPL $CTTQPཐU R +5$0 = ? .ZPDBTUPS DPZQVT %Q[RWཔ &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4G VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? )ZESPDIBFSJT IZESPDIBFSJT %CR[DCTCཔ &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? *GNIGP -TKUVQHGT / ན6JG CORJKDKQWU OWTKPGU QH 0GY )WKPGC 4QFGPVKC /WTKFCG VJG IGPGTKE UVCVWU QH #BJZBOLBNZT CPF FGUETKRVKQP QH C PGY URGEKGU QH )Z ESPNZT ;PPUBYB 913 ཊ +550 = ? 2CTUJCF 8 4 ན4QFGPV EQPVTQN KP +PFKCཔ *OUFHSBUFE 1FTU .BOBHFNFOU 3FWJFXT 4 ཊ FQK # = ? /CTV®PG\ 'UVGXG\ . $CNXCPGTC 2 2CEJGEQ , %GDCN NQU ) ན2TCKTKG FQI FGENKPG TGFWEGU VJG UWR RN[ QH GEQU[UVGO UGTXKEGU CPF NGCFU VQ FGUGTVKិECVKQP QH UGOKCTKF ITCUUNCPFUཔ 1-P4 0/& 8 G FQK LQWTPCN RQPG = ? -TWGIGT - ན(GGFKPI TGNCVKQPUJKRU COQPI DKUQP RTQPIJQTP CPF RTCKTKG FQIU CP GZRGTKOGPVCN CPCN[UKUཔ &DPMPHZ 67 ཊ FQK = ? 2ªTG\ ( %CUVKNNQ )WGXCTC % )CNKPFQ (NQTGU ) %WCWVNG / 'UVTCFC 6QTTGU # ན'ាGEV QH IWV RCUUCIG D[ VYQ JKIJNCPF TQFGPVU QP URQTG CEVKXKV[ CPF O[EQTTJK\C HQTOCVKQP QH VYQ URGEKGU QH GEVQO[EQTTJK\CN HWPIK -BDDBSJB USJDIPEFSNPQIPSB CPF 4VJMMVT UPNFOUP TVT #PUBOZ 90 ཊ FQK D

3&'&3&/$&4

= ? $WTEJUVGF & &CPKGNU / 6JQTUQP 4 8QMQWP , ན6JG TKXGT FKUEQPVKPWWO CRRN[KPI DGCXGT OQFKិECVKQPU VQ DCUGNKPG EQPFKVKQPU HQT TGUVQTCVKQP QH HQTGUVGF JGCFYCVGTUཔ #JP4DJFODF 60 FQK DKQ

= ? 9KPUNQY ,COGU 6 *CUVKPIU 0KEM %CTVGT % 5WG *CT DCWIJ %CTTQNN 4 +PUGN 6JQOCU 4 ན# TQNG HQT EGPVTCN XCUQRTGUUKP KP RCKT DQPFKPI KP OQPQICOQWU RTCKTKG XQNGUཔ -FUUFST UP /BUVSF 365 ཊ FQK C 2/+&

= ? 9TKIJV , 2 ,QPGU % ) (NGEMGT # 5 ན#P GEQU[UVGO GPIKPGGT VJG DGCXGT KPETGCUGU URGEKGU TKEJ PGUU CV VJG NCPFUECRG UECNGཔ 0FDPMPHJB 132 ཊ FQK U

= ? ;GPUGP 'TKE 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 ན%JCRVGT )TQWPF 5SWKTTGNUཔ +P (GNFJCOGT )GQTIG # 6JQORUQP $TWEG % %JCROCP ,QUGRJ # 8JME .BNNBMT PG /PSUI "NFSJDB #JPMPHZ .BOBHFNFOU BOE $POTFSWBUJPO ,*7 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? -GOR 2 5 9QTVJKPIVQP 6 # .CPIHQTF 6 ' N 6TGG # 4 , )C[YQQF / , ན3WCNKVCVKXG CPF SWCP VKVCVKXG GាGEVU QH TGKPVTQFWEGF DGCXGTU QP UVTGCO áž·UJཔ 'JTI BOE 'JTIFSJFT 13 ཊ FQK L Z = ? *CPUUQP .GPPCTV ན*CDKVCV HQQF CPF RQRWNCVKQP F[PCOKEU QH VJG áž·GNF XQNG .JDSPUVT BHSFTUJT . KP UQWVJ 5YGFGPཔ 7JMUSFWZ 8 ཊ +550 : = ? %QPPKQT / $ (FPNZT CVSTBSJVT 4QFGPVKC )GQO[KFCG .BNNBMJBO 4QFDJFT 43 ཊ FQK = ? ན6GZCP RQEMGV IQRJGTཔ 5IF .BNNBMT PG 5FYBT 3PEFOUT 054. /WUGWO QH 6GZCU 6GEJ 7PKXGTUKV[ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? #VVGPDQTQWIJ &CXKF 5IF -JGF PG .BNNBMT $$% $QQMU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? /½NNGT 5EJYCT\G &KGVNCPF 5WP .KZKPI 5IF #FBWFS /BUVSBM )JTUPSZ PG B 8FUMBOET &OHJOFFS %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? .CPFT[ 5VWCTV 1 ,T ན6JG 4QFGPVKC CU QOPK XQTGUཔ 5IF 2VBSUFSMZ 3FWJFX PG #JPMPHZ 45 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? )ZESPNZT DISZTPHBTUFS 9CVGT TCVཔ 8BUFS GPS B IFBMUIZ DPVOUSZ %5+41 ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? ན0QTVJGTP ITCUUJQRRGT OQWUGཔ 5IF .BNNBMT PG 5FYBT 3PEFOUT 054. /WUGWO QH 6GZCU 6GEJ 7PKXGTUKV[ 4G VTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? ,CTXKU ,GPPKHGT ན'WUQEKCNKV[ KP C /COOCN %QQR GTCVKXG $TGGFKPI KP 0CMGF /QNG 4CV %QNQPKGUཔ 4DJFODF 212 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG ,5614 = ? *QQINCPF ,QJP . 5IF #MBDL 5BJMFE 1SBJSJF %PH 4PDJBM -JGF PG B #VSSPXJOH .BNNBM 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? $CMGT $TWEG 9 *KNN 'FYCTF 2 ན%JCRVGT $GCXGTཔ +P (GNFJCOGT )GQTIG # 6JQORUQP $TWEG % %JCROCP ,QUGRJ # 8JME .BNNBMT PG /PSUI "NFSJDB #JPMPHZ .BOBHFNFOU BOE $POTFSWBUJPO ,*7 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? *CPUQP #PPG 1EVQDGT ན9KNF 0QTYC[ TCV DG JCXKQTཔ 3BU CFIBWJPS BOE CJPMPHZ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[

= ? ,CTXKU ,GPPKHGT ན'WUQEKCNKV[ KP C OCOOCN %QQR GTCVKXG DTGGFKPI KP PCMGF OQNG TCV EQNQPKGUཔ 4DJFODF 212

ཊ FQK UEKGPEG ,5614 = ? $GPPGVV 0 % ,CTXKU , 7 / $SZQUPNZT EBNBSFOTJT .BNNBMJBO 4QFDJFT 0WODGT RR ཊ FQK = ? #TCMCYC *KTQ[WMK $NCPEJCTF & %CTQNKPG #TCMCYC -GKMQ &WPNCR %JTKUVQRJGT $NCPEJCTF 4QDGTV , ན5EGPV OCTMKPI DGJCXKQT CU CP QFQTCPV EQOOWPKECVKQP KP OKEGཔ /FVSPTDJFODF BOE #JPCFIBWJPSBM 3FWJFXT 32 ཊ FQK L PGWDKQTGX = ? *QNOGU 9CTTGP ) /CVGQ ,KNN / ན%JCRVGT -KP 4GEQIPKVKQP KP 4QFGPVU +UUWGU CPF 'XKFGPEGཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 5JGTYKP % / ན%QOHQTVCDNG SWCTVGTU HQT OKEG KP TGUGCTEJ KPUVKVWVKQPUཔ +P 8KMVQT CPF #PPKG 4GKPJCTFV $PNGPSUBCMF 2VBSUFST 'PS -BCPSBUPSZ "OJNBMT GF #PKOCN 9GNHCTG +PUVKVWVG = ? $LQTMQ[NK 6QTG 4QUGNN (TCPM ན# VGUV QH VJG FGCT GPGO[ RJGPQOGPQP KP VJG 'WTCUKCP DGCXGTཔ "OJNBM #F IBWJPS 63 ཊ FQK CPDG = ? 8CEJª / (GTTQP , )QWCV 2 ན6JG CDKNKV[ QH TGF USWKTTGNU 5BNJBTDJVSVT IVETPOJDVT VQ FKUETKOKPCVG EQPURGEKáž·E QNHCEVQT[ UKIPCVWTGUཔ $BOBEJBO +PVSOBM PG ;PPMPHZ 79 ཊ FQK \ = ? 5JGNNG[ 'TKP . $NWOUVGKP &CPKGN 6 ན6JG GXQNWVKQP QH XQECN CNCTO EQOOWPKECVKQP KP TQFGPVUཔ #FIBWJPSBM &DPMPHZ 16 ཊ FQK DGJGEQ CTJ = ? 5NQDQFEJKMQា % 0 2CUGMC #PFTGC 8GTFQNKP ,GPPKHGT . ན2TCKTKG FQI CNCTO ECNNU GPEQFG NCDGNU CDQWV RTGFCVQT EQNQTUཔ "OJNBM $PHOJUJPO 12 ཊ FQK U [ = ? <KOOGTOCPP 'NMG .GNKXGNF .KUGVVG 5EJGJMC .KUGVVG

ན 6QYCTF VJG GXQNWVKQPCT[ TQQVU QH CាGEVKXG RTQUQF[ KP JWOCP CEQWUVKE EQOOWPKECVKQP # EQORCT CVKXG CRRTQCEJ VQ OCOOCNKCP XQKEGUཔ +P #NVGPO½NNGT 'EMCTV 5EJOKFV 5CDKPG <KOOGTOCPP 'NMG 5IF &WPMV UJPO PG &NPUJPOBM $PNNVOJDBUJPO 'SPN 4PVOET JO /PO IVNBO .BNNBMT UP 4QFFDI BOE .VTJD JO .BO 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? 8CPFGP *QNG %JCTNQVVG 8CP &CGNG 2CWN # # ) &GUOGV 0KGNU &GXQU 2CWN #FTKCGPU &QOKPKSWG

ན&QGU UQEKCNKV[ KORN[ C EQORNGZ XQECN EQOOW PKECVKQP U[UVGO! # ECUG UVWF[ HQT 'VLPNZT NJDLMFNJ

$CVJ[GTIKFCG 4QFGPVKC #JPBDPVTUJDT 23 ཊ FQK

$)"15&3 30%&/5 = ? 9CVGTOCP ,CPG ན%JCRVGT /CNG /CVKPI 5VTCVG IKGU KP 4QFGPVUཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFD UJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? .QPI % 8 7PDBMJTBUJPOT PG UIF EFHV 1EVQFQP FGIWU B TPDJBM DBWJPNPSQI SPEFOU #JPBDPVTUJDT 16 RR ཊ FQK +550

= ? 5QNQOCP 0CPE[ ) -GCPG $TCKP ན%JCRVGT 4GRTQFWEVKXG 5VTCVGIKGU KP (GOCNG 4QFGPVUཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPH JDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? #PEKNNQVVQ .GQPCTFQ 5Q\KQ )KWNKC /QTVGNNKVK #NGUUKQ 4WUUQ &CPKNQ ན7NVTCUQPKE EQOOWPKECVKQP KP )NKTKFCG 4QFGPVKC VJG JC\GN FQTOQWUG .VTDBSEJOVT BWFMMBOBSJVT CU C ECUG UVWF[པ #JPBDPVTUJDT 23 ཊ FQK

= ? /E)WKTG $GVV[ $GTPKU 9KNNKCO ' ན%JCRVGT 2CTGPVCN %CTGཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3P EFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? 2CPMUGRR ,CCM $WTIFQTH ,Gា .CWIJKPIཔ TCVU CPF VJG GXQNWVKQPCT[ CPVGEGFGPVU QH JWOCP LQ[! 1IZTJ PMPHZ #FIBWJPS 79 ཊ FQK 5 2/+&

= ? *QNOGU 9CTTGP ) /CVGQ ,KNN / ན%JCRVGT -KP 4GEQIPKVKQP KP 4QFGPVU +UUWGU CPF 'XKFGPEGཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

= ? ན*GCTKPI TCPIGཔ .QWKUKCPC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? *CXGTMCOR 5KNMG 9CGUUNG *GKP\ &WGDGN ,GPU -WPGT 6JQOCU #WIWUVKPG )GQTIG , (GPI )WQRKPI 'WNGT 6JQOCU ན6JG RTKOQTFKCN DNWG EQPG EQNQT U[UVGO QH VJG OQWUG TGVKPCཔ +PVSOBM PG /FVSPTDJFODF 25 ཊ FQK ,0'7415%+ = ? *CPUQP #PPG ན9JCV FQ TCVU UGG! 3BU CFIBWJPS BOE CJPMPHZ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? 2KEMTGNN ,QJP ,WN[ ན7TKPG XKUKQP! *QY TQFGPVU EQOOWPKECVG YKVJ 78 NKIJVཔ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD /FXT 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? &GULCTFKPU % /CTWPKCM , # $TQPUQP ( *

ན5QEKCN TCPM KP JQWUG OKEG &KាGTGPVK CVKQP TGXGCNGF D[ WNVTCXKQNGV XKUWCNK\CVKQP QH WTKPCT[ OCTMKPI RCVVGTPUཔ 4DJFODF 182 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? 8KKVCNC , -QTRKO¥MK ' 2CNQMCPICU 2 -QKXWNC /

ན#VVTCEVKQP QH MGUVTGNU VQ XQNG UEGPV OCTMU XKU KDNG KP WNVTCXKQNGV NKIJVཔ /BUVSF 373 ཊ FQK C = ? ན8KDTCVKQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP KP OCOOCNUཔ .BQ PG -JGF $POWFSHFOU FWPMVUJPO POMJOF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CODTKFIG #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? 4CPFCNN , # ན'XQNWVKQP CPF HWPEVKQP QH FTWO OKPI CU EQOOWPKECVKQP KP OCOOCNUཔ "NFSJDBO ;PPMP HJTU 41 ཊ FQK KED = ? 4CPFCNN ,CP # /CVQES /CTLQTKG & ན9J[ FQ MCPICTQQ TCVU %JQPEPNZT TQFDUBCJMJT HQQV FTWO CV UPCMGU! #FIBWJPSBM &DPMPHZ 8 ཊ FQK DGJGEQ = ? 0CTKPU 2 / 4GKEJOCP 1 , ,CTXKU , 7 / .GYKU ' 4 ན5GKUOKE UKIPCN VTCPUOKUUKQP DG VYGGP DWTTQYU QH VJG %CRG OQNG TCV (FPSZDIVT DBQFO TJT +PVSOBM PG $PNQBSBUJWF 1IZTJPMPHZ <"> 170 ཊ FQK $(

= ? 'DGPURGTIGT .WKU # $NWOURGTIGT &CPKGN 6 ན%JCRVGT 0QPRCTGPVCN +PHCPVKEKFGཔ +P 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJFUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? *QQINCPF , . ན+PHCPVKEKFG KP RTCKTKG FQIU .CEVCVKPI HGOCNGU MKNN QាURTKPI QH ENQUG MKPཔ 4DJFODF 230 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? *CEMN¥PFGTC -NCWU /·UVND 'TKEJ #TPQNF 9CNVGT

ན4GRTQFWEVKXG UWRRTGUUKQP KP HGOCNG #NRKPG OCT OQVU .BSNPUB NBSNPUB "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 65 ཊ FQK CPDG = ? %JCTVGTU ,GUUKG $NQWPV #NNGP ན6JG CUUQEKCVKXG RTQEGUUGU QH VJG IWKPGC RKI # UVWF[ QH VJG RU[EJKECN FG XGNQROGPV QH CP CPKOCN YKVJ C PGTXQWU U[UVGO YGNN OGFWN NCVGF CV DKTVJཔ +PVSOBM PG $PNQBSBUJWF /FVSPMPHZ BOE 1TZDIPMPHZ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU XIV ཊ = ? ,CEQDU .WEKC ( .KOCP 'OKN[ 4 ན)TG[ USWKTTGNU TGOGODGT VJG NQECVKQPU QH DWTKGF PWVUཔ "O JNBM #FIBWJPVS 41 ཊ FQK U = ? ,CEQDU .WEKC ( ན/GOQT[ HQT ECEJG NQECVKQPU KP /GTTKCOཐU MCPICTQQ TCVUཔ "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 43 ཊ FQK 5 = ? *CTFKPI ' , 2CWN ' 5 /GPFN / ན#PKOCN DGJCXKQWT %QIPKVKXG DKCU CPF CាGEVKXG UVCVGཔ /BUVSF 427

FQK C 2/+& = ? 4[IWNC 4CHCN 2NWVC *GNGPC 2QRKM 2KQVT ན.CWIJKPI TCVU CTG QRVKOKUVKEཔ 1-P4 0/& 7 FQK LQWTPCN RQPG 2/% 2/+& = ? %CTN[NG -KO /CTEJ ན4CVU ECRCDNG QH TGីGEVKPI QP OGPVCN RTQEGUUGUཔ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH )GQTIKC 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

3&'&3&/$&4 = ? (QQVG #NNKUQP . %T[UVCN , & ན/GVCEQIPKVKQP KP VJG TCVཔ $VSSFOU #JPMPHZ 17 ཊ FQK L EWD 2/% 2/+& = ? 5OKVJ , &CXKF $GTCP / , %QWEJOCP , , %QWVKPJQ / 8 % ན6JG EQORCTCVKXG UVWF[ QH OGVCEQIPKVKQP 5JCTRGT RCTCFKIOU UCHGT KPHGTGPEGUཔ 1TZDIPOPNJD #VMMFUJO 3FWJFX 15 ཊ FQK 2$4 = ? ,Q\GHQYKG\ , 5VCFFQP , ' 4 %GTWVVK & 6 ན/GVCEQIPKVKQP KP CPKOCNU JQY FQ YG MPQY VJCV VJG[ MPQY! $PNQBSBUJWF $PHOJUJPO #FIBWJPS 3FWJFXT 4 ཊ FQK EEDT = ? *CPUQP #PPG ན*QY FQ TCVU EJQQUG YJCV VQ GCV! 3BU CFIBWJPS BOE CJPMPHZ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? )CNGH $GPPGVV ) .CNCPF -GXKP 0 ,WPG ན5QEKCN .GCTPKPI KP #PKOCNU 'ORKTKECN 5VWFKGU CPF 6JGQTGVKECN /QFGNUཔ #JP4DJFODF 55 ཊ FQK = UNKCGU? EQ = ? -C[ 'OKN[ * *QGMUVTC *QRK ' ན4QFGPVUཔ $VSSFOU #JPMPHZ 18 4 ཊ4 FQK L EWD = ? #UJGT 4QDGTV , /GPI ,KP 9KDNG ,QJP 4 /E-GPPC /CNEQNO % 4QWIKGT )WKNNGTOQ 9 &CUJ\GXGI &GO DGTN[P 0QXCEGM /KEJCGN , ན5VGO .CIQOQTRJC CPF VJG #PVKSWKV[ QH )NKTGUཔ 4DJFODF 307 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/+&

$GTPCTF /GT\GTCWF )KNNGU 6CDWEG 4QFQNRJG 8KCPG[ .KCWF /QPKSWG ན# PGY CPF RTKOKVKXG URGEKGU QH 1SPUPQIJPNZT 4QFGPVKC *[UVTKEQIPCVJK HTQO VJG NCVG OKFFNG 'QEGPG QH &LGDGN GN -ªDCT %GPVTCN 6WPKUKCཔ 1BMBFPWFSUFCSBUB 38 ཊ = ? )JGGTDTCPV 'OOCPWGN 4CIG ,GCP %NCWFG ན2CNGQDKQIGQITCRJ[ QH #HTKEC *QY FKUVKPEV HTQO )QPFYCPC CPF .CWTCUKC! 1BMBFPHFPHSBQIZ 1BMBFPDMJNBUPMPHZ 1BMBFPFDPMPHZ 241 ཊ FQK L RCNCGQ = ? 8ªNG\ ,WCTDG ,QTIG /CTVKP 6JQOCU /CERJGG 4QUU & ' ན6JG GCTNKGUV %CTKDDGCP TQFGPVU 1NKIQEGPG ECXKQOQTRJU HTQO 2WGTVQ 4KEQཔ +PVS OBM PG 7FSUFCSBUF 1BMFPOUPMPHZ 34 ཊ FQK = ? 8GMWC # $GPFWMKF\G 1 $WMJUKCPKF\G / 8CPKUJXKNK 0 #WIWUVK , /CTVKPG\ 0CXCTTQ $ 4QQM . ན2QTEWRKPG KP VJG .CVG 0GQIGPG CPF 3WCVGTPCT[ QH )GQT IKCཔ #VMMFUJO PG UIF (FPSHJBO /BUJPOBM "DBEFNZ 0G 4DJ FODFT 4 ཊ = ? ན)KCPV DGCXGTཔ /BUVSBM )JTUPSZ /PUFCPPLT %CPCFKCP /WUGWO QH 0CVWTG /C[ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQ DGT = ? 4KPFGTMPGEJV #PFTªU $NCPEQ 4 'TPGUVQ ན6JG NCTIGUV HQUUKN TQFGPVཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ # 275 ཊ FQK TURD 2/% 2/+&

= ? &QW\GT[ ' , 2 &GNUWE ( 5VCPJQRG / , *W EJQP & ན.QECN OQNGEWNCT ENQEMU KP VJTGG PWENGCT IGPGU FKXGTIGPEG VKOGU HQT TQFGPVU CPF QVJGT OCOOCNU CPF KPEQORCVKDKNKV[ COQPI HQUUKN ECNKDTCVKQPUཔ +PVSOBM PG .PMFDVMBS &WPMVUJPO 57 5 ཊ FQK U Z 2/+&

= ? $TGGF $KNN (QTF (TGF /BUJWF .JDF BOE 3BUT %5+41 2WDNKUJKPI RR CPF RCUUKO +5$0

= ? *QTPGT & 5 .GHMKOOKCVKU - 4G[GU # )KUUK % 5CEEQPG % 2GUQNG ) ན2J[NQIGPGVKE CPCN[UGU QH EQORNGVG OKVQEJQPFTKCN IGPQOG UGSWGPEGU UWIIGUV C DCUCN FKXGTIGPEG QH VJG GPKIOCVKE TQFGPV "OPNBMVSVT #.$ &WPMVUJPOBSZ #JPMPHZ 7 FQK 2/% 2/+&

= ? 4QYG - % 4GPQ / . 4KEJOQPF & / #FMKPU 4 / 5VGRRCP 5 , ན2NKQEGPG EQNQPK\CVKQP CPF CFCRVKXG TCFKCVKQPU KP #WUVTCNKC CPF 0GY )WKPGC 5CJWN OWNVKNQEWU U[UVGOCVKEU QH VJG QNF GPFGOKE TQFGPVU /WTQKFGC /WTKPCG .PMFD VMBS 1IZMPHFOFUJDT BOE &WPMVUJPO 47 ཊ FQK L [ORGX 2/+&

= ? ན6JG #EVKQP 2NCP HQT #WUVTCNKCP 4QFGPVUཔ 'PXKTQPOGPV #WUVTCNKC #RTKN 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

= ? 5EJGPM ,QJP , 4QYG -GXKP % 5VGRRCP 5EQVV ,

ན'EQNQIKECN QRRQTVWPKV[ CPF KPEWODGPE[ KP VJG = ? $CUMKP ,QP # 6JQOCU 4QPP[ ) ན5QWVJ 6GZCU CPF VJG )TGCV #OGTKECP +PVGTEJCPIGཔ (VMG $PBTU "TTPDJ FKXGTUKិECVKQP QH TGRGCVGF EQPVKPGPVCN EQNQPK\CVKQPU D[ BUJPO PG (FPMPHJDBM 4PDJFUJFT 5SBOTBDUJPOT 57 ཊ OWTQKF TQFGPVUཔ 4ZTUFNBUJD #JPMPHZ 62 ཊ FQK U[UDKQ U[V = ? /CTUJCNN . ) $WVNGT 4 ( &TCMG 4 ' %WTVKU ) * 6GFHQTF 4 * ན%CNKDTCVKQP QH VJG )TGCV = ? *QRMKPU 5COCPVJC 5 $ ན6JG GXQNWVKQP QH HQUUQ #OGTKECP +PVGTEJCPIGཔ 4DJFODF 204 ཊ TKCNKV[ CPF VJG CFCRVKXG TQNG QH JQTPU KP VJG /[NCICWNKFCG FQK UEKGPEG 2/+&

/COOCNKC 4QFGPVKC 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ # 272 ཊ FQK TURD = ? 5OKVJ /CTICTGV ( 2CVVQP ,COGU . ན2J[NQ IGPGVKE TGNCVKQPUJKRU CPF VJG TCFKCVKQP QH 5KIOQFQPVKPG = ? 5COWGNU ,QUJWC : <CPECPGNNC ,QJP ན#P GCTN[ TQFGPVU KP 5QWVJ #OGTKEC GXKFGPEG HTQO E[VQEJTQOG JGORJKNNKCP QEEWTTGPEG QH $BTUPS %CUVQTKFCG HTQO VJG Dཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMJBO &WPMVUJPO 6 ཊ 4CVVNGUPCMG (QTOCVKQP QH 1TGIQPཔ 85 RR ཊ FQK # FQK = ? /CTKXCWZ .CWTGPV 'UUKF 'N /CDTQWM /CT\QWIWK 9KU = ? 5VGRRCP 5EQVV , #RTKN ན4QFGPVKCཔ 5SFF PG UGO #OOCT *C[GV -JC[CVK #FPGV 5[NXCKP /CTCPFCV -JGF 8FC 1SPKFDU 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[

$)"15&3 30%&/5

= ? 5OKVJ #PFTGY 6 ན.CIQOQTRJཔ &ODZDMPQ¦EJB #SJUBO = ? ན'ZEGUUKXG VTCFG %NQVJGU CPF VTKOOKPIཔ )TCPD[ <QQ OJDB 'PE[ENQR§FKC $TKVCPPKEC 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? ན.CMQVC 3WKNNYQTM #TV CPF .GIGPFཔ #MVC .CMQVC /W UGWO CPF %WNVWTCN %GPVGT 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? 9W 5JCQ[WCP 9W 9GP[W <JCPI (WEJWP ;G ,KG 0K :KLWP 5WP ,KOKP 'FYCTFU 5EQVV 8 /GPI ,KP 1T = ? (KGFNGT .[PYQQF # ན4QFGPVU CU C (QQF 5QWTEGཔ ICP %JTKU . ན/QNGEWNCT CPF RCNGQPVQNQIKECN GXK 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF 'PVSUFFOUI 7FSUFCSBUF 1FTU $POGFSFODF FGPEG HQT C RQUV %TGVCEGQWU QTKIKP QH TQFGPVUཔ 1-04POF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC &CXKU RR ཊ FQK LQWTPCN RQPG = ? -PQYNVQP &CXKF ,WN[ ན)WKPGC 2KI 2GV QT (GU = ? 9QQF #NDGTV ' ན# 4GXKUGF %NCUUKáž·ECVKQP QH VKXG /GCNཔ $V[DP &BUT 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ VJG 4QFGPVUཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 36 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? /QTXGNK 9CNVGT %QTC\C -PQYNVQP &CXKF /CTEJ ན6TCFKVKQPCN /WF 5VQXGU CPF 1XGPU /CMG VJG $GUV = ? 9QQF #NDGTV ' ན#TG VJGTG TQFGPV UWD (QQFཔ $V[DP &BUT 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ QTFGTU! 4ZTUFNBUJD #JPMPHZ 7 ཊ FQK = ? ན)WKPGC RKIUཔ 452%# 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? %CTNGVQP / & /WUUGT ) ) ན1TFGT 4QFGP = ? ན2GV 4QFGPVUཔ 452%# 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG VKCཔ +P 9KNUQP &QP ' 4GGFGT &GG#PP / .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME " 5BYPOPNJD BOE (FPHSBQIJD 3FG = ? $TQGMGN 4C[ (FSCJM 1FUT BOE 0UIFS 4NBMM 3PEFOUT %JKNFTGPU 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 FSFODF 7PMVNF ,*7 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? ན+PVTQFWEVKQP VQ VJG 4QFGPVKCཔ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC /WUGWO QH 2CNGQPVQNQI[ 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? *QPG[EWVV 4QFPG[ . ན4QFGPVU 4QFGPVKC +P

*GFIGU 5 $ -WOCT 5 5IF 5JNFUSFF PG -JGF 1ZHQTF = ? 9QNា ,GTT[ 1 5JGTOCP 2CWN 9 3PEFOU 4PDJ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF FUJFT "O &DPMPHJDBM BOE &WPMVUJPOBSZ 1FSTQFDUJWF 7PKXGT UKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? #OQTK ) )KRRQNKVK 5 ན# JKIJGT VCZQP CR RTQCEJ VQ TQFGPV EQPUGTXCVKQP RTKQTKVKGU HQT VJG UV EGP VWT[པ "OJNBM #JPEJWFSTJUZ $POTFSWBUJPO 26 ཊ = ? -TKPMG )GQTIG , $WNNQEM )KNNKCP 4 $WPVQP 6TCEKG = ? /QTICP ) 5 ན3WCVGTPCT[ NCPF XGTVGDTCVGU QH ,C OCKECཔ (FPMPHJDBM 4PDJFUZ PG "NFSJDB .FNPJS 182 ཊ FQK OGO R

ན*KUVQT[ UVTCKPU CPF OQFGNUཔ 5IF -BCPSB UPSZ 3BU )BOECPPL PG &YQFSJNFOUBM "OJNBMT #ECFGOKE 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 :

= ? /QTUG *GTDGTV % ན6JG .CDQTCVQT[ /QWUG # *KUVQTKECN #UUGUUOGPVཔ +P (QUVGT *GPT[ 5IF .PVTF JO #JPNFEJDBM 3FTFBSDI )JTUPSZ (FOFUJDT BOE 8JME .JDF 'NUGXKGT RR YJ +5$0 )WF[PCU 'FWCTFQ .KFKEMGT 9KNNKCO <CPFGT GF 3PEFOUT " 8PSME 4VSWFZ PG 4QFDJFT PG $POTFSWBUJPO = ? )CF 5JC[PG % "OJNBM .PEFMT JO 5PYJDPMPHZ $PODFSO #BTFE PO UIF 1SPDFFEJOHT PG B 8PSLTIPQ PG UIF

PF GF 6C[NQT (TCPEKU RR ཊ +5$0 *6$/ 44$ 3PEFOU 4QFDJBMJTU (SPVQ )FME BU UIF 'PVSUI *O UFSOBUJPOBM 5IFSJPMPHJDBM $POHSFTT "VHVTU &E NPOUPO "MCFSUB $BOBEB +7%0 R = ? *CTMPGUU ,QJP ' 9CIPGT ,QUGRJ ' 5IF #J PMPHZ BOE .FEJDJOF PG 3BCCJUT BOE 3PEFOUT 9KNNKCOU $WEMNG # 2 (GPP / ) 2 ན4QFGPV %QPVTQN 9KNMKPU RR ཊ +5$0 KP VJG %QPUGTXCVKQP QH 'PFCPIGTGF 5RGEKGUཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF UI 7FSUFCSBUF 1FTU $POGFSFODF *[CVV 0GYRQTVGT = ? )WGTTKPK #PKVC &YQFSJNFOUJOH XJUI )VNBOT BOE "OJNBMT ,QJPU *QRMKPU RR ཊ +5$0 0GYRQTV $GCEJ %CNKHQTPKC 2CRGT ཊ /CTEJ *KPFYQQF - # ན$KTFU QH .QTF *QYG +UNCPFཔ = ? )TC[ 6CTC ན# $TKGH *KUVQT[ QH #PKOCNU KP &NV 40 ཊ FQK OW 5RCEGཔ 0CVKQPCN #GTQPCWVKEU CPF 5RCEG #FOKPKUVTCVKQP ན.WPF[ RWឹPU DCEM HTQO VJG DTKPMཔ ##$ %FWPO 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ (GDTWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? 5JGTYKP % / ན 6JG *WUDCPFT[ CPF 9GNHCTG /KVEJGNN *GCVJGT /C[ ན2WឹPU C RNGPV[! 0GY QH 0QP VTCFKVKQPCN .CDQTCVQT[ 4QFGPVUཔ +P *WDTGEJV 4 JQRG HQT .WPF[ CPF QVJGT 7- UGCDKTF KUNCPFUཔ 452$ -KTMYQQF , 6'"8 )BOECPPL PO UIF $BSF BOE .BOBHF 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG NFOU PG -BCPSBUPSZ "OJNBMT 9KNG[ $NCEMYGNN RR ཊ (GKPUVGKP -GNN[ /CTEJ ན(GNVKPI C DGCXGT JCVཔ 'BTIJPOBCMF 'FMUFE 'VS 7% 5CPVC %TW\ 4GVTKGXGF = ? 9KPGU /KEJCGN /C[ ན)CODKCP TQFGPVU TKUM 5GRVGODGT FGCVJ HQT DCPCPCUཔ 5IF "HF 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG

= ? ན4QFGPV %QPUGTXCVKQP #UUGUUOGPVཔ 9#<# 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ?

= ?

= ? = ? = ?

= ?

= ? +PPKU *CTQNF # 5IF 'VS 5SBEF JO $BOBEB "O = ? /JGNGNC *CUUCP 5GRVGODGT ན)KCPV TCVU *OUSPEVDUJPO UP $BOBEJBO &DPOPNJD )JTUPSZ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH VTCKPGF VQ FGVGEV NCPF OKPGU CPF VWDGTEWNQUKU KP #HTKECཔ 6QTQPVQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 $$% 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG

'635)&3 3&"%*/( = ? $CMCNCT 0KEJQNCU ,CPWCT[ ན&GVGEVKPI 6WDGT EWNQUKU 0Q /KETQUEQRGU ,WUV 4CVUཔ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? *CTFGT $GP /C[ ན5EKGPVKUVU ན&TKXGཔ TCVU D[ TG OQVG EQPVTQNཔ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGO DGT = ? 5QNQP 1 5GRVGODGT ན/CPཐU OKUUKQP VQ DWKNF TGOQVG EQPVTQN U[UVGOU HQT FQIU TQCEJGU CPF UJCTMUཔ 8JSFE 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? :W 5 6CNYCT 5 - *CYNG[ ' 5 .K . %JCRKP , - ན# OWNVK EJCPPGN VGNGOGVT[ U[UVGO HQT DTCKP OKETQUVKOWNCVKQP KP HTGGN[ TQCOKPI CPKOCNUཔ +PVSOBM PG /FVSPTDJFODF .FUIPET 133 ཊ ཊ FQK L LPGWOGVJ = ? /GGTDWTI $ ) 5KPINGVQP ) 4 .GKTU * ན6JG ;GCT QH VJG 4CV GPFU VKOG VQ ិIJV JWPIGT 1FTU .BOBHF NFOU 4DJFODF 65 ཊ FQK RU 2/+& = ? 5VGPUGVJ 0KNU %JT .GKTU *GTYKI 5MQPJQHV #PFGTU &CXKU 5VGRJGP # 2GEJ 4QIGT 2 #PFTGCUUGP *CTT[ 2 5KPINGVQP )TCPV 4 .KOC /CWTKEKQ /CEJCPI W 4QDGTV 5 /CMWPFK 4JQFGU * <JCPI <JKDKP $TQYP 2GVGT 4 5JK &C\JCQ 9CP :KPTQPI ན/KEG TCVU CPF RGQRNG 6JG DKQ GEQPQOKEU QH CITKEWNVWTCN TQFGPV RGUVUཔ 'SPOUJFST JO &DPMPHZ BOE UIF &OWJSPONFOU 1 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? /GGTDWTI $ ) 5KPINGVQP ) 4 -KLNUVTC #

ན4QFGPV DQTPG FKUGCUGU CPF VJGKT TKUMU HQT RWDNKE JGCNVJཔ $SJUJDBM 3FWJFXT JO .JDSPCJPMPHZ 35 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? /E%QTOKEM / ན4CVU EQOOWPKECVKQPU CPF RNCIWG 6QYCTF CP GEQNQIKECN JKUVQT[པ +PVS OBM PG *OUFSEJTDJQMJOBSZ )JTUPSZ 34 ཊ FQK = ? /GGTDWTI $ ) 5KPINGVQP ) 4 -KLNUVTC #

ན4QFGPV DQTPG FKUGCUGU CPF VJGKT TKUMU HQT RWDNKE JGCNVJཔ $SJUJDBM 3FWJFXT JO .JDSPCJPMPHZ 35 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? ན4QFGPV DQTPG FKUGCUGUཔ 'WTQRGCP %GPVTG HQT &KUGCUG 2TGXGPVKQP CPF %QPVTQN 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? ན&KUGCUGU KPFKTGEVN[ VTCPUOKVVGF D[ TQFGPVUཔ %GPVGTU HQT &KUGCUG %QPVTQN CPF 2TGXGPVKQP 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? %GPVGTU HQT &KUGCUG %QPVTQN CPF 2TGXGPVKQP *OUFHSBUFE QFTU NBOBHFNFOU DPOEVDUJOH VSCBO SPEFOU TVS WFZT #VNCPVC 75 &GRCTVOGPV QH *GCNVJ CPF *WOCP 5GT XKEGU = ? 9QF\KEMK - ན2TQURGEVU HQT DKQNQIKECN EQPVTQN QH TQFGPV RQRWNCVKQPUཔ #VMMFUJO PG UIF 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJ [BUJPO 48 ཊ 2/% = ? ན4QFGPV EQPVTQN KP CITKEWNVWTG CP *)%# IWKFGཔ #ITK EWNVWTG CPF *QTVKEWNVWTG &GXGNQROGPV $QCTF 4G VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

8.7 Further reading • %CTNGVQP / & /WUUGT ) ) ན1TFGT 4QFGPVKCཔ RCIGU ཊ KP 9KNUQP 4GGFGT • /E-GPPC /CNEQNO % $GNN 5WUCP - $MBTTJણDBUJPO PG .BNNBMT "CPWF UIF 4QFDJFT -FWFM %QNWODKC 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 • 9KNUQP & ' 4GGFGT & / GF .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME " 5BYPOPNJD BOE (FPHSBQIJD 3FGFSFODF ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0

8.8 External links Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy • #TEJªQ<QQ6J©SWG 4QFGPV QUVGQNQI[ RJQVQU • #TEJªQ<QQ6J©SWG 4QFGPV UMGNGVQP FTCYKPIU Various • #HTKECP TQFGPVKC • 4QFGPV RJQVQU • 4QFGPV 5RGEKGU (CEV 5JGGVU HTQO VJG 0CVKQPCN 2GUV /CPCIGOGPV #UUQEKCVKQP QP &GGT /KEG 0QTYC[ 4CVU CPF QVJGT TQFGPV URGEKGU

Chapter 9

Squirrel 6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG USWKTTGN HCOKN[ 5EKWTKFCG CU C YJQNG (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG 5SWKTTGN FKUCODKIWCVKQP Squirrels CTG OGODGTU QH VJG HCOKN[ Sciuridae EQPUKUV KPI QH UOCNN QT OGFKWO UK\G TQFGPVU 6JG HCOKN[ KPENWFGU VTGG USWKTTGNU ITQWPF USWKTTGNU EJKROWPMU OCTOQVU KP ENWFKPI YQQFEJWEMU ី[KPI USWKTTGNU CPF RTCKTKG FQIU 5SWKTTGNU CTG KPFKIGPQWU VQ VJG #OGTKECU 'WTCUKC CPF #HTKEC CPF JCXG DGGP KPVTQFWEGF VQ #WUVTCNKC = ? 6JG GCTNKGUV MPQYP USWKTTGNU FCVG HTQO VJG 'QEGPG CPF CTG OQUV ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ VJG OQWPVCKP DGCXGT CPF VQ VJG FQTOQWUG COQPI NKXKPI TQFGPV HCOKNKGU

9.1 Etymology 3FBDIJOH PVU GPS GPPE PO B HBSEFO CJSE GFFEFS UIJT TRVJSSFM DBO

6JG YQTF ནUSWKTTGNཔ ិTUV URGEKិGF KP EQOGU HTQO SPUBUF JUT IJOE GFFU BMMPXJOH JU UP EFTDFOE B USFF IFBE ણSTU #PINQ 0QTOCP FTRVJSFM HTQO VJG 1NF (TGPEJ FTDVSFM VJG TGីGZ QH C .CVKP YQTF TDJVSVT 6JKU .CVKP YQTF YCU DQT TQYGF HTQO VJG #PEKGPV )TGGM YQTF ͺͱͦͶͼ͸Ͷ͹ TLJPVSPT YJKEJ OGCPU UJCFQY VCKNGF TGHGTTKPI VQ VJG DWUJ[ CR +P IGPGTCN VJG JKPF NKODU CTG NQPIGT VJCP VJG HQTG NKODU CPF VJG[ JCXG HQWT QT ិXG VQGU QP GCEJ RCY 6JGKT RCYU RGPFCIG RQUUGUUGF D[ OCP[ QH KVU OGODGTU = ?= ? KPENWFG CP QHVGP RQQTN[ FGXGNQRGF VJWOD CPF JCXG UQHV 6JG PCVKXG 1NF 'PINKUJ YQTF HQT VJG USWKTTGN ÁDXF RCFU QP VJG WPFGTUKFGU = ? 7PNKMG OQUV OCOOCNU 6TGG PSOB UWTXKXGF QPN[ KPVQ /KFFNG 'PINKUJ CU BRVFSOF USWKTTGNU ECP FGUEGPF C VTGG JGCF ិTUV 6JG[ FQ UQ D[ DGHQTG DGKPI TGRNCEGF = ? 6JG 1NF 'PINKUJ YQTF KU QH TQVCVKPI VJGKT CPMNGU FGITGGU UQ VJG JKPF RCYU CTG %QOOQP )GTOCPKE QTKIKP CPF EQIPCVGU WUGF D[ QVJGT DCEMYCTF RQKPVKPI CPF ECP ITKR VJG VTGG DCTM = ? EQWPVTKGU VQ PCOG VJG USWKTTGN KPENWFG VJG )GTOCP &JDII I¶SODIFO FKOKPWVKXG QH &JDIIPSO YJKEJ KU PQV WUGF VJG 5SWKTTGNU NKXG KP CNOQUV GXGT[ JCDKVCV HTQO VTQRKECN 0QTYGIKCP JLPSO FLPSO VJG &WVEJ FFLIPPSO VJG 5YGFKUJ TCKPHQTGUV VQ UGOKCTKF FGUGTV CXQKFKPI QPN[ VJG JKIJ RQNCT TGIKQPU CPF VJG FTKGUV QH FGUGTVU 6JG[ CTG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ FLPSSF CPF VJG &CPKUJ FHFSO JGTDKXQTQWU UWDUKUVKPI QP UGGFU CPF PWVU DWV OCP[ YKNN GCV KPUGEVU CPF GXGP UOCNN XGTVGDTCVGU = ?

9.2 Characteristics

5SWKTTGNU CTG IGPGTCNN[ UOCNN CPKOCNU TCPIKPI KP UK\G HTQO VJG #HTKECP R[IO[ USWKTTGN CV ཊ EO ཊ KP KP NGPIVJ CPF LWUV I Q\ KP YGKIJV VQ VJG #NRKPG OCTOQV YJKEJ KU ཊ EO ཊ KP NQPI CPF YGKIJU HTQO VQ MI VQ ND 5SWKTTGNU V[RKECNN[ JCXG UNGPFGT DQFKGU YKVJ DWUJ[ VCKNU CPF NCTIG G[GU +P IGP GTCN VJGKT HWT KU UQHV CPF UKNM[ CNVJQWIJ OWEJ VJKEMGT KP UQOG URGEKGU VJCP QVJGTU 6JG EQNQT QH USWKTTGNU KU JKIJN[ XCTKCDNG DGVYGGPཋCPF QHVGP GXGP YKVJKPཋURGEKGU = ?

#U VJGKT NCTIG G[GU KPFKECVG KP IGPGTCN USWKTTGNU JCXG CP GZEGNNGPV UGPUG QH XKUKQP YJKEJ KU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV HQT VTGG FYGNNKPI URGEKGU 6JG[ CNUQ JCXG XGT[ XGTUCVKNG CPF UVWTF[ ENCYU HQT ITCURKPI CPF ENKODKPI = ? /CP[ CNUQ JCXG C IQQF UGPUG QH VQWEJ YKVJ XKDTKUUCG QP VJGKT JGCFU CPF NKODU = ? 6JG VGGVJ QH UEKWTKFU HQNNQY VJG V[RKECN TQFGPV RCVVGTP YKVJ NCTIG IPCYKPI KPEKUQTU VJCV ITQY VJTQWIJQWV NKHG CPF ITKPFKPI EJGGM VGGVJ UGV DCEM DGJKPF C YKFG ICR QT FKCUVGOC 6JG V[RKECN FGPVCN HQTOWNC HQT UEKWTKFU KU

#&)"7*03

9.3.1 Feeding

4LVMM PG BO 0SJFOUBM HJBOU TRVJSSFM HFOVT 4CVWHC OPUF UIF DMBTTJD TDJVSPNPSQIPVT TIBQF PG UIF BOUFSJPS [ZHPNBUJD SFHJPO

4RVJSSFM FBUJOH B GSVJU JO .BOZBSB /BUJPOBM 1BSL 5BO[BOJB

/QUV USWKTTGNU FKG KP VJG ិTUV [GCT QH NKHG #FWNV USWKTTGNU ECP JCXG C NKHGURCP QH VQ [GCTU KP VJG YKNF 5QOG ECP UWTXKXG VQ [GCTU KP ECRVKXKV[ = ?

9.3 Behavior

4RVJSSFM FBUJOH B QFBOVU

4FWFSBM TQFDJFT PG TRVJSSFMT IBWF NFMBOJTUJD QIBTFT *O MBSHF QBSUT PG 6OJUFE 4UBUFT BOE $BOBEB UIF NPTU DPNNPO WBSJFUZ TFFO JO VSCBO BSFBT JT UIF NFMBOJTUJD GPSN PG UIF FBTUFSO HSBZ TRVJSSFM

5SWKTTGNU DTGGF QPEG QT VYKEG C [GCT CPF IKXG DKTVJ VQ C XCT[KPI PWODGT QH [QWPI CHVGT VJTGG VQ UKZ YGGMU FG RGPFKPI QP URGEKGU 6JG [QWPI CTG DQTP PCMGF VQQVJNGUU CPF DNKPF +P OQUV URGEKGU QH USWKTTGN QPN[ VJG HGOCNG NQQMU CHVGT VJG [QWPI YJKEJ CTG YGCPGF CV CTQWPF UKZ VQ VGP YGGMU QH CIG CPF DGEQOG UGZWCNN[ OCVWTG CV VJG GPF QH VJGKT ិTUV [GCT +P IGPGTCN ITQWPF FYGNNKPI URGEKGU CTG UQEKCN CPKOCNU QHVGP NKXKPI KP YGNN FGXGNQRGF EQNQPKGU DWV VJG VTGG FYGNNKPI URGEKGU CTG OQTG UQNKVCT[ = ?

5SWKTTGNU ECPPQV FKIGUV EGNNWNQUG UQ VJG[ OWUV TGN[ QP HQQFU TKEJ KP RTQVGKP ECTDQJ[FTCVGU CPF HCVU +P VGO RGTCVG TGIKQPU GCTN[ URTKPI KU VJG JCTFGUV VKOG QH [GCT HQT USWKTTGNU DGECWUG DWTKGF PWVU DGIKP VQ URTQWV CPF CTG PQ NQPIGT CXCKNCDNG HQT VJG USWKTTGN VQ GCV CPF PGY HQQF UQWTEGU JCXG PQV DGEQOG CXCKNCDNG [GV &WTKPI VJGUG VKOGU USWKTTGNU TGN[ JGCXKN[ QP VJG DWFU QH VTGGU 5SWKT TGNUཐ FKGVU EQPUKUV RTKOCTKN[ QH C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH RNCPVU KP ENWFKPI PWVU UGGFU EQPKHGT EQPGU HTWKVU HWPIK CPF ITGGP XGIGVCVKQP *QYGXGT UQOG USWKTTGNU CNUQ EQPUWOG OGCV GURGEKCNN[ YJGP HCEGF YKVJ JWPIGT = ? 5SWKTTGNU JCXG DGGP MPQYP VQ GCV KPUGEVU GIIU UOCNN DKTFU [QWPI UPCMGU CPF UOCNNGT TQFGPVU +PFGGF UQOG VTQRKECN URGEKGU JCXG UJKHVGF CNOQUV GPVKTGN[ VQ C FKGV QH KPUGEVU = ?

2TGFCVQT[ DGJCXKQT JCU DGGP PQVGF D[ XCTKQWU URGEKGU QH ITQWPF USWKTTGNU KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG VJKTVGGP NKPGF ITQWPF USWKTTGN = ? (QT GZCORNG $CKNG[ C UEKGPVKUV KP VJG U QDUGTXGF C VJKTVGGP NKPGF ITQWPF USWKTTGN RTG[KPI WRQP C [QWPI EJKEMGP = ? 9KUVTCPF TGRQTVGF UGGKPI VJKU UCOG )TQWPF CPF VTGG USWKTTGNU CTG V[RKECNN[ FKWTPCN QT URGEKGU GCVKPI C HTGUJN[ MKNNGF UPCMG = ? 9JKVCMGT GZCO ETGRWUEWNCT = ? YJKNG ី[KPI USWKTTGNU VGPF VQ DG KPGF VJG UVQOCEJU QH VJKTVGGP NKPGF ITQWPF USWKTTGNU PQEVWTPCNཋGZEGRV HQT NCEVCVKPI ី[KPI USWKTTGNU CPF VJGKT CPF HQWPF DKTF ីGUJ KP HQWT QH VJG URGEKOGPU CPF VJG QាURTKPI YJKEJ JCXG C RGTKQF QH FKWTPCNKV[ FWTKPI VJG TGOCKPU QH C UJQTV VCKNGF UJTGY KP QPG = ? $TCFNG[ GZ UWOOGT = ? COKPKPI YJKVG VCKNGF CPVGNQRG USWKTTGNU UVQOCEJU HQWPF

$)"15&3 426*33&-

4RVJSSFM GSPN UIF KVOHMF PG "MXBS 3BKBTUIBO

• #NRKPG OCTOQV .BSNPUB NBSNPUB QH VJG /CTOQVKPK

5IF *OEJBO QBMN TRVJSSFM JT UIF NPTU DPNNPO UZQF PG TRVJSSFM JO *OEJB

" EPNFTUJD TRVJSSFM

6JG NKXKPI USWKTTGNU CTG FKXKFGF KPVQ ិXG UWDHCOKNKGU YKVJ CDQWV IGPGTC CPF UQOG URGEKGU = ? 6JG CV NGCUV QH JKU URGEKOGPUཐ UVQOCEJU EQPVCKPGF QNFGUV USWKTTGN HQUUKN )FTQFSPQFUFT FCVGU DCEM VQ VJG UQOG V[RG QH XGTVGDTCVG OQUVN[ NK\CTFU CPF TQFGPVU = ? %JCFTQPKCP NCVG 'QEGPG CDQWV ཊ OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ /QTICTV QDUGTXGF C YJKVG VCKNGF CPVGNQRG USWKTTGN ECRVWT CPF KU UKOKNCT VQ OQFGTP ី[KPI USWKTTGNU = ? = ? KPI CPF GCVKPI C UKNM[ RQEMGV OQWUG # XCTKGV[ QH HQUUKN USWKTTGNU HTQO VJG NCVGUV 'QEGPG VQ VJG /KQEGPG EQWNF PQV DG CUUKIPGF YKVJ EGTVCKPV[ VQ CP[ NKX KPI NKPGCIG #V NGCUV UQOG QH VJGUG RTQDCDN[ YGTG XCTKCPVU 9.4 Taxonomy QH VJG QNFGUV DCUCN ནRTQVQUSWKTTGNUཔ KP VJG UGPUG VJCV VJG[ NCEMGF VJG HWNN TCPIG QH NKXKPI USWKTTGNUཐ CWVCRQOQTRJKGU • )TK\\NGF IKCPV USWKTTGN 3BUVGB NBDSPVSB QH VJG 6JG FKUVTKDWVKQP CPF FKXGTUKV[ QH UWEJ CPEKGPV CPF CPEGU 4CVWិPCG VTCN HQTOU UWIIGUV VJG USWKTTGNU CU C ITQWR OC[ JCXG QTKI • 5QWVJGTP ី[KPI USWKTTGN (MBVDPNZT WPMBOT QH VJG KPCVGF KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC = ? 2VGTQO[KPK #RCTV HTQO VJGUG UQOGVKOGU NKVVNG MPQYP HQUUKN HQTOU • 2TGXQUVཐU USWKTTGN $BMMPTDJVSVT QSFWPTUJ QH VJG VJG RJ[NQIGP[ QH VJG NKXKPI USWKTTGNU KU HCKTN[ UVTCKIJVHQT YCTF 6JG VJTGG OCKP NKPGCIGU CTG VJG 4CVWិPCG 1TKGP %CNNQUEKWTKPK VCN IKCPV USWKTTGNU 5EKWTKNNKPCG CPF CNN QVJGT UWDHCOKNKGU • 7PUVTKRGF ITQWPF USWKTTGN 9FSVT SVUJMVT QH VJG 6JG 4CVWិPCG EQPVCKP C OGTG JCPFHWN QH NKXKPI URGEKGU KP :GTKPK VTQRKECN #UKC 6JG PGQVTQRKECN R[IO[ USWKTTGN QH VTQRKECN

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ី[KPI USWKTTGNU 2VGTQO[KPK CPF VJG 5EKWTKPK YJKEJ COQPI QVJGTU EQPVCKPU VJG #OGTKECP VTGG USWKTTGNU VJG HQTOGT JCXG QHVGP DGGP EQPUKFGTGF C UGRCTCVG UWDHCOKN[ DWV CTG PQY UGGP CU C VTKDG QH VJG 5EK WTKPCG 6JG RKPG USWKTTGNU 5BNJBTDJVSVT QP VJG QVJGT JCPF CTG WUWCNN[ KPENWFGF YKVJ VJG OCKP VTGG USWKTTGN NKPGCIG DWV CRRGCT VQ DG CDQWV CU FKUVKPEV CU VJG ី[KPI USWKTTGNU JGPEG VJG[ CTG UQOGVKOGU EQPUKFGTGF C FKUVKPEV VTKDG 6COKCUEKWTKPK = ?

XGT[ EQNQTHWN HWT 6JG :GTKPCGཋVJG NCTIGUV UWDHCOKN[ཋ CTG OCFG WR HTQO VJG OCKPN[ VGTTGUVTKCN ITQWPF NKXKPI HQTOU CPF KPENWFG VJG NCTIG OCTOQVU CPF VJG RQRWNCT RTCKTKG FQIU COQPI QVJGTU CU YGNN CU VJG VTGG USWKTTGNU QH #HTKEC VJG[ VGPF VQ DG OQTG ITGICTKQWU VJCP QVJGT USWKTTGNU YJKEJ FQ PQV WUWCNN[ NKXG VQIGVJGT KP ENQUG MPKV ITQWRU = ? • $CUCN CPF JODFSUBF TFEJT 5EKWTKFCG CNN HQUUKN • )FTQFSPQFUFT • ,IFSFN

• -BHSJWFB

• 0MJHPTDJVSVT

• 1MFTJPTDJVSVT

• 1SPTQFSNPQIJMVT • 4DJVSJPO

• 4JNJMJTDJVSVT • 4JOPUBNJBT

• 7VMDBOJTDJVSVT • 5WDHCOKN[ %GFTQOWTKPCG HQUUKN • 5WDHCOKN[ 4CVWិPCG ཊ 1TKGPVCN IKCPV USWKTTGNU IGPWU URGEKGU • 5WDHCOKN[ 5EKWTKNNKPCG ཊ PGQVTQRKECN R[IO[ USWKTTGN

OQPQV[RKE &BTUFSO HSBZ TRVJSSFM JO B USFF

• 5WDHCOKN[ 5EKWTKPCG • 6TKDG 5EKWTKPK ཊ VTGG USWKTTGNU IGPGTC CDQWV URGEKGU • 6TKDG 2VGTQO[KPK ཊ VTWG ី[KPI USWKTTGNU IGPGTC CDQWV URGEKGU • 5WDHCOKN[ %CNNQUEKWTKPCG ཊ #UKCP QTPCVG USWKTTGNU • 6TKDG %CNNQUEKWTKPK IGPGTC PGCTN[ URGEKGU

4RVJSSFM FBUJOH HSBJOT

6YQ QH VJG VJTGG UWDHCOKNKGU CTG QH CDQWV GSWCN UK\G EQP VCKPKPI DGVYGGP PGCTN[ CPF URGEKGU GCEJ VJG VJKTF KU CDQWV VYKEG CU NCTIG 6JG 5EKWTKPCG EQPVCKPU CTDQ TGCN VTGG NKXKPI USWKTTGNU OCKPN[ QH VJG #OGTKECU CPF VQ C NGUUGT GZVGPV 'WTCUKC 6JG %CNNQUEKWTKPCG KU OQUV FK XGTUG KP VTQRKECN #UKC CPF EQPVCKPU USWKTTGNU VJCV CTG CNUQ CTDQTGCN DWV JCXG C OCTMGFN[ FKាGTGPV JCDKVWU CPF CR RGCT OQTG ནGNGICPVཔ CP GាGEV GPJCPEGF D[ VJGKT QHVGP

• 6TKDG (WPCODWNKPK RCNO USWKTTGNU IGPWU URGEKGU • 5WDHCOKN[ :GTKPCG ཊ VGTTGUVTKCN USWKTTGNU • 6TKDG :GTKPK ཊ URKP[ USWKTTGNU IGPGTC URGEKGU • 6TKDG 2TQVQZGTKPK IGPGTC CDQWV URGEKGU

• 6TKDG /CTOQVKPK ཊ ITQWPF USWKTTGNU OCTOQVU EJKROWPMU RTCKTKG FQIU GVE IGPGTC CDQWV URGEKGU

9.5 See also • #OGTKECP TGF USWKTTGN • #PKOCN VTCEM • (QZ USWKTTGN • 2WTRNG USWKTTGN • 4GF USWKTTGN • 5SWKTTGN TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ JWOCPU • 9GUVGTP ITC[ USWKTTGN

9.6 Notes = ? 5GGDGEM , * ན5EKWTKFCGཔ 'BVOB PG "VTUSBMJB 4GVTKGXGF = ? ནUSWKTTGN O 5IF 0YGPSE &OHMJTI %JDUJPOBSZ PF GF 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? 9JKVCMGT 'NOCP = ? ན5SWKTTGNཔ 0OMJOF &UZNPMPHZ %JDUJPOBSZ 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? 6TGG 5SWKTTGNU 8JMEMJGF 0OMJOF 0QXGODGT = ? /KNVQP

$)"15&3 426*33&= ? $CKNG[ $ ན/GCV GCVKPI RTQRGPUKVKGU QH UQOG TQ FGPVU QH /KPPGUQVCཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 4 = ? 9KUVTCPF ' * ན2TGFCVKQP QP C 5PCMG D[ 4QFS NPQIJMVT USJEFDFNMJOFBUVT "NFSJDBO .JEMBOE /BUVSBM JTU 88 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? 9JKVCMGT , 1 ན(QQF CPF GZVGTPCN RCTCUKVGU QH 4QFSNPQIJMVT USJEFDFNMJOFBUVT KP 8KIQ %QWPV[ +P FKCPCཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ 53 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? $TCFNG[ 9 ) ན(QQF JCDKVU QH VJG CPVGNQRG ITQWPF USWKTTGN KP UQWVJGTP 0GXCFCཔ +PVSOBM PG .BN NBMPHZ 49 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? /QTICTV , 4 /C[ ན%CTPKXQTQWU DGJCXKQT D[ C YJKVG VCKNGF CPVGNQRG ITQWPF USWKTTGN "NNPTQFSNPQIJMVT MFVDVSVT 5IF 4PVUIXFTUFSO /BUVSBMJTU 30 ཊ FQK ,5614 = ? 9KNUQP & ' 4GGFGT & / ན%NCUU /COOCNKC .KPPCGWU +P <JCPI < 3 'F #PKOCN DKQFKXGT UKV[ #P QWVNKPG QH JKIJGT NGXGN ENCUUKិECVKQP CPF UWTXG[ QH VCZQPQOKE TKEJPGUUཔ ;PPUBYB 3148 ཊ = ? 'OT[ 4 , -QTVJ 9 9 ན# PGY IGPWU QH USWKTTGN 4QFGPVKC 5EKWTKFCG HTQO VJG OKF %GPQ\QKE QH 0QTVJ #OGTKECཔ +PVSOBM PG 7FSUF CSBUF 1BMFPOUPMPHZ 27 FQK = #0)154? %1

= ? 6JQTKPIVQP 4KEJCTF 9 -QRTQYUMK ,QJP . 5VGGNG /KEJCGN # 9JCVVQP ,COGU ( 4RVJSSFMT PG UIF 8PSME ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0

= ? 5VGRRCP *COO

= ? 5SWKTTGN 2NCEG USWKTTGNU QTI 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

9.7 References

= ? ན5SWKTTGNཔ *QY5VWា9QTMU = ? 6JQTKPIVQP 4KEJCTF 9 -QRTQYUMK ,QJP . 5VGGNG /KEJCGN # 9JCVVQP ,COGU ( 4RVJSSFMT PG UIF 8PSME ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? ན4GF )TC[ 5SWKTTGNU KP /CUUCEJWUGVVUཔ .BTT8JMEMJGF /CUUCEJWUGVVU &KXKUKQP QH (KUJGTKGU CPF 9KNFNKHG 4G VTKGXGF #RTKN = ? 6·TOÂ¥NÂ¥ 6KOQ 8WQTKPGP *CPPW *QMMCPGP *GKMMK

ན6KOKPI QH EKTECFKCP CEVKXKV[ KP VJG ី[KPI USWKTTGN KP EGPVTCN (KPNCPFཔ "DUB 5IFSJPMPHJDB 25 ཊ ཊ FQK CV CTEJ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? 4KEJCTF 9 6JQTKPIVQP -CVKG (GTTGNN 4RVJSSFMT UIF BOJ NBM BOTXFS HVJEF ,*7 2TGUU +5$0 +5$0 R = ? (TKIIGPU / ན%CTPKXQT[ QP &GUGTV %QVVQPVCKNU D[ 6GZCU #PVGNQRG )TQWPF 5SWKTTGNUཔ 5IF 4PVUIXFTU FSO /BUVSBMJTU 47 ཊ FQK ,5614

= ? 5VGRRCP FU BM 5VGRRCP *COO

• /KNVQP -CVJGTKPG =(COKN[ 5EKWTKFCG? *O /CEFQPCNF & GF 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG .BN NBMT ཊ (CEVU QP (KNG 0GY ;QTM +5$0 • 5VGRRCP 5EQVV , *COO 5JCYP / 6TGG QH .KHG 9GD 2TQLGEV ཊ 5EKWTKFCG 5SWKTTGNU 8GTUKQP QH /C[ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT • 5VGRRCP 5 , 5VQT\ $ . *QាOCPP 4 5

ན0WENGCT &0# RJ[NQIGP[ QH VJG USWKT TGNU /COOCNKC 4QFGPVKC CPF VJG GXQNWVKQP QH CTDQTGCNKV[ HTQO E O[E CPF 4#) པ .PMFDV MBS 1IZMPHFOFUJDT BOE &WPMVUJPO 30 ཊ FQK 5 2/+& • 6JQTKPIVQP 4 9 *QាOCPP 4 5 (CO KN[ 5EKWTKFCG *O .BNNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME ࣓ " 5BYPOPNJD BOE (FPHSBQIJD 3FGFSFODF ཊ ,QJPU *QRMKPU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU $CNVKOQTG

&95&3/"- -*/,4 • 9JKVCMGT ,QJP 1 ,T 'NOCP 4QDGTV 5IF "VEVCPO 4PDJFUZ 'JFME (VJEF UP /PSUI "NFSJ DBO .BNNBMT PF GF #NHTGF -PQRH 0GY ;QTM +5$0

9.8 External links • 6TGG QH .KHG 5EKWTKFCG • 5SWKTTGN 6TCEMU *QY VQ KFGPVKH[ USWKTTGN VTCEMU KP VJG YKNF • 0CVKQPCN )GQITCRJKE NKPM QP 5SWKTTGNU • .KUV QH PCOGU QH USWKTTGN VCZC

Chapter 10

User:SC1234567890 5% VCNM &GEGODGT

76% UE 5% VCNM &GEGODGT 76% 5% 47.'5

5&95 "/% *."(& 4063$&4 $0/53*#65034 "/% -*$&/4&4

10.1 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 10.1.1

Text

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