The dog

Page 1

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Contents 1

2

3

Main article

1

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'V[OQNQI[ CPF TGNCVGF VGTOKPQNQI[

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1TKIKP CPF GXQNWVKQP

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+PVGNNKIGPEG CPF DGJCXKQT

&KាGTGPEGU HTQO YQNXGU

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Taxonomy and evolution

25

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.KPGCIG

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#TEJCGQNQIKECN GXKFGPEG

&QOGUVKECVKQP

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Biology

38

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2WRR[ EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU

6GORGTCVWTG TGIWNCVKQP

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

%QCV FQI

%QNQTU RCVVGTPU NGPIVJU CPF VGZVWTGU

0QOGPENCVWTG QH EQNQTU CPF RCVVGTPU

5JQY EQCVU

5JGFFKPI

*[RQCNNGTIGPKE EQCVU

5GG CNUQ

0QVGU

4GHGTGPEGU

#FFKVKQPCN TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

&QI DTGGF

&GUETKRVKQP

%NCUUKáž·ECVKQP

*KUVQT[ QH FQI DTGGFU

&GXGNQROGPV QH FQI DTGGFU

)GPGVKEU

&QI DTGGF FQEWOGPVCVKQP

)TQWRU QH FQIU OKUVCMGP HQT DTGGFU

.KUV

+OCIGU

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

&QI V[RG

1TKIKPU QH FQI V[RGU

&QI V[RG PCOGU KP 'PINKUJ

&QI V[RGU CPF OQFGTP DTGGFU

1VJGT WUGU QH VJG YQTF UZQF KP FQIU

5GG CNUQ

0QVGU

KKK

$0/5&/54

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

&QI JGCNVJ

&KUGCUGU

6QZKE UWDUVCPEGU

2WDNKE JGCNVJ TKUMU

2TGXGPVKXG OGFKEKPG

0WVTKVKQP CPF QDGUKV[

8KVCOKPU CPF UWRRNGOGPVU

4GRTQFWEVKXG JGCNVJ

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

#IKPI KP FQIU

6GTOKPQNQI[

#IKPI RTQáž·NG

.KHG GZRGEVCPE[ D[ DTGGF

'ាGEVU QH CIKPI

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

&QI HQQF

*KUVQT[

(QQFU FCPIGTQWU VQ FQIU

(QQF CNNGTIKGU KP FQIU

)TCKP (TGG .QY %CTD

(GGF )TCFG XU 75&# %GTVKáž·GF

%QOOGTEKCN FQI HQQF

4CY FQI HQQF

.CDGNKPI

4GECNNU

$TCPFU QH &QI (QQF

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

%CPKPG TGRTQFWEVKQP

%CPKPG UGZWCN CPCVQO[ CPF FGXGNQROGPV

6JG TGRTQFWEVKXG E[ENG

%QRWNCVKQP

)GUVCVKQP CPF NKVVGTU

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5GG CNUQ

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(WTVJGT TGCFKPI

'ZVGTPCN NKPMU

Intelligence and behavior

91

&QI KPVGNNKIGPEG

+PJGTKVGF CDKNKVKGU

'XCNWCVKQP QH KPVGNNKIGPEG

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

&QI DGJCXKQT

5QEKCN DGJCXKQT

&QOKPCPEG CPF 5WDOKUUKQP KP C 2CEM

*WOCP KPVGTCEVKQP

5GG CNUQ

4GHGTGPEGU

5

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

97

6GZV

+OCIGU

%QPVGPV NKEGPUG

Chapter 1

Main article 1.1 Dog

+P DTGGFKPI EKTENGU C OCNG ECPKPG KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C FQI YJKNG C HGOCNG KU ECNNGF C DKVEJ= ? /KFFNG 'PINKUJ CJDDIF HTQO 1NF 'PINKUJ CJDDF WNVKOCVGN[ HTQO 1NF 0QTUG CJLLKB # ITQWR QH QាURTKPI KU C NKVVGT 6JG HCVJGT QH C NKVVGT KU ECNNGF VJG UKTG CPF VJG OQVJGT KU ECNNGF VJG FCO 1ាURTKPI CTG KP IGPGTCN ECNNGF RWRU QT RWRRKGU HTQO (TGPEJ QPVQ©F WPVKN VJG[ CTG CDQWV C [GCT QNF 6JG RTQEGUU QH DKTVJ KU YJGNRKPI HTQO VJG 1NF 'PINKUJ YQTF IXFMQ EH )GTOCP 8FMQF &WVEJ XFMQ 5YGFKUJ WBMQB +EGNCPFKE IWFMQVS = ? 6JG VGTO ནYJGNRཔ ECP CNUQ DG WUGF VQ TGHGT VQ VJG [QWPI QH CP[ ECPKF QT CU C UQOGYJCV CTEJCKE CNVGTPCVKXG VQ ནRWRR[པ

6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG FQOGUVKE FQI (QT TGNCVGF URGEKGU MPQYP CU ནFQIUཔ UGG %CPKFCG (QT QVJGT WUGU UGG &QI

FKUCODKIWCVKQP

6JG FQOGUVKE dog $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT KU C ECPKF VJCV KU MPQYP CU OCPཐU DGUV HTKGPF 6JG FQI YCU VJG ិTUV FQOGU VKECVGF CPKOCN= ?= ? CPF JCU DGGP YKFGN[ MGRV CU C YQTMKPI JWPVKPI CPF RGV EQORCPKQP #EEQTFKPI VQ TGEGPV EQCTUG GUVKOCVGU VJGTG CTG EWTTGPVN[ DGVYGGP OKNNKQP CPF QPG DKNNKQP FQIU OCMKPI VJGO VJG OQUV CDWPFCPV RTGFCVQTU KP (QT QVJGT WUGU QH VJG VGTO FQI UGG &QI FKUCODKIWCVKQP VJG YQTNF = ?= ?

1.1.1

1.1.2

Etymology and related terminology

Taxonomy

5GG CNUQ 5WDURGEKGU QH %CPKU NWRWU

6JG VGTO ནFQOGUVKE FQIཔ KU IGPGTCNN[ WUGF HQT DQVJ QH VJG FQOGUVKECVGF CPF HGTCN XCTKGVKGU 6JG 'PINKUJ YQTF EPH EQOGU HTQO /KFFNG 'PINKUJ EPHHF HTQO 1NF 'PINKUJ EPDHB C ནRQYGTHWN FQI DTGGFཔ = ? 6JG VGTO OC[ RQUUKDN[ FGTKXG HTQO 2TQVQ )GTOCPKE EVLLčO TGRTGUGPVGF KP 1NF 'PINKUJ ણOHFS EPDDF ནិPIGT OWUENGཔ = ? 6JG YQTF CNUQ UJQYU VJG HCOKNKCT RGVPCOG FKOKPWVKXG HB CNUQ UGGP KP GSPHHB ནHTQIཔ QJDHB ནRKIཔ TUBHHB ནUVCIཔ XJDHB ནDGGVNG YQTOཔ COQPI QVJGTU = ? 6JG VGTO EPH OC[ WNVKOCVGN[ FGTKXG HTQO VJG GCT NKGUV NC[GT QH 2TQVQ +PFQ 'WTQRGCP XQECDWNCT[ TGីGEVKPI VJG TQNG QH VJG FQI CU VJG GCTNKGUV FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCN = ?

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

YCVGT FQI CPF NVTUFMJOVT NKVGTCNN[ DCFIGT FQI #OQPI VJGUG YGTG VYQ VJCV NCVGT GZRGTVU JCXG DGGP YKFGN[ WUGF HQT FQOGUVKE FQIU CU C URGEKGU $BOJT EPNFTUJDVT CPF OQUV RTG FQOKPCPVN[ $BOJT GBNJMJBSJT VJG ནEQOOQPཔ QT ནHCOKNKCTཔ FQI = ?

+P VJ EGPVWT[ 'PINCPF IPVOE HTQO 1NF 'PINKUJ IVOE YCU VJG IGPGTCN YQTF HQT CNN FQOGUVKE ECPKPGU CPF EPH TG HGTTGF VQ C UWDV[RG QH JQWPF C ITQWR KPENWFKPI VJG OCUVKា +V KU DGNKGXGF VJKU ནFQIཔ V[RG YCU UQ EQOOQP KV GXGPVW CNN[ DGECOG VJG RTQVQV[RG QH VJG ECVGIQT[ ནJQWPFཔ = ? $[ VJG VJ EGPVWT[ EPH JCF DGEQOG VJG IGPGTCN YQTF CPF IPVOE JCF DGIWP VQ TGHGT QPN[ VQ V[RGU WUGF HQT JWPVKPI = ? )PVOE EQIPCVG VQ )GTOCP )VOE &WVEJ IPOE EQOOQP 5ECPFKPCXKCP IVOE CPF +EGNCPFKE IVOEVS KU WNVKOCVGN[ FG TKXGF HTQO VJG 2TQVQ +PFQ 'WTQRGCP LXPO ནFQIཔ HQWPF KP 5CPUMTKV LVLVVS = ? 9GNUJ DJ RNWTCN DXO .CVKP DBOJT )TGGM L½čO CPF .KVJWCPKCP ġVµ = ?

$[ YKVJ CFXCPEGOGPVU KP OQNGEWNCT DKQNQI[ VJG OK VQEJQPFTKCN &0# OV&0# CPCN[UKU QH GZVCPV K G NKXKPI VQ FC[ %CPKFGC URGEKGU KPFKECVGF VJCV ན6JG FQOGUVKE FQI KU CP GZVTGOGN[ ENQUG TGNCVKXG QH VJG ITC[ YQNH FKាGTKPI HTQO KV D[ CV OQUV QH OV&0# UGSWGPEG +P EQORCTKUQP VJG ITC[ YQNH FKាGTU HTQO KVU ENQUGUV YKNF TGNCVKXG VJG EQ[

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-&

QVG D[ CDQWV QH OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# UGSWGPEG པ= ? +P VJG UCOG [GCT VJG FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT GBNJMJBSJT YCU TG ENCUUKិGF CU $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT C UWDURGEKGU QH VJG ITC[ YQNH $BOJT MVQVT KP /COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF = ? +P TGUGCTEJ KPFKECVGF VJCV VJG YQNH OC[ JCXG DGGP VJG CPEGUVQT QH VJG FQI = ? $[ HWTVJGT IGPGVKE CPCN[UKU KPFKECVGF VJCV VJG FQOGUVKE FQI OC[ JCXG GOGTIGF HTQO OWNVKRNG YQNH RQRWNCVKQPU = ?= ? $CUGF QP VJGUG NCVGUV VYQ RKGEGU QH TGUGCTEJ CPF VJG TGHGTGPEG TGENCUUKិECVKQP DBOJT MVQJT GBNJMJBSJT KU VJG PCOG HQT VJG VCZQP NKUVGF D[ +6+5 = ? *QYGXGT DBOJT GBNJMJBSJT KU CNUQ CEEGRVGF FWG VQ C PQOGP ENCVWTG FGDCVG TGICTFKPI VJG PCOKPI QH YKNF CPF FQOGUVKE UWD URGEKGU = ?

1.1.3

Origin and evolution " 4JCFSJBO )VTLZ VTFE BT B QBDL BOJNBM

/CKP CTVKENGU 1TKIKP QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQI CPF )TC[ YQNH (QT VJG QTKIKP FQOGUVKECVKQP &0# GXKFGPEG CPF CTEJGQ NQIKECN GXKFGPEG HQT VJG FQI UGG 1TKIKP QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQI 6JG FQI DGICP HTQO C UKPING FQOGUVKECVKQP QH C PQY GZVKPEV YQNH NKMG ECPKF KP 9GUVGTP 'WTQRG VQ VJQWUCPF [GCTU CIQ 6JKU RGTKQF RTGFCVGU VJG TKUG QH CITKEWNVWTG CPF KORNKGU VJCV VJG GCTNKGUV FQIU CTQUG CNQPI YKVJ JWPVGT ICVJGTGTU CPF PQV CITKEWNVWTKUVU = ? %QPEGKXCDN[ RTQVQ FQIU OKIJV JCXG VCMGP CFXCPVCIG QH ECTECUUGU NGHV QP UKVG D[ GCTN[ JWPVGTU CUUKUVGF KP VJG ECRVWTG QH RTG[ QT RTQXKFGF FGHGPUG HTQO NCTIG EQORGVKPI RTGFCVQTU CV MKNNU (WTVJGTOQTG UGXGTCN CP EKGPV FQIU OC[ TGRTGUGPV HCKNGF FQOGUVKECVKQP GXGPVU UWEJ CU VJG [GCT QNF )Q[GV URGEKOGP QH $GNIKWO CPF VJG [GCT QNF #NVCK /QWPVCKPU URGEKOGP HTQO 4WUUKC CU " (FSNBO 4IFQIFSE XJUI B GPPUCBMM VJG[ JCXG PQ FGUEGPFGPVU VQFC[ = ?= ? 6JKU GTC VQYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG NCUV KEG CIG KU MPQYP CU VJG /CIFCNGPKCP RG TKQF FCVKPI HTQO CTQWPF VQ [GCTU CIQ = ? CPF 1.1.4 Roles with humans TGHGTU VQ QPG QH VJG NCVGT EWNVWTGU QH VJG 7RRGT 2CNGQNKVJKE KP YGUVGTP 'WTQRG CV VJCV VKOG &QOGUVKE FQIU KPJGTKVGF EQORNGZ DGJCXKQTU UWEJ CU DKVG KP JKDKVKQP HTQO VJGKT YQNH CPEGUVQTU YJKEJ YQWNF JCXG DGGP RCEM JWPVGTU YKVJ EQORNGZ DQF[ NCPIWCIG 6JGUG UQRJKU VKECVGF HQTOU QH UQEKCN EQIPKVKQP CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP OC[ ན9G MPQY CNUQ VJCV VJGTG YGTG FKU CEEQWPV HQT VJGKT VTCKPCDKNKV[ RNC[HWNPGUU CPF CDKNKV[ VQ ិV VKPEV YQNH RQRWNCVKQPU GZKUVKPI VGP QH KPVQ JWOCP JQWUGJQNFU CPF UQEKCN UKVWCVKQPU CPF VJGUG CV VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU CIQ 1PG UWEJ VTKDWVGU JCXG IKXGP FQIU C TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ JWOCPU VJCV JCU YQNH YJKEJ YG ECNN VJG OGICHCWPCN GPCDNGF VJGO VQ DGEQOG QPG QH VJG OQUV UWEEGUUHWN URGEKGU YQNH RTG[GF QP NCTIG ICOG UWEJ CU QP VJG RNCPGV VQFC[ = ? RCIGU JQTUGU DKUQP CPF RGTJCRU XGT[ [QWPI OCOOQVJU +UQVQRG FCVC UJQY VJCV VJG[ CVG VJGUG URGEKGU CPF VJG FQI OC[ JCXG DGGP FGTKXGF HTQO C YQNH UKOKNCT VQ VJGUG CPEKGPV YQNXGU KP VJG NCVG 2NGKUVQEGPG QH 'WTQRG པ = ?

6JG FQIUཐ XCNWG VQ GCTN[ JWOCP JWPVGT ICVJGTGTU NGF VQ VJGO SWKEMN[ DGEQOKPI WDKSWKVQWU CETQUU YQTNF EWNVWTGU &QIU RGTHQTO OCP[ TQNGU HQT RGQRNG UWEJ CU JWPVKPI JGTFKPI RWNNKPI NQCFU RTQVGEVKQP CUUKUVKPI RQNKEG CPF OKNKVCT[ EQORCPKQPUJKR CPF OQTG TGEGPVN[ CKFKPI JCPFKECRRGF KP

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FKXKFWCNU 6JKU KORCEV QP JWOCP UQEKGV[ JCU IKXGP VJGO VJG As pets PKEMPCOG OCPཐU DGUV HTKGPF KP VJG 9GUVGTP YQTNF +P UQOG EWNVWTGU JQYGXGT FQIU CTG CNUQ C UQWTEG QH OGCV = ?= ?

Early roles 9QNXGU CPF VJGKT FQI FGUEGPFCPVU YQWNF JCXG FGTKXGF UKI PKិECPV DGPGិVU HTQO NKXKPI KP JWOCP ECORUཋOQTG UCHGV[ OQTG TGNKCDNG HQQF NGUUGT ECNQTKE PGGFU CPF OQTG EJCPEG VQ DTGGF = ? 6JG[ YQWNF JCXG DGPGិVGF HTQO JWOCPUཐ WRTKIJV ICKV VJCV IKXGU VJGO NCTIGT TCPIG QXGT YJKEJ VQ UGG RQVGP VKCN RTGFCVQTU CPF RTG[ CU YGNN CU EQNQT XKUKQP VJCV CV NGCUV D[ FC[ IKXGU JWOCPU DGVVGT XKUWCN FKUETKOKPCVKQP = ? %COR FQIU YQWNF CNUQ JCXG DGPGិVVGF HTQO JWOCP VQQN WUG CU KP DTKPIKPI FQYP NCTIGT RTG[ CPF EQPVTQNNKPI ិTG HQT C TCPIG QH RWTRQUGU = ? *WOCPU YQWNF CNUQ JCXG FGTKXGF GPQTOQWU DGPGិV HTQO " #SJUJTI #VMMEPH TIBSFT B EBZ BU UIF QBSL VJG FQIU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJGKT ECORU = ? (QT KPUVCPEG FQIU YQWNF JCXG KORTQXGF UCPKVCVKQP D[ ENGCPKPI WR HQQF UETCRU = ? &QIU OC[ JCXG RTQXKFGF YCTOVJ CU TGHGTTGF VQ KP VJG #WUVTCNKCP #DQTKIKPCN GZRTGUUKQP ནVJTGG FQI PKIJVཔ

CP GZEGRVKQPCNN[ EQNF PKIJV CPF VJG[ YQWNF JCXG CNGTVGF VJG ECOR VQ VJG RTGUGPEG QH RTGFCVQTU QT UVTCPIGTU WUKPI VJGKT CEWVG JGCTKPI VQ RTQXKFG CP GCTN[ YCTPKPI = ? #PVJTQRQNQIKUVU DGNKGXG VJG OQUV UKIPKិECPV DGPGិV YQWNF JCXG DGGP VJG WUG QH FQIUཐ UGPUKVKXG UGPUG QH UOGNN VQ CUUKUV YKVJ VJG JWPV = ? 6JG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP VJG RTGUGPEG QH C FQI CPF UWEEGUU KP VJG JWPV KU QHVGP OGPVKQPGF CU C RTKOCT[ TGCUQP HQT VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH VJG YQNH CPF C UVWF[ QH JWPVGT ITQWRU YKVJ CPF YKVJQWV C FQI IKXGU SWCPVKVCVKXG UWRRQTV VQ VJG J[RQVJGUKU VJCV VJG DGPGិVU QH EQQRGTCVKXG JWPVKPI YCU CP KORQTVCPV HCEVQT KP YQNH FQOGUVKECVKQP = ? 6JG EQJCDKVCVKQP QH FQIU CPF JWOCPU YQWNF JCXG ITGCVN[ " ZPVOH NBMF CPSEFS UFSSJFS XJUI B SBDDPPO UPZ KORTQXGF VJG EJCPEGU QH UWTXKXCN HQT GCTN[ JWOCP ITQWRU CPF VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH FQIU OC[ JCXG DGGP QPG QH VJG MG[ ན6JG OQUV YKFGURTGCF HQTO QH KPVGTURGEKGU DQPFKPI QEEWTU HQTEGU VJCV NGF VQ JWOCP UWEEGUU = ? DGVYGGP JWOCPU CPF FQIUཔ= ? CPF VJG MGGRKPI QH FQIU CU 'OKITCPVU HTQO 5KDGTKC NKMGN[ ETQUUGF VJG $GTKPI 5VTCKV YKVJ EQORCPKQPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ D[ GNKVGU JCU C NQPI JKUVQT[ = ? FQIU KP VJGKT EQORCP[ CPF UQOG GZRGTVU= ? UWIIGUV VJG #U C RQUUKDNG GZCORNG CV VJG 0CVWិCP EWNVWTG UKVG QH #KP WUG QH UNGF FQIU OC[ JCXG DGGP ETKVKECN VQ VJG UWEEGUU /CNNCJC KP +UTCGN FCVGF VQ $% VJG TGOCKPU QH CP QH VJG YCXGU VJCV GPVGTGF 0QTVJ #OGTKEC TQWIJN[ GNFGTN[ JWOCP CPF C HQWT VQ ិXG OQPVJ QNF RWRR[ YGTG [GCTU CIQ = ? CNVJQWIJ VJG GCTNKGUV CTEJCGQNQIKECN GXKFGPEG HQWPF DWTKGF VQIGVJGT = ? *QYGXGT RGV FQI RQRWNCVKQPU QH FQI NKMG ECPKFU KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC FCVGU HTQO CDQWV ITGY UKIPKិECPVN[ CHVGT 9QTNF 9CT ++ CU UWDWTDCPK\CVKQP [GCTU CIQ = ?= ? &QIU YGTG CP KORQTVCPV RCTV QH NKHG KPETGCUGF = ? +P VJG U CPF U FQIU YGTG MGRV QWV HQT VJG #VJCDCUECP RQRWNCVKQP KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC CPF YGTG UKFG OQTG QHVGP VJCP VJG[ VGPF VQ DG VQFC[= ? WUKPI VJG VJGKT QPN[ FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCN &QIU CNUQ ECTTKGF OWEJ QH GZRTGUUKQP ནKP VJG FQIJQWUGཔ VQ FGUETKDG GZENWUKQP HTQO VJG NQCF KP VJG OKITCVKQP QH VJG #RCEJG CPF 0CXCLQ VTKDGU VJG ITQWR UKIPKិGU VJG FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP VJG FQIJQWUG CPF [GCTU CIQ 7UG QH FQIU CU RCEM CPKOCNU KP VJGUG EWN VJG JQOG CPF YGTG UVKNN RTKOCTKN[ HWPEVKQPCN CEVKPI CU C VWTGU QHVGP RGTUKUVGF CHVGT VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH VJG JQTUG VQ IWCTF EJKNFTGPཐU RNC[OCVG QT YCNMKPI EQORCPKQP (TQO 0QTVJ #OGTKEC = ? VJG U VJGTG JCXG DGGP EJCPIGU KP VJG TQNG QH VJG RGV

FQI UWEJ CU VJG KPETGCUGF TQNG QH FQIU KP VJG GOQVKQPCN UWR RQTV QH VJGKT JWOCP IWCTFKCPU = ? 2GQRNG CPF FQIU JCXG DG EQOG KPETGCUKPIN[ KPVGITCVGF CPF KORNKECVGF KP GCEJ QVJGTཐU NKXGU = ? VQ VJG RQKPV YJGTG RGV FQIU CEVKXGN[ UJCRG VJG YC[ C HCOKN[ CPF JQOG CTG GZRGTKGPEGF = ?

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& HQT GZCORNG C UVWF[ QH EQPXGTUCVKQPU KP FQIཊJWOCP HCOK NKGU UJQYGF JQY HCOKN[ OGODGTU WUG VJG FQI CU C TGUQWTEG VCNMKPI VQ VJG FQI QT VCNMKPI VJTQWIJ VJG FQI VQ OGFKCVG VJGKT KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT = ?

#PQVJGT UVWF[ QH FQIUཐ TQNGU KP HCOKNKGU UJQYGF OCP[ FQIU JCXG UGV VCUMU QT TQWVKPGU WPFGTVCMGP CU HCOKN[ OGODGTU VJG OQUV EQOOQP QH YJKEJ YCU JGNRKPI YKVJ VJG YCUJKPI WR D[ NKEMKPI VJG RNCVGU KP VJG FKUJYCUJGT CPF DTKPIKPI KP VJG PGYURCRGT HTQO VJG NCYP = ? +PETGCUKPIN[ JWOCP HCO KN[ OGODGTU CTG GPICIKPI KP CEVKXKVKGU EGPVGTGF QP VJG RGT EGKXGF PGGFU CPF KPVGTGUVU QH VJG FQI QT KP YJKEJ VJG FQI = ? 6JGTG CTG C XCUV TCPIG QH EQOOQFKV[ HQTOU CXCKNCDNG VQ KU CP KPVGITCN RCTVPGT UWEJ CU &QI &CPEKPI CPF &QIC VTCPUHQTO C RGV FQI KPVQ CP KFGCN EQORCPKQP = ? 6JG NKUV QH #EEQTFKPI VQ UVCVKUVKEU RWDNKUJGF D[ VJG #OGTKECP 2GV 2TQF IQQFU UGTXKEGU CPF RNCEGU CXCKNCDNG KU GPQTOQWU HTQO FQI WEVU /CPWHCEVWTGTU #UUQEKCVKQP KP VJG 0CVKQPCN 2GV 1YPGT RGTHWOGU EQWVWTG HWTPKVWTG CPF JQWUKPI VQ FQI ITQQOGTU 5WTXG[ KP ཊ KV KU GUVKOCVGF VJGTG CTG OKNNKQP VJGTCRKUVU VTCKPGTU CPF ECTGVCMGTU FQI ECHGU URCU RCTMU RGQRNG YKVJ RGV FQIU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU = ? 6JG UCOG UWT CPF DGCEJGU CPF FQI JQVGNU CKTNKPGU CPF EGOGVGTKGU = ? XG[ UJQYU PGCTN[ QH #OGTKECP JQWUGJQNFU QYP CV NGCUV 9JKNG FQI VTCKPKPI CU CP QTICPK\GF CEVKXKV[ ECP DG VTCEGF QPG FQI QH YJKEJ QYP LWUV QPG FQI VYQ FQIU CPF DCEM VQ VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KP VJG NCUV FGECFGU QH VJG VJ PGCTN[ OQTG VJCP VYQ FQIU 6JGTG FQGU PQV UGGO VQ DG EGPVWT[ KV DGECOG C JKIJ RTQិNG KUUWG CU OCP[ PQTOCN FQI CP[ IGPFGT RTGHGTGPEG COQPI FQIU CU RGVU CU VJG UVCVKUVKECN DGJCXKQTU UWEJ CU DCTMKPI LWORKPI WR FKIIKPI TQNNKPI KP FCVC TGXGCN CP GSWCN PWODGT QH HGOCNG CPF OCNG FQI RGVU FWPI ិIJVKPI CPF WTKPG OCTMKPI DGECOG KPETGCUKPIN[ KP ;GV CNVJQWIJ UGXGTCN RTQITCOU CTG WPFGTIQKPI VQ RTQOQVG EQORCVKDNG YKVJ VJG PGY TQNG QH C RGV FQI = ? &QI VTCKPKPI RGV CFQRVKQP NGUU VJCP C ិHVJ QH VJG QYPGF FQIU EQOG HTQO DQQMU ENCUUGU CPF VGNGXKUKQP RTQITCOU RTQNKHGTCVGF CU VJG C UJGNVGT RTQEGUU QH EQOOQFKH[KPI VJG RGV FQI EQPVKPWGF = ? 6JG NCVGUV UVWF[ WUKPI /CIPGVKE TGUQPCPEG KOCIKPI /4+ 6JGTG JCXG DGGP VYQ OCLQT VTGPFU KP VJG EJCPIKPI UVCVWU QH RGV FQIU 6JG ិTUV JCU DGGP VJG EQOOQFKិECVKQP QH VJG FQI UJCRKPI KV VQ EQPHQTO VQ JWOCP GZRGEVCVKQPU QH RGT UQPCNKV[ CPF DGJCXKQWT = ? 6JG UGEQPF JCU DGGP VJG DTQCF GPKPI QH VJG EQPEGRV QH VJG HCOKN[ CPF VJG JQOG VQ KPENWFG FQIU CU FQIU YKVJKP GXGT[FC[ TQWVKPGU CPF RTCEVKEGU = ?

VQ JWOCPU CPF FQIU VQIGVJGT RTQXGF VJCV FQIU JCXG UCOG TGURQPUG VQ XQKEGU CPF WUG VJG UCOG RCTVU QH VJG DTCKP CU JWOCPU VQ FQ UQ 6JKU IKXGU FQIU VJG CDKNKV[ VQ TGEQIPK\G GOQVKQPCN JWOCP UQWPFU OCMKPI VJGO HTKGPFN[ UQEKCN RGVU VQ JWOCPU = ? Work

" QFU EPH UBLJOH QBSU JO $ISJTUNBT USBEJUJPOT

6JG OCLQTKV[ QH EQPVGORQTCT[ RGQRNG YKVJ FQIU FGUETKDG VJGKT RGV CU RCTV QH VJG HCOKN[ = ? CNVJQWIJ UQOG CODKXC NGPEG CDQWV VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR KU GXKFGPV KP VJG RQRWNCT TGEQP EGRVWCNK\CVKQP QH VJG FQIཊJWOCP HCOKN[ CU C RCEM = ? # FQOKPCPEG OQFGN QH FQIཊJWOCP TGNCVKQPUJKRU JCU DGGP RTQOQVGF D[ UQOG FQI VTCKPGTU UWEJ CU QP VJG VGNGXKUKQP RTQITCO %PH 8IJTQFSFS *QYGXGT KV JCU DGGP FKURWVGF VJCV ནVT[KPI VQ CEJKGXG UVCVWUཔ KU EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH FQIཊJWOCP KPVGTCEVKQPU = ? 2GV FQIU RNC[ CP CEVKXG TQNG KP HCOKN[ NKHG

&QIU JCXG NKXGF CPF YQTMGF YKVJ JWOCPU KP UQ OCP[ TQNGU VJCV VJG[ JCXG GCTPGF VJG WPKSWG PKEMPCOG ནOCPཐU DGUV HTKGPFཔ = ? C RJTCUG WUGF KP QVJGT NCPIWCIGU CU YGNN 6JG[ JCXG DGGP DTGF HQT JGTFKPI NKXGUVQEM = ? JWPVKPI G I RQKPVGTU CPF JQWPFU = ? TQFGPV EQPVTQN = ? IWCTFKPI JGNR KPI ិUJGTOGP YKVJ PGVU FGVGEVKQP FQIU CPF RWNNKPI NQCFU KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJGKT TQNGU CU EQORCPKQPU = ? +P C JWUM[ VGTTKGT OKZ PCOGF .CKMC DGECOG VJG ិTUV CPKOCN VQ QTDKV VJG 'CTVJ = ?= ? 5GTXKEG FQIU UWEJ CU IWKFG FQIU WVKNKV[ FQIU CUUKUVCPEG FQIU JGCTKPI FQIU CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN VJGTCR[ FQIU RTQ XKFG CUUKUVCPEG VQ KPFKXKFWCNU YKVJ RJ[UKECN QT OGPVCN FKUCDKNKVKGU = ?= ? 5QOG FQIU QYPGF D[ GRKNGRVKEU JCXG DGGP UJQYP VQ CNGTV VJGKT JCPFNGT YJGP VJG JCPFNGT UJQYU UKIPU QH CP KORGPFKPI UGK\WTG UQOGVKOGU YGNN KP CFXCPEG QH QPUGV CNNQYKPI VJG IWCTFKCP VQ UGGM UCHGV[ OGFKECVKQP QT OGFKECN ECTG = ? &QIU KPENWFGF KP JWOCP CEVKXKVKGU KP VGTOU QH JGNR

%0(

)CGIQIK EPH NFBU TUFX CFJOH TFSWFE JO B ,PSFBO SFTUBVSBOU $QQM QH VJG *WPV (BTUPO *** $PVOU PG 'PJY ࣓

KPI QWV JWOCPU CTG WUWCNN[ ECNNGF YQTMKPI FQIU &QIU QH UGXGTCN DTGGFU CTG EQPUKFGTGF YQTMKPI FQIU 5QOG YQTMKPI FQI DTGGFU KPENWFG #MKVC #NCUMCP /CNCOWVG #PCVQNKCP 5JGRJGTF &QI $GTPGUG /QWPVCKP &QI $NCEM 4WUUKCP 6GTTKGT $QZGT $WNNOCUVKា &QDGTOCP 2KPUEJGT &QIWG FG $QTFGCWZ )GTOCP 2KPUEJGT )GTOCP 5JGR JGTF = ? )KCPV 5EJPCW\GT )TGCV &CPG )TGCV 2[TGPGGU )TGCV 5YKUU /QWPVCKP &QI -QOQPFQT -WXCU\ /CUVKា 0GCRQNKVCP /CUVKា 0GYHQWPFNCPF 2QTVWIWGUG 9CVGT &QI 4QVVYGKNGT 5CKPV $GTPCTF 5COQ[GF 5KDGTKCP *WUM[ 5VCPFCTF 5EJPCW\GT CPF 6KDGVCP /CUVKា

ENWFKPI -QTGC %JKPC CPF 8KGVPCO C RTCEVKEG VJCV FCVGU DCEM VQ CPVKSWKV[ = ? +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV ཊ OKNNKQP FQIU CTG MKNNGF CPF EQPUWOGF KP #UKC GXGT[ [GCT = ? 6JG $$% ENCKOU VJCV KP OQTG VJCP TGUVCWTCPVU UGTXGF UQWRU OCFG HTQO FQI OGCV KP 5QWVJ -QTGC = ? +P -QTGC VJG RTKOCT[ FQI DTGGF TCKUGF HQT OGCV VJG OVSFPOHJ FKាGTU HTQO VJQUG DTGGFU TCKUGF HQT RGVU VJCV -QTGCPU OC[ MGGR KP VJGKT JQOGU = ?

6JG OQUV RQRWNCT -QTGCP FQI FKUJ KU HBFKBOH HVL CNUQ ECNNGF CPTJOUBOH C URKE[ UVGY OGCPV VQ DCNCPEG VJG DQF[ཐU JGCV FWTKPI VJG UWOOGT OQPVJU HQNNQYGTU QH VJG EWUVQO ENCKO VJKU KU FQPG VQ GPUWTG IQQF JGCNVJ D[ DCNCPEKPI QPGཐU Sports and shows HJ QT XKVCN GPGTI[ QH VJG DQF[ # VJ EGPVWT[ XGTUKQP QH HBFKBOH HVL GZRNCKPU VJCV VJG FKUJ KU RTGRCTGF D[ DQKNKPI FQI 5GG CNUQ %QPHQTOCVKQP UJQY OGCV YKVJ UECNNKQPU CPF EJKNK RQYFGT 8CTKCVKQPU QH VJG FKUJ EQPVCKP EJKEMGP CPF DCODQQ UJQQVU 9JKNG VJG FKUJGU CTG 2GQRNG QHVGP GPVGT VJGKT FQIU KP EQORGVKVKQPU= ? UWEJ CU UVKNN RQRWNCT KP -QTGC YKVJ C UGIOGPV QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP FQI DTGGF EQPHQTOCVKQP UJQYU QT URQTVU KPENWFKPI TCEKPI UNGF KU PQV CU YKFGN[ EQPUWOGF CU DGGH EJKEMGP CPF RQTM = ? FKPI CPF CIKNKV[ EQORGVKVKQPU # %00 TGRQTV KP %JKPC FCVGF /CTEJ KPENWFGU CP KP +P EQPHQTOCVKQP UJQYU CNUQ TGHGTTGF VQ CU DTGGF UJQYU C VGTXKGY YKVJ C FQI OGCV XGPFQT YJQ UVCVGF VJCV OQUV QH VJG LWFIG HCOKNKCT YKVJ VJG URGEKិE FQI DTGGF GXCNWCVGU KPFK FQIU VJCV CTG CXCKNCDNG HQT UGNNKPI VQ TGUVCWTCPVU CTG TCKUGF XKFWCN RWTGDTGF FQIU HQT EQPHQTOKV[ YKVJ VJGKT GUVCDNKUJGF KP URGEKCN HCTOU DWV VJCV VJGTG KU CNYC[U C EJCPEG VJCV C UQNF DTGGF V[RG CU FGUETKDGF KP VJG DTGGF UVCPFCTF #U VJG DTGGF FQI KU UQOGQPGཐU NQUV RGV CNVJQWIJ FQI RGV DTGGFU CTG PQV UVCPFCTF QPN[ FGCNU YKVJ VJG GZVGTPCNN[ QDUGTXCDNG SWCNKVKGU EQPUKFGTGF GFKDNG = ? QH VJG FQI UWEJ CU CRRGCTCPEG OQXGOGPV CPF VGORGTC OGPV UGRCTCVGN[ VGUVGF SWCNKVKGU UWEJ CU CDKNKV[ QT JGCNVJ 1VJGT EWNVWTGU UWEJ CU 2QN[PGUKC CPF RTG %QNWODKCP /GZ KEQ CNUQ EQPUWOGF FQI OGCV KP VJGKT JKUVQT[ *QYGXGT CTG PQV RCTV QH VJG LWFIKPI KP EQPHQTOCVKQP UJQYU 9GUVGTP 5QWVJ #UKCP #HTKECP CPF /KFFNG 'CUVGTP EWN VWTGU KP IGPGTCN TGICTF EQPUWORVKQP QH FQI OGCV CU VCDQQ +P UQOG RNCEGU JQYGXGT UWEJ CU KP TWTCN CTGCU QH 2QNCPF As a food source FQI HCV KU DGNKGXGF VQ JCXG OGFKEKPCN RTQRGTVKGUཋDGKPI /CKP CTVKENG &QI OGCV IQQF HQT VJG NWPIU HQT KPUVCPEG = ? &QI OGCV KU CNUQ EQP &QI OGCV KU EQPUWOGF KP UQOG 'CUV #UKCP EQWPVTKGU KP UWOGF KP UQOG RCTVU QH 5YKV\GTNCPF = ?

Health risks to humans

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& KPXQNXGF VYQ YJGGNGF XGJKENGU = ?

5PYPDBSB DBOJT FQI TQWPFYQTO GIIU KP FQI HGEGU ECP /CKP CTVKENG &QI CVVCEM ECWUG VQZQECTKCUKU +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CDQWV ECUGU +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV OKNNKQP RGQRNG CTG DKVVGP D[ FQIU QH 5PYPDBSB KPHGEVKQP CTG TGRQTVGF KP JWOCPU GCEJ [GCT CPF CNOQUV QH VJG 7 5 RQRWNCVKQP KU KPHGEVGF = ? +P )TGCV $TKVCKP QH UQKN UCORNGU VCMGP HTQO RWDNKE RCTMU EQP VCKPGF 5 DBOJT GIIU = ? 7PVTGCVGF VQZQECTKCUKU ECP ECWUG TGVKPCN FCOCIG CPF FGETGCUGF XKUKQP = ? &QI HGEGU ECP CNUQ EQPVCKP JQQMYQTOU VJCV ECWUG EWVCPGQWU NCTXC OKITCPU KP JWOCPU = ?= ?= ?= ? Health benefits for humans

" IVNBO DVEEMFT B %PCFSNBO QVQQZ 1FU XBTUF TUBUJPO BU B HPWFSONFOU CVJMEJOH

GCEJ [GCT = ? +P VJG U CPF U VJG 75 CXGTCIGF HCVCNKVKGU RGT [GCT YJKNG KP VJG U VJKU JCU KPETGCUGF VQ = ? QH FQI DKVGU CTG HTQO VJG RGV QH HCOKN[ QT HTKGPFU CPF QH CVVCEMU QEEWT QP VJG RTQRGTV[ QH VJG FQIཐU NGICN QYPGT = ?

6JG UEKGPVKិE GXKFGPEG KU OKZGF CU VQ YJGVJGT EQORCPKQP UJKR QH C FQI ECP GPJCPEG JWOCP RJ[UKECN JGCNVJ CPF RU[ EJQNQIKECN YGNNDGKPI = ? 5VWFKGU UWIIGUVKPI VJCV VJGTG CTG DGPGិVU VQ RJ[UKECN JGCNVJ CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN YGNNDGKPI= ? JCXG DGGP ETKVKEKUGF HQT DGKPI RQQTN[ EQPVTQNNGF = ? CPF ិPFKPI VJCV =V?JG JGCNVJ QH GNFGTN[ RGQRNG KU TGNCVGF VQ VJGKT JGCNVJ JCDKVU CPF UQEKCN UWRRQTVU DWV PQV VQ VJGKT QYPGTUJKR QH QT CVVCEJOGPV VQ C EQORCPKQP CPKOCN པ 'CTNKGT UVWFKGU JCXG UJQYP VJCV RGQRNG YJQ MGGR RGV FQIU QT ECVU GZJKDKV DGVVGT OGPVCN CPF RJ[UKECN JGCNVJ VJCP VJQUG YJQ FQ PQV OCMKPI HGYGT XKUKVU VQ VJG FQEVQT CPF DGKPI NGUU NKMGN[ VQ DG QP OGFKECVKQP VJCP PQP IWCTFKCPU = ?

# %QNQTCFQ UVWF[ HQWPF DKVGU KP EJKNFTGP YGTG NGUU UGXGTG VJCP DKVGU KP CFWNVU = ? 6JG KPEKFGPEG QH FQI DKVGU KP VJG 75 KU RGT KPJCDKVCPVU DWV HQT DQ[U CIGF VQ VJG KPEKFGPEG TCVG KU RGT /QTGQXGT EJKNFTGP JCXG C OWEJ JKIJGT EJCPEG VQ DG DKVVGP KP VJG HCEG QT PGEM = ? 5JCTR ENCYU YKVJ RQYGTHWN OWUENGU DGJKPF VJGO ECP NCEGT # RCRGT UVCVGU ནTGEGPV TGUGCTEJ JCU HCKNGF VQ UWRRQTV CVG ីGUJ KP C UETCVEJ VJCV ECP NGCF VQ UGTKQWU KPHGEVKQPU = ? GCTNKGT ិPFKPIU VJCV RGV QYPGTUJKR KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ C TG FWEGF TKUM QH ECTFKQXCUEWNCT FKUGCUG C TGFWEGF WUG QH IGP +P VJG 7- DGVYGGP CPF VJGTG YGTG FQI GTCN RTCEVKVKQPGT UGTXKEGU QT CP[ RU[EJQNQIKECN QT RJ[UKECN CVVCEMU QP JWOCPU TGUWNVKPI KP YQTMKPI FC[U NQUV KP DGPGិVU QP JGCNVJ HQT EQOOWPKV[ FYGNNKPI QNFGT RGQRNG UKEM NGCXG = ? 4GUGCTEJ JCU JQYGXGT RQKPVGF VQ UKIPKិECPVN[ NGUU CDUGP +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU ECVU CPF FQIU CTG C HCEVQT KP OQTG VJCP VGGKUO HTQO UEJQQN VJTQWIJ UKEMPGUU COQPI EJKNFTGP YJQ HCNNU GCEJ [GCT = ? +V JCU DGGP GUVKOCVGF CTQWPF NKXG YKVJ RGVU པ= ? +P QPG UVWF[ PGY IWCTFKCPU TGRQTVGF C QH FQI TGNCVGF KPLWTKGU VTGCVGF KP 7- JQURKVCNU CTG FQOGU JKIJN[ UKIPKិECPV TGFWEVKQP KP OKPQT JGCNVJ RTQDNGOU FWT VKE CEEKFGPVU 6JG UCOG UVWF[ HQWPF VJCV YJKNG FQI KPXQNXG KPI VJG ិTUV OQPVJ HQNNQYKPI RGV CESWKUKVKQP CPF VJKU GាGEV OGPV KP TQCF VTCឹE CEEKFGPVU YCU FKឹEWNV VQ SWCPVKH[ FQI YCU UWUVCKPGF KP VJQUG YKVJ FQIU VJTQWIJ VQ VJG GPF QH VJG CUUQEKCVGF TQCF CEEKFGPVU KPXQNXKPI KPLWT[ OQTG EQOOQPN[ UVWF[ = ?

%0( +P CFFKVKQP RGQRNG YKVJ RGV FQIU VQQM EQPUKFGTCDN[ OQTG RJ[UKECN GZGTEKUG VJCP VJQUG YKVJ ECVU CPF VJQUG YKVJQWV RGVU 6JG ITQWR YKVJQWV RGVU GZJKDKVGF PQ UVCVKUVKECNN[ UKI PKិECPV EJCPIGU KP JGCNVJ QT DGJCXKQWT 6JG TGUWNVU RTQXKFG GXKFGPEG VJCV MGGRKPI RGVU OC[ JCXG RQUKVKXG GាGEVU QP JW OCP JGCNVJ CPF DGJCXKQWT CPF VJCV HQT IWCTFKCPU QH FQIU VJGUG GាGEVU CTG TGNCVKXGN[ NQPI VGTO = ? 2GV IWCTFKCPUJKR JCU CNUQ DGGP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KPETGCUGF EQTQPCT[ CTVGT[ FKU GCUG UWTXKXCN YKVJ JWOCP IWCTFKCPU DGKPI UKIPKិECPVN[ NGUU NKMGN[ VQ FKG YKVJKP QPG [GCT QH CP CEWVG O[QECTFKCN KPHCTE VKQP VJCP VJQUG YJQ FKF PQV QYP FQIU = ?

6JG RTCEVKEG QH WUKPI FQIU CPF QVJGT CPKOCNU CU C RCTV QH VJGTCR[ FCVGU DCEM VQ VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ YJGP CPK OCNU YGTG KPVTQFWEGF KPVQ OGPVCN KPUVKVWVKQPU VQ JGNR UQEKCN K\G RCVKGPVU YKVJ OGPVCN FKUQTFGTU = ? #PKOCN CUUKUVGF KP VGTXGPVKQP TGUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP VJCV CPKOCN CUUKUVGF VJGTCR[ YKVJ C FQI ECP KPETGCUG UQEKCN DGJCXKQTU UWEJ CU UOKNKPI CPF NCWIJKPI COQPI RGQRNG YKVJ #N\JGKOGTཐU FKUGCUG = ? 1PG UVWF[ FGOQPUVTCVGF VJCV EJKNFTGP YKVJ #&*& CPF EQPFWEV FKUQTFGTU YJQ RCTVKEKRCVGF KP CP GFWECVKQP RTQITCO YKVJ FQIU CPF QVJGT CPKOCNU UJQYGF KPETGCUGF CVVGPFCPEG KP ETGCUGF MPQYNGFIG CPF UMKNN QDLGEVKXGU CPF FGETGCUGF CP VKUQEKCN CPF XKQNGPV DGJCXKQT EQORCTGF VQ VJQUG YJQ YGTG PQV KP CP CPKOCN CUUKUVGF RTQITCO = ? Medical detection dogs /GFKECN FGVGEVKQP FQIU CTG ECRCDNG QH FGVGEVKPI FKUGCUGU D[ UPKឹPI C RGTUQP QH FKTGEVN[ QT UCORNGU QH WTKPG QT QVJGT URGEKOGPU &QIU ECP FGVGEV QFQWT KP QPG RCTV RGT VTKNNKQP CU VJGKT DTCKPཐU QNHCEVQT[ EQTVGZ KU TGNCVKXG VQ VQVCN DTCKP UK\G VKOGU NCTIGT VJCP JWOCPU &QIU OC[ JCXG CU OCP[ CU OKNNKQP QFQWT TGEGRVQTU KP VJGKT PQUG YJKNG JWOCPU OC[ JCXG QPN[ OKNNKQP 'CEJ FQI KU VTCKPGF URGEKិECNN[ HQT VJG FGVGEVKQP QH UKPING FKUGCUG HTQO VJG DNQQF INWEQUG NGXGN KPFKECVKXG VQ FKCDGVGU VQ ECPEGT 6Q VTCKP C ECPEGT FQI TGSWKTGU OQPVJU # .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGT ECNNGF &CKU[ JCU FGVGEVGF ECPEGT RCVKGPVU YKVJ CP CEEWTCE[ QH RGTEGPV CPF TGEGKXGF VJG $NWG %TQUU HQT RGVU /GFCN HQT JGT NKHG UCXKPI UMKNNU = ?= ? Shelters /CKP CTVKENG #PKOCN UJGNVGT

(VOOBS ,BBTFO BOE #BMUP UIF MFBE EPH PO UIF MBTU SFMBZ UFBN PG UIF TFSVN SVO UP /PNF

6JG JGCNVJ DGPGិVU QH FQIU ECP TGUWNV HTQO EQPVCEV YKVJ FQIU KP IGPGTCN CPF PQV UQNGN[ HTQO JCXKPI FQIU CU RGVU (QT GZCORNG YJGP KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH C RGV FQI RGQRNG UJQY TGFWEVKQPU KP ECTFKQXCUEWNCT DGJCXKQTCN CPF RU[EJQ NQIKECN KPFKECVQTU QH CPZKGV[ = ? 1VJGT JGCNVJ DGPGិVU CTG ICKPGF HTQO GZRQUWTG VQ KOOWPG UVKOWNCVKPI OKETQQTICP KUOU YJKEJ CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG J[IKGPG J[RQVJGUKU ECP RTQ VGEV CICKPUV CNNGTIKGU CPF CWVQKOOWPG FKUGCUGU 6JG DGP GិVU QH EQPVCEV YKVJ C FQI CNUQ KPENWFG UQEKCN UWRRQTV CU FQIU CTG CDNG VQ PQV QPN[ RTQXKFG EQORCPKQPUJKR CPF UQEKCN UWRRQTV VJGOUGNXGU DWV CNUQ VQ CEV CU HCEKNKVCVQTU QH UQEKCN KPVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP JWOCPU = ? 1PG UVWF[ KPFKECVGF VJCV YJGGNEJCKT WUGTU GZRGTKGPEG OQTG RQUKVKXG UQEKCN KPVGTCE VKQPU YKVJ UVTCPIGTU YJGP VJG[ CTG CEEQORCPKGF D[ C FQI VJCP YJGP VJG[ CTG PQV = ?

'XGT[ [GCT DGVYGGP CPF OKNNKQP FQIU CPF ECVU GPVGT 75 CPKOCN UJGNVGTU = ? 6JG *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU *575 GUVKOCVGU VJCV CRRTQZKOCVGN[ VQ OKNNKQP QH VJQUG FQIU CPF ECVU CTG GWVJCPK\GF [GCTN[ KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU = ? *QYGXGT VJG RGTEGPVCIG QH FQIU KP 75 CPKOCN UJGNVGTU VJCV CTG GXGPVWCNN[ CFQRVGF CPF TGOQXGF HTQO VJG UJGNVGTU D[ VJGKT PGY NGICN QYPGTU JCU KPETGCUGF UKPEG VJG OKF U HTQO CTQWPF VQ C CXGTCIG QH COQPI TGRQTVKPI UJGNVGTU= ? CPF OCP[ UJGNVGTU TGRQTVKPI ཊ = ?

1.1.5

Biology

/CKP CTVKENG &QI CPCVQO[ &QOGUVKE FQIU JCXG DGGP UGNGEVKXGN[ DTGF HQT OKNNGPPKC HQT XCTKQWU DGJCXKQTU UGPUQT[ ECRCDKNKVKGU CPF RJ[UKECN CVVTKDWVGU = ? /QFGTP FQI DTGGFU UJQY OQTG XCTKCVKQP KP UK\G CRRGCTCPEG CPF DGJCXKQT VJCP CP[ QVJGT FQOGUVKE

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& WUG EQNQT KPUVGCF QH DTKIJVPGUU VQ FKាGTGPVKCVG NKIJV QT FCTM DNWG [GNNQY = ?= ?= ?= ? &QIU CTG NGUU UGPUKVKXG VQ FKH HGTGPEGU KP ITG[ UJCFGU VJCP JWOCPU CPF CNUQ ECP FGVGEV DTKIJVPGUU CV CDQWV JCNH VJG CEEWTCE[ QH JWOCPU = ? 6JG FQIཐU XKUWCN U[UVGO JCU GXQNXGF VQ CKF RTQិEKGPV JWPVKPI = ? 9JKNG C FQIཐU XKUWCN CEWKV[ KU RQQT VJCV QH C RQQFNG U JCU DGGP GUVKOCVGF VQ VTCPUNCVG VQ C 5PGNNGP TCV KPI QH = ? VJGKT XKUWCN FKUETKOKPCVKQP HQT OQXKPI QDLGEVU KU XGT[ JKIJ FQIU JCXG DGGP UJQYP VQ DG CDNG VQ FKUETKOKPCVG DGVYGGP JWOCPU G I KFGPVKH[KPI VJGKT JW OCP IWCTFKCP CV C TCPIG QH DGVYGGP CPF O JQY GXGT VJKU TCPIG FGETGCUGU VQ ཊ O KH VJG QDLGEV KU UVCVKQPCT[ = ?

&QIU JCXG C VGORQTCN TGUQNWVKQP QH DGVYGGP CPF *\ YJKEJ GZRNCKPU YJ[ OCP[ FQIU UVTWIING VQ YCVEJ VGNGXKUKQP CU OQUV UWEJ OQFGTP UETGGPU CTG QRVKOK\GF HQT JWOCPU CV -BUFSBM WJFX PG B EPHࣙT CPOF TUSVDUVSF ཊ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ីKEMGT TCVG CPF C VCRGVWO VGGVJ HQT ECVEJKPI CPF VGCTKPI NWEKFWO = ? 6JG VCRGVWO KU C TGីGEVKXG UWTHCEG DGJKPF VJG &QIU CTG JKIJN[ XCTKCDNG KP JGKIJV CPF YGKIJV 6JG UOCNNGUV TGVKPC VJCV TGីGEVU NKIJV VQ IKXG VJG RJQVQTGEGRVQTU C UGEQPF MPQYP CFWNV FQI YCU C ;QTMUJKTG 6GTTKGT VJCV UVQQF QPN[ EJCPEG VQ ECVEJ VJG RJQVQPU 6JGTG KU CNUQ C TGNCVKQPUJKR EO KP CV VJG UJQWNFGT EO KP KP NGPIVJ DGVYGGP DQF[ UK\G CPF QXGTCNN FKCOGVGT QH VJG G[G # TCPIG CNQPI VJG JGCF CPF DQF[ CPF YGKIJGF QPN[ ITCOU QH CPF OO ECP DG HQWPF DGVYGGP XCTKQWU DTGGFU Q\ 6JG NCTIGUV MPQYP FQI YCU CP 'PINKUJ /CUVKា YJKEJ QH FQIU 6JKU XCTKCPEG ECP DG UWDUVCPVKCN CPF KU CUUQ YGKIJGF MI ND CPF YCU EO KP HTQO EKCVGF CU CP CFCRVCVKQP VQYCTF UWRGTKQT PKIJV XKUKQP = ? VJG UPQWV VQ VJG VCKN = ? 6JG VCNNGUV FQI KU C )TGCV &CPG VJCV 6JG G[GU QH FKាGTGPV DTGGFU QH FQIU JCXG FKាGTGPV UJCRGU UVCPFU EO KP CV VJG UJQWNFGT = ? FKOGPUKQPU CPF TGVKPC EQPិIWTCVKQPU = ? /CP[ NQPI PQUGF DTGGFU JCXG C ནXKUWCN UVTGCMཔཋC YKFG HQXGCN TGIKQP Senses VJCV TWPU CETQUU VJG YKFVJ QH VJG TGVKPC CPF IKXGU VJGO C XGT[ YKFG ិGNF QH GZEGNNGPV XKUKQP 5QOG NQPI OW\\NGF DTGGFU KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG UKIJVJQWPFU JCXG C ិGNF QH XKUKQP WR VQ q EQORCTGF VQ q HQT JWOCPU 5JQTV PQUGF DTGGFU QP VJG QVJGT JCPF JCXG CP ནCTGC EGPVTCNKU C EGPVTCN RCVEJ YKVJ WR VQ VJTGG VKOGU VJG FGPUKV[ QH PGTXG GPFKPIU CU VJG XKUWCN UVTGCM IKXKPI VJGO FGVCKNGF UKIJV OWEJ OQTG NKMG C JWOCPཐU 5QOG DTQCF JGCFGF DTGGFU YKVJ UJQTV PQUGU JCXG C ិGNF QH XKUKQP UKOKNCT VQ VJCV QH JWOCPU = ?= ? /QUV DTGGFU JCXG IQQF XKUKQP DWV UQOG UJQY C IGPGVKE RTG FKURQUKVKQP HQT O[QRKC ཊ UWEJ CU 4QVVYGKNGTU YKVJ YJKEJ QPG QWV QH GXGT[ VYQ JCU DGGP HQWPF VQ DG O[QRKE = ? &QIU %PHࣙT WJTVBM DPMPVS QFSDFQUJPO DPNQBSFE XJUI IVNBOT CNUQ JCXG C ITGCVGT FKXGTIGPEG QH VJG G[G CZKU VJCP JWOCPU Vision .KMG OQUV OCOOCNU FQIU CTG FKEJTQOCVU CPF GPCDNKPI VJGO VQ TQVCVG VJGKT RWRKNU HCTVJGT KP CP[ FKTGEVKQP CZKU QH FQIU TCPIGU HTQO ཊ q JCXG EQNQT XKUKQP GSWKXCNGPV VQ TGFཊITGGP EQNQT DNKPFPGUU 6JG FKXGTIGPEG QH VJG G[G = ? = ?= ?= ?= ? FGRGPFKPI QP VJG DTGGF KP JWOCPU FGWVGTCPQRKC 5Q FQIU ECP UGG DNWG CPF [GNNQY DWV JCXG FKឹEWNV[ FKាGTGPVKCVKPI TGF CPF 'ZRGTKOGPVCVKQP JCU RTQXGP VJCV FQIU ECP FKUVKPIWKUJ DG ITGGP DGECWUG VJG[ QPN[ JCXG VYQ URGEVTCN V[RGU QH EQPG VYGGP EQORNGZ XKUWCN KOCIGU UWEJ CU VJCV QH C EWDG QT C RJQVQTGEGRVQT YJKNG PQTOCN JWOCPU JCXG VJTGG #PF FQIU

%0( RTKUO &QIU CNUQ UJQY CVVTCEVKQP VQ UVCVKE XKUWCN KOCIGU UWEJ CU VJG UKNJQWGVVG QH C FQI QP C UETGGP VJGKT QYP TG ីGEVKQPU QT XKFGQU QH FQIU JQYGXGT VJGKT KPVGTGUV FGENKPGU UJCTRN[ QPEG VJG[ CTG WPCDNG VQ OCMG UQEKCN EQPVCEV YKVJ VJG KOCIG = ?

5IF XFU UFYUVSFE OPTF PG B EPH

5IF QIZTJPMPHZ PG B EPH FBS

FQI DTGGFU UWEJ CU DNQQFJQWPFU VJG QNHCEVQT[ UGPUG OC[ DG WR VQ OKNNKQP VKOGU ITGCVGT VJCP C JWOCPཐU = ? 6JG YGV PQUG QT TJKPCTKWO KU GUUGPVKCN HQT FGVGTOKPKPI VJG FK TGEVKQP QH VJG CKT EWTTGPV EQPVCKPKPI VJG UOGNN %QNF TGEGR VQTU KP VJG UMKP CTG UGPUKVKXG VQ VJG EQQNKPI QH VJG UMKP D[ GXCRQTCVKQP QH VJG OQKUVWTG D[ CKT EWTTGPVU = ? Physical characteristics /CKP CTVKENG &QI CPCVQO[

Coat /CKP CTVKENG %QCV FQI 6JG EQCVU QH FQOGUVKE FQIU CTG QH VYQ XCTKGVKGU ནFQWDNGཔ DGKPI EQOOQP YKVJ FQIU CU YGNN CU YQNXGU QTKIKPCVKPI Hearing 6JG HTGSWGPE[ TCPIG QH FQI JGCTKPI KU CRRTQZK HTQO EQNFGT ENKOCVGU OCFG WR QH C EQCTUG IWCTF JCKT CPF C = ? OCVGN[ *\ VQ *\ YJKEJ OGCPU VJCV FQIU ECP FGVGEV UQWPFU HCT DG[QPF VJG WRRGT NKOKV QH VJG JWOCP CWFK UQHV FQYP JCKT QT ནUKPINGཔ YKVJ VJG VQREQCV QPN[ VQT[ URGEVTWO = ?= ?= ? +P CFFKVKQP FQIU JCXG GCT OQ &QOGUVKE FQIU QHVGP FKURNC[ VJG TGOPCPVU QH DKNKV[ YJKEJ CNNQYU VJGO VQ TCRKFN[ RKPRQKPV VJG GZCEV NQ EQWPVGTUJCFKPI C EQOOQP PCVWTCN ECOQWីCIG RCV ECVKQP QH C UQWPF = ? 'KIJVGGP QT OQTG OWUENGU ECP VKNV VGTP # EQWPVGTUJCFGF CPKOCN YKNN JCXG FCTM EQNQTKPI TQVCVG TCKUG QT NQYGT C FQIཐU GCT # FQI ECP KFGPVKH[ C QP KVU WRRGT UWTHCEGU CPF NKIJV EQNQTKPI DGNQY = ? YJKEJ UQWPFཐU NQECVKQP OWEJ HCUVGT VJCP C JWOCP ECP CU YGNN CU TGFWEGU KVU IGPGTCN XKUKDKNKV[ 6JWU OCP[ DTGGFU YKNN JCXG JGCT UQWPFU CV HQWT VKOGU VJG FKUVCPEG = ? CP QEECUKQPCN ནDNC\Gཔ UVTKRG QT ནUVCTཔ QH YJKVG HWT QP VJGKT EJGUV QT WPFGTUKFG = ? 5SBOTGPSNBUJPO PG UIF FBST PG B IVTLBNVUF QVQQZ JO EBZT

Smell 9JKNG VJG JWOCP DTCKP KU FQOKPCVGF D[ C NCTIG XKUWCN EQTVGZ VJG FQI DTCKP KU FQOKPCVGF D[ CP QNHCEVQT[ EQTVGZ = ? 6JG QNHCEVQT[ DWND KP FQIU KU TQWIJN[ HQTV[ VKOGU DKIIGT VJCP VJG QNHCEVQT[ DWND KP JWOCPU TGNCVKXG VQ VQVCN DTCKP UK\G YKVJ VQ OKNNKQP UOGNN UGPUKVKXG TGEGRVQTU = ? 6JG DNQQFJQWPF GZEGGFU VJKU UVCPFCTF YKVJ PGCTN[ OKNNKQP TGEGRVQTU = ?

Tail 5GG CNUQ &QEMKPI

6JGTG CTG OCP[ FKាGTGPV UJCRGU HQT FQI VCKNU UVTCKIJV UVTCKIJV WR UKEMNG EWTNGF QT EQTM UETGY #U YKVJ OCP[ ECPKFU QPG QH VJG RTKOCT[ HWPEVKQPU QH C FQIཐU VCKN KU VQ EQO OWPKECVG VJGKT GOQVKQPCN UVCVG YJKEJ ECP DG KORQTVCPV KP %QPUGSWGPVN[ KV JCU DGGP GUVKOCVGF VJCV FQIU KP IGPGTCN IGVVKPI CNQPI YKVJ QVJGTU +P UQOG JWPVKPI FQIU JQYGXGT JCXG CP QNHCEVQT[ UGPUG TCPIKPI HTQO QPG JWPFTGF VJQWUCPF VJG VCKN KU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ FQEMGF VQ CXQKF KPLWTKGU = ? +P UQOG VQ QPG OKNNKQP VKOGU OQTG UGPUKVKXG VJCP C JWOCPཐU +P UQOG DTGGFU UWEJ CU VJG $TCSWG FW $QWTDQPPCKU RWRRKGU ECP DG

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& JWPFTGFU QH XCTKGF DTGGFU CPF UJQYU OQTG DGJCXKQTCN CPF OQTRJQNQIKECN XCTKCVKQP VJCP CP[ QVJGT NCPF OCOOCN = ? (QT GZCORNG JGKIJV OGCUWTGF VQ VJG YKVJGTU TCPIGU HTQO EGPVKOGVTGU KP KP VJG %JKJWCJWC VQ CDQWV EO

KP KP VJG +TKUJ 9QNHJQWPF EQNQT XCTKGU HTQO YJKVG VJTQWIJ ITC[U WUWCNN[ ECNNGF ནDNWGཔ VQ DNCEM CPF DTQYPU HTQO NKIJV VCP VQ FCTM ནTGFཔ QT ནEJQEQNCVGཔ KP C YKFG XCTK CVKQP QH RCVVGTPU EQCVU ECP DG UJQTV QT NQPI EQCTUG JCKTGF VQ YQQN NKMG UVTCKIJV EWTN[ QT UOQQVJ = ? +V KU EQOOQP HQT OQUV DTGGFU VQ UJGF VJKU EQCV 9JKNG CNN FQIU CTG IGPGVKECNN[ XGT[ UKOKNCT = ? PCVWTCN UG NGEVKQP CPF UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI JCXG TGKPHQTEGF EGTVCKP EJCT CEVGTKUVKEU KP EGTVCKP RQRWNCVKQPU QH FQIU IKXKPI TKUG VQ FQI V[RGU CPF FQI DTGGFU &QI V[RGU CTG DTQCF ECVGIQTKGU DCUGF QP HWPEVKQP IGPGVKEU QT EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU = ? &QI DTGGFU CTG ITQWRU QH CPKOCNU VJCV RQUUGUU C UGV QH KPJGTKVGF EJCTCEVGT KUVKEU VJCV FKUVKPIWKUJGU VJGO HTQO QVJGT CPKOCNU YKVJKP VJG UCOG URGEKGU /QFGTP FQI DTGGFU CTG PQP UEKGPVKិE ENCUUK ិECVKQPU QH FQIU MGRV D[ OQFGTP MGPPGN ENWDU

" IFBWZ XJOUFS DPBU XJUI DPVOUFSTIBEJOH JO B NJYFE CSFFE EPH

DQTP YKVJ C UJQTV VCKN QT PQ VCKN CV CNN = ? Types and breeds

2WTGDTGF FQIU QH QPG DTGGF CTG IGPGVKECNN[ FKUVKPIWKUJCDNG HTQO RWTGDTGF FQIU QH QVJGT DTGGFU = ? DWV VJG OGCPU D[ YJKEJ MGPPGN ENWDU ENCUUKH[ FQIU KU WPU[UVGOCVKE 5[U VGOCVKE CPCN[UGU QH VJG FQI IGPQOG JCU TGXGCNGF QPN[ HQWT OCLQT V[RGU QH FQIU VJCV ECP DG UCKF VQ DG UVCVKUVK ECNN[ FKUVKPEV = ? 6JGUG KPENWFG VJG ནQNF YQTNF FQIUཔ G I /CNCOWVG CPF 5JCT 2GK ན/CUVKា V[RG G I 'PINKUJ /CU VKា ནJGTFKPI V[RG G I $QTFGT %QNNKG CPF ནCNN QVJGTUཔ

CNUQ ECNNGF ནOQFGTP QT ནJWPVKPI V[RG = ?= ?

/CKP CTVKENG &QI DTGGF Health (WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP &QI V[RG /QUV DTGGFU QH FQI CTG CV OQUV C HGY JWPFTGF [GCTU QNF /CKP CTVKENGU &QI JGCNVJ CPF %8$& &QIU CTG UWUEGRVKDNG VQ XCTKQWU FKUGCUGU CKNOGPVU CPF RQK UQPU UQOG QH YJKEJ ECP CាGEV JWOCPU 6Q FGHGPF CICKPUV OCP[ EQOOQP FKUGCUGU FQIU CTG QHVGP XCEEKPCVGF 6JGTG CTG OCP[ JQWUGJQNF RNCPVU VJCV CTG RQKUQPQWU VQ FQIU DGIQPKC CPF CNQG XGTC = ? 2QKPUGVVKC KU QHVGP ENCKOGF VQ DG VQZKE DWV VJKU KU WPVTWG 6JG .& HQT TCVU YCU FGVGTOKPGF VQ DG ITGCVGT VJCP I MI = ? 6JKU YQWNF OGCP VJCV C RQWPF FQI YQWNF JCXG VQ GCV NGCXGU VQ JCXG C EJCPEG QH FGCVJ

$BWBMJFS ,JOH $IBSMFT 4QBOJFMT EFNPOTUSBUF XJUIJO CSFFE WBSJBUJPO

JCXKPI DGGP CTVKáž·EKCNN[ UGNGEVGF HQT RCTVKEWNCT OQTRJQNQIKGU CPF DGJCXKQTU D[ RGQRNG HQT URGEKáž·E HWPEVKQPCN TQNGU 6JTQWIJ VJKU UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI VJG FQI JCU FGXGNQRGF KPVQ

5QOG DTGGFU QH FQIU CTG RTQPG VQ EGTVCKP IGPGVKE CKN OGPVU UWEJ CU GNDQY QT JKR F[URNCUKC DNKPFPGUU FGCHPGUU RWNOQPKE UVGPQUKU ENGHV RCNCVG CPF VTKEM MPGGU 6YQ UG TKQWU OGFKECN EQPFKVKQPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ CាGEVKPI FQIU CTG R[QOGVTC CាGEVKPI WPURC[GF HGOCNGU QH CNN V[RGU CPF CIGU CPF DNQCV YJKEJ CាGEVU VJG NCTIGT DTGGFU QT FGGR EJGUVGF FQIU $QVJ QH VJGUG CTG CEWVG EQPFKVKQPU CPF ECP MKNN TCRKFN[ &QIU CTG CNUQ UWUEGRVKDNG VQ RCTCUKVGU UWEJ CU ីGCU VKEMU CPF OKVGU CU YGNN CU JQQMYQTO VCRGYQTO

%0( TQWPFYQTO CPF JGCTVYQTO &QIU CTG JKIJN[ UWUEGRVKDNG VQ VJGQDTQOKPG RQKUQPKPI V[R KECNN[ HTQO KPIGUVKQP QH EJQEQNCVG 6JGQDTQOKPG KU VQZKE VQ FQIU DGECWUG CNVJQWIJ VJG FQIཐU OGVCDQNKUO KU ECRC DNG QH DTGCMKPI FQYP VJG EJGOKECN VJG RTQEGUU KU UQ UNQY VJCV GXGP UOCNN COQWPVU QH EJQEQNCVG ECP DG HCVCN GURGEKCNN[ FCTM EJQEQNCVG

RQTVGF VQ DG VJG NQPIGUV NKXGF KU $NWG[ YJQ FKGF KP CPF YCU ENCKOGF VQ DG [GCTU QNF CV VJG VKOG QH JKU FGCVJ JQYGXGT VJG $NWG[ TGEQTF KU CPGEFQVCN CPF WPXGTKិGF = ? 1P &GEGODGT 2WUWMG VJG YQTNFཐU QNFGUV NKXKPI FQI TGEQIPK\GF D[ )WKPPGUU $QQM QH 9QTNF 4GEQTFU FKGF CIGF [GCTU CPF OQPVJU = ?

&QIU CTG CNUQ XWNPGTCDNG VQ UQOG QH VJG UCOG JGCNVJ EQP Predation #NVJQWIJ YKNF FQIU NKMG YQNXGU CTG CRGZ FKVKQPU CU JWOCPU KPENWFKPI FKCDGVGU FGPVCN CPF JGCTV FKU RTGFCVQTU VJG[ ECP DG MKNNGF KP VGTTKVQT[ FKURWVGU YKVJ YKNF CPKOCNU = ? (WTVJGTOQTG KP CTGCU YJGTG DQVJ FQIU GCUG GRKNGRU[ ECPEGT J[RQVJ[TQKFKUO CPF CTVJTKVKU = ? CPF QVJGT NCTIG RTGFCVQTU NKXG FQIU ECP DG C OCLQT HQQF UQWTEG HQT DKI ECVU QT ECPKPGU 4GRQTVU HTQO %TQCVKC KPFK ECVG YQNXGU MKNN FQIU OQTG HTGSWGPVN[ VJCP VJG[ MKNN UJGGR 9QNXGU KP 4WUUKC CRRCTGPVN[ NKOKV HGTCN FQI RQRWNCVKQPU +P 9KUEQPUKP OQTG EQORGPUCVKQP JCU DGGP RCKF HQT FQI NQUUGU VJCP NKXGUVQEM = ? 5QOG YQNH RCKTU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF VQ RTG[ QP FQIU D[ JCXKPI QPG YQNH NWTG VJG FQI QWV KPVQ JGCX[ DTWUJ YJGTG VJG UGEQPF CPKOCN YCKVU KP CODWUJ = ? +P UQOG KPUVCPEGU YQNXGU JCXG FKURNC[GF CP WPEJCTCEVGTKUVKE HGCTNGUUPGUU QH JWOCPU CPF DWKNFKPIU YJGP CVVCEMKPI FQIU VQ VJG GZVGPV VJCV VJG[ JCXG VQ DG DGCVGP Qា QT MKNNGF = ?

" NJYFE CSFFE UFSSJFS .JYFE CSFFE EPHT BSF HFOFSBMMZ IFBMUIJFS UIBO QVSF CSFET

Mortality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

%Q[QVGU CPF DKI ECVU JCXG CNUQ DGGP MPQYP VQ CVVCEM FQIU .GQRCTFU KP RCTVKEWNCT CTG MPQYP VQ JCXG C RTGFKNGEVKQP HQT FQIU CPF JCXG DGGP TGEQTFGF VQ MKNN CPF EQPUWOG VJGO TGICTFNGUU QH VJG FQIཐU UK\G QT HGTQEKV[ = ? 6KIGTU KP /CPEJWTKC +PFQEJKPC +PFQPGUKC CPF /CNC[UKC CTG TG RWVGF VQ MKNN FQIU YKVJ VJG UCOG XKIQT CU NGQRCTFU = ? 5VTKRGF *[GPCU CTG OCLQT RTGFCVQTU QH XKNNCIG FQIU KP 6WTM OGPKUVCP +PFKC CPF VJG %CWECUWU = ? 4GRVKNGU UWEJ CU CN NKICVQTU CPF R[VJQPU JCXG DGGP MPQYP VQ MKNN CPF GCV FQIU Diet 5GG CNUQ &QI HQQF &GURKVG VJGKT FGUEGPV HTQO YQNXGU CPF ENCUUKិEC VKQP CU %CTPKXQTC FQIU CTG XCTKQWUN[ FGUETKDGF KP UEJQNCTN[ CPF QVJGT YTKVKPIU CU ECTPKXQTGU= ?= ? QT QOPKXQTGU = ?= ?= ?= ? 7PNKMG QDNKICVG ECTPKXQTGU UWEJ CU VJG ECV HCOKN[ YKVJ KVU UJQTVGT UOCNN KPVGUVKPG FQIU ECP CFCRV VQ C YKFG TCPIKPI FKGV CPF CTG PQV FGRGPFGPV QP OGCV URGEKិE RTQVGKP PQT C XGT[ JKIJ NGXGN QH RTQVGKP KP QT FGT VQ HWNិNN VJGKT DCUKE FKGVCT[ TGSWKTGOGPVU &QIU YKNN JGCNVJKN[ FKIGUV C XCTKGV[ QH HQQFU KPENWFKPI XGIGVCDNGU CPF ITCKPU CPF ECP EQPUWOG C NCTIG RTQRQTVKQP QH VJGUG KP VJGKT FKGV = ? %QORCTGF VQ VJGKT YQNH CPEGUVQTU FQIU JCXG CFCR VCVKQPU KP IGPGU KPXQNXGF KP UVCTEJ FKIGUVKQP VJCV EQPVTKDWVG VQ CP KPETGCUGF CDKNKV[ VQ VJTKXG QP C UVCTEJ TKEJ FKGV = ? Foods toxic to dogs # PWODGT QH EQOOQP JWOCP HQQFU CPF JQWUGJQNF KPIGUVKDNGU CTG VQZKE VQ FQIU KPENWFKPI EJQEQNCVG UQNKFU VJGQDTQOKPG RQKUQPKPI QPKQP CPF ICTNKE

VJKQUWNRJCVG UWNHQZKFG QT FKUWNិFG RQKUQPKPI = ? ITCRGU

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& RQUUKDNG HQT C HGOCNG VQ OCVG YKVJ OQTG VJCP QPG OCNG = ? ཊ FC[U RQUV EQPEGRVKQP HGTVKNK\CVKQP QEEWTU ཊ FC[U GODT[Q CVVCEJGU VQ WVGTWU ཊ FC[U JGCTV DGCV KU FGVGEVCDNG = ?= ? &QIU DGCT VJGKT NKVVGTU TQWIJN[ VQ FC[U CHVGT HGTVKNK\CVKQP = ?= ? YKVJ CP CXGTCIG QH FC[U CNVJQWIJ VJG NGPIVJ QH IGUVCVKQP ECP XCT[ #P CXGTCIG NKVVGT EQPUKUVU QH CDQWV UKZ RWRRKGU = ? VJQWIJ VJKU PWODGT OC[ XCT[ YKFGN[ DCUGF QP VJG DTGGF QH FQI +P IGPGTCN VQ[ FQIU RTQFWEG HTQO QPG VQ HQWT RWRRKGU KP GCEJ NKVVGT YJKNG OWEJ NCTIGT DTGGFU OC[ CXGTCIG CU OCP[ CU VYGNXG 5QOG FQI DTGGFU JCXG CESWKTGF VTCKVU VJTQWIJ UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI VJCV KPVGTHGTG YKVJ TGRTQFWEVKQP /CNG (TGPEJ $WNNFQIU HQT KPUVCPEG CTG KPECRCDNG QH OQWPVKPI VJG HG OCNG (QT OCP[ FQIU QH VJKU DTGGF VJG HGOCNG OWUV DG CTVKិEKCNN[ KPUGOKPCVGF KP QTFGT VQ TGRTQFWEG = ?

(PMEFO 3FUSJFWFS HOBXJOH B QJHࣙT GPPU

CPF TCKUKPU OCECFCOKC PWVU Z[NKVQN = ? CU YGNN CU XCTK QWU RNCPVU CPF QVJGT RQVGPVKCNN[ KPIGUVGF OCVGTKCNU = ?= ? 6JG PKEQVKPG KP VQDCEEQ ECP CNUQ DG FCPIGTQWU &QIU ECP IGV KV D[ UECXGPIKPI KP ICTDCIG QT CUJVTC[U GCVKPI EKICTU CPF EKICTGVVGU 5KIPU ECP DG XQOKVKPI QH NCTIG COQWPVU

G I HTQO GCVKPI EKICT DWVVU QT FKCTTJGC 5QOG QVJGT UKIPU CTG CDFQOKPCN RCKP NQUU QH EQQTFKPCVKQP EQNNCRUG QT FGCVJ 6Q UQNXG UQQVJG VJG UVQOCEJ KTTKVCVKQP D[ IKXKPI EJCTEQCN VCDNGVU (QT UGXGTG UKIPU IGV KOOGFKCVG XGVGTKPCT[ CVVGPVKQP = ?

" GFSBM EPH GSPN 4SJ -BOLB OVSTJOH IFS GPVS QVQQJFT

Neutering 0GWVGTKPI TGHGTU VQ VJG UVGTKNK\CVKQP QH CPK OCNU WUWCNN[ D[ TGOQXCN QH VJG OCNGཐU VGUVKENGU QT VJG HG OCNGཐU QXCTKGU CPF WVGTWU KP QTFGT VQ GNKOKPCVG VJG CDKN KV[ VQ RTQETGCVG CPF TGFWEG UGZ FTKXG $GECWUG QH VJG QXGTRQRWNCVKQP QH FQIU KP UQOG EQWPVTKGU OCP[ CPKOCN Reproduction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ཊ OKNNKQP FQIU CPF ECVU CTG RWV FQYP GCEJ [GCT KP VJG UQOG NCTIG DTGGFU 6JKU KU VJG VKOG CV YJKEJ HGOCNG FQIU 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF OCP[ OQTG CTG EQPិPGF VQ ECIGU KP UJGN YKNN JCXG VJGKT ិTUV GUVTQWU E[ENG 6JG[ YKNN GZRGTKGPEG UWD VGTU DGECWUG VJGTG CTG OCP[ OQTG CPKOCNU VJCP VJGTG CTG UGSWGPV GUVTQWU E[ENGU DKCPPWCNN[ FWTKPI YJKEJ VJG DQF[ JQOGU 5RC[KPI QT ECUVTCVKPI FQIU JGNRU MGGR QXGTRQRWNC RTGRCTGU HQT RTGIPCPE[ #V VJG RGCM QH VJG E[ENG HGOCNGU VKQP FQYP = ? .QECN JWOCPG UQEKGVKGU 52%#U CPF QVJGT YKNN EQOG KPVQ GUVTWU DGKPI OGPVCNN[ CPF RJ[UKECNN[ TGEGR CPKOCN RTQVGEVKQP QTICPK\CVKQPU WTIG RGQRNG VQ PGWVGT VJGKT VKXG VQ EQRWNCVKQP = ? $GECWUG VJG QXC UWTXKXG CPF CTG EC RGVU CPF VQ CFQRV CPKOCNU HTQO UJGNVGTU KPUVGCF QH RWTEJCU RCDNG QH DGKPI HGTVKNK\GF HQT C YGGM CHVGT QXWNCVKQP KV KU KPI VJGO

%0( 0GWVGTKPI TGFWEGU RTQDNGOU ECWUGF D[ J[RGTUGZWCNKV[ GU RGEKCNN[ KP OCNG FQIU = ? 5RC[GF HGOCNG FQIU CTG NGUU NKMGN[ VQ FGXGNQR UQOG HQTOU QH ECPEGT CсЮ╢GEVKPI OCOOCT[ INCPFU QXCTKGU CPF QVJGT TGRTQFWEVKXG QTICPU = ? *QY GXGT PGWVGTKPI KPETGCUGU VJG TKUM QH WTKPCT[ KPEQPVKPGPEG KP HGOCNG FQIU = ? CPF RTQUVCVG ECPEGT KP OCNGU = ? CU YGNN CU QUVGQUCTEQOC JGOCPIKQUCTEQOC ETWEKCVG NKICOGPV TWR VWTG QDGUKV[ CPF FKCDGVGU OGNNKVWU KP GKVJGT UGZ = ? Communication $[ VJG CIG QH HQWT YGGMU VJG FQI JCU FGXGNQRGF VJG OC LQTKV[ QH KVU XQECNK\CVKQPU = ? 6JG FQI KU VJG OQUV XQECN ECPKF CPF KU WPKSWG KP KVU VGPFGPE[ VQ DCTM KP C O[TKCF QH UKVWCVKQPU = ? $CTMKPI CRRGCTU VQ JCXG NKVVNG OQTG EQOOWPKECVKQP HWPE VKQPU VJCP GZEKVGOGPV сЮ╖IJVKPI VJG RTGUGPEG QH C JWOCP QT UKORN[ DGECWUG QVJGT FQIU CTG DCTMKPI = ? 5WDVNGT UKIPU UWEJ CU FKUETGGV DQFKN[ CPF HCEKCN OQXGOGPVU DQF[ QFQTU YJKPGU [GNRU CPF ITQYNU CTG VJG OCKP UQWTEGU QH CEVWCN EQOOWPKECVKQP = ? 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH VJGUG UWDVNG EQOOW PKECVKQP VGEJPKSWGU CTG GORNQ[GF CV C ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ VQ CP QVJGT DWV HQT NQPI TCPIG EQOOWPKECVKQP QPN[ DCTMKPI CPF JQYNKPI CTG GORNQ[GF = ?

VGNNKIGPEG VJCV KU WPEQOOQP KP VJG CPKOCN YQTNF = ? &QIU CTG ECRCDNG QH NGCTPKPI KP C PWODGT QH YC[U UWEJ CU VJTQWIJ UKORNG TGKPHQTEGOGPV G I ENCUUKECN QT QRGTCPV EQPFKVKQP KPI CPF D[ QDUGTXCVKQP = ?= ? &QIU IQ VJTQWIJ C UGTKGU QH UVCIGU QH EQIPKVKXG FGXGNQR OGPV #U YKVJ JWOCPU VJG WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJCV QDLGEVU PQV DGKPI CEVKXGN[ RGTEGKXGF UVKNN TGOCKP KP GZKUVGPEG ECNNGF QDLGEV RGTOCPGPEG KU PQV RTGUGPV CV DKTVJ +V FGXGNQRU CU VJG [QWPI FQI NGCTPU VQ KPVGTCEV KPVGPVKQPCNN[ YKVJ QDLGEVU CTQWPF KV CV TQWIJN[ YGGMU QH CIG = ? 2WRRKGU NGCTP DGJCXKQTU SWKEMN[ D[ HQNNQYKPI GZCORNGU UGV D[ GZRGTKGPEGF FQIU = ? 6JKU HQTO QH KPVGNNKIGPEG KU PQV RGEWNKCT VQ VJQUG VCUMU FQIU JCXG DGGP DTGF VQ RGTHQTO DWV ECP DG IGPGTCNK\GF VQ O[TKCF CDUVTCEV RTQDNGOU (QT GZCO RNG &CEJUJWPF RWRRKGU VJCV YCVEJGF CP GZRGTKGPEGF FQI RWNN C ECTV D[ VWIIKPI QP CP CVVCEJGF RKGEG QH TKDDQP KP QT FGT VQ IGV C TGYCTF HTQO KPUKFG VJG ECTV NGCTPGF VJG VCUM сЮ╖HVGGP VKOGU HCUVGT VJCP VJQUG NGHV VQ UQNXG VJG RTQDNGO QP VJGKT QYP = ?= ?

&QIU ECP CNUQ NGCTP D[ OKOKEMKPI JWOCP DGJCXKQTU +P QPG UVWF[ RWRRKGU YGTG RTGUGPVGF YKVJ C DQZ CPF UJQYP VJCV YJGP C JCPFNGT RTGUUGF C NGXGT C DCNN YQWNF TQNN QWV QH VJG DQZ 6JG JCPFNGT VJGP CNNQYGF VJG RWRR[ VQ RNC[ YKVJ VJG DCNN OCMKPI KV CP KPVTKPUKE TGYCTF 6JG RWRU YGTG VJGP CN NQYGF VQ KPVGTCEV YKVJ VJG DQZ 4QWIJN[ VJTGG SWCTVGTU QH VJG RWRRKGU UWDUGSWGPVN[ VQWEJGF VJG NGXGT CPF QXGT JCNH 1.1.6 Intelligence and behavior UWEEGUUHWNN[ TGNGCUGF VJG DCNN EQORCTGF VQ QPN[ KP C EQPVTQN ITQWR VJCV FKF PQV YCVEJ VJG JWOCP OCPKRWNCVG VJG Intelligence NGXGT = ? #PQVJGT UVWF[ HQWPF VJCV JCPFKPI CP QDLGEV DG VYGGP GZRGTKOGPVGTU YJQ VJGP WUGF VJG QDLGEVр╜РU PCOG KP /CKP CTVKENG &QI KPVGNNKIGPEG C UGPVGPEG UWEEGUUHWNN[ VCWIJV CP QDUGTXKPI FQI GCEJ QD 6JG FQOGUVKE FQI JCU C RTGFKURQUKVKQP VQ GZJKDKV C UQEKCN KP LGEVр╜РU PCOG CNNQYKPI VJG FQI VQ UWDUGSWGPVN[ TGVTKGXG VJG KVGO = ?

4FSHFBOU 4UVCCZ XFBSJOH IJT VOJGPSN BOE NFEBMT 4UVCCZ QBSUJDJ QBUFE JO GPVS PрквFOTJWFT BOE CBUUMFT 5IF #PSEFS $PMMJF JT DPOTJEFSFE UP CF POF PG UIF NPTU JOUFMMJHFOU CSFFET < >

&QIU CNUQ FGOQPUVTCVG UQRJKUVKECVGF UQEKCN EQIPKVKQP D[ CU

UQEKCVKPI DGJCXKQTCN EWGU YKVJ CDUVTCEV OGCPKPIU = ? 1PG UWEJ ENCUU QH UQEKCN EQIPKVKQP KPXQNXGU VJG WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJCV QVJGTU CTG EQPUEKQWU CIGPVU 4GUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP VJCV FQIU CTG ECRCDNG QH KPVGTRTGVKPI UWDVNG UQEKCN EWGU CPF CR RGCT VQ TGEQIPK\G YJGP C JWOCP QT FQIཐU CVVGPVKQP KU HQ EWUGF QP VJGO 6Q VGUV VJKU TGUGCTEJGTU FGXKUGF C VCUM KP YJKEJ C TGYCTF YCU JKFFGP WPFGTPGCVJ QPG QH VYQ DWEM GVU 6JG GZRGTKOGPVGT VJGP CVVGORVGF VQ EQOOWPKECVG YKVJ VJG FQI VQ KPFKECVG VJG NQECVKQP QH VJG TGYCTF D[ WUKPI C YKFG TCPIG QH UKIPCNU VCRRKPI VJG DWEMGV RQKPVKPI VQ VJG DWEMGV PQFFKPI VQ VJG DWEMGV QT UKORN[ NQQMKPI CV VJG DWEMGV = ? RR 6JG TGUWNVU UJQYGF VJCV FQOGUVKE FQIU YGTG DGVVGT VJCP EJKORCP\GGU YQNXGU CPF JWOCP KPHCPVU CV VJKU VCUM CPF GXGP [QWPI RWRRKGU YKVJ NKOKVGF GZRQUWTG VQ JWOCPU RGTHQTOGF YGNN = ?

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& # DQTFGT EQNNKG PCOGF %JCUGT JCU NGCTPGF VJG PCOGU HQT VQ[U CHVGT VJTGG [GCTU QH VTCKPKPI UQ OCP[ VJCV JGT VTCKPGTU JCXG JCF VQ OCTM VJG PCOGU QH VJG QDLGEVU NGUV VJG[ HQTIGV VJGOUGNXGU 6JKU KU JKIJGT VJCP 4KEQ CPQVJGT DQTFGT EQNNKG YJQ EQWNF TGOGODGT CV NGCUV QDLGEVU = ? Behavior /CKP CTVKENG &QI DGJCXKQT

#NVJQWIJ FQIU JCXG DGGP VJG UWDLGEV QH C ITGCV FGCN QH DGJCXKQTKUV RU[EJQNQI[ G I 2CXNQXཐU FQI VJG[ FQ PQV GP VGT VJG YQTNF YKVJ C RU[EJQNQIKECN ནDNCPM UNCVGཔ = ? 4CVJGT FQI DGJCXKQT KU CាGEVGF D[ IGPGVKE HCEVQTU CU YGNN CU GP 2U[EJQNQI[ TGUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP VJCV JWOCPUཐ IC\G KPUVKPE XKTQPOGPVCN HCEVQTU = ? &QOGUVKE FQIU GZJKDKV C PWODGT VKXGN[ OQXGU VQ VJG NGHV KP QTFGT VQ YCVEJ VJG TKIJV UKFG QH QH DGJCXKQTU CPF RTGFKURQUKVKQPU VJCV YGTG KPJGTKVGF HTQO C RGTUQPཐ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ីGZKDN[ VJCP EQWNF VJGKT NCUV EQO GZEGGF VJCV QH GXGP QWT ENQUGUV IGPGVKE TGNCVKXGU CPF VJCV OQP YQNH CPEGUVQT YGTG CV C UGNGEVKXG CFXCPVCIG = ? VJKU ECRCEKV[ KU C TGEGPV IGPGVKE CESWKUKVKQP VJCV FKUVKP IWKUJGU VJG FQI HTQO KVU CPEGUVQT VJG YQNH = ? 5VWFKGU JCXG CNUQ KPXGUVKICVGF YJGVJGT FQIU GPICIGF KP RCTVPGTGF RNC[ EJCPIG VJGKT DGJCXKQT FGRGPFKPI QP VJG CVVGPVKQP UVCVG QH VJGKT RCTVPGT = ? 6JQUG UVWFKGU UJQYGF VJCV RNC[ UKIPCNU YGTG QPN[ UGPV YJGP VJG FQI YCU JQNFKPI VJG CVVGPVKQP QH KVU RCTVPGT +H VJG RCTVPGT YCU FKUVTCEVGF VJG FQI KPUVGCF GPICIGF KP CVVGPVKQP IGVVKPI DGJCXKQT DGHQTG UGPFKPI C RNC[ UKIPCN = ? %QTGP JCU CNUQ CTIWGF VJCV FQIU FGOQPUVTCVG C UQRJKUVKECVGF VJGQT[ QH OKPF D[ GPICIKPI KP FGEGRVKQP YJKEJ JG UWR RQTVU YKVJ C PWODGT QH CPGEFQVGU KPENWFKPI QPG GZCORNG YJGTGKP C FQI JKF C UVQNGP VTGCV D[ UKVVKPI QP KV WPVKN VJG TKIJVHWN QYPGT QH VJG VTGCV NGHV VJG TQQO = ? #NVJQWIJ VJKU EQWNF JCXG DGGP CEEKFGPVCN %QTGP UWIIGUVU VJCV VJG VJKGH WPFGTUVQQF VJCV VJG VTGCVཐU QYPGT YQWNF DG WPCDNG VQ ិPF VJG VTGCV KH KV YGTG QWV QH XKGY 6QIGVJGT VJG GORKTKECN FCVC CPF CPGEFQVCN GXKFGPEG RQKPVU VQ FQIU RQUUGUUKPI CV NGCUV C NKOKVGF HQTO QH VJGQT[ QH OKPF = ?= ? 5KOKNCT TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP RGTHQTOGF D[ $TKCP *CTG QH &WMG 7PKXGTUKV[ YJQ JCU UJQYP VJCV FQIU QWVRGTHQTO DQVJ ITGCV CRGU CU YGNN CU YQNXGU TCKUGF D[ JWOCPU KP TGCFKPI JWOCP EQOOWPKECVKXG UKIPCNU = ? RR = ?

1SPQFSMZ TPDJBMJ[FE EPHT DBO JOUFSBDU XJUI VOGBNJMJBS EPHT PG BOZ TJ[F BOE TIBQF BOE VOEFSTUBOE IPX UP DPNNVOJDBUF

6JG GZKUVGPEG CPF PCVWTG QH RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU KP FQIU JCXG DGGP UVWFKGF FQIU QH FKាGTGPV DTGGFU CPF ិXG EQPUKUVGPV CPF UVCDNG ནPCTTQY VTCKVUཔ KFGPVKិGF FGUETKDGF CU RNC[HWNPGUU EWTKQUKV[ HGCTNGUUPGUU EJCUG RTQPGPGUU UQEKC DKNKV[ CPF CIITGUUKXGPGUU # HWTVJGT JKIJGT QTFGT CZKU HQT UJ[PGUUཊDQNFPGUU YCU CNUQ KFGPVKិGF = ?= ?

6JG CXGTCIG UNGGR VKOG QH C FQI KU UCKF VQ DG JQWTU RGT FC[ = ? .KMG JWOCPU FQIU JCXG VYQ OCKP V[RGU QH UNGGR 5NQY YCXG UNGGR VJGP 4CRKF G[G OQXGOGPV UNGGR VJG UVCVG # UVWF[ HQWPF C VJKTF QH FQIU UWាGTGF HTQO CPZKGV[ YJGP KP YJKEJ FTGCOU QEEWT = ? UGRCTCVGF HTQO QVJGTU = ? &QIU RTGHGT YJGP VJG[ CTG Qា VJG NGCUJ CPF 'CTVJཐU OCI

%0(

PGVKE ិGNF KU ECNO VQ WTKPCVG CPF FGHGECVG YKVJ VJGKT DQFKGU VTKDGU HCXQTKPI VJG HQTOGT HQT WUG CU ENQVJKPI FWG VQ KVU CNKIPGF QP C PQTVJ UQWVJ CZKU = ? ITGCVGT TGUKUVCPEG VQ YGCT CPF VGCT KP JCTUJ YGCVJGT = ? Dog growl

Behavioral differences

# PGY UVWF[ KP $WFCRGUV *WPICT[ JCU HQWPF VJCV FQIU CTG CDNG VQ VGNN JQY DKI CPQVJGT FQI KU LWUV D[ NKUVGPKPI VQ KVU ITQYN # URGEKិE ITQYN KU WUGF D[ FQIU VQ RTQVGEV VJGKT HQQF 6JG TGUGCTEJ CNUQ UJQYU VJCV FQIU FQ PQV NKG CDQWV VJGKT UK\G CPF VJKU KU VJG ិTUV VKOG TGUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP CPKOCNU ECP FGVGTOKPG CPQVJGTཐU UK\G D[ VJG UQWPF KV OCMGU 6JG VGUV WUKPI KOCIGU QH OCP[ MKPFU QH FQIU UJQYGF C UOCNN CPF DKI FQI CPF RNC[GF C ITQYN 6JG TGUWNV UJQYGF VJCV QH VJG VGUV FQIU NQQMGF CV VJG KOCIG QH VJG CRRTQRTKCVGN[ UK\GF FQI ិTUV CPF NQQMGF CV KV NQPIGUV = ?

&QIU VGPF VQ DG RQQTGT VJCP YQNXGU CV QDUGTXCVKQPCN NGCTP KPI DGKPI OQTG TGURQPUKXG VQ KPUVTWOGPVCN EQPFKVKQP KPI = ? (GTCN FQIU UJQY NKVVNG QH VJG EQORNGZ UQEKCN UVTWE VWTG QT FQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJ[ RTGUGPV KP YQNH RCEMU (QT GZ CORNG WPNKMG YQNXGU VJG FQOKPCPV CNRJC RCKTU QH C HGTCN FQI RCEM FQ PQV HQTEG VJG QVJGT OGODGTU VQ YCKV HQT VJGKT VWTP QP C OGCN YJGP UECXGPIKPI Qា C FGCF WPIWNCVG CU VJG YJQNG HCOKN[ KU HTGG VQ LQKP KP (QT FQIU QVJGT OGODGTU QH VJGKT MKPF CTG QH PQ JGNR KP NQECVKPI HQQF KVGOU CPF CTG OQTG NKMG EQORGVKVQTU = ?

1.1.7

Differences from wolves

(GTCN FQIU CTG RTKOCTKN[ UECXGPIGTU YKVJ UVWFKGU UJQY KPI VJCV WPNKMG VJGKT YKNF EQWUKPU VJG[ CTG RQQT WPIWNCVG JWPVGTU JCXKPI NKVVNG KORCEV QP YKNFNKHG RQRWNCVKQPU YJGTG VJG[ CTG U[ORCVTKE *QYGXGT HGTCN FQIU JCXG DGGP TG RQTVGF VQ DG GាGEVKXG JWPVGTU QH TGRVKNGU KP VJG )CN¢RCIQU +UNCPFU = ? CPF HTGG TCPIKPI RGV FQIU CTG OQTG RTQPG VQ RTGFCVQT[ DGJCXKQT VQYCTF YKNF CPKOCNU &QOGUVKE FQIU ECP DG OQPQICOQWU = ? $TGGFKPI KP HGTCN RCEMU ECP DG DWV FQGU PQV JCXG VQ DG TGUVTKEVGF VQ C FQOK PCPV CNRJC RCKT UWEJ VJKPIU CNUQ QEEWT KP YQNH RCEMU = ? /CNG FQIU CTG WPWUWCN COQPI ECPKFU D[ VJG HCEV VJCV VJG[ OQUVN[ UGGO VQ RNC[ PQ TQNG KP TCKUKPI VJGKT RWRRKGU CPF FQ PQV MKNN VJG [QWPI QH QVJGT HGOCNGU VQ KPETGCUG VJGKT QYP TG RTQFWEVKXG UWEEGUU = ? 5QOG UQWTEGU UC[ VJCV FQIU FKាGT HTQO YQNXGU CPF OQUV QVJGT NCTIG ECPKF URGEKGU D[ VJG HCEV VJCV VJG[ FQ PQV TGIWTIKVCVG HQQF HQT VJGKT [QWPI PQT VJG [QWPI QH QVJGT FQIU KP VJG UCOG VGTTKVQT[ = ?

4PNF EPHT MJLF UIJT 5BNBTLBO %PH MPPL WFSZ NVDI MJLF XPMWFT

Physical characteristics (WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP 9QNH %QORCTGF VQ GSWCNN[ UK\GF YQNXGU FQIU VGPF VQ JCXG UOCNNGT UMWNNU UOCNNGT DTCKPU = ? CU YGNN CU RTQRQT VKQPCVGN[ UOCNNGT VGGVJ VJCP QVJGT ECPKF URGEKGU = ? &QIU TGSWKTG HGYGT ECNQTKGU VQ HWPEVKQP VJCP YQNXGU +V KU VJQWIJV D[ EGTVCKP GZRGTVU VJCV VJG FQIཐU NKOR GCTU CTG C TGUWNV QH CVTQRJ[ QH VJG LCY OWUENGU = ? 6JG UMKP QH FQOGUVKE FQIU VGPFU VQ DG VJKEMGT VJCP VJCV QH YQNXGU YKVJ UQOG +PWKV

*QYGXGT VJKU FKាGTGPEG YCU PQV QDUGTXGF KP CNN FQOGUVKE FQIU 4GIWTIKVCVKPI QH HQQF D[ VJG HGOCNGU HQT VJG [QWPI CU YGNN CU ECTG HQT VJG [QWPI D[ VJG OCNGU JCU DGGP QDUGTXGF KP FQOGUVKE FQIU FKPIQU CU YGNN CU KP QVJGT HGTCN QT UGOK HGTCN FQIU 4GIWTIKVCVKPI QH HQQF D[ VJG HGOCNGU CPF FK TGEV EJQQUKPI QH QPN[ QPG OCVG JCU DGGP QDUGTXGF GXGP KP VJQUG UGOK HGTCN FQIU QH FKTGEV FQOGUVKE FQI CPEGUVT[ #NUQ TGIWTIKVCVKPI QH HQQF D[ OCNGU JCU DGGP QDUGTXGF KP HTGG TCPIKPI FQOGUVKE FQIU = ?= ? +P C UVWF[ VQ QDUGTXG VJG FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP FQIU CPF YQNXGU TCKUGF KP UKOKNCT EQPFKVKQPU VQQM RNCEG = ? 6JG FQI RWRRKGU RTGHGTTGF NCTIGT COQWPVU QH UNGGR CV VJG DGIKP PKPI QH VJGKT NKXGU YJKNG VJG YQNH RWRRKGU YGTG OWEJ OQTG CEVKXG = ? 6JG FQI RWRRKGU CNUQ RTGHGTTGF VJG EQORCP[ QH JWOCPU TCVJGT VJCP VJGKT ECPKPG HQUVGT OQVJGT VJQWIJ VJG YQNH RWRRKGU YGTG VJG GZCEV QRRQUKVG URGPFKPI OQTG VKOG YKVJ VJGKT HQUVGT OQVJGT = ? 6JG FQIU CNUQ UJQYGF C ITGCVGT KPVGTGUV KP VJG HQQF IKXGP VQ VJGO CPF RCKF NKVVNG CVVGPVKQP VQ VJGKT UWTTQWPFKPIU YJKNG VJG YQNH RWRRKGU HQWPF VJGKT UWT TQWPFKPIU VQ DG OWEJ OQTG KPVTKIWKPI VJCP VJGKT HQQF QT

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-&

HQQF DQYN = ? 6JG YQNH RWRRKGU YGTG QDUGTXGF VCMKPI RCTV KP CIQPKUVKE RNC[ CV C [QWPIGT CIG YJKNG VJG FQI RWRRKGU FKF PQV FKURNC[ FQOKPCPV UWDOKUUKXG TQNGU WPVKN VJG[ YGTG OWEJ QNFGT = ? 6JG YQNH RWRRKGU YGTG TCTGN[ UGGP CU DGKPI CI ITGUUKXG VQ GCEJ QVJGT QT VQYCTFU VJG QVJGT ECPKPGU = ? 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF VJG FQI RWRRKGU YGTG OWEJ OQTG CIITGUUKXG VQ GCEJ QVJGT CPF QVJGT ECPKPGU QHVGP UGGP HWNN QP CVVCEMKPI VJGKT HQUVGT OQVJGT QT QPG CPQVJGT = ?

+P *KPFW O[VJQNQI[ ;COC VJG IQF QH FGCVJ QYPU VYQ YCVEJ FQIU YJQ JCXG HQWT G[GU 6JG[ CTG UCKF VQ YCVEJ QXGT VJG ICVGU QH 0CTCMC = ? *WPVGT IQF /WVJCRRCP HTQO 0QTVJ /CNCDCT TGIKQP QH -GTCNC JCU JWPVKPI &QI CU JKU OQWPV &QIU CTG HQWPF KP CPF QWV QH VJG /WVJCRRCP 6GO RNG CPF QាGTKPIU CV VJG UJTKPG VCMG VJG HQTO QH DTQP\G FQI ិIWTKPGU = ?

1.1.8

Gallery of dogs in art

+P ,WFCKUO CPF +UNCO FQIU CTG XKGYGF CU WP ENGCP UECXGPIGTU = ? +P %JTKUVKCPKV[ FQIU TGRTGUGPV HCKVJHWNPGUU = ? +P #UKCP EQWPVTKGU UWEJ CU %JKPC -QTGC Trainability CPF ,CRCP FQIU CTG XKGYGF CU MKPF RTQVGEVQTU = ? 6JG TQNG QH VJG FQI KP %JKPGUG O[VJQNQI[ KPENWFGU C RQUKVKQP CU &QIU FKURNC[ OWEJ ITGCVGT VTCEVCDKNKV[ VJCP VCOG YQNXGU QPG QH VJG VYGNXG CPKOCNU YJKEJ E[ENKECNN[ TGRTGUGPV [GCTU CPF CTG KP IGPGTCN OWEJ OQTG TGURQPUKXG VQ EQGTEKXG

VJG \QFKCECN FQI VGEJPKSWGU KPXQNXKPI HGCT CXGTUKXG UVKOWNK CPF HQTEG VJCP YQNXGU YJKEJ CTG OQUV TGURQPUKXG VQYCTF RQUKVKXG EQPFK VKQPKPI CPF TGYCTFU = ? 7PNKMG VCOG YQNXGU FQIU VGPF VQ TGURQPF OQTG VQ XQKEG VJCP JCPF UKIPCNU = ?

Cultural depictions

/CKP CTVKENG %WNVWTCN FGRKEVKQPU QH FQIU

Mythology

5FTFN BO PME &HZQUJBO TJHIUIPVOE MJLF EPH

+P O[VJQNQI[ FQIU QHVGP UGTXG CU RGVU QT CU YCVEJFQIU = ? +P )TGGM O[VJQNQI[ %GTDGTWU KU C VJTGG JGCFGF YCVEJFQI YJQ IWCTFU VJG ICVGU QH *CFGU = ? +P 0QTUG O[VJQNQI[ C DNQQF[ HQWT G[GF FQI ECNNGF )CTOT IWCTFU *GNJGKO = ? +P 2GTUKCP O[VJQNQI[ VYQ HQWT G[GF FQIU IWCTF VJG %JKPXCV #PEKGPV )TGGM TJ[VQP KP VJG UJCRG QH C FQIཐU JGCF OCFG D[ $TKFIG = ? +P 2JKNKRRKPG O[VJQNQI[ -KOCV YJQ KU VJG RGV $T[IQU GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ $% ,ªTµOG %CTEQRKPQ /WUGWO QH 6CFCMNCP IQF QH VJWPFGT KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT NKIJVPKPI +P &GRCTVOGPV QH #TEJCGQNQI[ #NGTKC 9GNUJ O[VJQNQI[ #PPYP KU IWCTFGF D[ %ĶP #PPYP = ?

%0(

1.1.9

See also

• #PKOCN VTCEM • #TIQU FQI • &QI KP %JKPGUG O[VJQNQI[ • &QIU KP CTV • &QI QFQT • &QIPCRRKPI • 'VJPQE[PQNQI[ • *CEJKMĎཊC PQVCDNG GZCORNG QH FQI NQ[CNV[ • .QUV RGV UGTXKEGU • 9QNHFQI Lists: • .KUV QH FQI DTGGFU • .KUV QH ិEVKQPCN FQIU • .KUV QH KPFKXKFWCN FQIU • .KUV QH OQUV RQRWNCT FQI DTGGFU

1.1.10

References

= ? ན/COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF ཊ $TQYUG %CPKU NWRWU HC OKNKCTKUཔ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¡V .GKH #PFGTUUQPF CPF -GTUVKP .KPFDNCF 6QJ 'FKVGF D[ ,QCEJKO $WTIGT 3FUIJOL JOH EPH EPNFTUJDBUJPO CZ JOUFHSBUJOH HFOFUJDT BSDIFPMPHZ BOE CJPHFPHSBQIZ XQN PQ )TGIGT .CTUQP ཊ FQK RPCU 2CIG QPNKPG JGTG 1%6 = ? *WIJGU ,QGNGPG /CEFQPCNF &CXKF 9 ན# TG XKGY QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP HTGG TQCOKPI FQOGUVKE FQIU CPF YKNFNKHGཔ #JPMPHJDBM $POTFSWBUJPO 157 ཊ FQK L DKQEQP

= ? )QORRGT /CVVJGY ' ན6JG FQIཊJWOCPཊYKNFNKHG KPVGTHCEG CUUGUUKPI VJG UEQRG QH VJG RTQDNGOཔ +P )QORRGT /CVVJGY ' 'SFF 3BOHJOH %PHT BOE 8JMEMJGF $POTFSWBUJPO 1ZHQTV 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ = ? ན&QOGUVKE 2GV&QI %NCUUKិGF $[ .KPPCGWU +P #U %C PKU (COKNKCTKU #PF %CPKU (COKNKCTWU &QOGUVKEWUཔ YYY GPE[ENQEGPVTCN EQO 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? 5GGDQNF 'NOCT ,MVHF &UZNPMPHJTDIFT 8¶SUFS CVDI EFS EFVUTDIFO 4QSBDIF $GTNKP 0GY ;QTM 9CNVGT FG )TW[VGT R +5$0 = ? ན&KEVKQPCT[ QH 'V[OQNQI[པ %JDUJPOBSZ DPN U X GPE[ENQRGFKC EQO TGVTKGXGF QP /C[

EPH

= ? /CNNQT[ , 4 *O TFBSDI PG UIF *OEP &VSPQFBOT MBO HVBHF BSDIBFPMPHZ BOE NZUI .QPFQP 6JCOGU CPF *WF UQP +5$0 = ? $TQ\ 8NCVMQ ན&KCEJTQPKE +PXGUVKICVKQPU QH (CNUG (TKGPFUཔ $POUFNQPSBSZ -JOHVJTUJDT 4VWSFNFOB MJOHWJTUJLB

66 ཊ = ? 4GPª &KTXGP /CTLQN[P 8GTURQQT $PHOJUJWF FYQMP SBUJPO PG MBOHVBHF BOE MJOHVJTUJDT ,QJP $GPLCOKPU 2WDNKUJ KPI %QORCP[ RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 5CPUMTKV &KEVKQPCT[ HQT 5RQMGP 5CPUMTKV = ? ན6JG #OGTKECP *GTKVCIG &KEVKQPCT[ QH VJG 'PINKUJ .CP IWCIG (QWTVJ 'FKVKQPཔ YYY DCTVNGD[ EQO #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? ན&QIཔ &KEVKQPCT[ EQO = ? )QWNF ,GCP "MM BCPVU EPH CSFFEJOH GPS RVBMJUZ BOE TPVOEOFTT .QPFQP 'PI 2GNJCO +5$0 = ? .KPPCGWU %CTQNWU 4ZTUFNB OBUVSBF QFS SFHOB USJB OBUVSBF TFDVOEVN DMBTTFT PSEJOFT HFOFSB TQFDJFT DVN DIBSBDUFSJCVT EJઢFSFOUJJT TZOPOZNJT MPDJT 1 VJ GF *QNOKCG .CWTGPVKK 5CNXKK R 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 9C[PG 4QDGTV - ན/QNGEWNCT GXQNWVKQP QH VJG FQI HCOKN[པ 5SFOET JO (FOFUJDT 9 ཊ FQK : = ? 9Q\GPETCHV 9 %JTKUVQRJGT ན1TFGT %CTPKXQTCཔ +P 9KNUQP & ' 4GGFGT & / "OJNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME " 5BYPOPNJD BOE (FPHSBQIJD 3FGFSFODF 1 GF 9CUJKPI VQP & % 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? %NWVVQP $TQEM ,WNKGV ན1TKIKPU QH VJG FQI FQOGU VKECVKQP CPF GCTN[ JKUVQT[པ KP 5GTRGNN ,COGU 5IF EPNFT UJD EPH JUT FWPMVUJPO CFIBWJPVS BOE JOUFSBDUJPOT XJUI QFP QMF %CODTKFIG %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0

= ? 9C[PG 4QDGTV - 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # ན1TK IKP IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ CPF IGPQOG UVTWEVWTG QH VJG FQOGU VKE FQIཔ #JP&TTBZT 21 ཊ FQK 5+%+ #+& $+'5 %1 < = ? 8KN¡ % /CNFQPCFQ , ' 9C[PG 4 - ན2J[NQ IGPGVKE TGNCVKQPUJKRU GXQNWVKQP CPF IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQIཔ +PVSOBM PG )FSFEJUZ 90 ཊ = ? ན+6+5 4GRQTV %CPKU NWRWU HCOKNKCTKUཔ *5*4 %BUB +PVG ITCVGF 6CZQPQOKE +PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGO HTQO TF 'FKVKQP QH VJG /COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF 9Q\GPETCHV KP 9KNUQP 4GGFGT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? )GPVT[ #PVJGC %NWVVQP $TQEM ,WNKGV )TQXGU %QNKP 2

ན6JG PCOKPI QH YKNF CPKOCN URGEKGU CPF VJGKT FQ OGUVKE FGTKXCVKXGUཔ +PVSOBM PG "SDIBFPMPHJDBM 4DJFODF 31

ཊ FQK L LCU = ? (TGGFOCP #FCO * )TQPCW +NCP 5EJYGK\GT 4GPC / 1TVGIC &GN 8GEEJ[Q &KGIQ *CP 'WPLWPI 5KNXC 2GFTQ / )CNCXGTPK /CTEQ (CP <JGPZKP /CTZ 2GVGT .QTGPVG )CNFQU $GNGP $GCNG *QNN[ 4COKTG\ 1UECT *QTOQ\FKCTK (CTJCF #NMCP %CP 8KN¡ %CTNGU 5SWKTG -GXKP )GាGP 'NK -WUCM ,QUKR $Q[MQ #FCO 4 2CTMGT *GKFK ) .GG %NCTGPEG 6CFKIQVNC 8CUKUJV 5KGRGN #FCO $WUVCOCPVG %CTNQU & *CTMKPU 6KOQVJ[ 6 0GNUQP 5VCPNG[ ( 1U VTCPFGT 'NCKPG # /CTSWGU $QPGV 6QOCU 9C[PG 4QDGTV - 0QXGODTG ,QJP ,CPWCT[ ན)GPQOG 5GSWGPE KPI *KIJNKIJVU )GPGU 7PFGT 5GNGEVKQP CPF VJG &[PCOKE 'CTN[ *KUVQT[ QH &QIUཔ 1-04 (FOFUJDT 2.15 1TI 10

G FQK LQWTPCN RIGP 2/% 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? 1 6JCNOCPP $ 5JCRKTQ 2 %WK 8 , 5EJWGPGOCPP 5 - 5CY[GT & . )TGGPិGNF / $ )GTOQPRTª / 8 5CDNKP ( .´RG\ )KT¢NFG\ : &QOKPIQ 4QWTC * 0CRKGTCNC * 2 7GTROCPP & / .QRQPVG # # #EQUVC . )KGOUEJ 4 9 5EJOKV\ $ 9QTVJKPIVQP , ' $WKMUVTC # &TW\JMQXC # 5 )TCRJQFCVUM[ 0 & 1XQFQX 0 9CJNDGTI # * (TGGFOCP 4 / 5EJYGK\GT - 2 -QGRីK , # .GQPCTF / /G[GT , -TCWUG 5 2¥¥DQ 4 ' )TGGP 4 - 9C[PG %QORNGVG /KVQEJQPFTKCN )GPQOGU QH #PEKGPV %CPKFU 5WI IGUV C 'WTQRGCP 1TKIKP QH &QOGUVKE &QIU 5EKGPEG 0QXGODGT 8QN PQ RR &1+ UEKGPEG (WNN 6GZV CXCKNCDNG JGTG = ? /CPཐU DGUV HTKGPF QTKIKPCVGF KP 'WTQRG = ? &CVGU IKXGP XCT[ UQOGYJCV $TKVCPPKEC = ? &QIU NKMGN[ QTKIKPCVGF KP 'WTQRG OQTG VJCP [GCTU CIQ 7%.# DKQNQIKUVU TGRQTV = ? /KMN´UK #F¢O %PH #FIBWJPVS &WPMVUJPO BOE $PH OJUJPO 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU FQK CERTQH QUQ +5$0 = ? 9KPIិGNF *C[GU 4WRGTV ,WPG ན%JKPCཐU VCUVG HQT VJG GZQVKEཔ ##$ /FXT = ? ན8KGVPCOཐU FQI OGCV VTCFKVKQPཔ ##$ /FXT &GEGODGT

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& = ? )TQXGU %QNKP ན6JG #FXCPVCIGU CPF &KUCFXCPVCIGU QH $GKPI &QOGUVKECVGFཔ 1FSTQFDUJWFT JO )VNBO #JPMPHZ 4 ཊ +550 = ? 6CEQP 2CWN 2CTFQG %QNKP ན&QIU OCMG WU JWOCPཔ /BUVSF "VTUSBMJB 27 ཊ = ? 4WWUKNC 8GUC 2GUQPGP /CWTK ན+PVGTURGEKិE EQQR GTCVKQP KP JWOCP )PNP TBQJFOT JWPVKPI VJG DGPGិVU QH C DCTMKPI FQI $BOJT GBNJMJBSJT "OOBMFT ;PPMPHJDJ 'FOOJDJ 41 ཊ = ? 0GYD[ ,QPKEC 5IF 1BDU GPS 4VSWJWBM 5[FPG[ #$% $QQMU +5$0 = ? " )JTUPSZ PG %PHT JO UIF &BSMZ "NFSJDBT /CTKQP 5EJYCTV\ R +5$0 ;CNG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU = ? ན6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH /CKPG 7/CKPG 0GYU 7/CKPG 5VW FGPV (KPFU 1NFGUV -PQYP &QOGUVKECVGF &QI KP #OGTKECUཔ 7OCKPG GFW ,CPWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? &GTT /CTM " EPHT IJTUPSZ PG "NFSJDB 0QTVJ 2QKPV 2TGUU R = ? &GTT /CTM %PHࣙT #FTU 'SJFOE %JKECIQ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU +5$0 = ? (TCPMNKP # ན$G=C?YCTG QH VJG &QI C RQUV JWOCPKUV CRRTQCEJ VQ JQWUKPIཔ )PVTJOH 5IFPSZ BOE 4PDJFUZ 23 ཊ FQK +550 = ? -CV\ ,QP 5IF /FX 8PSL PG %PHT 0GY ;QTM 8KN NCTF $QQMU +5$0 = ? *CTCYC[ &QPPC 5IF $PNQBOJPO 4QFDJFT NBOJGFTUP %PHT 1FPQMF BOE 4JHOJણDBOU 0UIFSOFTT %JKECIQ 2TKEMN[ 2CTCFKIO 2TGUU +5$0 = ? 2QYGT 'OOC ན(WTT[ (COKNKGU /CMKPI C *WOCP &QI (COKN[ VJTQWIJ *QOGཔ 4PDJBM BOE $VMUVSBM (FPHSBQIZ 9 ཊ FQK = ? 0CUV *GKFK , ན.QXKPI 9JCVGXGT #NKGPCVKQP 0GQNKDGTCNKUO CPF 2GV .QXG KP VJG 6YGPV[ (KTUV %GPVWT[པ "$.& BO *OUFSOBUJPOBM & +PVSOBM GPS $SJUJDBM (FPHSBQIJFT 5 ཊ +550 = ? ན# $TKGH *KUVQT[ QH &QI 6TCKPKPIཔ %PH ;POF ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? ,CEMUQP 5EJGDGVVC .KUC ན/[VJQNQIKGU CPF %QO OQFKិECVKQPU QH &QOKPKQP KP 6JG &QI 9JKURGTGT YKVJ %G UCT /KNNCPཔ +PVSOBM GPS $SJUJDBM "OJNBM 4UVEJFT +PUVKVWVG HQT %TKVKECN #PKOCN 5VWFKGU 7 ཊ +550 : = ? $TCFUJCY ,QJP $NCEMYGNN 'OKN[ , %CUG[ 4CEJGN #

ན&QOKPCPEG KP FQOGUVKE FQIU WUGHWN EQPUVTWEV QT DCF JCDKV! +PVSOBM PG 7FUFSJOBSZ #FIBWJPS 'NUGXKGT 4 ཊ FQK L LXGD #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP #WIWUV

%0( = ? 6CPPGP &GDQTCJ р╜У6CNMKPI VJG &QI (TCOKPI 2GVU CU +PVGTCEVKQPCN 4GUQWTEGU KP (COKN[ &KUEQWTUGр╜Ф 3F TFBSDI PO -BOHVBHF BOE 4PDJBM *OUFSBDUJPO 37 р╜К FQK U TNUK A +550 = ? р╜У7 5 2GV 1YPGTUJKR 5VCVKUVKEUр╜Ф 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? ,COGU 'FICT (GDTWCT[ р╜У&QIU CPF JWOCPU TG URQPF VQ XQKEGU KP UCOG YC[р╜Ф 5IF %BJMZ 5FMFHSBQI .QP FQP = ? р╜У6JG 5VQT[ QH 1NF &TWOр╜Ф %GFCTETQHV (CTO $GF $TGCM HCUV р╜Л 9CTTGPUDWTI /1 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? 9KNNKCOU 6WNN[ 8PSLJOH 4IFFQ %PHT %QNNKPIYQQF 8KE %5+41 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 = ? 5GTRGNN ,COGU р╜У1TKIKPU QH VJG FQI FQOGUVKECVKQP CPF GCTN[ JKUVQT[р╜Ф 5IF %PNFTUJD %PH %CODTKFIG %CO DTKFIG 7PKX 2TGUU +5$0 = ? &GYG[ 6 CPF 5 $JCICV %CPKU NWRWU HCOKNKCTKU #PKOCN &KXGTUKV[ 9GD 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[

= ? &C[ /CVVJGY #WIWUV р╜У2QNKUJ EQWRNG CEEWUGF QH OCMKPI FQI OGCV FGNKECE[р╜Ф .QPFQP 6GNGITCRJ EQ WM 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 5EJYCDG %CNXKP 9 6ONFOUJPOBCMF $VJTJOF %JCT NQVVGUXKNNG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU QH 8KTIKPKC R +5$0 = ? 3WGUVKQPU CPF #PUYGTU CDQWV &QI $KVGU = ? р╜У5VCVKUVKEU CDQWV FQI DKVGU KP VJG 75# CPF GNUGYJGTGр╜Ф &QI DKVGNCY EQO 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 9JKVEQOD 4CEJCGN ,WN[ р╜У5VWF[ %JKJWCJWCU DKVG XGVU OQUV .JCUQ #RUQU KPсЮ╕KEV YQTUV KPLWTKGUр╜Ф %7. /FXT NBHB[JOF 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? 9GKUU *$ (TKGFOCP &+ %QDGP ,* р╜У+PEKFGPEG QH FQI DKVG KPLWTKGU VTGCVGF KP GOGTIGPE[ FGRCTVOGPVUр╜Ф +"." 279 р╜К FQK LCOC 2/+&

= ? 5QNQX[QX &OKVT[ 2GCTEG 6KO GF #RTKN р╜У4WUUKC HGVGU FQI .CKMC сЮ╖TUV GCTVJNKPI KP URCEGр╜Ф 4GWVGTU

= ? 6KGTPG[ &/ 5VTCWUU .2 5CPEJG\ ,. р╜У%CRPQE[VQRJCIC ECPKOQTUWU /[EQVKE #DFQOKPCN #QTVKE #PGWT[UO 9J[ VJG /CKNOCP +U #HTCKF QH &QIUр╜Ф +PVSOBM PG $MJOJDBM .JDSPCJPMPHZ 44 р╜К FQK ,%/ 2/% 2/+&

= ? р╜У2U[EJKCVTKE 5GTXKEG &QI 5QEKGV[р╜Ф 2U[EJFQI QTI 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? р╜У/CKN ECORCKIP QXGT FQI CVVCEMUр╜Ф $$% 0GYU #WIWUV

= ? р╜У#DQWV )WKFG &QIU р╜К #UUKUVCPEG &QIU +PVGTPCVKQPCNр╜Ф #UUKU VCPEGFQIUKPVGTPCVKQPCN QTI 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? р╜У+PLWT[ 2TGXGPVKQP $WNNGVKPр╜Ф 0QTVJYGUV 6GTTKVQTKGU *GCNVJ CPF 5QEKCN 5GTXKEGU /CTEJ 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[

= ? р╜УURWVPKMр╜Ф 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

= ? &CN\KGN &, 7VJOCP $/ /EIQTTC[ 52 4GGR 4. р╜У5GK\WTG CNGTV FQIU C TGXKGY CPF RTGNKOKPCT[ UVWF[р╜Ф 4FJ[VSF 12 р╜К FQK 5 : 2/+&

= ? $GYNG[ $4 р╜У/GFKECN JC\CTFU HTQO FQIUр╜Ф #SJUJTI .FEJDBM +PVSOBM 291 р╜К FQK DOL 2/% 2/+&

= ? р╜У)GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QI ^ #OGTKECP -GPPGN %NWDр╜Ф #OGTK ECP -GPPGN %NWD 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? *WJ 5WP .GG 5QQWPI #WIWUV р╜У6QZQECTKCUKUр╜Ф /GFUECRG EQO 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[

= ? р╜У# $GIKPPGTр╜РU )WKFG VQ &QI 5JQYUр╜Ф #OGTKECP -GPPGN %NWD 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

= ? р╜У6QZQECTKCUKUр╜Ф ,JETргЩ )FBMUI 6JG 0GOQWTU (QWPFCVKQP 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[

= ? 5KOQQPU (TGFGTKEM , &BU OPU UIJT ркдFTI GPPE BWPJE BODFT GSPN QSFIJTUPSZ UP UIF QSFTFOU UGEQPF GF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9KUEQPUKP 2TGUU RR р╜К +5$0

= ? ,QJPUQP -CVG /C[ р╜У2CTCUKVGU KP RGV HGEGU ECWUG RW\\NKPI KPHGEVKQPUр╜Ф 2GFKCVTKE 0GYU 4GVTKGXGF /C[

= ? р╜У*QY OCP[ FQIU CPF ECVU CTG GCVGP KP #UKC! #PKOCNRGQ RNGPGYU QTI 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? р╜У5QWVJ -QTGCр╜РU FQI FC[р╜Ф $$% 0GYU #WIWUV 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? %JKQFQ 2CWNC $CUWCNFQ ,WCP %KCTOGNC .CWTC 2G\\CPK $GVKPC #RG\VGIW┬оC /CT┬оC /KPXKGNNG /CTVC р╜У4G NCVGF HCEVQTU VQ JWOCP VQZQECTKCUKU KP C TWTCN EQOOWPKV[ QH #TIGPVKPCр╜Ф .FN┬│SJBT EP *OTUJUVUP 0TXBMEP $SV[ 101 р╜К FQK 5

= ? 2GVVKF /KEJCGN , -QTGCP %WKUKPG #P +NNWUVTCVGF *KUVQT[ .QPFQP 4GCMVKQP $QQMU .VF +5$0

= ? 6CNCK\CFGJ # * /CTCIJK 5 ,GNQYFCT # 2G[XCUVGJ / 1EVQDGTр╜К&GEGODGT р╜У*WOCP VQZQECTKCUKU # TG RQTV QH ECUGUр╜Ф 1BLJTUBO +PVSOBM PG .FEJDBM 4DJFODFT 2VBS UFSMZ 23 2CTV +

= ? р╜У+PUKFG VJG ECV CPF FQI OGCV OCTMGV KP %JKPCр╜Ф %00 /CTEJ 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG

= ? р╜У&QI HQWNKPIр╜Ф 7- 9QMKPI $QTQWIJ %QWPEKN 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? /E0KEJQNCU ,WPG )KNDG[ #PFTGY 4GPPKG #PP #JOGF\CK 5CO &QPQ ,Q #PP 1TOGTQF 'NK\CDGVJ

ན2GV QYPGTUJKR CPF JWOCP JGCNVJ # DTKGH TGXKGY QH GXKFGPEG CPF KUUWGUཔ #.+ 331 ཊ FQK DOL 2/% 2/+& = ? 2QFDGTUEGM # . ན2QUKVKXG CPF 0GICVKXG #U RGEVU QH 1WT 4GNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ %QORCPKQP #PKOCNUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ 3FTFBSDI $PNNVOJDBUJPOT 30 ཊ FQK U = ? 9KPGិGNF *GNGP 4 $NCEM #PPG %JWT *CPUGP #PPC

ན*GCNVJ GាGEVU QH QYPGTUJKR QH CPF CVVCEJOGPV VQ EQORCPKQP CPKOCNU KP CP QNFGT RQRWNCVKQPཔ *OUFSOB UJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #FIBWJPSBM .FEJDJOF 15 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? *GCFG[ $ ན*GCNVJ DGPGិVU CPF JGCNVJ EQUV UCXKPIU FWG VQ RGVU RTGNKOKPCT[ GUVKOCVGU HTQO CP #WUVTCNKCP PC VKQPCN UWTXG[པ 4PDJBM *OEJDBUPST 3FTFBSDI 47 ཊ FQK #

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-& % $PNQBOJPO BOJNBMT JO IVNBO IFBMUI 6JQWUCPF 1CMU 5CIG 2WDNKECVKQPU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? -CVEJGT # * 9KNMKPU ) ) ན6JG %GPVCWTཐU .GUUQPU 6JGTCRGWVKE GFWECVKQP VJTQWIJ ECTG QH CPKOCNU CPF PCVWTG UVWF[པ +P (KPG #WDTG[ * )BOECPPL PO BOJNBM BTTJTUFE UIFSBQZ UIFPSFUJDBM GPVOEBUJPOT BOE HVJEFMJOFT GPS QSBDUJDF #OUVGTFCO 'NUGXKGT #ECFGOKE 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 6GTT[ )CUMKPI ན*QY O[ FQI UPKាGF QWV DTGCUV ECPEGT CPF UCXGF O[ NKHG;;;པ 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? ན/GFCN HQT VJG JGTQKE FQI YJQ UPKាGF QWV JGT QYPGTཐU ECP EGT &CKU[ VJG .CDTCFQT JCU JGNRGF ិPF FKUGCUG KP RC VKGPVUཔ 0QXGODGT = ? #PKOCNU CDCPFQPGF CU TGEGUUKQP JKVU JQOG 6JG5VCT EQO &GEGODGT = ? *575 2GV 1XGTRQRWNCVKQP 'UVKOCVGU 6JG *WOCPG 5QEKGV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

= ? ན#52%# 2GV 5VCVKUVKEUཔ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? 5GTRGNN , ན$GPGិEKCN GាGEVU QH RGV QYPGTUJKR QP UQOG CURGEVU QH JWOCP JGCNVJ CPF DGJCXKQWTཔ +PVSOBM = ? 2CNKMC .K\ (GDTWCT[ 1VSFCSFE 3FTDVF %PH "EPQ PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ PG .FEJDJOF 84 ཊ 2/% UJPO 3FXBSET BOE 3FBMJUJFT *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +5$0 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? (TKGFOCPP ' 6JQOCU 5# ན2GV QYPGTUJKR UQEKCN = ? ན9QTNFཐU .CTIGUV &QIཔ 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ UWRRQTV CPF QPG [GCT UWTXKXCN CHVGT CEWVG O[QECTFKCN KPHCTE VKQP KP VJG %CTFKCE #TTJ[VJOKC 5WRRTGUUKQP 6TKCN %#56 = ? ན)WKPPGUU 9QTNF 4GEQTFU ཊ 6CNNGUV &QI .KXKPIཔ )WKPPGUU 9QTNF 4GEQTFU #WIWUV #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN 5IF "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG $BSEJPMPHZ 76 ཊ QP ,WN[ 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ FQK 5 2/+& = ? 9KNUQP %% ན6JG RGV CU CP CPZKQN[VKE KPVGTXGP = ? %QTGP 5VCPNG[ )PX %PHT 5IJOL (KTUV (TGG 2TGUU 5KOQP 5EJWUVGT +5$0 VKQPཔ 5IF +PVSOBM PG /FSWPVT BOE .FOUBM %JTFBTF 179 ཊ FQK 2/+& = ? # ' 6GNGXKUKQP 0GVYQTMU #JH %PHT -JUUMF %PHT 5IF DPNQBOJPO WPMVNF UP UIF " & TQFDJBM QSFTFOUBUJPO # .QQMQWV $QQM )6 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 = ? /E0KEJQNCU , %QNNKU ) / ན#PKOCNU CU UQEKCN UWRRQTVU +PUKIJVU HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPKOCN CUUKUVGF VJGT = ? #NFGTVQP &CXKF 5IF %PH %JCTVYGNN $QQMU +5$0 CR[པ +P (KPG #WDTG[ * )BOECPPL PO BOJNBM BTTJTUFE UIFS BQZ UIFPSFUJDBM GPVOEBUJPOT BOE HVJEFMJOFT GPS QSBDUJDF #O UVGTFCO 'NUGXKGT #ECFGOKE 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? ,GPPKHGT &CXKU ན&T 2ཐU &QI 6TCKPKPI 8KUKQP KP &QIU 2GQRNGཔ 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? 'FF[ , *CTV .# $QNV\ 42 ན6JG GាGEVU QH = ? ན&QIU %#0 UGG KP EQNQWT 5EKGPVKUVU FKURGN VJG O[VJ VJCV EC UGTXKEG FQIU QP UQEKCN CEMPQYNGFIOGPVU QH RGQRNG KP PKPGU ECP QPN[ UGG KP DNCEM CPF YJKVGཔ %BJMZ .BJM .QPFQP YJGGNEJCKTUཔ 5IF +PVSOBM PG 1TZDIPMPHZ 122 ཊ ,WN[ FQK 2/+& = ? #PPC # -CURCTUQP ,CUQP $CFTKF\G 8CFKO 8 /CZKOQX = ? -TWIGT - # 5GTRGNN , # #PKOCN CUUKUVGF KPVGT

,WN ན%QNQWT EWGU RTQXGF VQ DG OQTG KPHQTOCVKXG HQT XGPVKQPU KP OGPVCN JGCNVJ &GិPKVKQPU CPF VJGQTGVKECN HQWP FQIU VJCP DTKIJVPGUUཔ 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ # #J FCVKQPU +P (KPG # * 'F *CPFDQQM QP CPKOCN CUUKUVGF PMPHJDBM 4DJFODFT 280 FQK TURD VJGTCR[ 6JGQTGVKECN HQWPFCVKQPU CPF IWKFGNKPGU HQT RTCE VKEG 5CP &KGIQ %# #ECFGOKE 2TGUU ཊ +5$0 = ? ,C[ 0GKV\ 6KOQVJ[ )GKUV )GTCNF * ,CEQDU ན%QNQT 8KUKQP KP VJG &QIཔ 7JTVBM OFVSPTDJFODF 3 ཊ FQK U = ? $CVUQP - /E%CDG $ $CWP / / 9KNUQP % ན6JG GាGEV QH C VJGTCR[ FQI QP UQEKCNK\CVKQP CPF RU[ = ? ,C[ 0GKV\ ,QUGRJ %CTTQNN /CWTGGP 0GKV\ ,CP ན%QNQT EJQNQIKECN KPFKECVQTU QH UVTGUU KP RGTUQPU FKCIPQUGF YKVJ 8KUKQP ཋ #NOQUV 4GCUQP 'PQWIJ HQT *CXKPI '[GUཔ 0QUJDT #N\JGKOGTཐU FKUGCUGཔ +P 6WTPGT &GPPKU % 9KNUQP %KPF[ = 1IPUOJDT /FXT ཊ

%0( = ? /KMN´UK R = ? = ? = ?

= ? = ?

= ? 2CTMGT *GKFK ) -KO .KUC 8 5WVVGT 0CVJCP $ %CTNUQP 5EQVV .QTGPV\GP 6TCXKU & /CNGM 6KាCP[ /GEJ &CXKF 8PMWFT #FIBWJPS &DPMPHZ BOE $POTFSWBUJPO $ ,QJPUQP )CT[ 5 &G(TCPEG *CYMKPU $ 1U 6JG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU R VTCPFGT 'NCKPG # -TWIN[CM .GQPKF ན)G PGVKE UVTWEVWTG QH VJG RWTGDTGF FQOGUVKE FQIཔ 4DJ /KMN´UK R FODF 304 ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK 2 ,QPKEC 0GYD[ %CTQNKPG 2GPT[ &CXG[ 5GRVGODGT FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& ན%CVCN[UV &QIUཐ '[GUཔ #WUVTCNKCP $TQCFECUVKPI %QTRQTC = ? 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # 5GRVGODGTཊ1EVQDGT ན)GPGVKEU VKQP 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT CPF VJG 5JCRG QH &QIU 5VWF[KPI VJG PGY UGSWGPEG QH VJG /KMN´UK R ECPKPG IGPQOG UJQYU JQY VKP[ IGPGVKE EJCPIGU ECP ETGCVG GPQTOQWU XCTKCVKQP YKVJKP C UKPING URGEKGUཔ "NFSJDBO 4DJ 'NGTV )NGPP 6KOQVJ[ %QPFQP ན(TGSWGPE[ 4CPIG FOUJTU POMJOF YYY COGTKECPUEKGPVKUV QTI RR CNUQ UGG QH &QI *GCTKPIཔ 6JG 2J[UKEU (CEVDQQM 4GVTKGXGF 1E EJCTV RCIG 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT VQDGT

= ? ན*QY YGNN FQ FQIU CPF QVJGT CPKOCNU JGCTཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ,CPWCT[ = ? = ? ན&QI 5GPUG QH *GCTKPIཔ UGGិFQ EQO 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

2NCPVU RQKUQPQWU VQ FQIU 5WPUGV EQO % . 9KPGM , $WVCNC 5 2 5JCPQT CPF ( 9 (QEJVOCP 6QZKEQNQI[ QH 2QKPUGVVKC %NKPKECN 6QZKEQNQI[ N RR

= ? ན5OGNNཔ PJO QTI /C[ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN = ? 9CTF &T 'TPKG ན&KUGCUGU UJCTGF D[ JWOCPU CPF RGVUཔ QP #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT &QIVKOG EQO 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? &KLMITCCH 5 8GTIGNKLMGPFG FKGTH[UKQNQIKG $QJP 5EJGNVGOC = ? ན-GPPGN %NWD $TKVKUJ 5OCNN #PKOCN 8GVGTKPCT[ #UUQEKCVKQP GP *QNMGOC +5$0 5EKGPVKិE %QOOKVVGGཔ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ = ? -NCRRGPDCEJ .CWTC ན9JCV KU %QWPVGT 5JCFKPI! = ? 2TQUEJQYUM[ * ( * 4WIDLGTI CPF # - 'TUDGNN #DQWV EQO 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT ན/QTVCNKV[ QH RWTGDTGF CPF OKZGF DTGGF FQIU KP &GP OCTMཔ 1SFWFOUJWF 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDJOF 58 ཊ ཊ = ? %WPNKាG ,WNKGVVG ན%QCV 6[RGU %QNQWTU CPF /CTM FQK 5 2/+& KPIUཔ 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PH #SFFET 2CTCIQP 2WDNKUJKPI RR ཊ +5$0

= ? = ? = ?

= ?

= ?

= ?

= ? /KEJGNN #4 ན.QPIGXKV[ QH $TKVKUJ DTGGFU QH FQI CPF KVU TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJ UGZ UK\G ECTFKQXCUEWNCT XCTKCDNGU ན6JG %CUG HQT 6CKN &QEMKPIཔ %QWPEKN QH &QEMGF $TGGFU CPF FKUGCUGཔ 5IF 7FUFSJOBSZ 3FDPSE 145 ཊ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT FQK XT 2/+& ན$QWTDQPPCKU RQKPVGT QT UJQTV VCKN RQKPVGT $TCSWGFWDQWT DQPPCKU KPHQ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? %QORKNGF D[ %CUUKF[ - / ན&QI .QPIGXKV[ 9GD 5KVG $TGGF &CVC RCIGཔ 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ 5RCF[ 6% 1UVTCPFGT '# ,CPWCT[ ན%CPKPG $GJCX KQTCN )GPGVKEU 2QKPVKPI 1WV VJG 2JGPQV[RGU CPF *GTFKPI WR = ? 2CVTQPGM ), 9CVGTU &, )NKEMOCP .6 ན%QORCT VJG )GPGUཔ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG )VNBO (FOFUJDT 82 CVKXG NQPIGXKV[ QH RGV FQIU CPF JWOCPU KORNKECVKQPU HQT ཊ FQK L CLJI 2/% IGTQPVQNQI[ TGUGCTEJཔ 5IF +PVSOBMT PG (FSPOUPMPHZ 4FSJFT 2/+& B #JPMPHJDBM 4DJFODFT BOE .FEJDBM 4DJFODFT 52 $ ཊ FQK IGTQPC # $ 2/+& 5IF $PNQMFUF EPH CPPL UIF QIPUPHSBQI IJTUPSZ BOE PથDJBM TUBOEBSE PG FWFSZ CSFFE BENJUUFE UP ",$ SFHJTUSBUJPO BOE UIF = ? #P#IG GPVT[ HQT %CPKU HCOKNKCTKU #P#IG &CVCDCUG *WOCP TFMFDUJPO USBJOJOH CSFFEJOH DBSF BOE GFFEJOH PG QVSF CSFE #IKPI )GPQOKE 4GUQWTEGU 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ EPHT 0GY ;QTM 0 ; *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +5$0 = ? ན2WUWMG YQTNFཐU QNFGUV NKXKPI FQI FKGU KP ,CRCPཔ &GEGO DGT 5CXQNCKPGP 2 <JCPI ;2 .WQ , .WPFGDGTI , .GKV PGT 6 0QXGODGT ན)GPGVKE GXKFGPEG HQT = ? $QKVCPK .WKIK /GEJ . &CXKF 8PMWFT CFIBWJPS CP 'CUV #UKCP QTKIKP QH FQOGUVKE FQIUཔ 4DJFODF FDPMPHZ BOE DPOTFSWBUJPO %JKECIQ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 298 ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK 5 2TGUU R +5$0 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& = ? )TCXGU 9KNN 8PMWFT JO 3VTTJB "OYJFUZ UISPVHIPVU 6JG /GTTKCO 9GDUVGT 'FKVQTKCN 5VCា GF 8FCTUFSࣙT UIF BHFT %CNICT[ &GVUGNKI 'PVGTRTKUGU R +5$0 5IJSE /FX *OUFSOBUJPOBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &OHMJTI -BOHVBHF 6OBCSJEHFE 5RTKPIិGNF /# 7 5 # ) % /GTTKCO %QO RCP[ R V[RG C VJG EQODKPCVKQP QH EJCTCEVGT VJCV = ? -QLQNC + 4QPMCKPGP 5 *CMCNC # *GKMMKPGP 5 -QMMQ ិVU CP KPFKXKFWCN VQ C RCTVKEWNCT WUG QT HWPEVKQP B TUSPOH 5 ན+PVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP YQNXGU %CPKU NWRWU CPF FQIU % HC IPSTF PG UIF ESBGU UZQF OKNKCTKU KP (KPNCPFཔ 0QTFKE %QWPEKN HQT 9KNFNKHG 4GUGCTEJ

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-&

= ? 5EQVV ,QPCVJCP 5EQVV #PIGNC #JH $BU %JBSZ = ? %QPECPPQP 2 6UWVUWK 6 5JKNNG 8 ན'ODT[Q FG -FPQBSE .QPFQP %QNNKPU R +5$0 XGNQROGPV JQTOQPCN TGSWKTGOGPVU CPF OCVGTPCN TGURQPUGU FWTKPI ECPKPG RTGIPCPE[པ +PVSOBM PG SFQSPEVDUJPO BOE GFS UJMJUZ 4VQQMFNFOU 57 ཊ 2/+& = ? 2GTT[ 4KEJCTF 5IF 8PSME PG UIF 5JHFS R = ? ན&QI &GXGNQROGPV 'ODT[QNQI[པ 2JR OGF WPUY GFW CW #5+0 $ &7 +7 ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? ན5VTKRGF *[CGPC )ZBFOB )ZBFOB IZBFOB .KPPCGWU = ? ན)GUVCVKQP KP FQIUཔ 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ +7%0 5RGEKGU 5WTXKXCN %QOOKUUKQP *[CGPKFCG 5RGEKCNKUV )TQWR #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 5GRVGO = ? ན*575 2GV 1XGTRQRWNCVKQP 'UVKOCVGUཔ 6JG *WOCPG 5QEK DGT 4GVTKGXGF /C[ GV[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? /CTE $GMQា &CNG ,COKGUQP ན'VJKEU CPF VJG 5VWF[ = ? ན(TGPEJ $WNNFQI 2GV %CTG )WKFGཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIK QH %CTPKXQTGUཔ "OJNBM QBTTJPOT BOE CFBTUMZ WJSUVFT 6GORNG PCN QP ,WN[ 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[ 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 = ? ན6QR TGCUQPU VQ URC[ PGWVGT [QWT RGVཔ #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU 4GVTKGXGF /C[ = ? *C\CTF 'XCP $ ན1TFGT %CTPKXQTCཔ 5IF NBNNBMT PG .JOOFTPUB 7 QH /KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0 = ? /CJNQY ,CPG % ན'UVKOCVKQP QH VJG RTQRQTVKQPU QH FQIU CPF ECVU VJCV CTG UWTIKECNN[ UVGTKNK\GFཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF = ? 5 ) 2KGT\[PQYUMK 4 <CDKGNUMK #JPMPHZ PG UIF QBO "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 215 ཊ DSFBT JO HSPXJOH BOJNBMT 8QNWOG QH &GXGNQROGPVU KP 2/+& #NVJQWIJ VJG ECWUG QH RGV QXGTRQRWNCVKQP CPKOCN CPF XGVGTKPCT[ UEKGPEGU 'NUGXKGT *GCNVJ 5EKGPEGU KU OWNVKHCEGVGF VJG NCEM QH IWCTFKCPU EJQQUKPI VQ URC[ QT R +5$0 PGWVGT VJGKT CPKOCNU KU C OCLQT EQPVTKDWVKPI HCEVQT = ? 0CVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN 7 5 #F *QE %QOOKVVGG QP = ? *GKFGPDGTIGT ' 7PUJGNO , ' (GD ན%JCPIGU KP VJG &QI CPF %CV 0WVTKVKQP /VUSJFOU SFRVJSFNFOUT PG EPHT DGJCXKQT QH FQIU CHVGT ECUVTCVKQPཔ 5JFS¤S[UMJDIF 1SBYJT KP BOE DBUT 0CVKQPCN #ECFGOKGU 2TGUU R +5$0 )GTOCP 18 ཊ +550 2/+& ^áž·TUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR = ? 5OKVJ %JGT[N 5 ན%JCRVGT 1OPKXQTGU 6QIGVJGTཔ = ? /QTTKUQP 9CNNCEG $ $BODFS JO %PHT BOE $BUT TU (SBC -JGF CZ UIF -FBTI " (VJEF UP #SJOHJOH 6Q BOE #POEJOH FE 9KNNKCOU CPF 9KNMKPU +5$0 XJUI :PVS 'PVS -FHHFE 'SJFOE ,QJP 9KNG[ CPF 5QPU +5$0 = ? #TPQNF 5 =7TKPCT[ KPEQPVKPGPEG KP ECUVTCVGF DKVEJGU 2CTV 5KIPKáž·ECPEG ENKPKECN CURGEVU CPF GVKQRCVJQ = ? #ZGNUUQP ' 4CVPCMWOCT # #TGPFV / . /CSDQQN IGPGUKU? 4DIXFJ[FS "SDIJW '¼S 5JFSIFJMLVOEF KP )GTOCP - 9GDUVGT / 6 2GTNQUMK / .KDGTI 1 #TPGOQ 139 ཊ 2/+& , / *GFJCOOCT † .KPFDNCF 6QJ - ན6JG IGPQOKE UKIPCVWTG QH FQI FQOGUVKECVKQP TGXGCNU CFCRVC = ? ,QJPUVQP 5& -COQNRCVCPC - 4QQV -WUVTKV\ /8 ,QJP UVQP )4 5& ,WN ན2TQUVCVKE FKUQTFGTU KP VJG FQIཔ VKQP VQ C UVCTEJ TKEJ FKGVཔ /BUVSF 495 ཊ "OJN 3FQSPE 4DJ ཊ ཊ FQK 5 FQK PCVWTG 2/+& +550 2/+& ^áž·TUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^áž·TUV OKUU = ? 5QWTEGU XCT[ QP YJKEJ QH VJGUG CTG EQPUKFGTGF VJG OQUV UKI KPI ^NCUV KP #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR ^áž·TUV OKUUKPI ^NCUV KP PKáž·ECPV VQZKE KVGO #WVJQTU NKUV JGNR = ? /WTRJ[ . # %QNGOCP # ' ན:[NKVQN 6QZKEQUKU KP = ? 4QQV -WUVTKV\ /8 &GE ན&GVGTOKPKPI VJG QRVKOCN &QIUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ $MJOJDT PG /PSUI "NFSJDB 4NBMM "OJNBM CIG HQT IQPCFGEVQO[ QH FQIU CPF ECVUཔ +"7." 231 1SBDUJDF 42 FQK L EXUO ཊ FQK LCXOC +550 2/+& = ? ན6QZKE (QQFU CPF 2NCPVU HQT &QIUཔ GPVKTGN[RGVU EQO 4G VTKGXGF ,WPG

= ? (QZ /KEJCGN 9 #FIBWJPVS PG 8PMWFT %PHT BOE 3FMBUFE $BOJET UV 7PKVGF 5VCVGU GF 0GY ;QTM *CTRGT = ? &TU (QUVGT 5OKVJ ན(QQFU VQ #XQKF (GGFKPI ;QWT &QIཔ 4QY RR ཊ +5$0 RGVGFWECVKQP EQO 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? %QTGP 5VCPNG[ 5IF *OUFMMJHFODF PG %PHT " (VJEF = ? (QING $TWEG $BSJOH 'PS :PVS %PH UP UIF 5IPVHIUT &NPUJPOT BOE *OOFS -JWFT PG 0VS $BOJOF $PNQBOJPOT $CPVCO $QQMU +5$0 = ? ན5GZWCN /CVWTKV[ ཋ 5RC[ CPF 0GWVGTཔ $WាCNQ EQO #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན*QY &QIU .GCTPཔ 0CVKQPCN #PKOCN +PVGTGUV #NNKCPEG 4G 1EVQDGT VTKGXGF ,WN[

%0(

= ? #FNGT .GQPQTG .QGD CPF #FNGT *GNOWV ' ན1P = ? &Q &QIU &TGCO! D[ &T 0KEJQNCU &QFOCP VQIGP[ QH QDUGTXCVKQPCN NGCTPKPI KP VJG FQI %CPKU HCOKN = ? *CTV 8NCUVKOKN 2GVTC 0QX¢MQX¢ 'TKEJ 2CUECN /CNMGORGT KCTKU %FWFMPQNFOUBM 1TZDIPCJPMPHZ 10 ཊ 5CDKPG $GICNN 8NCFKO®T *CP\CN /KNQĢ ,GĿGM 6QO¢Ģ -WĢVC FQK FGX 2/+& 8GTQPKMC 0ÜOEQX¢ ,CPC #F¢OMQX¢ -CVGĚKPC $GPGFKMVQX¢ ,CTQUNCX ÍGTXGP¾ CPF *[PGM $WTFC &GEGODGT = ? -WDKP[K ' 6QRCN , /KMNQUK # ན&QIU ECPKU ན&QIU CTG UGPUKVKXG VQ UOCNN XCTKCVKQPU QH VJG 'CTVJཐU OCI HCOKNKCTKU NGCTP VJGKT QYPGTU XKC QDUGTXCVKQP KP C OCPKRWNC PGVKE ិGNFཔ 'SPOUJFST JO ;PPMPHZ FQK VKQP VCUMཔ +PVSOBM PG $PNQBSBUJWF 1TZDIPMPHZ 117 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ FQK = ? /E-KPNG[ 5WG ;QWPI 4QDGTV , ན6JG GឹECE[ QH VJG OQFGN TKXCN OGVJQF YJGP EQORCTGF VQ QRGTCPV EQPFK VKQPKPI HQT VTCKPKPI FQOGUVKE FQIU VQ RGTHQTO C TGVTKGXCN UGNGEVKQP VCUMཔ ""#4 81 FQK 5

= ? (CTCI´ 6 2QPIT¢E\ 2 /KMN´UK *WDGT . 8KT¢P[K < 4CPIG ( )KWTHC /CTVKP GF ན&QIUཐ 'ZRGEVCVKQP CDQWV 5KIPCNGTUཐ $QF[ 5K\G D[ 8KTVWG QH 6JGKT )TQYNUཔ 1-P4 0/& 5 G $KDEQFG 2.Q51 ( FQK LQWTPCN RQPG 2/% 2/+&

= ? *CTG $ $TQYP / 9KNNKCOUQP % 6QOCUGNNQ / 0QX = ? %QRRKPIGT 4C[ %PHT B 4UBSUMJOH /FX 6OEFSTUBOE ན6JG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH UQEKCN EQIPKVKQP KP FQIUཔ 4DJ JOH PG $BOJOF 0SJHJO #FIBWJPS BOE &WPMVUJPO 0GY ;QTM FODF 298 ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK * 5ETKDPGT +5$0 FQK UEKGPEG +550 2/+& = ? 2CN 5- ,CPWCT[ ན2CTGPVCN ECTG KP HTGG TCPIKPI FQIU %CPKU HCOKNKCTKUཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 4DJFODF 90 = ? - )WQ % *CNN 5 *CNN - /GKPVU & /KNNU ན.GHV IC\G ཊ FQK L CRRNCPKO DKCU KP JWOCP KPHCPVU TJGUWU OQPMG[U CPF FQOGUVKE FQIUཔ = ? )½PVJGT $NQEJ &KG 2K\\C *WPFG +5$0 1FSDFQUJPO '%82 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG = ? #NNG[PG 4KEJCTF 1EVQDGT ན&QIU ECP TGCF GOQ = ? 'DGTJCTF 6TWONGT /KV FGO *WPF CWH FW <WO 8GTUV¥PFPKU VKQP KP JWOCP HCEGUཔ %BJMZ 5FMFHSBQI .QPFQP 4GVTKGXGF UGKPGU 9GUGPU WPF 8GTJCNVGPU #WីCIG ,CPWCT 4 ,WPG 2KRGT )OD* %Q -) /½PEJGP = ? *QTQYKV\ #NGZCPFTC ན#VVGPVKQP VQ CVVGPVKQP KP FQ = ? (TCPM * (TCPM /) ན1P VJG GាGEVU QH FQOGU OGUVKE FQI %CPKU HCOKNKCTKU F[CFKE RNC[པ +PVSOBM "OJNBM VKECVKQP QP ECPKPG UQEKCN FGXGNQROGPV CPF DGJCXKQTཔ "Q $PHOJUJPO 5RTKPIGT $GTNKP *GKFGNDGTI 12 ཊ QMJFE "OJNBM &UIPMPHZ 8 ཊ FQK FQK U [ 2/+& = ? <KOOGT %CTN #RTKN ན# 8KTVWCN 2CEM VQ 5VWF[ = ? ན#TG YQNXGU CPF YQNHFQI J[DTKFU VTCKPCDNG! 9QNH 2CTM %CPKPG /KPFUཔ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP ,WPG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན$GJCXKQWT RTQDNGOU NKPMGF VQ RGUUKOKUVKE FQIUཔ 5[FPG[ /QTPKPI *GTCNF 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? ན9QNH 6TCKPKPI CPF 5QEKCNKUCVKQP 'ZCORNG པ 9QNH 2CTM #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP (GDTWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? 5JGTKFCP -GTT[ 5OCTV 75 FQI NGCTPU OQTG VJCP = ? 5JGTOCP ,QUGRJC #WIWUV 4UPSZUFMMJOH "O &ODZDMP YQTFU 6JG #IG ,CPWCT[ QFEJB PG .ZUIPMPHZ BOE 'PMLMPSF 5JCTRG 4GHGTGPEG RR ཊ +5$0 = ? /KMN´UK #FCO -WDKP[K ' 6QR¢N , )¢EUK / 8KT¢P[K < %U¢P[K 8 #RTKN ན# UKORNG TGCUQP HQT C DKI FKH = ? ན+PFKCP /[VJ CPF .GIGPF %JCRVGT +++ ;COC VJG (KTUV /CP HGTGPEG YQNXGU FQ PQV NQQM DCEM CV JWOCPU DWV FQIU FQཔ CPF -KPI QH VJG &GCFཔ 5CETGF VGZVU EQO 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[ $VSSFOU #JPMPHZ 13 ཊ 2/+& = ? -GPVJ 5XCTVDGTIC $L·TP (QTMOCP - (QTMOCP $L·TP = ? 'PEPSࣙT &TTFOUJBM *OEJB XJUI %FMIJ 3BKBTUIBO .VNCBJ ,WPG ན2GTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU KP VJG FQOGUVKE FQI %CPKU BOE ,FSBMB 4CPFQO *QWUG ..% /C[ +5$0 HCOKNKCTKU "QQMJFE BOJNBM CFIBWJPS TDJFODF 79 ཊ 4GVTKGXGF /C[ FQK 5 = ? 5XCTVDGTI - 6CRRGT + 6GOTKP * 4CFGUCVGT 6 6JQT OCP 5 (GDTWCT[ ན%QPUKUVGPE[ QH RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU KP FQIUཔ "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 69 ཊ FQK L CPDGJCX = ? ན 9KPMU! ,GPPKHGT 5 *QNNCPF /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 8QN 0Q ,WN[

1.1.11

Bibliography

• /KMN´UK #F¢O %PH #FIBWJPVS &WPMV UJPO BOE $PHOJUJPO 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU FQK CERTQH QUQ +5$0

1.1.12

$)"15&3 ."*/ "35*$-&

Further reading

• &G 8KVQ &QOKPKSWG 5GRVGODGT 8PSME "U MBT PG %PH #SFFET 2TKPV VJ GF 0GRVWPG %KV[ 0, .CPJCO /& 6(* 2WDNKECVKQPU +PE RR RCIGU +5$0 +5$0 • 9KNEQZ $QPPKG 9CNMQYKE\ %JTKU /CTEJ "U MBT PG %PH #SFFET PG UIF 8PSME 2TKPV VJ GF 0GR VWPG %KV[ 0, .CPJCO /& 6(* 2WDNKECVKQPU +PE &KUVTKDWVGF KP VJG 7 5 VQ VJG $QQMUVQTG CPF NKDTCT[ VTCFG D[ 0CVKQPCN $QQM 0GVYQTM R +5$0 +5$0

1.1.13

External links

• $KQFKXGTUKV[ *GTKVCIG .KDTCT[ DKDNKQITCRJ[ HQT $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT • (ªFªTCVKQP %[PQNQIKSWG +PVGTPCVKQPCNG (%+ ཊ 9QTNF %CPKPG 1TICPKUCVKQP • &QIU KP VJG #PEKGPV 9QTNF CP CTVKENG QP VJG JKUVQT[ QH FQIU • 8KGY VJG FQI IGPQOG QP 'PUGODN

Chapter 2

Taxonomy and evolution 2.1 Origin of the domestic dog

5IF ZFBS PME VQQFS SJHIU KBX GPVOE JO ,FTTMFSMPDI $BWF 4XJU[FSMBOE JT UIF TJTUFS UP PG NPEFSO EPHT DPVSUFTZ )BOOFT /BQJFSBMB

%/" FWJEFODF JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIF EPH BOE UIF NPEFSO XPMG BCPWF

BSF CPUI EFTDFOEFOUT PG BO FYUJODU XPMG MJLF DBOJE UIBU MJWFE JO &V SPQF

6JG origin of the domestic dog $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT QT $BOJT GBNJMJBSJT DCUGF QP IGPGVKE GXKFGPEG DGICP HTQO C UKPING FQOGUVKECVKQP QH C PQY GZVKPEV YQNH NKMG ECPKF KP 9GUVGTP 'WTQRG VQ VJQWUCPF [GCTU CIQ 6JKU RG TKQF RTGFCVGU VJG TKUG QH CITKEWNVWTG CPF KORNKGU VJCV VJG GCTNKGUV FQIU CTQUG CNQPI YKVJ JWPVGT ICVJGTGTU CPF PQV CITKEWNVWTKUVU = ? %QPEGKXCDN[ RTQVQ FQIU OKIJV JCXG VCMGP CFXCPVCIG QH ECTECUUGU NGHV QP UKVG D[ GCTN[ JWPVGTU CU UKUVGF KP VJG ECRVWTG QH RTG[ QT RTQXKFGF FGHGPUG HTQO NCTIG EQORGVKPI RTGFCVQTU CV MKNNU (WTVJGTOQTG UGXGTCN CPEKGPV FQIU OC[ TGRTGUGPV HCKNGF FQOGUVKECVKQP GXGPVU UWEJ CU VJG [GCT QNF )Q[GV URGEKOGP QH $GNIKWO CPF VJG [GCT QNF #NVCK /QWPVCKPU URGEKOGP HTQO 4WUUKC CU VJG[ JCXG PQ FGUEGPFGPVU VQFC[ = ? 6JKU GTC VQYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG NCUV KEG CIG KU MPQYP CU VJG /CIFCNGPKCP RGTKQF FCVKPI HTQO CTQWPF VQ [GCTU CIQ = ? CPF TGHGTU VQ QPG QH VJG NCVGT EWNVWTGU QH VJG 7RRGT 2CNGQNKVJKE KP YGUVGTP 'WTQRG CV VJCV VKOG

4PNF EPH CSFFET MJLF UIJT 5BNBTLBO %PH MPPL WFSZ NVDI MJLF XPMWFT EVF UP BENJYUVSF

2.1.1

Lineage

5GG WPFGT 9QNH CPEGUVT[

2.1.2

$)"15&3 5"90/0.: "/% &70-65*0/

DNA evidence

6JG FGXGNQROGPV QH OQNGEWNCT DKQNQI[ CNNQYU WU VQ KPHGT GXQNWVKQPCT[ TGNCVKQPUJKRU HQT URGEKGU CPF VQ TGRTGUGPV VJGO KP C RJ[NQIGPGVKE VTGG JQYGXGT VJGUG CTG PQV YKVJQWV VJGKT NKOKVCVKQPU 6JGTG CTG VJTGG UEJQQNU QH VJQWIJV QP VJG QTKIKP QH VJG FQI Descendant of other canids that exist today 9KVJKP VJG %CPKFCG VJTGG FKUVKPEV RJ[NQIGPGVKE ITQWRKPIU CTG CRRCTGPV

+P EQORCTKUQP VJG ITC[ YQNH FKាGTU HTQO KVU ENQUGUV YKNF TGNCVKXG VJG EQ[QVG D[ CDQWV QH OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# UGSWGPEG པ= ? +P VJG UCOG [GCT VJG FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT GB NJMJBSJT YCU TGENCUUKិGF CU $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT C UWD URGEKGU QH VJG ITC[ YQNH $BOJT MVQVT KP /COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF = ? +P TGUGCTEJ KPFKECVGF VJCV VJG YQNH OC[ JCXG DGGP VJG CPEGUVQT QH VJG FQI = ? $[ HWT VJGT IGPGVKE CPCN[UKU KPFKECVGF VJCV VJG FQOGUVKE FQI OC[ JCXG GOGTIGF HTQO OWNVKRNG YQNH RQRWNCVKQPU = ?= ? $CUGF QP VJGUG RKGEGU QH TGUGCTEJ CPF VJG TGHGTGPEG TGENCUUKិEC VKQP DBOJT MVQJT GBNJMJBSJT KU VJG PCOG HQT VJG VCZQP NKUVGF D[ +6+5 = ? *QYGXGT DBOJT GBNJMJBSJT KU CNUQ CEEGRVGF FWG VQ C PQOGPENCVWTG FGDCVG TGICTFKPI VJG PCOKPI QH YKNF CPF FQOGUVKE UWD URGEKGU = ?

6JG HQZ NKMG ECPKFU YJKEJ KPENWFG URGEKGU ENQUGN[ TG NCVGF VQ VJG TGF HQZ 7VMQFT WVMQFT CPF VJG CTEVKE HQZ

7VMQFT MBHPQVT CPF VJG HGPPGE HQZ 7VMQFT [FSEB QT Descendant of a wolf that no longer exists today 'FOOFDVT [FSEB FKURWVGF Location of the first domestication +P C UVWF[ 6JG YQNH NKMG ECPKFU KPENWFKPI FQI YQNH EQ[QVG FGVGTOKPGF VJCV FQOGUVKE FQIU EQWNF JCXG QTKIKPCVGF CU 'VJKQRKCP YQNH QT 5KOKGP LCEMCN CPF VJTGG QVJGT OWEJ CU [GCTU CIQ = ? 6JKU YCU FGVGTOKPGF D[ WU URGEKGU QH LCEMCNU IGPWU $BOJT CPF VJG #HTKECP JWPV KPI OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# OV&0# *QYGXGT VJKU PWODGT KPI FQI IGPWU -ZDBPO CPF VJG FJQNG IGPWU $VPO EQWNF RQVGPVKCNN[ DG QXGTKPីCVGF FWG VQ VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH = ? 6JG 5QWVJ #OGTKECP ECPKFU KPENWFKPI HQZ UK\GF ECPKFU WPQDUGTXGF OWNVKRNG UWDUVKVWVKQPU CV J[RGTXCTKCDNG UKVGU UWEJ CU VJG RCORWU HQZ ETCD GCVKPI HQZ CPF UOCNN 6JGUG J[RGTXCTKCDNG UKVGU CTG OWVCVKQPCN JQVURQVU YJGTG UQ &0# CPF IGTONKPG OWVCVKQPU WUWCNN[ GCTGF FQI IGPWU 1TFVEBMPQFY -ZDBMPQFY "UFMPDZOVT OCVKE OKVQEJQPFTKCN = ? VCMG RNCEG 6JQWIJ VJKU PWODGT QH [GCTU OC[ CPF VJG OCPGF YQNH IGPWU $ISZTPDZPO CPF DWUJFQI PQV DG EQORNGVGN[ CEEWTCVG KV UVKNN IKXGU VJG KPFKECVKQP VJCV

IGPWU 4QFPUIPT FQOGUVKECVGF FQIU JCXG DGGP CTQWPF HQT NQPIGT VJCP [GCTU YJKEJ YCU RTGXKQWUN[ UWIIGUVGF D[ CTEJCGQNQIKECN #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJGTG CTG UGXGTCN ECPKFU VJCV JCXG PQ ENQUG NKX GXKFGPEG = ? KPI TGNCVKXGU CPF FGិ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ី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ិGF CU C 2CNCGQNKVJKE FQI UWIIGUVKPI Descendant of a wolf that exists today VJCV FQI FQOGUVKECVKQP JCF CNTGCF[ UVCTVGF KP 'WTQRG FWTKPI = ?= ?= ? +V JCU DGGP VJQWIJV HQT UQOG VKOG VJCV VJG YQNH KU VJG VJG #WTKIPCEKCP OQUV RTQDCDNG CPEGUVQT CPF ENQUGUV TGNCVKXG QH VJG FQOGU VKE FQI པ= ? $[ YKVJ CFXCPEGOGPVU KP OQNGEWNCT DK QNQI[ VJG OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# OV&0# CPCN[UKU QH GZVCPV

K G NKXKPI VQFC[ %CPKFGC URGEKGU KPFKECVGF VJCV ན6JG FQ OGUVKE FQI KU CP GZVTGOGN[ ENQUG TGNCVKXG QH VJG ITC[ YQNH FKាGTKPI HTQO KV D[ CV OQUV QH OV&0# UGSWGPEG

+P C UVWF[ QH #HTKECP FQIU UCORNGF XKNNCIG FQIU HTQO TGIKQPU KP 'I[RV 7ICPFC CPF 0COKDKC OGCUWT KPI IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ DR QH VJG OKVQEJQPFTKCN & NQQR 502U CPF OKETQUCVGNNKVG OCTMGTU 6JKU UVWF[ HQWPF C JKIJ NGXGN QH OV&0# FKXGTUKV[ KP #HTKECP FQIU = ? .CVGT KP C UVWF[ CPCN[\GF GPVKTG OKVQEJQPFTKCN IGPQOGU HQT

03*(*/ 0' 5)& %0.&45*$ %0(

FQIU VQ QDVCKP OCZKOCN RJ[NQIGPGVKE TGUQNWVKQP CPF VJG EQPVTQN TGIKQP HQT FQIU CETQUU VJG 1NF 9QTNF HQT C EQORTGJGPUKXG RKEVWTG QH IGQITCRJKECN FKXGTUKV[ 6JG CPCN [UGU UJQYGF VJCV FQIU WPKXGTUCNN[ UJCTG C EQOOQP JQOQIG PQWU IGPG RQQN EQPVCKPKPI OCLQT JCRNQITQWRU *QYGXGT VJG HWNN TCPIG QH IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ CNN JCRNQITQWRU YCU HQWPF QPN[ KP UQWVJGCUVGTP #UKC UQWVJ QH ;CPIV\G 4KXGT CPF FKXGTUKV[ FGETGCUGF HQNNQYKPI C ITCFKGPV CETQUU 'WTC UKC VJTQWIJ UGXGP JCRNQITQWRU KP %GPVTCN %JKPC CPF ិXG KP 0QTVJ %JKPC CPF 5QWVJYGUV #UKC FQYP VQ QPN[ HQWT JCR NQITQWRU KP 'WTQRG 6JG OGCP UGSWGPEG FKUVCPEG VQ CPEGU VTCN JCRNQV[RGU KPFKECVGU CP QTKIKP ཊ [GCTU CIQ

[C HTQO CV NGCUV HGOCNG YQNH HQWPFGTU = ? +P C UVWF[ EQPFWEVGF CP GZVGPUKXG IGPQOG YKFG UWT XG[ QH OQTG VJCP UKPING PWENGQVKFG RQN[OQTRJKUOU KP FQIU CPF VJGKT YKNF RTQIGPKVQT VJG ITG[ YQNH +V UJQYGF VJCV FQI DTGGFU UJCTG C JKIJGT RTQRQTVKQP QH OWNVK NQEWU JCRNQV[RGU WPKSWG VQ ITG[ YQNXGU HTQO VJG /KFFNG 'CUV KP FKECVKPI VJCV VJG[ CTG C FQOKPCPV UQWTEG QH IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ HQT FQIU TCVJGT VJCP YQNXGU HTQO 'CUV #UKC CU UWIIGUVGF D[ OKVQEJQPFTKCN &0# UGSWGPEG 6JKU KPFKECVGU VJG /KFFNG 'CUV CU VJG UQWTEG QH FQOGUVKECVKQP = ? +P C UVWF[ CPCN[\GF DR QH ; EJTQOQUQOG &0# UGSWGPEG KP FQIU UCORNGF YQTNFYKFG +V HQWPF JCRNQV[RGU FKU VTKDWVGF KP ិXG JCRNQITQWRU 6YQ JCRNQITQWRU YGTG WPKXGT UCNN[ UJCTGF CPF KPENWFGF VJTGG JCRNQV[RGU ECTTKGF D[ QH CNN FQIU DWV VYQ QVJGT JCRNQITQWRU YGTG RTKOCTKN[ TG UVTKEVGF VQ 'CUV #UKC *KIJGUV IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ CPF XKTVW CNN[ EQORNGVG RJ[NQIGPGVKE EQXGTCIG YCU HQWPF YKVJKP #UKC UQWVJ QH VJG ;CPIV\G 6JG FQIU YGTG GUVKOCVGF VQ QTKIK PCVG HTQO ཊ YQNH HQWPFGTU DWV VJGTG YCU PQ KPFKECVKQP QH RQUV FQOGUVKECVKQP FQIཊ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ཊYQNH J[DTKFKUCVKQP EQPVTKDWVGF OQFGUVN[ VQ VJG FQI IGPG RQQN = ? +P C UVWF[ NQQMGF CV UMWNNU HTQO VJG )TCXGVVKCP 2ĚGF OQUV® UKVG KP VJG %\GEJ 4GRWDNKE 6JTGG YGTG FCVGF VQ CPF [GCTU QNF CPF KFGPVKិGF CU 2CNCGQNKVJKE FQIU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ UJQTV UMWNN NGPIVJU UJQTV UPQWVU CPF YKFG RCNCVGU CPF DTCKPECUGU TGNCVKXG VQ YQNXGU 1PG EQO RNGVG UMWNN EQWNF DG CUUKIPGF VQ VJG ITQWR QH 2NGKUVQEGPG YQNXGU 6JTGG QVJGT UMWNNU EQWNF PQV DG CUUKIPGF VQ C TGHGT ZFBS PME TLVMM PG B EPH MJLF DBOJE GPVOE JO UIF "MUBJ .PVO GPEG ITQWR VJGUG OKIJV DG TGOCKPU HTQO J[DTKFU QT ECRVKXG UBJOT *U IBT OP EFTDFOEBOUT UPEBZ DPVSUFTZ " %SV[ILPWB FU BM

YQNXGU = ? “Wayne” studies +P 4QDGTV - 9C[PG GORJCUK\GF VJCV YJKNG OQNGEWNCT IGPGVKE FCVC UGGO VQ UWRRQTV VJG QTK

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FGETGCUG DGVYGGP CPF [GCTU CIQ HQNNQYGF D[ C UJCTR KPETGCUG VJCV RCTCNNGNU VJG VTCLGEVQT[ QH VJG JWOCP RQRWNCVKQP

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

#FMHJVN 1MFJTUPDFOF XPMG TLVMM GSPN UIF 5SPV EFT /VUPOT DBWF JO #FMHJVN EBUFE UP CF ZFBST PME DPVSUFTZ 3PZBM #FM HJVN *OTUJUVUF GPS /BUVSBM 4DJFODFT

6JTGG JCRNQV[RGU HTQO CPEKGPV $GNIKWO ECPKFU $GNIKWO [GCTU $2 ECVCNQIGF CU $BOJT TQFDJFT -( CPF $GNIKWO CPF [GCTU $2 ECVCNQIGF CU $B OJT -VQVT -( -( HQTO VJG OQUV FKXGTI KPI ITQWR #NVJQWIJ VJG ETCPKCN OQTRJQNQI[ QH VJG )Q[GV FQI $GNIKWO JCU DGGP KPVGTRTGVGF CU FQI NKMG KVཐU OV&0# TGNCVKQP VQ QVJGT ECPKFU RNCEGU KV CU CP CP EKGPV UKUVGT ITQWR VQ CNN OQFGTP FQIU CPF YQNXGU TCVJGT VJCP C FKTGEV CPEGUVQT $GNIKWO JCU DGGP HQWPF VQ DG WPKSWGN[ NCTIG CPF EQWNF DG TGNCVGF VQ C FKUVKPEV IG PGVKECNN[ CPF OQTRJQNQIKECNN[ HQTO QH YQNXGU HTQO .CVG 2NGKUVQEGPG FGRQUKVU KP VJG *KIJ #TEVKE RGTOCHTQUV *QY GXGT PQPG QH VJG UGSWGPEGU HTQO VJTGG PQTVJGTN[ RGTOCHTQUV YQNXGU FCVGF CV [GCTU $2 [GCTU $2 CPF [GCTU $2 CPF ENCUUKិGF CU $BOJT -VQVT -( -( -( HCNN YKVJKP QT CTG UKUVGT VQ VJKU $GN IKWO ENCFG 6JG $GNIKWO ECPKFU OC[ TGRTGUGPV C RJGPQV[R KECNN[ FKUVKPEV CPF PQV RTGXKQWUN[ TGEQIPK\GF RQRWNCVKQP QH ITC[ YQNH QT VJG [GCT QNF )Q[GV FQI HTQO $GNIKWO CPF VJG [GCT QNF #NVCK /QWPVCKP FQI HTQO 4WUUKC

ECVCNQIWGF CU $BOJT -VQJT 'BNJMJBSJT FQI ,: OC[ TGRTGUGPV CDQTVGF FQOGUVKECVKQP GRKUQFGU 6JG FCVC HTQO VJKU UVWF[ KPFKECVGU CP CUUQEKCVKQP QH OQFGTP FQIU YKVJ CPEKGPV 'WTQRGCP ECPKFU CPF UQOG YKVJ OQFGTP 'WTQRGCP YQNXGU YKVJ PQ ENQUG CឹPKV[ VQ OQFGTP YQNXGU

ན$WV KH FQOGUVKECVKQP QEEWTTGF KP CU UQEKCVKQP YKVJ JWPVGT ICVJGTGTU QPG ECP KOCIKPG YQNXGU ិTUV VCMKPI CF XCPVCIG QH VJG ECTECUUGU VJCV JWOCPU NGHV DGJKPF C PCVWTCN TQNG HQT CP[ NCTIG ECTPKXQTG CPF VJGP QXGT VKOG OQXKPI OQTG ENQUGN[ KPVQ VJG JWOCP PKEJG VJTQWIJ C EQ GXQNWVKQPCT[ RTQ EGUU 6JG KFGC QH YQNXGU HQNNQY KPI JWPVGT ICVJGTGTU CNUQ JGNRU VQ GZ RNCKP VJG GXGPVWCN IGPGVKE FKXGTIGPEG VJCV NGF VQ VJG CRRGCTCPEG QH FQIU 9QNXGU HQNNQYKPI VJG OKITCVQT[ RCV VGTPU QH VJGUG GCTN[ JWOCP ITQWRU YQWNF JCXG IKXGP WR VJGKT VGTTKVQTK CNKV[ CPF YQWNF JCXG DGGP NGUU NKMGN[ VQ TGRTQFWEG YKVJ TGUKFGPV VGTTKVQTKCN YQNXGU 9G JCXG CP CPCNQI QH VJKU RTQEGUU VQFC[ KP VJG QPN[ OKITCVQT[ RQRWNCVKQP QH YQNXGU MPQYP GZKUVKPI KP VJG VWPFTC CPF DQTGCN HQTGUV QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC 6JKU RQRWNCVKQP HQN NQYU VJG DCTTGP ITQWPF ECTKDQW FWT KPI VJGKT VJQWUCPF MKNQOGVGT OKITC VKQP 9JGP VJGUG YQNXGU TGVWTP HTQO VJG VWPFTC VQ VJG DQTGCN HQTGUV FWT KPI VJG YKPVGT VJG[ FQ PQV TGRTQ FWEG YKVJ TGUKFGPV YQNXGU VJGTG VJCV PGXGT OKITCVG 9G HGGN VJKU KU C OQFGN HQT FQOGUVKECVKQP CPF VJG TGRTQFWE VKXG FKXGTIGPEG QH VJG GCTNKGUV FQIU HTQO YKNF YQNXGU 9G MPQY CNUQ VJCV VJGTG YGTG FKUVKPEV YQNH RQRW NCVKQPU GZKUVKPI VGP QH VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU CIQ 1PG UWEJ YQNH YJKEJ YG ECNN VJG OGICHCWPCN YQNH RTG[GF QP NCTIG ICOG UWEJ CU JQTUGU DKUQP CPF RGTJCRU XGT[ [QWPI OCOOQVJU +UQ VQRG FCVC UJQY VJCV VJG[ CVG VJGUG

$)"15&3 5"90/0.: "/% &70-65*0/ URGEKGU CPF VJG FQI OC[ JCXG DGGP FGTKXGF HTQO C YQNH UKOKNCT VQ VJGUG CPEKGPV YQNXGU KP VJG NCVG 2NGKUVQEGPG QH 'WTQRG པ = ?

GTP YQNH CPF VJG[ UJCTG C EQOOQP CPEGUVQT 5WRRQTVKPI VJKU CPQVJGT VGUV KPFKECVGF VJCV PQPG QH VJG UCORNGF YQNH RQRWNCVKQPU KU OQTG ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ FQIU VJCP CP[ QH VJG QVJGTU CPF FQIU FKXGTIGF HTQO YQNXGU CV CDQWV VJG UCOG VKOG CU YQNXGU FKXGTIGF HTQO GCEJ QVJGT 6JKU KPHGTU VJCV VJG YQNH RQRWNCVKQP U HTQO YJKEJ FQIU QTKIKPCVGF JCU IQPG Freedman et al. +P ,CPWCT[ C UVWF[= ? CPCN[UGF GZVKPEV CPF VJG EWTTGPV YQNH FKXGTUKV[ HTQO GCEJ TGIKQP TGR WUKPI C PWODGT QH VGUVU VJG OKNNKQP UKPING PWENGQVKFG TGUGPVU PQXGN [QWPIGT YQNH NKPGCIGU XCTKCPV UKVGU HTQO YJQNG IGPQOG FCVC IGPGTCVGF HQT UKZ WPKSWG ECPKF NKPGCIGU 6JGUG FCVC KPENWFG YJQNG IGPQOG 6JG FCVC KPFKECVGU VJCV VJG )QNFGP ,CEMCN CPF VJG CPEGU VQT QH VJG YQNH FQI FKXGTIGF [GCTU CIQ &QIU CPF UGSWGPEGU QH YQNXGU VJGP FKXGTIGF [GCTU CIQ 6JG YQNH RQRWNC VKQPU FKXGTIGF HTQO GCEJ QVJGT [GCTU CIQ 6JG FQI • 6JTGG KPFKXKFWCN YQNXGU $BOJT MVQVT VQ RQRWNCVKQPU FKXGTIGF HTQO GCEJ QVJGT PQV NQPI CHVGT YKVJ TGRTGUGPV VJG DTQCF TGIKQPU QH 'WTCUKC VJG &KPIQ CV [GCTU CIQ CPF FKXGTIGPEG DGVYGGP VJG YJGTG FQOGUVKECVKQP JCU DGGP J[RQVJG $QZGT CPF VJG $CUGPLK CV [GCTU CIQ 6JGTG YCU C UK\GF VQ JCXG VCMGP RNCEG %TQCVKC 'W HQNF RQRWNCVKQP DQVVNGPGEM K G FGENKPG HQT FQIU UKPEG TQRG +UTCGN /KFFNG 'CUV CPF %JKPC FKXGTIGPEG 6JGTG YCU C HQNF RQRWNCVKQP FGENKPG HQT VJG

'CUV 5QWVJ 'CUV #UKC YQNH UCORNGU UKPEG FKXGTIGPEG CPF CRRGCTU VQ JCXG QE •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• # IQNFGP LCEMCN $BOJT BVSFVT VQ KPHGT VJG CPEGUVTCN UVCVG QH XCTKCPVU CTKUKPI KP FQIU CPF YQNXGU

6JG FCVC RTQXKFGF UKIPKិECPV GXKFGPEG QH CFOKZVWTG DG VYGGP VJG +UTCGNK YQNH CPF VJG $CUGPLK VJG +UTCGNK YQNH CPF VJG $QZGT CPF DGVYGGP VJG %JKPGUG YQNH CPF &KPIQ 6JG %JKPGUG YQNH YKVJ &KPIQ NKMGN[ TGRTGUGPVU CPEKGPV CFOKZ VWTG KP 'CUVGTP 'WTCUKC CPF VJG +UTCGNK YQNH YKVJ $CUGPLK CPF $QZGT NKMGN[ TGRTGUGPVU CPEKGPV CFOKZVWTG KP 9GUVGTP 'WTCUKC 6JG HCEV VJCV VJGUG NKPGCIGU JCXG DGGP IGQITCRJ KECNN[ KUQNCVGF HTQO YQNXGU KP VJG TGEGPV RCUV UWIIGUVU VJCV VJKU IGPG ីQY YCU CPEGUVTCN CPF JCU NKMGN[ KORCEVGF QP OQUV FQI NKPGCIGU 6JGTG YCU UKIPKិECPV IGPG ីQY DGVYGGP VJG )QNFGP ,CEMCN CPF VJG +UTCGNK YQNH CU YGNN CU VJG RQRWNCVKQP CPEGUVTCN VQ VJG FQI CPF YQNH UCORNGU

6JG #/; $ #NRJC #O[NCUG $ KU C IGPG VJCV EQFGU C RTQVGKP VJCV CUUKUVU YKVJ VJG áž·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

6JG FKXGTIGPEG VKOG DGVYGGP FQIU CPF YQNXGU KU GUVKOCVGF VQ JCXG QEEWTTGF DGVYGGP CPF [GCTU CIQ 1VJGT TGEGPV UVWFKGU RNCEG VJG FKXGTIGPEG DGVYGGP VQ [GCTU CIQ FGRGPFKPI QP VJG OWVCVKQP TCVG CU UWORVKQPU WUGF JQYGXGT CNN QH VJG UVWFKGU RNCEG VJG FK XGTIGPEG RTKQT VQ VJG CFQRVKQP QH GZVGPUKXG CITKEWNVWTG D[ 1PG VGUV KPFKECVGF VJCV FQIU CPF OQFGTP YQNXGU HQTO JWOCPU 6JKU áž·PFKPI TCKUGU SWGUVKQPU TGICTFKPI VJG J[RQVJ OQPQRJ[NGVKE UKUVGT ENCFGU K G VJG FQI KU C UKUVGT VQ VJG OQF GUKU VJCV VJG CFXGPV QH CITKEWNVWTG ETGCVGF C PQXGN PKEJG VJCV

03*(*/ 0' 5)& %0.&45*$ %0( YCU VJG FTKXKPI HQTEG HQT FQI FQOGUVKECVKQP = ?

&QOGUVKECVKQP QH VJG YQNH QXGT VKOG JCU RTQFWEGF C PWO 6JG EQ UGPKQT CWVJQT QH VJG UVWFKGU 4QDGTV - 9C[PG UVCVGF DGT QH RJ[UKECN QT OQTRJQNQIKECN EJCPIGU 6JGUG KPENWFG C TGFWEVKQP KP QXGTCNN UK\G EJCPIGU KP EQCV EQNQWTCVKQP CPF VJCV OCTMKPIU C UJQTVGT LCY KPKVKCNN[ YKVJ ETQYFKPI QH VJG VGGVJ CPF NCVGT YKVJ VJG UJTKPMKPI KP UK\G QH VJG VGGVJ C TG “The common ancestor of dogs and FWEVKQP KP DTCKP UK\G CPF VJWU KP ETCPKCN ECRCEKV[ RCTVKE wolves was a large, wolf-like aniWNCTN[ VJQUG CTGCU TGNCVKPI VQ CNGTVPGUU CPF UGPUQT[ RTQEGUU mal that lived between 9,000 and KPI PGEGUUCT[ KP VJG YKNF CPF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH C RTQ 34,000 years ago. Based on DNA PQWPEGF ནUVQRཔ QT XGTVKECN FTQR KP HTQPV QH VJG HQTGJGCF evidence, it lived in Europe.”= ?

DTCEJ[EGRJCN[ %GTVCKP YQNH NKMG DGJCXKQTU UWEJ CU VJG TGIWTIKVCVKQP QH RCTVKCNN[ FKIGUVGF HQQF HQT VJG [QWPI JCXG CNUQ FKUCRRGCTGF = ? 2.1.3 Archaeological evidence #NVJQWIJ GZRGTVU NCTIGN[ FKUCITGG QXGT VJG FGVCKNU QH FQI #TEJCGQNQI[ NQECVGU VJG ិTUV FQI CPF JWOCP TGOCKPU VQ FQOGUVKECVKQP KV KU CITGGF VJCV JWOCP KPVGTCEVKQP RNC[GF C IGVJGT KP VJG )TCXGVVKCP RGTKQF K G UQOGYJGTG DGVYGGP UKIPKិECPV TQNG KP UJCRKPI VJG UWDURGEKGU = ? RCIGU ཊ $2 JQYGXGT FQI NKMG ECPKF HQUUKNU JCXG CNUQ DGGP HQWPF CV )Q[GV $2 CPF #NVCK Experimental evidence $2 KP VJG #WTKIPCEKCP RGTKQF #U CP GZRGTKOGPV KP VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH YQNXGU VJG HCTO HQZ GZRGTKOGPV QH 4WUUKCP UEKGPVKUV &OKVT[ $GN[CGX CVVGORVGF VQ TGGPCEV JQY FQOGUVKECVKQP OC[ JCXG 5GG CNUQ 9QNXGU CU RGVU CPF YQTMKPI CPKOCNU QEEWTTGF = ? 4GUGCTEJGTU YQTMKPI YKVJ YKNF UKNXGT HQZGU # ITGCV FGCN QH EQPVTQXGTU[ UWTTQWPFU VJG GXQNWVKQPCT[ UGNGEVKXGN[ DTGF QXGT IGPGTCVKQPU CPF [GCTU HQT VJG UQNG VTCKV QH HTKGPFNKPGUU VQ JWOCPU ETGCVGF OQTG FQI NKMG CPKOCNU 6JG ནFQOGUVKE GNKVGཔ HQZGU CTG OWEJ OQTG HTKGPFN[ VQ JWOCPU CPF CEVWCNN[ UGGM JWOCP CVVGPVKQP DWV VJG[ CNUQ UJQY PGY RJ[UKECN VTCKVU VJCV RCTCNNGN VJG UGNGEVKQP HQT VCOG PGUU GXGP VJQWIJ VJG RJ[UKECN VTCKVU YGTG PQV QTKIKPCNN[ UG NGEVGF HQT 6JG[ KPENWFG URQVVGF QT DNCEM CPF YJKVG EQCVU ីQRR[ GCTU VCKNU VJCV EWTN QXGT VJGKT DCEMU VJG DCTMKPI XQ ECNK\CVKQP CPF GCTNKGT UGZWCN OCVWTKV[

2.1.4

Domestication

1PMZDISPNF DBWF QBJOUJOH PG B XPMG MJLF DBOJE QBJOUFE ZFBST BHP 'POU EF (BVNF 'SBODF

HTCOGYQTM HQT VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH FQIU = ? #NVJQWIJ KV KU YKFGN[ ENCKOGF VJCV ནOCP FQOGUVKECVGF VJG YQNH པ= ? OCP OKIJV PQV JCXG VCMGP UWEJ C RTQCEVKXG TQNG KP VJG RTQEGUU = ? 6JG PCVWTG QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP OCP CPF YQNH VJCV NGF VQ FQOGUVKECVKQP KU WPMPQYP CPF EQPVTQXGTUKCN #V NGCUV VJTGG GCTN[ URGEKGU QH VJG )PNP IGPWU DGICP URTGCFKPI QWV QH #HTKEC TQWIJN[ [GCTU CIQ CPF VJWU NKXGF HQT C EQPUKFGTCDNG VKOG KP EQPVCEV YKVJ ECPKPG URGEKGU = ? +V KU PQV MPQYP YJGVJGT JWOCPU FQOGUVKECVGF VJG YQNH CU UWEJ VQ KPKVKCVG FQIཐU FKXGTIGPEG HTQO KVU CPEGUVQTU QT YJGVJGT FQIཐU GXQNWVKQPCT[ RCVJ JCF CNTGCF[ VCMGP C FKាGT GPV EQWTUG RTKQT VQ FQOGUVKECVKQP (QT GZCORNG KV KU J[ RQVJGUK\GF VJCV UQOG YQNXGU ICVJGTGF CTQWPF VJG ECORUKVGU QH RCNGQNKVJKE ECORU VQ UECXGPIG TGHWUG CPF CUUQEKCVGF GXQ NWVKQPCT[ RTGUUWTG FGXGNQRGF VJCV HCXQTGF VJQUG YJQ YGTG NGUU HTKIJVGPGF D[ CPF MGGPGT KP CRRTQCEJKPI JWOCPU = ?

+V YCU TGRQTVGF ན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པ Method *QY GZCEVN[ VJG FQOGUVKECVKQP QH VJG YQNH JCRRGPGF KU WP ENGCT DWV VJGQTKGU KPENWFG QPG QT OQTG QH VJG HQNNQYKPI Free will and powerful emotions ན6JG FQI EQWNF JCXG CTKUGP QPN[ HTQO CPKOCNU RTGFKURQUGF VQ JWOCP UQEKGV[ D[

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ཐ UGPUG CPF ETGCVG CP GZRCPFGF UWRGT ITQWR VJCV YCU DGPGិEKCN VQ DQVJ KP OWNVKRNG YC[U 6JG[ YGTG KPFKXKFWCN CPKOCNU CPF RGQRNG KPXQNXGF HTQO QWT RGT URGEVKXG KP C DKQNQIKECN CPF EWNVWTCN RTQEGUU VJCV KPXQNXGF NKPMKPI PQV QPN[ VJGKT NKXGU DWV VJG GXQNWVKQPCT[ HCVG QH VJGKT JGKTU KP YC[U YG OWUV CUUWOG VJG[ EQWNF PGXGT JCXG KOCI KPGF &QGU VJKU VJGUKU RTQLGEV VQQ OWEJ UGNH CYCTGPGUU KPVQ VJG RCUV! + FQWDV KV 2QYGTHWN GOQVKQPU YGTG KP RNC[ VJCV OCP[ QDUGTXGTU VQFC[ TGHGT CU NQXG DQWPFNGUU WPSWGUVKQP KPI NQXG པ= ?

$)"15&3 5"90/0.: "/% &70-65*0/ OCPU CTG ENQUG D[ VJKU DGJCXKQTCN VTCKV YQWNF JCXG DGGP RCUUGF QP VQ UWEEGUUKXG IGPGTCVKQPU CPF CORNKិGF ETGCVKPI CPKOCNU VJCV CTG KPETGCUKPIN[ OQTG EQOHQTVCDNG CTQWPF JW OCPU ན/[ CTIWOGPV KU VJCV YJCV FQOGUVKECVGFཋQT VCOGཋ OGCPU KU VQ DG CDNG VQ GCV KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH JWOCP DGKPIU 6JCV KU VJG VJKPI VJCV YKNF YQNXGU ECP V FQ པ= ? (WTVJGTOQTG UGNGEVKQP HQT FQOGUVKEKV[ JCF VJG UKFG GាGEV QH UGNGEVKPI IGPGVKECNN[ TGNCVGF RJ[UKECN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU CPF DGJCXKQT UWEJ CU DCTMKPI *[RQVJGVKECNN[ YQNXGU UGRCTCVGF KPVQ VYQ RQRWNCVKQPUཊVJG XKNNCIG QTKGPVGF UECXGPIGTU CPF VJG RCEMU QH JWPVGTU 6JG PGZV UVGRU JCXG PQV DGGP FGិPGF DWV UGNGEVKXG RTGUUWTG OWUV JCXG DGGP RTGUGPV VQ UWUVCKP VJG FKXGTIGPEG QH VJGUG RQRWNCVKQPU

2.1.5

Specialization

Orphaned wolf-pups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ནYQNH NKMGཔ FQOGUVKE CPKOCNU YQWNF TGUWNV YJKEJ YQWNF QXGT IGPGTCVKQPU QH VKOG DGEQOG OQTG FQI NKMG = ? Promise of food/self-domestication 'CTN[ YQNXGU YQWNF CU UECXGPIGTU DG CVVTCEVGF VQ JWOCP ិGNF MKNNU CPF TGHWUG NGHV CV JWOCP ECORUKVGU = ? &T 4C[OQPF %QRRKPIGT QH *CORUJKTG %QNNGIG /CUUCEJWUGVVU CTIWGU= ? VJCV VJQUG YQNXGU VJCV YGTG OQTG UWEEGUUHWN CV KPVGTCEVKPI YKVJ JWOCPU YQWNF RCUU VJGUG VTCKVU QP VQ VJGKT QាURTKPI GXGPVWCNN[ ETG CVKPI YQNXGU YKVJ C ITGCVGT RTQRGPUKV[ VQ DG FQOGUVKECVGF 6JG ནOQUV UQEKCN CPF NGCUV HGCTHWNཔ YQNXGU YGTG VJG QPGU YJQ YGTG MGRV CTQWPF VJG JWOCP NKXKPI CTGCU JGNRKPI VQ DTGGF VJQUG VTCKVU VJCV CTG UVKNN TGEQIPK\GF KP FQIU VQFC[ = ? %QRRKPIGT DGNKGXGU VJCV C DGJCXKQTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKE ECNNGF ីKIJV FKUVCPEG YCU ETWEKCN VQ VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQP HTQO YKNF YQNH VQ VJG CPEGUVQTU QH VJG OQFGTP FQI +V TGRTGUGPVU JQY ENQUG CP CPKOCN YKNN CNNQY JWOCPU QT CP[VJKPI GNUG KV RGT EGKXGU CU FCPIGTQWU VQ IGV DGHQTG KV TWPU CYC[ #PKOCNU YKVJ UJQTVGT ីKIJV FKUVCPEGU YKNN NKPIGT CPF HGGF YJGP JW

5IF #VMMEPH JT XFMM LOPXO GPS JUT TIPSU NV[[MF BOE TBHHZ TLJO PO JUT GBDF

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ិEKCN UGNGEVKQP CPF ETQUU DTGGFKPI QH FQIU VQ ETGCVG PGY DTGGFU QH FQIU

03*(*/ 0' 5)& %0.&45*$ %0(

8IJUF 4UBOEBSE 1PPEMF

Neoteny in the rapid evolution of diverse dog breeds

5IF GBE GPS JOUFOUJPOBMMZ DSPTT CSFE EPHT TVDI BT UIJT QPPEMF IZ CSJE IBT SFTVMUFE JO UIF MBCFM EFTJHOFS EPHT

6JKU TCRKF GXQNWVKQP QH FQIU HTQO YQNXGU KU CP GZCORNG QH PGQVGP[ QT RCGFQOQTRJKUO #U YKVJ OCP[ URGEKGU [QWPI YQNXGU CTG OQTG UQEKCN CPF NGUU FQOKPCPV VJCP CFWNVU VJGTG HQTG VJG UGNGEVKQP HQT VJGUG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU YJGVJGT FGNKDGT CVG QT KPCFXGTVGPV KU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ TGUWNV KP C UKORNG TGVGP VKQP QH LWXGPKNG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU KPVQ CFWNVJQQF VJCP VQ IGP GTCVG C EQORNGZ QH KPFGRGPFGPV PGY EJCPIGU KP DGJCXKQT

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ནCRRGCNKPIཔ +V JCU DGGP UGGP VJCV VJGUG VTCKVU ECP GXGP RTQORV CP CFWNV HGOCNG YQNH VQ CEV OQTG FGHGPUKXGN[ QH FQI RWRRKGU VJCP QH YQNH RWRRKGU = ? 6JG GZCORNG QH ECPKPG • *GTFKPI FQIU GZJKDKV VJG EQPVTQNNGF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH PGQVGP[ IQGU GXGP HWTVJGT KP VJCV VJG XCTKQWU DTGGFU CTG FKH JWPVKPI FQIU /GODGTU QH VJKU ITQWR UWEJ CU $QTFGT HGTGPVN[ PGQVGPK\GF CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG V[RG QH DGJCXKQT VJCV %QNNKGU $GNIKCP /CNKPQKU CPF )GTOCP 5JGRJGTFU WUG

$)"15&3 5"90/0.: "/% &70-65*0/

VCEVKEU QH JWPVGT CPF RTG[ VQ KPVKOKFCVG CPF MGGR EQP • 6GTTKGTU UKOKNCTN[ JCXG CFWNV CIITGUUKXG DGJCXKQT HC VTQN QH JGTFU CPF ី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• )WP FQI DTGGFU WUGF KP JWPVKPIཋVJCV KU RQKPVGTU C RGGT DCUKU 6JKU DTGGF KU QHVGP FGUETKDGF CU JKIJN[ KPFG UGVVGTU URCPKGNU CPF TGVTKGXGTUཋJCXG CP KPVGTOGFKCVG RGPFGPV PGKVJGT PGGFKPI PQT CRRTGEKCVKPI C ITGCV FGCN QH FGITGG QH RCGFQOQTRJKUO VJG[ CTG CV VJG RQKPV YJGTG JWOCP CVVGPVKQP QT PWTVWTKPI QHVGP FGUETKDGF CU ནECVNKMGཔ VJG[ UJCTG KP VJG RCEMཐU JWPVKPI DGJCXKQT DWV CTG UVKNN KP KVU DGJCXKQT +V VQQ JCU VJG DQF[ RNCP QH CP CFWNV ECPKPG KP C LWPKQT TQNG PQV RCTVKEKRCVKPI KP VJG CEVWCN CVVCEM RTGFCVQT 6JG[ KFGPVKH[ RQVGPVKCN RTG[ CPF HTGG\G KPVQ KOOQDKN 1H EQWTUG FQIU KP IGPGTCN RQUUGUU C UKIPKិECPV CDKNKV[ VQ KV[ HQT KPUVCPEG DWV VJGP TGHTCKP HTQO UVCNMKPI VJG RTG[ OQFKH[ VJGKT DGJCXKQT CEEQTFKPI VQ GZRGTKGPEG KPENWFKPI CU CP CFWNV RTGFCVQT YQWNF FQ VJKU TGUWNVU KP VJG ནRQKPV CFCRVKPI VQ VJG DGJCXKQT QH JWOCPU 6JKU CNNQYU VJGO VQ DG KPIཔ DGJCXKQT HQT YJKEJ UWEJ FQIU CTG DTGF 5KOKNCTN[ VTCKPGF VQ DGJCXG KP C YC[ VJCV KU PQV URGEKិECNN[ VJG OQUV VJG[ UGK\G FGCF QT YQWPFGF RTG[ CPF DTKPI KV DCEM VQ PCVWTCN VQ VJGKT DTGGF PGXGTVJGNGUU VJG CEEWOWNCVGF GZRG VJG ནRCEMཔ GXGP VJQWIJ VJG[ FKF PQV CVVCEM KV VJGO TKGPEG QH VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU UJQYU VJCV UQOG EQODKPCVKQPU UGNXGU VJCV KU ནTGVTKGXKPIཔ DGJCXKQT 6JGKT RJ[UKECN QH PCVWTG CPF PWTVWTG CTG SWKVG FCWPVKPI HQT KPUVCPEG VTCKP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU CTG ENQUGT VQ VJCV QH VJG OCVWTG YKNF EC KPI YJKRRGVU VQ IWCTF ីQEMU QH UJGGR PKPG VJCP VJG UJGGRFQI DTGGFU DWV VJG[ V[RKECNN[ FQ PQV JCXG GTGEV GCTU GVE

2.1.6 • 5EGPVJQWPFU OCKPVCKP CP KPVGTOGFKCVG DQF[ V[RG CPF DGJCXKQT RCVVGTP VJCV ECWUGU VJGO VQ CEVWCNN[ RWTUWG RTG[ D[ VTCEMKPI VJGKT UEGPV DWV VGPF VQ TGHTCKP HTQO CEVWCN KPFKXKFWCN CVVCEMU KP HCXQT QH XQECNN[ UWOOQP KPI VJG RCEM NGCFGTU KP VJKU ECUG JWOCPU VQ FQ VJG LQD 6JG[ QHVGP JCXG C EJCTCEVGTKUVKE XQECNK\CVKQP ECNNGF C DC[ 5QOG GZCORNGU CTG VJG $GCING $NQQF JQWPF $CUUGV *QWPF %QQPJQWPF &CEJUJWPF (QZ *QWPF 1VVGT *QWPF CPF *CTTKGT • 5KIJVJQWPFU YJQ RWTUWG CPF CVVCEM RGTEGKXGF RTG[ QP UKIJV OCKPVCKP VJG OCVWTG ECPKPG UK\G CPF UQOG HGC VWTGU UWEJ CU PCTTQY EJGUV CPF NGCP DQFKGU DWV JCXG NCTIGN[ NQUV VJG GTGEV GCTU QH VJG YQNH CPF VJKEM FQWDNG NC[GTGF EQCVU 5QOG GZCORNGU CTG VJG #HIJCP *QWPF $QT\QK 5CNWMK 5NQWIJK 2JCTCQJ *QWPF #\CYCMJ 9JKRRGV CPF )TG[JQWPF • /CUVKា V[RGU CTG NCTIG FQIU DQVJ VCNN CPF OCUUKXG YKVJ DCTTGN NKMG EJGUVU NCTIG DQPGU CPF VJKEM UMWNNU 6JG[ JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP DTGF HQT YCT RTQVGEVKQP CPF IWCTFKCP YQTM • $WNNFQI V[RGU CTG OGFKWO UK\GF FQIU DTGF HQT EQO DCV CICKPUV DQVJ YKNF CPF FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU 6JGUG FQIU JCXG C OCUUKXG USWCTG UMWNN CPF NCTIG DQPGU YKVJ CP GZVTGOGN[ OWUEWNCT DWKNF CPF DTQCF UJQWNFGTU

Notes

= ? (TGGFOCP #FCO * )TQPCW +NCP 5EJYGK\GT 4GPC / 1TVGIC &GN 8GEEJ[Q &KGIQ *CP 'WPLWPI 5KNXC 2GFTQ / )CNCXGTPK /CTEQ (CP <JGPZKP /CTZ 2GVGT .QTGPVG )CNFQU $GNGP $GCNG *QNN[ 4COKTG\ 1UECT *QTOQ\FKCTK (CTJCF #NMCP %CP 8KN¡ %CTNGU 5SWKTG -GXKP )GាGP 'NK -WUCM ,QUKR $Q[MQ #FCO 4 2CTMGT *GKFK ) .GG %NCTGPEG 6CFKIQVNC 8CUKUJV 5KGRGN #FCO $WUVCOCPVG %CTNQU & *CTMKPU 6KOQVJ[ 6 0GNUQP 5VCPNG[ ( 1U VTCPFGT 'NCKPG # /CTSWGU $QPGV 6QOCU 9C[PG 4QDGTV - 0QXGODTG ,QJP ,CPWCT[ ན)GPQOG 5GSWGPE KPI *KIJNKIJVU )GPGU 7PFGT 5GNGEVKQP CPF VJG &[PCOKE 'CTN[ *KUVQT[ QH &QIUཔ 1-04 (FOFUJDT 2.15 1TI 10

G FQK LQWTPCN RIGP 2/% 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 6JCNOCPP 1 5JCRKTQ $ %WK 2 5EJWGPGOCPP 8 , 5CY[GT 5 - )TGGPិGNF & . )GTOQPRTª / $ 5CDNKP / 8 .´RG\ )KT¢NFG\ ( &QOKPIQ 4QWTC : 0CRKGT CNC * 7GTROCPP * 2 .QRQPVG & / #EQUVC # # )KGOUEJ . 5EJOKV\ 4 9 9QTVJKPIVQP $ $WKMUVTC , ' &TW\JMQXC # 5 )TCRJQFCVUM[ # 5 1XQFQX 0 & 9CJNDGTI 0 (TGGFOCP # * 5EJYGK\GT 4 / -QGRីK - 2 .GQPCTF , # /G[GT / -TCWUG , 2¥¥DQ 5 )TGGP 4 ' 9C[PG 4QDGTV - 0QXGODGT ན%QORNGVG /KVQEJQPFTKCN )GPQOGU QH #PEKGPV %CPKFU 5WI IGUV C 'WTQRGCP 1TKIKP QH &QOGUVKE &QIUཔ 4DJFODF ###5 342 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? &CVGU IKXGP XCT[ UQOGYJCV $TKVCPPKEC

03*(*/ 0' 5)& %0.&45*$ %0(

= ? 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # 9C[PG 4QDGTV - ན6JG %CPKPG )GPQOGཔ (FOPNF 3FT 15 ཊ FQK IT 2/+& SWQVGF HTQO RCIG

= ? )GTOQPRTªC /KGVLG 5CDNKP /KMJCKN 8 (GDTWCT[ ན(QUUKN FQIU CPF YQNXGU HTQO 2CNCGQNKVJKE UKVGU KP $GNIKWO VJG 7MTCKPG CPF 4WUUKC QUVGQOGVT[ CPEKGPV &0# CPF UVC DNG KUQVQRGUཔ

= ? /QP\´P , -C[U 4 &[MJWK\GP & ' ན#U UGUUOGPV QH EQ[QVGཊYQNHཊFQI CFOKZVWTG WUKPI CPEGUVT[ KPHQTOCVKXG FKCIPQUVKE 502Uཔ .PMFDVMBS &DPMPHZ 23 ཊ FQK OGE 2/+&

= ? %TQEMHQTF 5, -W\OKP ;8 %QOOGPVU QP )GTOQP RTG GV CN ,QWTPCN QH #TEJCGQNQIKECN 5EKGPEG ན(QU UKN FQIU CPF YQNXGU HTQO 2CNCGQNKVJKE UKVGU KP $GNIKWO VJG 7MTCKPG CPF 4WUUKC QUVGQOGVT[ CPEKGPV &0# CPF UVCDNG KUQVQRGUཔ

= ? 5EQVV (WNNGT R = ? 9C[PG 4QDGTV - ན/QNGEWNCT GXQNWVKQP QH VJG FQI HCOKN[པ 5SFOET JO (FOFUJDT 9 ཊ FQK : = ? 9Q\GPETCHV 9 % 9KNUQP CPF 4GGFGT GF "OJNBM 4QFDJFT PG UIF 8PSME " 5BYPOPNJD BOE (FPHSBQIJD 3FGFS FODF OE FEJUJPO 9CUJKPIVQP & % 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVW VKQP 2TGUU +5$0 = ? %NWVVQP $TQEM ,WNKGV ན1TKIKPU QH VJG FQI FQOGU VKECVKQP CPF GCTN[ JKUVQT[པ KP 5GTRGNN ,COGU 5IF EPNFT UJD EPH JUT FWPMVUJPO CFIBWJPVS BOE JOUFSBDUJPOT XJUI QFP QMF %CODTKFIG %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 = ? 9C[PG 4 - CPF 1UVTCPFGT ' # 0SJHJO HFOFUJD EJ WFSTJUZ BOE HFOPNF TUSVDUVSF PG UIF EPNFTUJD EPH $KQ'UUC[U ཊ ,QJP 9KNG[ 5QPU +PE ] _ = ? 8KNNC % /CNFQPCFQ , ' 9C[PG 4 - 1IZMPHFOFUJD SFMBUJPOTIJQT FWPMVUJPO BOE HFOFUJD EJWFSTJUZ PG UIF EPNFTUJD EPH 6JG #OGTKECP )GPGVKEU #UUQEKCVKQP ] _ = ? ན+6+5 4GRQTV %CPKU NWRWU HCOKNKCTKUཔ *5*4 %BUB +PVG ITCVGF 6CZQPQOKE +PHQTOCVKQP 5[UVGO HTQO TF 'FKVKQP QH VJG /COOCN 5RGEKGU QH VJG 9QTNF 9Q\GPETCHV KP 9KNUQP 4GGFGT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT = ? )GPVT[ # %NWVVQP $TQEM , )TQXGU % 2 $MVUUPO #SPDL + 5IF OBNJOH PG XJME BOJNBM TQFDJFT BOE UIFJS EPNFT UJD EFSJWBUJWFT ,QWTPCN QH #TEJGQNQIKECN 5EKGPEG 'NUGXKGT .VF ] _ = ? 8KN¡ % 5CXQNCKPGP 2 /CNFQPCFQ ,' #OQTKO +4 4KEG ,' *QPG[EWVV 4. %TCPFCNN -# .WPFGDGTI , 9C[PG 4- ན/WNVKRNG CPF CPEKGPV QTKIKPU QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQIཔ 4DJFODF 276 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG = ? 5VQPGMKPI / ན*[RGTXCTKCDNG UKVGU KP VJG OV&0# EQPVTQN TGIKQP CTG OWVCVKQPCN JQVURQVUཔ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG )VNBO (FOFUJDT ཊ = ? 5CXQNCKPGP 2GVGT <JCPI ;C RKPI .WQ ,KPI .WPFGDGTI ,QCMKO .GKVPGT 6JQOCU ན)GPGVKE 'XK FGPEG HQT CP 'CUV #UKCP 1TKIKP QH &QOGUVKE &QIUཔ 4DJFODF 298 ཊ $KDEQFG 5EK 5 FQK UEKGPEG 2/+&

= ? )GTOQPRTª / 5CDNKP /8 &GURTGU 8 *QHTGKVGT / .C\PKEMQXC )CNGVQXC / GV CN ན2CNCG QNKVJKE FQIU CPF VJG GCTN[ FQOGUVKECVKQP QH VJG YQNH C TGRN[ VQ VJG EQOOGPVU QH %TQEMHQTF CPF -W\OKP

+PVSOBM PG "SDIBFPMPHJDBM 4DJFODF 40 ཊ FQK L LCU = ? $Q[MQ #FCO $Q[MQD 4[CP * $Q[MQD %QTKP / 2CTM GTE *GKFK ) %CUVGNJCPQF /CTVC %QTG[ . &GIGP JCTFV , & #WVQP # *GFKODK / -KV[Q 4 1U VTCPFGT ' # 5EJQGPGDGEM , 6QFJWPVGT 4 , ,QPGU 2 $WUVCOCPVG % & ན%QORNGZ RQRW NCVKQP UVTWEVWTG KP #HTKECP XKNNCIG FQIU CPF KVU KORNKEC VKQPU HQT KPHGTTKPI FQI FQOGUVKECVKQP JKUVQT[པ 1/"4 106

ཊ $KDEQFG 20#5 $ FQK RPCU 2/% 2/+& = ? 2CPI GV CN 5GRVGODGT ནOV&0# &CVC +PFKECVG C 5KPING 1TKIKP HQT &QIU 5QWVJ QH ;CPIV\G 4KXGT .GUU 6JCP ;GCTU #IQ HTQO 0WOGTQWU 9QNXGUཔ .PMFDVMBS #J PMPHZ BOE &WPMVUJPO 4GVTKGXGF = ? XQP*QNFV $TKFIGVV GV CN .QJOWGNNGT -KTM ' *CP 'WPLWPI 2CTMGT *GKFK ) 3WKIPQP 2CUECNG &GIGP JCTFV ,GTGOKCJ & $Q[MQ #FCO 4 'CTN &GPV # #WVQP #FCO 4G[PQNFU #PF[ $T[E -CUKC $TKUDKP #DTC -PQYNGU ,COGU % /QUJGT &CPC 5 5RCF[ 6[ TQPG % 'NMCJNQWP #DFGN )GាGP 'NK 2KNQV /CNIQ T\CVC ,GFT\GLGYUMK 9NQF\KOKGT\ )TGEQ %NCWFKC 4CPFK 'VVQTG $CPPCUEJ &CPKMC 9KNVQP #NCP 5JGCTOCP ,GTGO[ /WUKCPK /CTEQ %CTIKNN /KEJGNNG ,QPGU 2CWN ) 3KCP <WYGK GV CN ན)GPQOG YKFG 502 CPF JCRNQV[RG CPCN[UGU TGXGCN C TKEJ JKUVQT[ WPFGT N[KPI FQI FQOGUVKECVKQPཔ /BUVSF 464 ཊ $KDEQFG 0CVWT 8 FQK PCVWTG 2/% 2/+& = ? &KPI < . GV CN ན1TKIKPU QH FQOGU VKE FQI KP 5QWVJGTP 'CUV #UKC KU UWRRQTVGF D[ CPCN[ UKU QH ; EJTQOQUQOG &0#པ )FSFEJUZ 108 ཊ FQK JF[ 2/% 2/+& #FXCPEG QPNKPG RWDNKECVKQP = ? )GTOQPRTªC .C\MKEMQXC )CNGVQXC 5CDNKP ན2CNCG QNKVJKE FQI UMWNNU CV VJG )TCXGVVKCP 2TGFOQUVK UKVG VJG %\GEJ 4GRWDNKEཔ +PVSOBM PG "SDIBFPMPHJDBM 4DJFODF 39 ཊ FQK L LCU

$)"15&3 5"90/0.: "/% &70-65*0/

= ? 9C[PG 4QDGTV - 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # /CTEJ ན1TKIKP IGPGVKE FKXGTUKV[ CPF IGPQOG UVTWEVWTG QH VJG FQ OGUVKE FQIཔ #JP&TTBZT 2.15 1TI 21 ཊ 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

5CDNKP /8 ན%CPKFU CU RGTUQPU 'CTN[ 0G QNKVJKE FQI CPF YQNH DWTKCNU %KU $CKMCN 5KDGTKCཔ +PVS OBM PG "OUISPQPMPHJDBM "SDIBFPMPHZ 30 ཊ FQK L LCC

= ? &TW\JFQXC # 5 6JCNOCPP 1 6TKHQPQX 8 # .GQPCTF , # 8QTQDKGXC 0 8 )TCRJQFCVUM[ # 5 9C[PG 4QDGTV - /CTEJ ན#PEKGPV &0# #PCN[UKU #ឹTOU VJG %CPKF HTQO #NVCK CU C 2TKOKVKXG &QIཔ 1-P4 0/& 8 FQK LQWTPCN RQPG

= ? /KMN´UK #F¢O %PH #FIBWJPVS &WPMVUJPO BOE $PH OJUJPO 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU FQK CERTQH QUQ +5$0

= ? 1XQFQX 0KMQNCK & %TQEMHQTF 5WUCP , -W\OKP ;CTQUNCX 8 *KIJCO 6JQOCU ( ) *QFIKPU )TGIQT[ 9 . XCP FGT 2NKEJV ,QJCPPGU ,WN[ ན# ;GCT 1NF +PEKRKGPV &QI HTQO VJG #NVCK /QWPVCKPU QH 5KDGTKC 'XKFGPEG QH VJG 'CTNKGUV &QOGUVKECVKQP &KUTWRVGF D[ VJG .CUV )NCEKCN /CZKOWOཔ 1-P4 0/& RCIGU FQK LQWTPCN RQPG = ? $QTKUQា *GPPC 0QXGODGT ན/CPཐU $GUV (TKGPF 1TKIKPCVGF KP 'WTQRGཔ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5VSLV OFXT TGVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? ;QPI 'F 0QXGODGT ན1TKIKP QH &QOGUVKE &QIUཔ 5IF 4DJFOUJTU TGVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 9QNRGTV 5VWCTV 0QXGODGT ན&QIU NKMGN[ QTKIK PCVGF KP 'WTQRG OQTG VJCP [GCTU CIQ 7%.# DKQN QIKUVU TGRQTVཔ 6$-" /FXT 3PPN TGVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? -QNGT /CV\PKEM ,CPKEG ན6JG 1TKIKP QH VJG &QI 4GXKUKVGFཔ "OUISP[PPT 15 FQK = ? &CNG 5VGXG ,CPWCT[ ན&QIU CTG UOCTVGT VJCP YG VJKPM CPF UQOG CTG FQYPTKIJV DTKNNKCPVཔ $IJDBHP 5SJCVOF = ? JVVR CTEJCGQNQI[ CDQWV EQO QF FQOGUVKECVKQPU SV FQIU JVO = ? ན6JG 2CEV HQT 5WTXKXCN *QY YQNXGU DGECOG FQIUཊ6JG (QZ (CTO 'ZRGTKOGPVཔ CDE PGV CW 4GVTKGXGF = ? &GTT /CTM )PX UIF %PH #FDBNF UIF %PH 'SPN 8PMWFT UP 0VS #FTU 'SJFOET 2GPIWKP )TQWR 75# +5$0 = ? 5EQVV (WNNGT R = ? 5EQVV (WNNGT R

= ? 9QQF /CVV ,CPWCT[ ན)GPQOGU QH OQFGTP FQIU CPF YQNXGU RTQXKFG PGY KPUKIJVU QP FQOGUVKECVKQPཔ &VSFLB "MFSU QVCMJD QSFTT SFMFBTF TGVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? -NKPIJCOOGT 'TKEJ )QQFOCPP 2CVTKEKC #PP ན%JCRVGT 5QEKCNK\CVKQP CPF OCPCIGOGPV QH YQNXGU KP ECR VKXKV[པ +P (TCPM *CTT[ .BO BOE 8PMG "EWBODFT *TTVFT BOE 1SPCMFNT JO $BQUJWF 8PMG 3FTFBSDI &T 9 ,WPM 2WD NKUJGTU RR ཊ = ? +5$0

= ? 8KGICU ,GPPKHGT ,CPWCT[ ན&QIU 0QV CU %NQUG -KP VQ 9QNXGU CU 6JQWIJVཔ %JTDPWFSZ /FXT TGVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? )TCPFKP 6GORNG ,QJPUQP %CVJGTKPG "OJNBMT JO 5SBOTMBUJPO 0GY ;QTM 0GY ;QTM 5ETKDPGT R +5$0

= ? 8KGICU ,GPPKHGT 1EVQDGT ན2TGJKUVQTKE FQI HQWPF YKVJ OCOOQVJ DQPG KP OQWVJཔ &KUEQXGT[ 0GYU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

= ? &GTT /CTM %PHࣙT #FTU 'SJFOE %JKECIQ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU R +5$0

= ? )CTEKC / # ན+EJPQNQIKG IGuPGu TCNG FG NC ITQVVG %JCWXGVཔ #VMMFUJO EF MB 4PDJFtUFt QSFtIJTUPSJRVF GSBO§BJTF 102

ཊ = ? /QTG[ &CTE[ GF %PHT %PNFTUJDBUJPO BOE UIF %FWFMPQNFOU PG B 4PDJBM #POE %CODTKFIG 7- %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? 5,/ &CXKU CPF (4 8CNNC &WJEFODF GPS EPNFTUJDBUJPO PG UIF EPH ZFBST BHP JO UIF /BUVણBO PG 1BMFTUJOF 0CVWTG &GEGODGT = ? %NCTMG %CPិGNF 1NF FQI PGY VTKEMU 5VWF[ +&U [GCT QNF OWVV #UUQEKCVGF 2TGUU XKC 6JG 5GCVVNG 6KOGU ,CP WCT[ = ? .QUG[ 4, $C\CNKKUMKK 8+ )CTXKG .QM 5 )GTOQP RTª / .GQPCTF ,# #NNGP #. #PPG -CV\GPDGTI /

= ? 5EQVV ,QJP 2CWN %PH CFIBWJPS UIF HFOFUJD CBTJT 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 6JCNOCPP 1 GV CN ན%QORNGVG /KVQEJQPFTKCN )GPQOGU QH #PEKGPV %CPKFU 5WIIGUV C 'WTQRGCP 1TK IKP QH &QOGUVKE &QIUཔ 4DJFODF 342 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG = ? ན*WOCP 5VCTU 6JG #PKOCN #VVTCEVKQPཔ #$% PGV CW = ? ན&QIU VJCV %JCPIGF VJG 9QTNF 6JG 4KUG QH VJG &QIཔ 2$5 0CVWTG 4GVTKGXGF = ? (TCPM * (TCPM /) ན1P VJG GាGEVU QH FQOGU VKECVKQP QP ECPKPG UQEKCN FGXGNQROGPV CPF DGJCXKQTཔ "Q QMJFE "OJNBM &UIPMPHZ 8 ཊ FQK = ? )QWNF R

03*(*/ 0' 5)& %0.&45*$ %0(

2.1.7

References

• )QWNF 5VGRJGP ,C[ &JHIU -JUUMF 1JHHJFT 3F તFDUJPOT JO /BUVSBM )JTUPSZ 0GY ;QTM 9 9 0QTVQP %QORCP[ +5$0 • 5EQVV ,QJP 2CWN (WNNGT ,QJP . %PH CFIBW JPS UIF HFOFUJD CBTJT KNNWUVTCVGF GF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %JKECIQ 2TGUU +5$0 +5$0 +5$0 • -QNGT /CV\PKEM , ན6JG QTKIKP QH VJG FQI TGXKUKVGFཔ "OUISP[P¶T 15 ཊ FQK

2.1.8

Further reading

• -N½VUEJ %(% 5GRRÂ¥NÂ¥ '* .QJK * (CNN 6 *GFJCO OCT † 7JNªP / 5CXQNCKPGP 2 4GIKQPCN QEEWT TGPEG JKIJ HTGSWGPE[ DWV NQY FKXGTUKV[ QH OKVQEJQP FTKCN &0# JCRNQITQWR F UWIIGUVU C TGEGPV FQI YQNH J[DTKFK\CVKQP KP 5ECPFKPCXKC #PKOCN )GPGVKEU QPNKPG GCTN[ • /QTG[ &CTE[ %PHT %PNFTUJDBUJPO BOE UIF %FWFMPQ NFOU PG B 4PDJBM #POE %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RCIGU WUGU \QQCTEJCGQNQI[ VQ GZRNQTGU VKGU DGVYGGP JWOCPU CPF ECPKPGU QXGT VJG RCUV [GCTU YKVJ C HQEWU QP VJG 0GY 9QTNF CPF #TEVKE TG IKQPU

2.1.9

External links

• $TKUDKP ,T + . 6 5 4KUEJ #RTKN ན2TKO KVKXG FQIU VJGKT GEQNQI[ CPF DGJCXKQT 7PKSWG QR RQTVWPKVKGU VQ UVWF[ VJG GCTN[ FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG JWOCP ECPKPG DQPF པ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FU FSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 210 ཊ 2/+& • 6TWV . 0 ན'CTN[ %CPKF &QOGUVKECVKQP 6JG (CTO (QZ 'ZRGTKOGPVཔ "NFSJDBO 4DJFOUJTU 87 ཊ FQK • /GUVGN 4QUKG 1EVQDGT ན.KXKPI 9QTNF #U EGPV QH VJG &QIཔ

Chapter 3

Biology 3.1 Dog anatomy

1

A

C

B

D

2

р╜У%CPKPG CPCVQO[р╜Ф TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT CPCVQO[ QH QVJGT ECPKF URGEKGU UGG %CPKFCG h %JCTCEVGTKUVKEU Dog anatomy KPENWFGU VJG UCOG KPVGTPCN UVTWEVWTGU VJCV CTG KP JWOCPU &GVCKNU QH UVTWEVWTGU XCT[ VTGOGPFQWUN[ HTQO DTGGF VQ DTGGF OQTG VJCP KP CP[ QVJGT CPKOCN URGEKGU YKNF QT FQOGUVKECVGF = ? CU FQIU XCT[ HTQO VJG VKP[ %JKJWCJWC VQ VJG IKCPV +TKUJ 9QNHJQWPF

E

3

26

4

25

5

24

6

22

7

21

8

20

23

9 10

12

11

13 14 15 16

17 18 19

4LFMFUPO PG B EPH $SBOJVN .BYJMMB .BOEJCMF "UMBT "YJT 4DBQVMB 4QJOF PG TDBQVMB )VNFSVT 3BEJVT 6MOB 1IBMBOHFT .FUBDBSQBM #POFT $BSQBM #POFT 4UFSOVN $BSUJMBHJOPVT QBSU PG SJC 3JCT 1IBMBOHFT .FUBUBSTBM #POFT 5BSTBM #POFT $BMDBOFVT 'JCVMB 5JCJB 1BUFMMB 'FNVS *TDIJVN 1FMWJT

2 6

&YUFSOBM BOBUPNZ UPQPHSBQIZ PG B UZQJDBM EPH 4UPQ .V[[MF %FXMBQ UISPBU OFDL TLJO 4IPVMEFS &MCPX 'PSFGFFU $SPVQ SVNQ -FH UIJHI BOE IJQ )PDL )JOE GFFU 8JUIFST 4UJркдF 1BXT 5BJM

7

9 8

3 1

5

10 4

11

12

3.1.1

Physical characteristics

.KMG OQUV RTGFCVQT[ OCOOCNU VJG FQI JCU RQYGTHWN OWU ENGU C ECTFKQXCUEWNCT U[UVGO VJCV UWRRQTVU DQVJ URTKPVKPI -BUFSBM WJFX PG TLVMM PG B %PH CPF GPFWTCPEG CPF VGGVJ HQT ECVEJKPI JQNFKPI CPF VGCT KPI 6JG FQIр╜РU CPEGUVTCN UMGNGVQP RTQXKFGF VJG CDKNKV[ VQ LWOR VJWU JCXKPI C FKIKVKITCFG UVCPEG CPF NQEQOQVKQP VJGKT TGCT CPF NGCR 6JGKT NGIU ECP RTQRGN VJGO HQTYCTF TCRKFN[ NGIU CTG HCKTN[ TKIKF CPF UVWTF[ VJG HTQPV NGIU CTG NQQUG CPF NGCRKPI CU PGEGUUCT[ VQ EJCUG CPF QXGTEQOG RTG[ %QPUG сЮ╕GZKDNG YKVJ QPN[ OWUENG CVVCEJKPI VJGO VQ VJG VQTUQ SWGPVN[ VJG[ JCXG UOCNN VKIJV HGGV YCNMKPI QP VJGKT VQGU 6JG FQIр╜РU OW\\NG UK\G YKNN EQOG YKVJ VJG DTGGF 6JG UK\GU

%0( "/"50.:

QH VJG OW\\NG JCXG FKាGTGPV PCOGU &QIU YKVJ NQPIGT OW\\NGU UWEJ CU VJG )GTOCP UJGRJGTF FQI CTG ECNNGF OGUQEGRJCNKE CPF FQIU YKVJ C RWUJGF KP OW\\NG UWEJ CU VJG RWI CTG ECNNGF DTCEJCEGRJCNKE #NN FQIU CPF CNN NKXKPI %CPKFCG JCXG C NKICOGPV EQPPGEV KPI VJG URKPQWU RTQEGUU QH VJGKT ិTUV VJQTCEKE QT EJGUV XGT VGDTCG VQ VJG DCEM QH VJG CZKU DQPG UGEQPF EGTXKECN QT PGEM DQPG YJKEJ UWRRQTVU VJG YGKIJV QH VJG JGCF YKVJQWV CE VKXG OWUENG GZGTVKQP VJWU UCXKPI GPGTI[ = ? 6JKU NKICOGPV KU CPCNQIQWU KP HWPEVKQP DWV FKាGTGPV KP GZCEV UVTWEVWTCN FG VCKN VQ VJG PWEJCN NKICOGPV HQWPF KP WPIWNCVGU = ? 6JKU NKI COGPV CNNQYU FQIU VQ ECTT[ VJGKT JGCFU YJKNG TWPPKPI NQPI FKUVCPEGU UWEJ CU YJKNG HQNNQYKPI UEGPV VTCKNU YKVJ VJGKT PQUG VQ VJG ITQWPF YKVJQWV GZRGPFKPI OWEJ GPGTI[ = ?

4LVMM PG B EPH

#NVJQWIJ UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI JCU EJCPIGF VJG CRRGCTCPEG QH OCP[ DTGGFU CNN FQIU TGVCKP VJG DCUKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJGKT FKUVCPV CPEGUVQTU &QIU JCXG FKUEQPPGEVGF UJQWNFGT DQPGU

NCEMKPI VJG EQNNCT DQPG QH VJG JWOCP UMGNGVQP VJCV CNNQY C ITGCVGT UVTKFG NGPIVJ HQT TWPPKPI CPF NGCRKPI 6JG[ YCNM QP HQWT VQGU HTQPV CPF DCEM CPF JCXG XGUVKIKCN FGYENCYU QP VJGKT HTQPV NGIU CPF UQOGVKOGU QP VJGKT TGCT NGIU 9JGP C FQI JCU GZVTC FGYENCYU KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJG WUWCN QPG QP GCEJ HTQPV NGI VJG FQI KU UCKF VQ DG ནFQWDNG FGYENCYGFཔ 6JGTG KU UQOG FGDCVG CDQWV YJGVJGT C FGYENCY JGNRU FQIU VQ ICKP VTCEVKQP YJGP VJG[ TWP DGECWUG KP UQOG FQIU VJG FGYENCY OCMGU EQPVCEV YJGP VJG[ CTG TWPPKPI CPF VJG PCKN QP VJG FGYENCY QHVGP YGCTU FQYP KP VJG UCOG YC[ VJCV VJG PCKNU QP VJGKT QVJGT VQGU FQ HTQO EQPVCEV YKVJ VJG ITQWPF *QYGXGT KP OCP[ FQIU VJG FGYENCYU PGXGT OCMG EQPVCEV YKVJ VJG ITQWPF KP VJKU ECUG VJG FGYENCYཐU PCKN PGXGT YGCTU CYC[ CPF KV KU VJGP QHVGP VTKOOGF VQ MGGR KV VQ C UCHG NGPIVJ 6JG FGYENCYU CTG PQV FGCF CRRGPFCIGU 6JG[ ECP DG WUGF VQ NKIJVN[ ITKR DQPGU CPF QVJGT KVGOU VJCV FQIU JQNF YKVJ VJG RCYU *QYGXGT KP UQOG FQIU VJGUG ENCYU OC[ PQV CRRGCT VQ DG EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG NGI CV CNN GZEGRV D[ C ីCR QH UMKP KP UWEJ FQIU VJG ENCYU FQ PQV JCXG C WUG HQT ITKRRKPI CU VJG ENCY ECP GCUKN[ HQNF QT VWTP = ?

%PH LOFF

6JGTG KU CNUQ UQOG FGDCVG CU VQ YJGVJGT FGYENCYU UJQWNF DG UWTIKECNN[ TGOQXGF 6JG CTIWOGPV HQT TGOQXCN UVCVGU VJCV FGYENCYU CTG C YGCM FKIKV DCTGN[ CVVCEJGF VQ VJG NGI UQ VJCV VJG[ ECP TKR RCTVYC[ Qា QT GCUKN[ ECVEJ QP UQOGVJKPI CPF DTGCM YJKEJ ECP DG GZVTGOGN[ RCKPHWN CPF RTQPG VQ KP HGEVKQP 1VJGTU UC[ VJG RCKP QH TGOQXKPI C FGYENCY KU HCT ITGCVGT VJCP CP[ QVJGT TKUM (QT VJKU TGCUQP TGOQXCN QH FGY ENCYU KU KNNGICN KP OCP[ EQWPVTKGU 6JGTG KU RGTJCRU CP GZ EGRVKQP HQT JWPVKPI FQIU YJQ ECP UQOGVKOGU VGCT VJG FGY ENCY YJKNG TWPPKPI KP QXGTITQYP XGIGVCVKQP = ? +H C FGY ENCY KU VQ DG TGOQXGF VJKU UJQWNF DG FQPG YJGP VJG FQI KU C RWRR[ UQOGVKOGU CU [QWPI CU FC[U QNF VJQWIJ KV ECP CNUQ DG RGTHQTOGF QP QNFGT FQIU KH PGEGUUCT[ VJQWIJ VJG UWTIGT[ OC[ DG OQTG FKឹEWNV VJGP 6JG UWTIGT[ KU HCKTN[ UVTCKIJV HQTYCTF CPF OC[ GXGP DG FQPG YKVJ QPN[ NQECN CPGUVJGVKEU

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

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ཐU URGGF KP TWPPKPI FQIU TGVCKP DCUKE VTCKVU HTQO VJGKT FKUVCPV CPEGUVQTU .KMG CPF EJCPIKPI QH FKTGEVKQP RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP RGTHQTOCPEG FQI OCP[ QVJGT RTGFCVQT[ OCOOCNU VJG FQI JCU RQYGTHWN OWU ENGU HWUGF YTKUVDQPGU C ECTFKQXCUEWNCT U[UVGO VJCV UWR URQTVU UWEJ CU FQI CIKNKV[ RQTVU DQVJ URTKPVKPI CPF GPFWTCPEG CPF VGGVJ HQT ECVEJKPI 6JG FQIཐU CPEGUVQT YCU CDQWV VJG UK\G QH C &KPIQ CPF KVU CPF VGCTKPI UMGNGVQP VQQM CDQWV OQPVJU VQ OCVWTG 6QFC[ཐU VQ[ DTGGFU JCXG UMGNGVQPU VJCV OCVWTG KP QPN[ C HGY OQPVJU YJKNG IKCPV DTGGFU UWEJ CU VJG /CUVKាU VCMG VQ OQPVJU Sight HQT VJG UMGNGVQP VQ OCVWTG &YCTិUO JCU CាGEVGF VJG RTQ RQTVKQPU QH UQOG DTGGFUཐ UMGNGVQPU CU KP VJG $CUUGV *QWPF .KMG OQUV OCOOCNU FQIU CTG FKEJTQOCVU CPF JCXG -PQYNGFIG QH DCUKE CPCVQO[ CNUQ JGNRU YJGP EQORGVKPI KP EQNQT XKUKQP GSWKXCNGPV VQ TGF ITGGP EQNQT DNKPFPGUU KP JWOCPU = ?= ?= ? &KាGTGPV DTGGFU QH FQIU JCXG FKាGTGPV FQI UJQYU QT EQPVGUVU G[G UJCRGU CPF FKOGPUKQPU CPF VJG[ CNUQ JCXG FKាGTGPV TGVKPC EQPិIWTCVKQPU = ? &QIU YKVJ NQPI PQUGU JCXG C WJ Size TVBM TUSFBL YJKEJ TWPU CETQUU VJG YKFVJ QH VJG TGVKPC CPF IKXGU VJGO C XGT[ YKFG ិGNF QH GZEGNNGPV XKUKQP YJKNG VJQUG YKVJ UJQTV PQUGU JCXG CP BSFB DFOUSBMJT ཋ C EGPVTCN RCVEJ YKVJ WR VQ VJTGG VKOGU VJG FGPUKV[ QH PGTXG GPFKPIU CU VJG WJTVBM TUSFBL ཋ IKXKPI VJGO FGVCKNGF UKIJV OWEJ OQTG NKMG C JWOCPཐU 5QOG DTGGFU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG UKIJVJQWPFU JCXG C ិGNF QH XKUKQP WR VQ q EQORCTGF VQ q HQT JWOCPU CNVJQWIJ DTQCF JGCFGF DTGGFU YKVJ UJQTV PQUGU JCXG C OWEJ PCTTQYGT ិGNF QH XKUKQP CU NQY CU q = ?= ? Hearing

.VTDMFT BOE PSHBOT PG UIF EPH 5PSTP

4GUGCTEJGTU JCXG KFGPVKិGF C RCTVKEWNCT RKGEG QH IGPGVKE OCVGTKCN VJCV KU EQOOQP VQ GXGT[ UOCNN FQI DTGGF CPF KP VWTP KU RTQDCDN[ TGURQPUKDNG HQT OCMKPI VJGO VKP[ 6JG UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP HQWPF C TGIWNCVQT[ UGSWGPEG PQV KP VJG EQFKPI UGSWGPEG PGZV VQ VJG IGPG +)( VQIGVJGT VJG IGPG CPF TGIWNCVQT[ UGSWGPEG CTG MPQYP CU C JCRNQV[RG VJCV ནKU C OCLQT EQPVTKDWVQT VQ DQF[ UK\G KP CNN UOCNN FQIU པ /GFKWO CPF NCTIG UK\G FQIU FQ PQV WUWCNN[ JCXG VJG TGIWNC VQT[ UGSWGPEG CNVJQWIJ VJG UOCNN UK\G UGSWGPEG YCU HQWPF KP VJG 4QVVYGKNGT DTGGF 6JG UVWF[ KPENWFGF FQIU HTQO DTGGFU 6JG TGUGCTEJGTU EQPENWFGF VJG IGPGVKE KPUVTWEVKQPU VQ OCMG FQIU UOCNN OWUV DG CV NGCUV [GCTU QNF CPF KV KU PQV HQWPF KP YQNXGU = ? #PQVJGT UVWF[ JCU UJQYP VJCV NCR FQIU UOCNN FQIU CTG COQPI VJG QNFGUV FQI V[RGU = ?

&QIU FGVGEV UQWPFU CU NQY CU VJG VQ *\ HTGSWGPE[ TCPIG EQORCTGF VQ VQ *\ HQT JWOCPU CPF CDQXG M*\= ?= ? EQORCTGF VQ VQ M*\ HQT JWOCPU = ? CPF KP CFFKVKQP JCXG C FGITGG QH GCT OQDKNKV[ VJCV JGNRU VJGO VQ TCRKFN[ RKPRQKPV VJG GZCEV NQECVKQP QH C UQWPF = ? 'KIJ VGGP QT OQTG OWUENGU ECP VKNV TQVCVG CPF TCKUG QT NQYGT C FQIཐU GCT #FFKVKQPCNN[ C FQI ECP KFGPVKH[ C UQWPFཐU NQEC VKQP OWEJ HCUVGT VJCP C JWOCP ECP CU YGNN CU JGCT UQWPFU WR VQ HQWT VKOGU VJG FKUVCPEG VJCV JWOCPU CTG CDNG VQ = ? 6JQUG YKVJ OQTG PCVWTCN GCT UJCRGU NKMG VJQUG QH YKNF ECPKFU NKMG VJG HQZ IGPGTCNN[ JGCT DGVVGT VJCP VJQUG YKVJ VJG ីQRRKGT GCTU QH OCP[ FQOGUVKECVGF URGEKGU Smell

&QIU JCXG PGCTN[ OKNNKQP UOGNN UGPUKVKXG EGNNU QXGT CP CTGC CDQWV VJG UK\G QH C RQEMGV JCPFMGTEJKGH EQORCTGF VQ OKNNKQP QXGT CP CTGC VJG UK\G QH C RQUVCIG UVCOR /QFGTP FQI DTGGFU UJQY OQTG XCTKCVKQP KP UK\G CRRGCT HQT JWOCPU = ?= ? #EEQTFKPI VQ PJO QTI FQIU ECP UGPUG CPEG CPF DGJCXKQT VJCP CP[ QVJGT FQOGUVKE CPKOCN 9KVJKP QFQWTU CV EQPEGPVTCVKQPU PGCTN[ OKNNKQP VKOGU NQYGT

%0( "/"50.:

UJCFKPI C EQOOQP PCVWTCN ECOQWីCIG RCVVGTP 6JG IGP GTCN VJGQT[ QH EQWPVGTUJCFKPI KU VJCV CP CPKOCN VJCV KU NKV HTQO CDQXG YKNN CRRGCT NKIJVGT QP KVU WRRGT JCNH CPF FCTMGT QP KVU NQYGT JCNH YJGTG KV YKNN WUWCNN[ DG KP KVU QYP UJCFG = ?= ? 6JKU KU C RCVVGTP VJCV RTGFCVQTU ECP NGCTP VQ YCVEJ HQT # EQWPVGTUJCFGF CPKOCN YKNN JCXG FCTM EQN QTKPI QP KVU WRRGT UWTHCEGU CPF NKIJV EQNQTKPI DGNQY = ? 6JKU TGFWEGU VJG IGPGTCN XKUKDKNKV[ QH VJG CPKOCN 1PG TG OKPFGT QH VJKU RCVVGTP KU VJCV OCP[ DTGGFU YKNN JCXG VJG QE ECUKQPCN ནDNC\Gཔ UVTKRG QT ནUVCTཔ QH YJKVG HWT QP VJGKT EJGUV QT WPFGTUKFGU = ? &QIU FKXGTIGF HTQO C PQY GZVKPEV #UKCP YQNH DGVYGGP CPF [GCTU CIQ CEEQTFKPI VQ TGEGPV &0# UVWFKGU +P VJCV VKOG VJG NQPI PQUG CPF JGCX[ ITG[ EQNQTGF FQWDNG EQCV QH VJG YQNH JCU EJCPIGF KPVQ VJG YKFG XCTKGV[ QH FQI UJCRGU CPF EQCVU CPF EQNQTU UGGP VQFC[ 6JG EJCPIG YCU FWG CV ិTUV VQ IGPGVKE EJCPIGU VJCV QEEWTTGF CU VJG QTKIKPCN FQIU NGCTPGF VQ VQNGTCVG VJG RTGUGPEG QH JWOCPU CU UJQYP KP VJG TGUGCTEJ QP HQZGU D[ &OKVTK $GN[CGX KP JKU (CTO (QZ 'ZRGTKOGPV 6JG TGUGCTEJ HQWPF VJCV C IGPGVKE EJCPIG VQ VCOGPGUU DTQWIJV CNQPI QVJGT WPGZRGEVGF EJCPIGU CU YGNN 4DFOU IPVOET FTQFDJBMMZ UIF #MPPEIPVOE BSF CSFE GPS UIFJS LFFO QPG PQVCDNG EJCPIG YCU KP VJG EQCVU EJCPIGF HTQO C V[RK TFOTF PG TNFMM < > ECN HQZ EQCV VQ C URQVVGF EQCV TGUGODNKPI C FQIཐU EQCV #U CPEKGPV FQIU NGCTPGF VQ NKXG PGCT JWOCPU CPF DGECOG NGUU NQPI DGHQTG = ? VJCP JWOCPU ECP #EEQTFKPI VQ &WOOKGU EQO VJG RGT NKMG YQNXGU VJGKT CRRGCTCPEG EJCPIGF CU YGNN = ? CP[ UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI YCU FQPG D[ RGQRNG EGPVCIG QH VJG FQIཐU DTCKP VJCV KU FGXQVGF VQ CPCN[\KPI UOGNNU KU CEVWCNN[ VKOGU NCTIGT VJCP VJCV QH C JWOCP = ? 5QOG # 5VCPHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 5EJQQN QH /GFKEKPG UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF FQI DTGGFU JCXG DGGP UGNGEVKXGN[ DTGF HQT GZEGNNGPEG KP FG KP 5EKGPEG KP 1EVQDGT HQWPF VJG IGPGVKEU VJCV GZRNCKP VGEVKPI UEGPVU GXGP EQORCTGF VQ VJGKT ECPKPG DTGVJTGP EQCV EQNQTU KP QVJGT OCOOCNU UWEJ CU KP JQTUG EQCVU CPF KP ECV EQCVU FKF PQV CRRN[ VQ FQIU = ? 6JG RTQLGEV VQQM UCORNGU HTQO FKាGTGPV DTGGFU VQ ិPF VJG IGPG C DGVC FGHGPUKP IGPG TGURQPUKDNG HQT FQI EQCV EQNQT 1PG XGTUKQP RTQFWEGU [GNNQY FQIU CPF C OWVCVKQP RTQFWEGU DNCEM #NN FQI EQCV EQNQTU CTG OQFKិECVKQPU QH DNCEM QT [GNNQY = ? (QT GZCORNG VJG YJKVG KP YJKVG OKPKCVWTG UEJPCW\GTU KU C ETGCO EQNQT PQV CNDKPKUO C IGPQV[RG QH G G CV /% 4 /QFGTP FQI DTGGFU GZJKDKV C FKXGTUG CTTC[ QH HWT EQCVU KPENWFKPI FQIU YKVJQWV HWT UWEJ CU VJG /GZKECP *CKTNGUU &QI &QI EQCVU XCT[ KP VGZVWTG EQNQT CPF OCTMKPIU CPF C URGEKCNK\GF XQECDWNCT[ JCU GXQNXGF VQ FGUETKDG GCEJ EJCTCEVGTKUVKE = ?

5IF IJHIMZ TFOTJUJWF OPTF PG B EPH

Tail

6JGTG CTG OCP[ FKាGTGPV UJCRGU HQT FQI VCKNU UVTCKIJV UVTCKIJV WR UKEMNG EWTNGF EQTM UETGY +P UQOG DTGGFU VJG Coat VCKN KU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ FQEMGF VQ CXQKF KPLWTKGU GURGEKCNN[ HQT JWPVKPI FQIU = ? +V ECP JCRRGP VJCV UQOG RWRRKGU CTG DQTP /CKP CTVKENG %QCV FQI YKVJ C UJQTV VCKN QT PQ VCKN KP UQOG DTGGFU = ? &QIU JCXG C XKQNGV INCPF QT UWRTCECWFCN INCPF QP VJG FQTUCN WRRGT UWT &QOGUVKE FQIU QHVGP FKURNC[ VJG TGOPCPVU QH EQWPVGT HCEG QH VJGKT VCKNU

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

Reproductive anatomy

3.1.3

Temperature regulation

FQIU TGIWNCVG VJGKT DQF[ VGORGTCVWTG VJTQWIJ /CKP CTVKENG %CPKPG TGRTQFWEVKQP h %CPKPG UGZWCN 2TKOCTKN[ = ? RCPVKPI CPF UYGCVKPI XKC VJGKT RCYU 2CPVKPI OQXGU CPCVQO[ CPF FGXGNQROGPV EQQNKPI CKT QXGT VJG OQKUV UWTHCEGU QH VJG VQPIWG CPF NWPIU VTCPUHGTTKPI JGCV VQ VJG CVOQURJGTG

3.1.2

Puppy characteristics

&QIU RQUUGUU C TGVG OKTCDKNG C EQORNGZ U[UVGO QH KPVGT OKPINGF UOCNN CTVGTKGU CPF XGKPU KP VJG ECTQVKF UKPWU CV VJG DCUG QH VJGKT PGEM = ? 6JKU CEVU VQ VJGTOCNN[ KUQNCVG VJG JGCF YJKEJ EQPVCKPU VJG DTCKP VJG OQUV VGORGTCVWTG UGPUKVKXG QT ICP HTQO VJG DQF[ YJKEJ EQPVCKPU VJG OWUENGU YJGTG OQUV QH VJG JGCV KU IGPGTCVGF 6JG TGUWNV KU VJCV FQIU ECP UWUVCKP KPVGPUG RJ[UKECN GZGTVKQP QXGT C RTQNQPIGF VKOG KP C JQV GP XKTQPOGPV EQORCTGF VQ CPKOCNU YJKEJ NCEM VJKU CRRCTCVWU VJWU C FQI EJCUKPI C LCEMTCDDKV VJTQWIJ VJG FGUGTV OC[ PQV DG CDNG VQ QWVTWP VJG TCDDKV DWV KV ECP EQPVKPWG VJG EJCUG WPVKN VJG TCDDKV UNQYU FWG VQ QXGTJGCVKPI

3.1.4

See also

• 9QNH CPCVQO[ • %CPKPG VGTOKPQNQI[ • %QPHQTOCVKQP FQI • 6GORGTCOGPV • )TQQOKPI • ,WPKQT 5JQYOCPUJKR

3.1.5 5IJT QSPCBCMZ XFFLT PME (FSNBO TIFQIFSE NPOHSFM BMSFBEZ TIPXT BO VQXBSE FSFDUJPO USFOE PG UIF FBST XJUI WBSZJOH HSBEFT PG FSFDUJPO EVSJOH UIF EBZ

2WRRKGU QHVGP JCXG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU VJCV FQ PQV NCUV DG[QPF GCTN[ RWRR[JQQF '[G EQNQT QHVGP EJCPIGU HTQO DNWG VQ KVU CFWNV EQNQT CU VJG RWRR[ OCVWTGU 6JG EQCV EQNQT OC[ EJCPIG -GTT[ $NWG 6GTTKGT RWRRKGU JCXG DNCEM EQCVU CV DKTVJ CPF EJCPIG VQ DNWG YKVJ OCVWTKV[ CPF &CNOCVKCPU CTG YJKVG CPF ICKP VJGKT URQVU YKVJ CIG 6JG GCT UJCRG YKNN CNUQ QH VGP EJCPIG GURGEKCNN[ YKVJ GTGEV GCTGF DTGGFU UWEJ CU VJG )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QI YJKEJ JCXG UQHV GCTU CV DKTVJ DWV VJG ECTVKNCIG UVTGPIVJGPU YKVJ CIG .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGTU CPF QVJGT UYKOOKPI FQIU UVCTV Qា YKVJ C XGT[ ីWា[ RWRR[ EQCV CPF QXGT VKOG VJG YCVGTRTQQH NC[GT ITQYU 2WRRKGU VJCV CTG IQKPI VQ ITQY KPVQ NCTIGT FQIU YKNN QHVGP JCXG QXGTUK\GF RCYU VQ DGIKP YKVJ CPF VJGP VJG TGUV QH VJGO ITQYU VQ ិV

References

= ? 5EKGPVKUVU HGVEJ WUGHWN KPHQTOCVKQP HTQO FQI IGPQOG RWDNK ECVKQPU %QNF 5RTKPI *CTDQT .CDQTCVQT[ &GEGODGT RWDNKUJGF QPNKPG KP $KQ /GFKEKPG SWQVG ན2JGPQV[RKE XCTK CVKQP COQPI FQI DTGGFU YJGVJGT KV DG KP UK\G UJCRG QT DG JCXKQT KU ITGCVGT VJCP HQT CP[ QVJGT CPKOCNཔ = ? 9CPI :KCQOKPI CPF 6GFHQTF 4KEJCTF * &QIU 6JGKT (QUUKN 4GNCVKXGU CPF 'XQNWVKQPCT[ *KUVQT[ 0GY ;QTM %QNWODKC 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR = ? ན9J[ 5OCNN &QIU #TG 5OCNN #PEKGPV )GPGVKE /CVGTKCN -GGRU 2WRU 2KPV 5K\GFཔ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 6UBI OFXT $FOUFS 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 7VCJ #RTKN 4GVTKGXGF %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^CEEGUUFCVG JGNR YJKEJ KU C RTGEKU QH 5WVVGT 0$ $WUVCOCPVG %& %JCUG - GV CN

#RT ན# UKPING +)( CNNGNG KU C OCLQT FGVGTOKPCPV QH UOCNN UK\G KP FQIUཔ 4DJFODF 316 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/% 2/+&

$0"5 %0(

= ? 1UVTCPFGT '# 5GRཊ1EV ན)GPGVKEU CPF VJG 5JCRG QH &QIU 5VWF[KPI VJG PGY UGSWGPEG QH VJG ECPKPG IGPQOG UJQYU JQY VKP[ IGPGVKE EJCPIGU ECP ETGCVG GPQTOQWU XCTKC VKQP YKVJKP C UKPING URGEKGUཔ "N 4DJ

= ? ན)GPGVKEU QH %QCV %QNQT CPF 6[RG KP &QIUཔ 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ 2J & 2TQHGUUQT 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 5CUMCVEJGYCP 1EVQDGT 4GVTKGXGF %JGEM FCVG XCN WGU KP ^CEEGUUFCVG JGNR

= ? #TVU CPF 'PVGTVCKPOGPV 0GVYQTM #JH %PHT -JUUMF %PHT 5IF 8PSME PG 0VS $BOJOF $PNQBOJPOT )6 2WDNKUJKPI %QTRQTCVKQP +5$0 ཋ EQORCPKQP XQNWOG VQ VJG # ' URGEKCN RTGUGPVCVKQP

= ? ན6JG %CUG HQT 6CKN &QEMKPIཔ EFD QTI 4GVTKGXGF

= ? #NFGTVQP &CXKF %PH 5IF .PTU $PNQMFUF *MMVT USBUFE 1SBDUJDBM (VJEF UP %PHT BOE 5IFJS 8PSME $QQM 5CNGU +5$0

= ? JVVR YYY RGVRNCEG EQO FQIU JQY FQ FQIU UYGCV RCIG CURZ

= ? &CXKU ,GPPKHGT ན&T 2ཐU &QI 6TCKPKPI 8KUKQP KP &QIU 2GQRNGཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ,QPKEC 0GYD[ %CTQNKPG 2GPT[ &CXG[ ན%CVCN[UV &QIUཐ '[GUཔ #WUVTCNKCP $TQCFECUVKPI %QTRQTC VKQP 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན*QY YGNN FQ FQIU CPF QVJGT CPKOCNU JGCTཔ = ? 'NGTV )NGPP 6KOQVJ[ %QPFQP ན(TGSWGPE[ 4CPIG QH &QI *GCTKPIཔ 6JG 2J[UKEU (CEVDQQM 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན&QI 5GPUG QH *GCTKPIཔ UGGិFQ EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན*QY )QQF KU C &QIཐU 5GPUG QH 5OGNN! RGVGFWECVKQP EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན7PFGTUVCPFKPI C &QIཐU 5GPUG QH 5OGNNཔ &WOOKGU EQO 4GVTKGXGF

= ? ན$QWTDQPPCKU RQKPVGT QT ཏUJQTV VCKN RQKPVGTཐ

= ? /KNKWU 5WUCP ན9J[ FQP V TCEKPI JQTUGU HT[ VJGKT DTCKPU! 5EKGPEG 0GYU ,CPWCT[ R

3.1.6

External links

• & %CPKPG #PCVQO[ 5QHVYCTG • +PHQTOCVKQP CPF HCEVU QP FQI CPCVQO[ • &QI #PCVQO[ +PHQITCRJKE

3.2

Coat (dog)

(QT QVJGT WUGU UGG %QCV FKUCODKIWCVKQP 6JG coat QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT TGHGTU

= ? ན6JG &QIཐU 5GPUG QHཔ 2&( #NCDCOC CPF #WDWTP 7PKXGT UKVKGU 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན5OGNNཔ PJO QTI /C[ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF = ? -NCRRGPDCEJ .CWTC ན9JCV KU %QWPVGT 5JCFKPI! #DQWV EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? %WPNKាG ,WNKGVVG ན%QCV 6[RGU %QNQWTU CPF /CTM KPIUཔ 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PH #SFFET 2CTCIQP 2WDNKUJKPI RR ཊ +5$0 = ? 6TWV .[WFOKNC 0 ན'CTN[ %CPKF &QOGUVKECVKQP 6JG (CTO (QZ 'ZRGTKOGPVཔ "NFSJDBO 4DJFOUJTU 87 ཊ FQK # 4WUUKCP UVWF[ QH RGFQOQT RJQUKU KP C [GCT DTGGFKPI RTQITCO VQ FQOGUVKECVG TGF HQZGU = ? %CPFKNNG 5+ -CGNKP %$ %CVVCPCEJ $/ GV CN 0QX ན# FGHGPUKP OWVCVKQP ECWUGU DNCEM EQCV EQNQT KP FQOGUVKE FQIUཔ 4DJFODF 318 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/% 2/+& = ? 5VCPHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ /GFKECN %GPVGT )TGI $CTUJ GV CN

1EVQDGT )GPGVKEU 1H %QCV %QNQT +P &QIU /C[ *GNR 'ZRNCKP *WOCP 5VTGUU #PF 9GKIJV 5EKGPEG&CKN[ 4G VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

$MPTF VQ PG B HSFZIPVOE T TIPSU IBJSFE TJOHMF DPBU

VQ VJG JCKT VJCV EQXGTU KVU DQF[ # FQIཐU EQCV OC[ DG C EPVCMF DPBU OCFG WR QH C UQHV WPFGTEQCV CPF C EQCTUGT VQREQCV

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

QT C TJOHMF DPBU YJKEJ NCEMU CP WPFGTEQCV &QWDNG EQCVU JCXG C VQR EQCV OCFG QH UVKា JCKTU VQ JGNR TGRGN YCVGT CPF UJKGNF HTQO FKTV CPF CP WPFGTEQCV VQ UGTXG CU KPUWNCVKQP = ? 6JG VGTOU HWT CPF JCKT CTG QHVGP WUGF KPVGTEJCPIGCDN[ YJGP FGUETKDKPI C FQIཐU EQCV JQYGXGT KP IGPGTCN C FQWDNG EQCV F H NKMG VJCV QH VJG 0GYHQWPFNCPF CPF OQUV OQWPVCKP FQIU KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C GVS DPBU YJKNG C UKPING EQCV NKMG VJCV QH VJG 2QQFNG KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU C IBJS DPBU

3.2.1

Colors, patterns, lengths and textures

/FXGPVOEMBOE MZJOH OFYU UP JUT DPNCFE PVU TFBTPOBM VOEFSDPBU

6JGTG CTG C ITGCVGT XCTKGV[ QH EQCV EQNQTU RCVVGTPU NGPIVJU CPF VGZVWTGU HQWPF KP VJG FQOGUVKE FQI VJCP KP KVU YQNH TG NCVKQPU GXGP VJQWIJ FQIU CPF YQNXGU DGNQPI VQ VJG UCOG URGEKGU $BOJT MVQVT &KាGTGPV DTGGFU WUG FKា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ីCIG RCV VGTP 6JG DCUKE RTKPEKRNG QH EQWPVGTUJCFKPI KU YJGP VJG CPKOCN KU NKV HTQO CDQXG UJCFQYU YKNN DG ECUV QP VJG XGPVTCN UKFG QH VJG DQF[ 6JGUG UJCFQYU EQWNF RTQXKFG C RTGFCVQT QT RTG[ YKVJ XKUWCN EWGU TGNCVKPI VQ VJG OQXGOGPV QH VJG CPKOCN $[ DGKPI NKIJVGT EQNQTGF QP VJG XGPVTCN UKFG QH VJG DQF[ CP CPKOCN ECP EQWPVGTCEV VJKU CPF VJGTGD[ HQQN VJG RTGFCVQT QT RTG[ #P CNVGTPCVKXG GZRNCPCVKQP KU VJCV VJG FQTUCN CPF XGPVTCN UKFGU QH CP CPKOCN GZRGTKGPEG FKាGTGPV UGNGEVKQP RTGUUWTGU HTQO VJG PGGF VQ DNGPF KPVQ FKាGTGPV DCEMITQWPFU YJGP XKGYGF HTQO CDQXG CPF DGNQY TGUWNVKPI KP FKាGTKPI EQNQTCVKQP = ? Genetic basis of color and pattern 5GG CNUQ DKQNQIKECN KPJGTKVCPEG

#JDPMPS SFE BOE XIJUF DPBUFE &OHMJTI $PDLFS 4QBOJFM

/QFGTP DTGGFU QH FQI GZJKDKV C FKXGTUG TCPIG QH EQCV EQN QTKPIU RCVVGTPU NGPIVJU CPF VGZVWTGU +P TGEGPV [GCTU VJG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG IGPGVKE DCUKU HQT EQCV EQNQTKPI CPF RCVVGTPKPI= ? CPF EQCV NGPIVJ CPF VGZVWTKPI= ? JCU KPETGCUGF UKIPKិECPVN[ 6JGTG CTG EWTTGPVN[ GKIJV MPQYP IGPGU YKVJKP VJG ECPKPG IGPQOG VJCV CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ EQCV EQNQT 'CEJ QH VJGUG IGPGU QEEWTU KP CV NGCUV VYQ XCTKCPVU QT CNNGNGU YJKEJ CE EQWPVU HQT VJG XCTKCVKQP KP EQCV EQNQT DGVYGGP CPKOCNU 'CEJ QH VJGUG IGPGU GZKUVU CV C ិZGF NQECVKQP QT NQEWU QH VJG CP KOCNཐU IGPQOG 6JG NQEK CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ ECPKPG EQCV EQNQT CTG A (agouti) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG # NQEWU CTG TGNCVGF VQ VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH CIQWVK UKIPCNNKPI RTQVGKP #5+2 CPF FGVGTOKPG YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU CP CIQWVK CRRGCTCPEG CPF KH UQ YJCV V[RG D[ EQPVTQNNKPI VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP QH RKIOGPV KP KPFKXKF WCN JCKTU 6JGTG CTG ិXG UWURGEVGF CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG # NQEWU • CY 9KNF V[RG CIQWVK ETGCO VQ TGF JCKT YKVJ DNCEM VKRU • #[ (CYP ENGCT UCDNG ETGCO VQ TGF JCKT YKVJ FCTMGT VKRU QT UCDNG UQNKF DNCEM JCKTU KPVGTURGTUGF COQPIUV

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• $ $NCEM • D $TQYP KPENWFGU UGXGTCN CNNGNGU DU DF CPF DE

$ KU FQOKPCPV VQ D #P CPKOCN VJCV JCU CV NGCUV QPG EQR[ QH VJG $ CNNGNG YKNN JCXG C DNCEM PQUG RCY RCFU CPF G[G TKOU YJKNG CP CPKOCN VJCV KU JQOQ\[IQWU HQT CP[ QH VJG D CNNGNGU YKNN JCXG C NKXGT PQUG RCY RCFU CPF G[G TKOU D (dilute) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG & NQEWU VJG OGNCPQRJKNKP IGPG QT /.2* CTG TGNCVGF VQ VJG FKNWVKQP QH GWOGNCPKP CPF QT RJCGQOG NCPKP CPF FGVGTOKPG VJG KPVGPUKV[ QH RKIOGPVCVKQP 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP CNNGNGU • & 0QV &KNWVGF • F &KNWVGF $NCEM DGEQOGU ITG[ QT DNWG DTQYP DG EQOGU NKIJV VCP QT ན+UCDGNNCཔ & KU FQOKPCPV VQ F *QOQ\[IQUKV[ QH F KU UQOGVKOGU CE EQORCPKGF D[ JCKT NQUU CPF TGEWTTGPV UMKP KPីCOOCVKQP C EQPFKVKQP TGHGTTGF VQ CU GKVJGT EQNQT FKNWVKQP CNQRGEKC

%&# QT DNCEM JCKT HQNNKEWNCT F[URNCUKC $*(& FGRGPF KPI WRQP VJG DTGGF QH FQI = ? E (extension) locus #MBDL DPBUFE $IPX $IPX XIPTF MPOH IBJS IBT GBEFE EVF UP FYQP TVSF UP UIF FMFNFOUT

NKIJVGT TGFFKUJ JCKTU • CV 6CPRQKPV KPENWFKPI UCFFNG VCP = ?= ? • C 4GEGUUKXG DNCEM KPJKDKVKQP QH RJCGQOGNCPKP /QUV VGZVU UWIIGUV VJCV VJG FQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJ[ HQT VJG # NQEWU CNNGNGU CRRGCTU VQ DG CU HQNNQYU #[ CY CV C JQYGXGT TGUGCTEJ UWIIGUVU VJG GZKUVGPEG QH RCKTYKUG FQOK PCPEG TGEGUUKXG TGNCVKQPUJKRU KP FKាGTGPV HCOKNKGU CPF PQV VJG GZKUVGPEG QH C UKPING JKGTCTEJ[ KP QPG HCOKN[ = ? 6JKU OGCPU HQT GZCORNG VJCV #[ OC[ DG KPEQORNGVGN[ FQOK PCPV QXGT CV 4GEGPV UVWFKGU TGXGCN UCFFNG VCP VQ DG C OQFK ិECVKQP QH VJG VCPRQKPV RJGPQV[RG ECWUGF D[ KPVGTCEVKQP QH QVJGT IGPGU YKVJ #5+2 B (brown) locus

6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG ' NQEWU VJG OGNCPQEQTVKP TGEGRVQT IGPG QT /% 4 FGVGTOKPGU YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU C OGNCPKUVKE OCUM QT C ITK\\NG QXGTNC[ CU YGNN CU FGVGTOKPKPI YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU GWOGNCPKP KP KVU EQCV 'ZRTGU UKQP QH GWOGNCPKP YKNN TGUWNV KP C DNCEM QT DTQYP EQCV YJKNG C NCEM QH GZRTGUUKQP QH GWOGNCPKP YKNN TGUWNV KP C TGF QT [GN NQY EQCV 6JGTG CTG HQWT MPQYP CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG ' NQEWU • 'O /CUM CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU GWOGNCPKP EQCV YKNN DG DNCEM QT DTQYP • ') )TK\\NG FCTM QXGTNC[ EQXGTKPI VJG VQR CPF UKFGU QH VJG DQF[ JGCF CPF VCKN CPF VJG QWVUKFG QH VJG NKODU • ' 0Q OCUM CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU GWOGNCPKP EQCV YKNN DG DNCEM QT DTQYP • GJ 5CDNG FKTV[ TGF HQWPF KP 'PINKUJ %QEMGT 5RCPKGNU FCTM QXGTNC[ EQXGTKPI VJG VQR CPF UKFGU QH VJG DQF[ JGCF CPF VCKN CPF VJG QWVUKFG QH VJG NKODU

• G 0Q OCUM CPKOCN FQGU PQV GZRTGUU GWOGNCPKP EQCV 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG $ NQEWU CTG TGNCVGF VQ VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH V[ YKNN DG TGF QT [GNNQY TQUKPCUG TGNCVGF RTQVGKP 6;42 CPF FGVGTOKPG VJG FG ITGG VQ YJKEJ CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU V[TQUKPCUG CP GP\[OG TGNCVGF VQ VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH OGNCPKP KP KVU EQCV CPF UMKP 6JG FQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJ[ HQT VJG ' NQEWU CNNGNGU CRRGCTU VQ

KPENWFKPI VJG PQUG CPF RCY RCFU 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP DG CU HQNNQYU 'O ') ' GJ G 6JG )TK\\NG CNNGNG CNNGNGU VJCV ECP QEEWT CV VJG $ NQEWU JCU DGGP UVWFKGF QPN[ KP 5CNWMKU CPF #HIJCP *QWPFU VJG

NCVVGT KP YJKEJ KV KU TGHGTTGF VQ CU ན&QOKPQཔ +VU RNCEGOGPV KP VJG FQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJ[ JCU PQV DGGP UQNKFKិGF 6JG GJ UCDNG GZVGPUKQP CNNGNG JCU DGGP UVWFKGF QPN[ KP 'PINKUJ %QEMGT 5RCPKGNU CPF RTQFWEGU UCDNG KP VJG RTGUGPEG QH CNN - NQEWU CNNGNGU 6JG GZRTGUUKQP KU FGRGPFGPV WRQP VJG CPK OCN DGKPI JQOQ\[IQWU HQT CV CPF PQV RQUUGUUKPI 'O QT ' 6JG GZRTGUUKQP QH ') KU FGRGPFGPV WRQP VJG CPKOCN DGKPI JQOQ\[IQWU HQT CV CPF PQV RQUUGUUKPI 'O QT -$ = ? #P CP KOCN VJCV KU JQOQ\[IQWU HQT G YKNN GZRTGUU C TGF QT [GNNQY EQCV TGICTFNGUU QH VJG CNNGNGU CV QVJGT NQEK WPNGUU VJG CPKOCN KU JQOQ\[IQWU HQT EC CV VJG % NQEWU KP YJKEJ ECUG KV YKNN DG CNDKPQ H (harlequin) locus &0# UVWFKGU JCXG PQV [GV KUQNCVGF VJG IGPG CV VJG * NQEWU DWV VJG VTCKVU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KV JCXG DGGP OCRRGF VQ EJTQ OQUQOG = ? 6JG * NQEWU KU C OQFKិGT NQEWU QH VJG / NQEWU CPF VJG CNNGNGU CV VJG * NQEWU YKNN FGVGTOKPG KH CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU C JCTNGSWKP RCVVGTP YJKVG DCUG YKVJ DNCEM RCVEJGU 6JGTG CTG VYQ CNNGNGU VJCV ECP QEEWT CV VJG * NQEWU • * *CTNGSWKP • J 0QP JCTNGSWKP * KU FQOKPCPV VQ J $TGGFKPI FCVC UWIIGUVU VJCV * KU GO DT[QPKE TGEGUUKXG NGVJCN CPF VJCV VJGTGHQTG CNN JCTNGSWKPU CTG * J = ? 6JG *CTNGSWKP CNNGNG KU URGEKិE VQ )TGCV &CPGU #U * KU C OQFKិGT NQEWU QH VJG / NQEWU KP QTFGT HQT VJG *CTNGSWKP RCVVGTP VQ DG GZRTGUUGF QPG EQR[ QH VJG * CN NGNG CV VJG * NQEWU CPF QPG EQR[ QH VJG / CNNGNG CV VJG / NQEWU OWUV DG RTGUGPV K G * J CPF / O K (dominant black) locus

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: JQOQ\[IQWU HQT M[ YKNN GZRTGUU VJG CIQWVK RCVVGTP KP CEEQT FCPEG YKVJ VJG CNNGNGU KV JCU CV VJG # NQEWU M (merle) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG / NQEWU VJG 5+.8 IGPG FGVGTOKPG YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU C OGTNG RCVVGTP VQ KVU EQCV

RCVEJGU QH URQTCFKE EQNQTGF CPF YJKVG JCKTU CPF QVJGT RCVEJGU QH UQNKF EQNQT 6JGTG CTG VYQ CNNGNGU VJCV ECP QEEWT CV VJG / NQEWU • / /GTNG XKUKDNG KP FQIU VJCV CTG PQV G G • O 0QP OGTNG / KU FQOKPCPV VQ O $QVJ JGVGTQ\[IQUKV[ CPF JQOQ\[IQUKV[ QH VJG OGTNG IGPG K G / O CPF / / CTG NKPMGF VQ C TCPIG QH CWFKVQT[ CPF QRJVJCNOQNQIKE CDPQTOCNKVKGU = ? S (spotting) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG 5 NQEWU VJG OKETQRJVJCNOKC CUUQEKCVGF VTCPUETKRVKQP HCEVQT IGPG QT /+6( FGVGTOKPG VJG FGITGG CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP QH URQVVKPI QH CP CPKOCNཐU EQCV = ? 6JGTG KU FKUCITGGOGPV CU VQ VJG PWODGT QH CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG 5 NQEWU YKVJ TGUGCTEJGTU RQUVWNCVKPI GKVJGT VYQ= ? QT HQWT= ? CNNGNGU 6JG HQWT CNNGNGU RQUVWNCVGF CTG • 5 5QNKF EQNQT UOCNN CTGCU QH YJKVG OC[ CRRGCT QP EJGUV VQGU QT VCKN VKR • UK +TKUJ URQVVKPI YJKVG QP OW\\NG HQTGJGCF HGGV NGIU EJGUV CPF VCKN • UR 2KG DCNF URQVVKPI NCTIG CTGCU QH YJKVG

• UY 'ZVTGOG RKG DCNF URQVVKPI 'ZVTGOGN[ NCTIG CTGCU QH YJKVG CNOQUV EQORNGVGN[ YJKVG

6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG - NQEWU VJG ͩ &GHGPUKP IGPG QT &'($ FGVGTOKPG VJG EQNQTKPI RCVVGTP QH CP CPKOCNཐU EQCV = ? 6JGTG CTG VJTGG MPQYP CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG - 5 KU FQOKPCPV VQ U &0# UVWFKGU JCXG PQV [GV EQPិTOGF VJG GZKUVGPEG QH CNN HQWT CNNGNGU YKVJ UQOG TGUGCTEJ UWIIGUVKPI NQEWU VJG GZKUVGPEG QH CV NGCUV VYQ CNNGNGU 5 CPF UR = ? CPF QVJGT TGUGCTEJ UWIIGUVKPI VJG RQUUKDNG GZKUVGPEG QH C VJKTF CNNGNG • -$ 5QNKF EQNQTKPI FQGU PQV OGCP VJCV YJKVG OCTM UK = ? +V JCU DGGP UWIIGUVGF VJCV YJCV CRRGCTU VQ DG VJG KPIU ECP PQV CRRGCT TGUWNV QH CP UY CNNGNG KU KP HCEV VJG TGUWNV QH RNWU CPF OKPWU OQFKិGTU CEVKPI QP QPG QH VJG QVJGT CNNGNGU = ? +V KU VJQWIJV • MDT $TKPFNG VJCV VJG URQVVKPI VJCV QEEWTU KP &CNOCVKCPU KU VJG TGUWNV QH [ •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

Postulated color and pattern loci 6JGTG CTG CV NGCUV ិXG CFFKVKQPCN VJGQTGVKECN NQEK VJQWIJV VQ DG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ EQCV EQNQT KP FQIU &0# UVWFKGU CTG [GV VQ EQPិTO VJG GZKUVGPEG QH VJGUG IGPGU QT CNNGNGU DWV VJGKT GZKUVGPEG KU VJGQTKUGF DCUGF QP DTGGFKPI FCVC = ?

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6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG VJGQTGVKECN + NQEWU CTG VJQWIJV VQ CាGEV 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG VJGQTGVKECN % NQEWU CTG VJQWIJV VQ FGVGT RJCGQOGNCPKP GZRTGUUKQP 6YQ CNNGNGU CTG VJGQTKUGF VQ QE OKPG VJG FGITGG VQ YJKEJ CP CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU RJCGQOG EWT CV VJG + NQEWU NCPKP C TGF DTQYP RTQVGKP TGNCVGF VQ VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH • + +PVGPUG TGF PQV FKNWVGF OGNCPKP KP KVU EQCV CPF UMKP (KXG CNNGNGU CTG VJGQTKUGF VQ QEEWT CV VJG % NQEWU • K 0QV KPVGPUG TGF C (colored) locus

• % (WNN EQNQT CPKOCN GZRTGUUGU RJCGQOGNCPKP

+V KU VJQWIJV VJCV + CPF K CTG EQ FQOKPCPV UQ VJCV CPKOCNU YKVJ K K YKNN DG RCNGT VJCP CPKOCNU YKVJ + K

• EEJ %JKPEJKNNC RCTVKCN KPJKDKVKQP QH RJCGQOGNCPKP T (ticking) locus TGUWNVKPI KP FGETGCUGF TGF RKIOGPV

• EG 'ZVTGOG FKNWVKQP KPJKDKVKQP QH RJCGQOGNCPKP TG 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG VJGQTGVKECN 6 NQEWU CTG VJQWIJV VQ FGVGT OKPG YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN FKURNC[U UOCNN KUQNCVGF TGIKQPU QH UWNVKPI KP GZVTGOGN[ TGFWEGF TGF RKIOGPV RKIOGPV KP QVJGTYKUG YJKVG TGIKQPU PQV CRRCTGPV QP PQP • ED ER $NWG G[GF CNDKPQ 2NCVKPWO CNOQUV VQVCN KP YJKVG CPKOCNU 6YQ CNNGNGU CTG VJGQTKUGF VQ QEEWT CV VJG 6 JKDKVKQP QH RJCGQOGNCPKP TGUWNVKPI KP PGCT CNDKPQ CR NQEWU RGCTCPEG • 6 6KEMGF • EC #NDKPQ EQORNGVG KPJKDKVKQP QH RJCGQOGNCPKP RTQ • V 0QV VKEMGF FWEVKQP TGUWNVKPI KP EQORNGVG KPJKDKVKQP QH OGNCPKP RTQFWEVKQP +V KU VJQWIJV VJCV 6 KU FQOKPCPV VQ V 6JG % NQEWU KP FQIU KU PQV YGNN WPFGTUVQQF CPF VJG VJGQTKUGF CNNGNGU CTG DCUGF QP VJQUG RTGUGPV KP QVJGT URGEKGU = ? 6TWG Genetic basis of length and texture CNDKPKUO JCU PQV DGGP EQPENWUKXGN[ UJQYP VQ GZKUV KP FQIU +V KU VJQWIJV VJCV CP CPKOCN VJCV KU JGVGTQ\[IQWU HQT VJG % CNNGNG 4GUGCTEJ KPFKECVGU VJCV VJG OCLQTKV[ QH XCTKCVKQP KP EQCV YKVJ QPG QH VJG QVJGT CNNGNGU YKNN GZRTGUU C TGUWNV UQOGYJGTG ITQYVJ RCVVGTP NGPIVJ CPF EWTN ECP DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ OWVC DGVYGGP VJG VYQ CNNGNGU = ? VKQPU KP VJTGG IGPGU VJG 4 URQPFKP IGPG QT 4521 VJG F (flecking) locus

6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG VJGQTGVKECN ( NQEWU CTG VJQWIJV VQ FG VGTOKPG YJGVJGT CP CPKOCN FKURNC[U UOCNN KUQNCVGF TGIKQPU QH YJKVG KP QVJGTYKUG RKIOGPVGF TGIKQPU PQV CRRCTGPV QP YJKVG CPKOCNU 6YQ CNNGNGU CTG VJGQTKUGF VQ QEEWT CV VJG ( NQEWU VJG[ E#0 $' 2+0• ( (NGEMGF • H 0QV ីGEMGF +V KU VJQWIJV VJCV ( KU FQOKPCPV VQ H = ? G (progressive greying) locus

ិDTQDNCUV ITQYVJ HCEVQT IGPG QT ()( CPF VJG MGTCVKP IGPG QT -46 = ? The L (length) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG . NQEWU VJG ិDTQDNCUV ITQYVJ HCEVQT IGPG QT ()( FGVGTOKPG VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG CPKOCNཐU EQCV = ? 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG . NQEWU • . 5JQTV EQCV • N .QPI EQCV . KU FQOKPCPV VQ N # NQPI EQCV KU FGOQPUVTCVGF YJGP C FQI JCU RCKT QH TGEGUUKXG N CNNGNGU CV VJKU NQEWU

The W (wired) locus 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG VJGQTGVKECN ) NQEWU CTG VJQWIJV VQ FGVGT OKPG KH RTGOCVWTG ITG[KPI QH VJG CPKOCNཐU EQCV YKNN QEEWT 6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG 9 NQEWU VJG 4 URQPFKP IGPG QT 4521 FGVGTOKPG VJG EQCTUGPGUU CPF VJG RTGUGPEG QH ནHCEKCN HWT 6YQ CNNGNGU CTG VJGQTKUGF VQ QEEWT CV VJG ) NQEWU PKUJKPIUཔ G I DGCTF OQWUVCEJG G[GDTQYU = ? 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG 9 NQEWU • ) 2TGOCVWTG ITG[KPI • I 0Q RTGOCVWTG ITG[KPI +V KU VJQWIJV VJCV ) KU FQOKPCPV VQ I I (intensity) locus

• 9 9KTG JCKT KU EQCTUG CPF HCEKCN HWTPKUJKPIU RTGUGPV • Y 0QP YKTG JCKT KU PQV EQCTUG CPF HCEKCN HWTPKUJKPIU CTG PQV RTGUGPV

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8JSF IBJS

$VSMZ IBJS

9 KU FQOKPCPV VQ Y #PKOCNU VJCV CTG JQOQ\[IQWU HQT N

K G N N CPF RQUUGUU CV NGCUV QPG EQR[ QH 9 YKNN JCXG NQPI UQHV EQCVU YKVJ HWTPKUJKPIU TCVJGT VJCP YKTG[ EQCVU = ? =PQVG ?

The R (curl) Locus

6JG CNNGNGU CV VJG 4 NQEWU VJG MGTCVKP IGPG QT -46 FGVGTOKPG YJGVJGT CP CPKOCNཐU EQCV KU UVTCKIJV QT EWTN[ = ? 6JGTG CTG VYQ MPQYP CNNGNGU VJCV QEEWT CV VJG 4 NQEWU • 4 5VTCKIJV

• .QPI G I )QNFGP 4GVTKGXGT • .QPI YKVJ HWTPKUJKPIU G I $GCTFGF %QNNKG • .QPI CPF EWTN[ G I +TKUJ 9CVGT 5RCPKGN • .QPI CPF EWTN[ YKVJ HWTPKUJKPIU G I $KEJQP (TKUª Hair growth

6JG EQCV QH OQUV FQIU ITQYU VQ C URGEKិE NGPIVJ CPF VJGP UVQRU ITQYKPI YJKNG VJG EQCVU QH UQOG FQIU ITQY EQPVKP WQWUN[ KP C OCPPGT UKOKNCT VQ JWOCP JCKT ITQYVJ # NQPI 4 KU FQOKPCPV VQ T EQCVGF FQI YKVJ C UKPING FQOKPCPV HWTPKUJKPIU CNNGNG YKTG Interaction of Length & Texture Genes EQCV YKNN FGOQPUVTCVG VJKU HGCVWTG 'ZCORNGU QH DTGGFU QH 6JGUG VJTGG IGPGU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG NGPIVJ CPF VGZVWTG FQI YJQUG EQCVU ITQY EQPVKPWQWUN[ CTG QH CP CPKOCNཐU EQCV KPVGTCEV VQ RTQFWEG GKIJV FKាGTGPV RJGPQV[RGU = ? • #WUVTCNKCP 5KNM[ 6GTTKGT • T %WTN[

• *CKTNGUU G I %JKJWCJWC • 5JQTV G I $CUUGV *QWPF

• $GFNKPIVQP 6GTTKGT • $KEJQP (TKUª

• 9KTG G I #WUVTCNKCP 6GTTKGT

• /CNVGUG

• %WTN[ YKTG G I #KTGFCNG 6GTTKGT

• 2QQFNG

$0"5 %0(

Hairless

5QOG DTGGFU QH FQI FQ PQV ITQY JCKT QP RCTVU QH VJGKT DQF KGU CPF OC[ DG TGHGTTGF VQ CU ནJCKTNGUUཔ 'ZCORNGU QH ནJCKT NGUUཔ FQIU CTG VJG :QNQKV\EWKPVNK /GZKECP *CKTNGUU &QI VJG 2GTWXKCP +PEC 1TEJKF 2GTWXKCP *CKTNGUU &QI CPF VJG %JKPGUG %TGUVGF 4GUGCTEJ UWIIGUVU VJCV JCKTNGUUPGUU KU ECWUGF D[ C FQOKPCPV CNNGNG YJKEJ KU JQOQ\[IQWU NGVJCN = ? Genetic testing and phenotype prediction

5IF 1VMJ T DPBU GPSNT DPSET BT JU HSPXT

+P TGEGPV [GCTU IGPGVKE VGUVKPI HQT VJG CNNGNGU QH UQOG IGPGU JCU DGEQOG CXCKNCDNG= ? 5QHVYCTG KU CNUQ CXCKNCDNG VQ CUUKUV DTGGFGTU KP FGVGTOKPKPI VJG NKMGN[ QWVEQOG QH OCVKPIU = ?

3.2.2

Nomenclature of colors and patterns

Colors 6JG UCOG EQNQT OC[ DG TGHGTTGF VQ FKាGTGPVN[ KP FKាGTGPV DTGGFU Patterns 6JG UCOG RCVVGTP OC[ DG TGHGTTGF VQ FKាGTGPVN[ KP FKាGTGPV DTGGFU

3.2.3

)BJSMFTT BOE $PBUFE 9PMPJU[DVJOUMJ

• 5M[G 6GTTKGT • 5QHV %QCVGF 9JGCVGP 6GTTKGT • ;QTMUJKTG 6GTTKGT • 5JKJ 6\W • .JCUC #RUQ • %QVQP FG VWNGCT • 6KDGVCP VGTTKGT

Show coats

6JG PCVWTG CPF SWCNKV[ QH C RWTGDTGF FQI U EQCV KU KORQTVCPV VQ VJG FQI HCPE[ KP VJG LWFIKPI QH VJG FQI CV EQPHQTOCVKQP UJQYU 6JG GZCEV TGSWKTGOGPVU CTG FGVCKNGF KP GCEJ DTGGFཐU DTGGF UVCPFCTF CPF FQ PQV IGPGTCNKUG KP CP[ YC[ CPF VJG VGTOKPQNQI[ OC[ DG XGT[ FKាGTGPV GXGP YJGP TGHGTTKPI VQ UKOKNCT HGCVWTGU 5GG KPFKXKFWCN DTGGF CTVKENGU HQT URGEKិE KPHQTOCVKQP

3.2.4

Shedding

'XGT[ JCKT KP VJG FQI EQCV ITQYU HTQO C JCKT HQNNKENG YJKEJ JCU C E[ENG QH ITQYKPI VJGP F[KPI VQ DG TGRNCEGF D[ CPQVJGT HQNNKENG 9JGP VJG HQNNKENG FKGU VJG JCKT KU UJGF OQWNVU 6JG NGPIVJ QH VKOG QH VJG ITQYKPI CPF UJGFFKPI E[ENG XCTKGU D[ DTGGF CIG CPF D[ YJGVJGT VJG FQI KU CP KPUKFG QT QWVUKFG FQI

Corded Coats %QTFGF EQCVU NKMG VJQUG QH VJG 2WNK CPF -QOQPFQT CTG 3.2.5 Hypoallergenic coats VJQWIJV VQ DG VJG TGUWNV QH EQPVKPWQWUN[ ITQYKPI EWTN[ EQCVU 1VJGT DTGGFU YKVJ EQPVKPWQWUN[ ITQYKPI EWTN[ EQCVU UWEJ CU /CKP CTVKENG *[RQCNNGTIGPKE FQI DTGGF VJG 2QQFNG ECP CNUQ DG ITQQOGF VQ EQTF 5QOG FQI DTGGFU JCXG DGGP RTQOQVGF CU J[RQCNNGTIGPKE

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: VJCP DTGGF པ= ?

3.2.6

See also

• %CV EQCV IGPGVKEU • &QI ITQQOKPI • 'SWKPG EQCV EQNQT IGPGVKEU • (CTO (QZ 'ZRGTKOGPV • *[RQCNNGTIGPKE • .KUV QH FQI DTGGFU " TMJDLFS CSVTI XJUI XJSF CSJTUMFT VTFE GPS SFNPWJOH MPPTF IBJS GSPN UIF DPBU

• /GTNG EQCV EQNQT KP FQIU • &QI UMKP FKUQTFGTU

3.2.7

Notes

= ? 4GUGCTEJGTU JCXG PQV [GV CUUKIPGF C NGVVGT VQ VJKU NQEWU CPF ན4པ JCU DGGP UGNGEVGF DCUGF QP VJG WUG QH VJG VGTO ན4GZཔ HQT EWTNGF JCKT KP FQOGUVKE ECVU

3.2.8

References

= ? ན*QY VQ -GGR ;QWT &QI 9CTO 6JKU 9KPVGTཔ 5RQKNGF 2GVU 5JQR 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT = ? ,COGU 5GTRGNN GF 5IF %PNFTUJD %PH *UT &WPMV UJPO #FIBWJPVS BOE *OUFSBDUJPOT XJUI 1FPQMF %CODTKFIG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU R +5$0 = ? .[WFOKNC 0 6TWV /CTEJཊ#RTKN ན'CTN[ %CPKF &Q OGUVKECVKQP 6JG (CTO (QZ 'ZRGTKOGPVཔ "NFSJDBO 4DJFO UJTU 87 ཊ FQK = ? )TCGOG & 4WZVQP /KEJCGN 2 5RGGF &CXKF , -GNN[

5GRVGODGT ན9JCV KH CP[VJKPI KU VJG CFCRVKXG HWPE VKQP QH EQWPVGTUJCFKPI! "OJNBM #FIBWJPVS 68 ཊ FQK L CPDGJCX 4PNF CSFFEFST DMBJN UIBU 1PSUVHVFTF 8BUFS %PHT IBWF IZQPBMMFS HFOJD DPBUT

= ? 5EJOWV\ 5 / $GTT[GTG 6 ) &GEGODGT ན)GPGU CាGEVKPI EQCV EQNQT CPF RCVVGTP KP FQOGUVKE FQIU C TGXKGYཔ "OJNBM (FOFUJDT 38 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+&

YJKEJ OGCPU MFTT BMMFSHJD PQV HTGG QH CNNGTIGPU DGECWUG VJG[ UJGF XGT[ NKVVNG *QYGXGT PQ ECPKPG KU MPQYP VQ DG EQORNGVGN[ PQPCNNGTIGPKE 1HVGP VJG RTQDNGO KU YKVJ VJG FQIཐU UCNKXC QT FCPFGT PQV VJG HWT = ? #NVJQWIJ RQQFNGU DKEJQPU [QTMKGU CPF VGTTKGTU CTG EQOOQPN[ TGRTGUGPVGF CU DGKPI J[RQCNNGTIGPKE VJG TGCEVKQP VJCV CP KPFKXKFWCN RGT UQP JCU VQ CP KPFKXKFWCN FQI OC[ XCT[ ITGCVN[ +P VTGCVKPI FQI TGNCVGF CNNGTIKGU KV JCU DGGP HQWPF VJCV ན(CEVQTU TGNCVGF VQ KPFKXKFWCN FQIU UGGO VQ KPីWGPEG VJG CNNGTIGPKEKV[ OQTG

= ? 'FQWCTF %CFKGW /CTM 9 0Gា 2CUECNG 3WKIPQP -CTK 9CNUJ -GXKP %JCUG *GKFK ) 2CTMGT $TKFIGVV / 8QP *QNFV #NKUQP 4JWG #FCO $Q[MQ #NGZCPFTC $[GTU #CTQP 9QPI &CPC 5 /QUJGT #DFGN ) 'NMCJNQWP 6[TQPG % 5RCF[ %CVJGTKPG #PFTª - )QTFQP .CTM /KEJGNNG %CTIKNN %CTNQU & $WUVCOCPVG 4QDGTV - 9C[PG 'NCKPG # 1UVTCP FGT 1EVQDGT ན%QCV 8CTKCVKQP KP VJG &QOGUVKE &QI +U )QXGTPGF D[ 8CTKCPVU KP 6JTGG )GPGUཔ 4DJFODF 326 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/% 2/+&

$0"5 %0(

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ན%JCTCEVGTK\CVKQP QH VJG FQI #IQWVK IGPG CPF C PQPCIQWVK OWVCVKQP KP )GTOCP 5JGR JGTF &QIUཔ .BNNBMJBO (FOPNF 15 ཊ FQK U +550 2/+& = ? 7VG 2JKNKRR *GPPKPI *COCPP .CTU /GEMNGPDWTI 5GKLK 0KUJKPQ 'OOCPWGN /KIPQV #PPG 4QUG )½P\GN #RGN 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ 6QUUQ .GGD ,WPG ན2QN[OQTRJKUOU YKVJKP VJG ECPKPG /.2* IGPG CTG CUUQEK CVGF YKVJ FKNWVG EQCV EQNQT KP FQIUཔ #.$ (FOFUJDT 6 FQK +550 2/% 2/+& = ? &C[PC . &TGIGT 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ ,WP ན# 0GY /WVCVKQP KP /% 4 'ZRNCKPU C %QCV %QNQT 2JGPQV[RG KP ཏཏ1NFཐཐ $TGGFU 5CNWMK CPF #HIJCP *QWPFཔ +PVSOBM PG )FSFEJUZ 101 ཊ FQK LJGTGF GUS 2/+& = ? .GKIJ #PPG %NCTM #NKUQP 0 5VCTT -CVG . 6UCK -GKVJ ' /WTRJ[ ,WN[ ན)GPQOG YKFG NKPMCIG UECP NQECNK\GU VJG JCTNGSWKP NQEWU KP VJG )TGCV &CPG VQ EJTQOQUQOG པ (FOF 418 ཊ FQK L IGPG 2/+& = ? 5QRJKG + %CPFKNNG %JTKUVQRJGT $ -CGNKP $TWEG / %CV VCPCEJ $KP ;W &CTTGP # 6JQORUQP /CVVJGY # 0KZ ,WNKG # -GTPU 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ )NGPP . /KNNJCWUGT )TGIQT[ 5 $CTUJ 0QXGODGT ན# ͩ &GHGPUKP /W VCVKQP %CWUGU $NCEM %QCV %QNQT KP &QOGUVKE &QIUཔ 4DJFODF 318 ཊ FQK UEKGPEG 2/% 2/+&

= ? .KVVNG %NCTGPEG %QQM 5IF *OIFSJUBODF PG $PBU $PMPS JO %PHT 0GY ;QTM %QOUVQEM 2WDNKUJKPI R +5$0 = ? -CTNUUQP ' - $CTCPQYUMC + 9CFG % / 5CNOQP *KNN DGTV\ 0 * <QF[ / % #PFGTUQP 0 $KCIK 6 / 2CV VGTUQP 0 2KGNDGTI ) 4 -WNDQMCU ' , +++ %QOUVQEM - ' -GNNGT ' 6 /GUKTQX , 2 XQP 'WNGT * -¥ORG 1 *GFJCOOCT # .CPFGT ' 5 #PFGTUUQP ) #P FGTUUQP . .KPFDNCF 6QJ - 0QXGODGT ན'ឹ EKGPV OCRRKPI QH OGPFGNKCP VTCKVU KP FQIU VJTQWIJ IGPQOG YKFG CUUQEKCVKQPཔ /BUVSF (FOFUJDT 39 ཊ FQK PI 2/+& = ? 'FYCTF , %CTIKNN 6JQOCU 4 (COWNC 4QDGTV & 5EJP CDGN )GQTIG / 5VTCKP -GKVJ ' /WTRJ[ ,WN[ ན6JG EQNQT QH C &CNOCVKCPཐU URQVU .KPMCIG GXKFGPEG VQ UWR RQTV VJG 6;42 IGPGཔ #.$ 7FUFSJOBSZ 3FTFBSDI 1 FQK +5$0 2/% 2/+& = ? 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ &GEGODGT ན%QCV %QNQT #N NGNGU KP &QIUཔ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? 2COGNC # &CXQN ,CPWCT[ ན$ D ' G CPF $G [QPF # &GVCKNGF 'ZCOKPCVKQP QH %QCV %QNQT )GPGVKEU KP VJG .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGTཔ 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? & , ' *QWUNG[ 2 , 8GPVC #WIWUV ན6JG NQPI CPF VJG UJQTV QH KV GXKFGPEG VJCV ()( KU C OCLQT FGVGTOKPCPV QH ECPKPG ཏJCKTཐ KVCDKNKV[པ "OJNBM (FOFUJDT 37 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+& = ? &TQGIGOWGNNGT % -CTNUUQP '- *[VĢPGP /- 2GTNQUMK / &QNH ) 5CKPKQ - .QJK * .KPFDNCF 6QJ - .GGD 6 # OWVCVKQP KP JCKTNGUU FQIU KORNKECVGU (1:+ KP GEVQFGTOCN FGXGNQROGPV 5EKGPEG = ? ན8GV )GPཔ 8GVGTKPCT[ )GPGVKE 5GTXKEGU 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? ན$TGGFGTU #UUKUVCPVཔ 2TGOKGT 2GFKITGG 5QHVYCTG 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT = ? )TCF[ &GPKUG (GDTWCT[ ན0QPCNNGTIGPKE &QI! 0QV 4GCNN[པ /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN

= ? .GKIJ #PPG %NCTM ,CESWGN[P / 9CJN %JTKUVKPG # 4GGU -GKVJ ' /WTRJ[ ,CPWCT[ ན4GVTQVTCPURQUQP KPUGTVKQP KP 5+.8 KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT OGTNG RCVVGTPKPI QH VJG FQOGUVKE FQIཔ 1/"4 103 ཊ FQK RPCU +550 2/% 2/+&

= ? *GWVGNDGEM #44 5EJWN\ 6 $GTIOCPP - *CNNKGT ' ,CP ན'PXKTQPOGPVCN 'ZRQUWTG VQ #NNGTIGPU QH &KាGTGPV &QI $TGGFU CPF 4GNGXCPEG KP #NNGTIQNQIKECN &KCIPQUVKEUཔ +PVSOBM PG 5PYJDPMPHZ BOE &OWJSPONFOUBM )FBMUI 1BSU " 71

ཊ FQK 2/+&

= ? 5JGKNC / 5EJOWV\ 6QO ) $GTT[GTG &C[PC . &TGIGT

,WPG ན/+6( CPF 9JKVG 5RQVVKPI KP &QIU # 2QRWNC VKQP 5VWF[པ +PVSOBM PG )FSFEJUZ 100 5WRRNGOGPV ཊ FQK LJGTGF GUR

3.2.9

= ? 9KPIG 1LXKPF *OIFSJUBODF JO %PHT 8JUI 4QFDJBM 3FGFSFODF UP UIF )VOUJOH #SFFET %CVJGTKPG 4QDGTVU VTCPU NCVQT +VJCEC 0 ; %QOUVQEM 2WDNKUJKPI R

Additional reading

• %WPNKាG ,WNKGVVG ན%QCV 6[RGU %QNQTU CPF /CTMKPIUཔ 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PH #SFFET 2CTCIQP 2WDNKUJKPI RR ཊ CPF XCTKQWU +5$0

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

• (QING $TWEG ན6JG $TGGF 5GEVKQP 'ZRNCKPGFཔ JCXG UKOKNCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH CRRGCTCPEG CPF DGJCXKQT 5IF /FX &ODZDMPQFEJB PG UIF %PH &QTNKPI -KPFGTU RTKOCTKN[ DGECWUG VJG[ EQOG HTQO C UGNGEV UGV QH CPEGUVQTU NG[ R CPF XCTKQWU +5$0 YJQ JCF VJG UCOG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU = ? &QIU QH C URGEKិE DTGGF DTGGF VTWG RTQFWEG [QWPI VJCV CTG XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ VJGKT RCT GPVU #P KPFKXKFWCN FQI KU KFGPVKិGF CU C OGODGT QH C DTGGF 3.2.10 External links VJTQWIJ RTQQH QH CPEGUVT[ WUKPI IGPGVKE CPCN[UKU QT YTKVVGP TGEQTFU QH CPEGUVT[ 9KVJQWV UWEJ RTQQH KFGPVKិECVKQP QH • 5EJOWV\ 5JGKNC / /CTEJ ན&QI %QCV C URGEKិE DTGGF KU PQV TGNKCDNG = ? 5WEJ TGEQTFU ECNNGF UVWF %QNQT )GPGVKEUཔ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 5CUMCVEJGYCP 4G DQQMU OC[ DG OCKPVCKPGF D[ KPFKXKFWCNU ENWDU QT QVJGT VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT QTICPK\CVKQPU

3.3 Dog breed

3.3.2

Classification

5ISFF HFOFSBUJPOT PG ࣜ8FTUJFTࣝ JO B WJMMBHF JO 'JGF 4DPUMBOE $IJIVBIVB NJY BOE QVSFCSFE (SFBU %BOF

Dog breeds CTG ITQWRU QH ENQUGN[ TGNCVGF CPF XKUKDN[ UKOK NCT FQOGUVKE FQIU YJKEJ CTG CNN QH VJG UWDURGEKGU $BOJT MV QVT GBNJMJBSJT JCXKPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKE VTCKVU VJCV CTG UGNGEVGF CPF OCKPVCKPGF D[ JWOCPU DTGF HTQO C MPQYP HQWPFCVKQP UVQEM = ? 6JG VGTO EPH CSFFE KU CNUQ WUGF VQ TGHGT VQ OBUVSBM CSFFET QT NCPFTCEGU YJKEJ CTQUG VJTQWIJ VKOG KP TGURQPUG VQ C RCTVKEWNCT GPXKTQPOGPV VJCV KPENWFGF JWOCPU YKVJ NKV VNG QT PQ UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI D[ JWOCPU = ? 5WEJ DTGGFU CTG WPFQEWOGPVGF CPF CTG KFGPVKិGF D[ VJGKT CRRGCTCPEG CPF QHVGP D[ C UV[NG QH YQTMKPI #PEKGPV FQI DTGGFU CTG UQOG QH VJG OQFGTP FQEWOGPVGF FGUEGPFCPVU QH UWEJ OBUVSBM CSFFET

3.3.1

Description

&QI DTGGFU CTG PQV UEKGPVKិECNN[ FGិPGF DKQNQIKECN ENCU UKិECVKQPU DWV TCVJGT CTG ITQWRKPIU FGិPGF D[ ENWDU QH JQDD[KUVU ECNNGF DTGGF ENWDU # FQI DTGGF KU TGRTGUGPVGF D[ C UWឹEKGPV PWODGT QH KPFKXKFWCNU VQ UVCDN[ VTCPUHGT KVU URG EKិE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QXGT IGPGTCVKQPU &QIU QH UCOG DTGGF

+P DKQNQI[ UWDURGEKGU TCEG CPF DTGGF CTG GSWKXCNGPV VGTOU $TGGF KU WUWCNN[ CRRNKGF VQ FQOGUVKE CPKOCNU URGEKGU CPF UWDURGEKGU VQ YKNF CPKOCNU CPF VQ RNCPVU CPF TCEG VQ JWOCPU = ? %QNNQSWKCN WUG QH VJG VGTO EPH CSFFE JQYGXGT FQGU PQV EQPHQTO VQ UEKGPVKិE UVCPFCTFU QH VCZQPQOKE ENCU UKិECVKQP $TGGFU FQ PQV OGGV VJG ETKVGTKC HQT UWDURGEKGU UKPEG VJG[ CTG CNN QPG URGEKGU $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT YJKEJ KU EQPUKFGTGF C UWDURGEKGU QH VJG ITC[ YQNH +PVGTDTGGFKPI ITQWR QH KPFKXKFWCNU YJQ RCUU QP EJCTCEVGTKUVKE VTCKVU CPF YQWNF NKMGN[ OGTIG DCEM KPVQ C UKPING JQOQIGPQWU ITQWR KH GZVGTPCN DCTTKGTU YGTG TGOQXGF NKMG UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI 6JG TGEQIPKVKQP QH FKUVKPEV FQI DTGGFU KU PQV OCKPVCKPGF D[ C UEKGPVKិE QTICPK\CVKQP VJG[ CTG OCKPVCKPGF D[ C PWODGT QH KPFGRGPFGPV MGPPGN ENWDU VJCV PGGF PQV CRRN[ VQ UEKGP VKិ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ាGTGPVKCVG VJGO

%0( #3&&% HTQO QVJGT FQI V[RGU CPF DTGGFU *QYGXGT VJG 7PKVGF -GP 3.3.4 Development of dog breeds PGN %NWD TGEQIPK\GU QPG DTGGF QH HGKUV VJG 6TGGKPI (GKUV YJKNG VJG #OGTKECP -GPPGN %NWD FQGU PQV TGEQIPK\G CP[ 'PS UIF IJTUPSZ BOE EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF EPH TFF HGKUV DTGGF 0SJHJO PG UIF EPNFTUJD EPH "ODJFOU EPH CSFFET BOE %PH UZQF # FQI KU UCKF VQ DG RWTGDTGF KH VJGKT RCTGPVU YGTG RWTGDTGF CPF KH VJG FQI OGGVU VJG UVCPFCTFU QH VJG DTGGF 2WTGDTGF FQI DTGGFGTU QH VQFC[ ནJCXG KPJGTKVGF C DTGGFKPI RCTCFKIO VJCV KU CV VJG XGT[ NGCUV C DKV CPCEJTQPKUVKE KP NKIJV QH OQFGTP IGPGVKE MPQYNGFIG CPF VJCV ិTUV CTQUG QWV QH C RTGVV[ DNCVCPV OKUKPVGTRTGVCVKQP QH &CTYKP CPF CP GPVJW UKCUO HQT UQEKCN VJGQTKGU VJCV JCXG NQPI DGGP FKUETGFKVGF CU UEKGPVKិECNN[ KPUWRRQTVCDNG CPF OQTCNN[ SWGUVKQPCDNG པ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ិIJV VJG DKNN = ?

6JG ENGCT IGPGVKE FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP DTGGFU QH FQI JCU OCFG FQIU QH URGEKិE DTGGFU IQQF UWDLGEVU HQT IGPGVKE CPF JWOCP OGFKECN TGUGCTEJ ན7UKPI VJG FQI CU C FKUEQXGT[ VQQNཔ KP UVWF[KPI JQY ECPEGT CាGEVU URGEKិE DTGGFU OC[ NGCF VQ KFGPVKH[KPI ནUWUEGRVKDKNKV[ IGPGU VJCV JCXG RTQXGF KP VTCEVCDNG KP JWOCP HCOKNKGU CPF RQRWNCVKQPU པ= ?

3.3.3

History of dog breeds

6JGTG KU OWEJ URGEWNCVKQP DWV NKVVNG GXKFGPEG CDQWV YJ[ ECPKFU ECOG VQ NKXG YKVJ QT PGCT JWOCPU RQUUKDN[ CU NQPI CU [GCTU CIQ = ? 9KVJ VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH CITKEWNVWTG CTQWPF [GCTU CIQ JWOCPU DGICP OCMKPI WUG QH FQIU KP XCTKQWU YC[U TGUWNVKPI KP RJ[UKECN FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP FQIU CPF VJGKT YQNH CPEGUVQTU = ? +P GCTNKGT VKOGU NKVVNG YCU YTKVVGP CDQWV FQIU CNVJQWIJ VJGTG YGTG MPQYP FQI V[RGU QT NCPFTCEG FQIU YJKEJ FGXGNQRGF QXGT VKOG YKVJ OKPKOCN JWOCP KPVGTXGPVKQP VQ ិ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ិE UV[NG QH YQTM QT ETGCVGF LWUV HQT OCTMGVKPI RWTRQUGU 4GEGPVN[ FKUEQXGTGF UGOK HGTCN CPF NCPFTCEG V[RGU UWEJ CU VJG 0GY )WKPGC 5KPIKPI &QI JCXG DGGP FQEWOGPVGF CPF TGIKUVGTGF CU DTGGFU HQT RWTRQUGU QH RTGUGTXCVKQP 6JG %CPCFKCP FGRCTVOGPV QH CITKEWNVWTG JCU UVTKEV UVCPFCTFU HQT VJG FQEWOGPVKPI QH YJCV KV ECNNU ནGOGTIKPI DTGGFUཔ = ? /CP[ TGIKUVTKGU YJKEJ TGSWKTG OKPKOCN FQEWOGPVCVKQP CTG CXCKNCDNG HQT TGIKUVGTKPI PGY CPF GZKUVKPI DTGGFU QH FQI = ? +P IGPGTCN C FQI ECP QPN[ DG IWCTCPVGGF VQ DG QH C URGEKិE DTGGF KH KV KU FQEWOGPVGF KP VJG UVWF DQQM QH C OCLQT FQI TGIKUVT[ QT DTGGF TGIKUVT[ = ?

+PKVKCN FQI UGNGEVKQPU EGPVGTGF QP JGNRHWN DGJCXKQT UWEJ CU DCTMKPI CV WPHCOKNKCT ETGCVWTGU CPF RGQRNG IWCTFKPI NKXGUVQEM QT JWPVKPI ICOG 5QOG FQI DTGGFU UWEJ CU 5CNWMK= ? QT 0GY )WKPGC 5KPIKPI &QIU JCXG DGGP DTGF HQT VJQWUCPFU QH [GCTU 5QOG YQTMKPI FQI DTGGFU UWEJ CU )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QI QT .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGT= ? YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF KP VJG NCUV HGY JWPFTGF [GCTU /QTG TGEGPVN[ FQIU JCXG DGGP UGNGEVGF HQT CVVTCEVKXGPGUU CPF FKUVKPEVKXG HGCVWTGU TGUWNVKPI KP C XCUV XCTKGV[ QH DTGGFU 5KOKNCT FQI 3.3.5 DTGGFU CTG ENCUUKិGF D[ FQI TGIKUVTKGU KP FQI DTGGF ITQWRU )TQWRU QH KPFKXKFWCNU VJCV JCXG FQIU QH VJG UCOG DTGGF QH VGP WPKVG KPVQ PCVKQPCN DTGGF ENWDU FGUETKDKPI VJGKT FQIU KP URGEKិE NCPIWCIG D[ YTKVKPI C DTGGF UVCPFCTF = ? $TGGF UVCPFCTFU RTGUETKDG VJG OQUV FGUKTCDNG URGEKOGP CVVTKDWVGU CPF YQTMKPI CDKNKVKGU HQT RWTGDTGF FQIU QH VJCV DTGGF CU YGNN CU WPFGUKTCDNG VTCKVU 0CVKQPCN DTGGF ENWDU RTQOQVG VJGKT DTGGFU XKC VJG NQECN DTGGF TGIKUVT[ CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN QTICPK \CVKQPU &QIU TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG OCKP DTGGF TGIKUVTKGU CTG UCKF VQ DG ནRWTGDTGFཔ

Genetics

&QI DTGGFU ECP PQY DG CPCN[\GF VJTQWIJ IGPGVKEU )GPGVKE OCTMGTU OKETQUCVGNNKVG OCTMGTU CPF UKPING PWENGQVKFG RQN[ OQTRJKUOU JCXG DGGP CPCN[\GF CPF C TGRTGUGPVCVKXG UCO RNG QH DTGGFU YGTG RNCEGF KPVQ HQWT ENWUVGTU GCEJ ENWU VGT JCXKPI UJCTGF CPEGUVQTU %NWUVGT KU VJQWIJV VQ DG VJG QNFGUV KPENWFKPI #HTKECP CPF #UKCP FQIU %NWUVGT KU OCU VKា V[RG FQIU ENWUVGT KU JGTFKPI FQIU CPF ENWUVGT OQF GTP JWPVKPI V[RG FQIU OQUVN[ FGXGNQRGF KP 'WTQRG KP VJG U = ?

• Note: Relationships uncovered through genetics may not match “official” breed histories. 6JG HQN NQYKPI DTGGF NKUVU CTG DCUGF QP IGPGVKE TGUGCTEJ PQV VTCFKVKQPCN DGNKGHU CDQWV FQI DTGGFU

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

• %NWUVGT 6JQWIJV VQ DG QNFGT NKPGCIGU = ? #HIJCP *QWPF #MKVC +PW = ? #NCUMCP /CNCOWVG $CUGPLK %JQY %JQY +TKUJ 9QNHJQWPF .JCUC #RUQ 2GMKPIGUG 5CNWMK 5COQ[GF 5JCT 2GK 5JKDC +PW 5JKJ 6\W 5KDGTKCP *WUM[ 6KDGVCP 6GTTKGT &QI DTGGF ENWDU GURGEKCNN[ QH FQIU DTGF HQT C RCTVKEWNCT MKPF QH YQTM OC[ OCKPVCKP CP QRGP UVWF DQQM CPF UQ OC[ = ? • %NWUVGT /CUVKា V[RG $GTPGUG /QWPVCKP PQV DG KPENWFGF KP OCLQT TGIKUVTKGU 6JG FQIU CTG UVKNN EQP &QI $QZGT $WNNFQI $WNNOCUVKា (TGPEJ $WNN UKFGTGF C DTGGF #P GZCORNG QH VJKU YQWNF DG VJG ,CEM 4WU FQI %KGTP[ 5GT[ )TGCVGT 5YKUU /QWPVCKP &QI UGNN 6GTTKGT %NWD QH #OGTKEC .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGT /CUVKា /KPKCVWTG $WNN 6GTTKGT 5QOG FQI DTGGFU ិV VJG FGិPKVKQP QH DTGGF GURGEKCNN[ 0GYHQWPFNCPF 2TGUC %CPCTKQ 4QVVYGKNGT DTGGFU VJCV FGXGNQR PCVWTCNN[ QP KUNCPFU QT KP KUQNCVGF CTGCU • %NWUVGT *GTFKPI = ? $GNIKCP 5JGGRFQI )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QI $GNIKCP 6GTXWTGP $QT\QK %QNNKG )TG[JQWPF 2WI 5V $GTPCTF 5JGVNCPF 5JGGRFQI 9GNUJ %QTIK

DWV CTG HGY KP PWODGT QT JCXG PQV DGGP UWឹEKGPVN[ FQEW OGPVGF VQ DG TGIKUVGTGF YKVJ QPG QH VJG OCLQT TGIKUVTKGU #P GZCORNG QH VJKU YQWNF DG VJG -KPVCOCPK &QI CPF QVJGT TCTG QT KPFGRGPFGPV DTGGFU

$TGGFU QH FQIU ECP DG FGNKDGTCVGN[ ETGCVGF KP C TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTV RGTKQF QH VKOG 9JGP VJG[ DTGGF VTWG CPF JCXG DGGP • %NWUVGT /QFGTP JWPVKPI FQIU = ? #KTGFCNG 6GTTKGT UWឹEKGPVN[ FQEWOGPVGF VJG[ ECP DG CEEGRVGF D[ OCLQT #OGTKECP %QEMGT 5RCPKGN #OGTKECP *CKTNGUU 6GT TGIKUVTKGU #P GZCORNG QH VJKU KU VJG %GUM[ 6GTTKGT = ? TKGT #OGTKECP 9CVGT 5RCPKGN #WUVTCNKCP 5JGRJGTF #WUVTCNKCP 6GTTKGT $CUUGV *QWPF $GCING $GFNKPIVQP 6GTTKGT $KEJQP (TKUG $NQQFJQWPF $QTFGT %QN Breed standards NKG %CKTP 6GTTKGT %CXCNKGT -KPI %JCTNGU 5RCPKGN %JGUCRGCMG $C[ 4GVTKGXGT %JKJWCJWC %NWODGT 'CEJ FQI DTGGF JCU C YTKVVGP DTGGF UVCPFCTF C NKUV QH CV 5RCPKGN &CEJUJWPF &QDGTOCP 2KPUEJGT 'PINKUJ VTKDWVGU VJCV UVCPFCTFKUGU VJG CRRGCTCPEG QH VJG DTGGF YTKV %QEMGT 5RCPKGN (NCV %QCVGF 4GVTKGXGT )GTOCP VGP D[ VJG DTGGFཐU HQWPFGT QT DTGGF ENWD &QI CTG LWFIGF 5JQTVJCKTGF 2QKPVGT )KCPV 5EJPCW\GT )QNFGP 4G KP %QPHQTOCVKQP FQI UJQYU QP VJG DCUKU QH JQY ENQUGN[ VTKGXGT )TGCV &CPG +DK\CP *QWPF +TKUJ 5GVVGT VJG KPFKXKFWCN FQI EQPHQTOU VQ VJG DTGGF UVCPFCTF #U VJG +TKUJ 6GTTKGT +VCNKCP )TG[JQWPF -GGUJQPF -GTT[ DTGGF UVCPFCTF QPN[ EQXGTU GZVGTPCN CURGEVU QH VJG FQIཐU $NWG 6GTTKGT -QOQPFQT -WXCU\ /CPEJGUVGT 6GTTKGT CRRGCTCPEG DTGGFKPI YQTMKPI FQIU HQT UJQY EQORGVKVKQP /KPKCVWTG 5EJPCW\GT 0QTYGIKCP 'NMJQWPF 1NF 'P OC[ ECWUG CRRGCTCPEG VQ DG GORJCUKUGF VQ VJG FGVTKOGPV INKUJ 5JGGRFQI 2JCTCQJ *QWPF 2QKPVGT 2QOGTCPKCP QH YQTMKPI CDKNKV[ 2QTVWIWGUG 9CVGT &QI 2KV $WNN 6GTTKGT 4JQFGUKCP 4KFIGDCEM 5EJKRRGTMG 5QHV %QCVGF 9JGCVGP 6GTTKGT 5VCPFCTF 2QQFNG 5VCPFCTF 5EJPCW\GT 9GNUJ 5RTKPIGT 3.3.7 Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds 5RCPKGN 9GUV *KIJNCPF 9JKVG 6GTTKGT 9JKRRGV )TQWRU QH FQIU VJCV OC[ DG OKUVCMGP HQT DTGGFU KPENWFG YQTMKPI FQIU VJCV CTG ECVGIQTK\GF D[ YQTMKPI UV[NG TCVJGT VJCP CRRGCTCPEG GXGP VJQWIJ VJG[ OC[ DG QH XCTKQWU CP 3.3.6 Dog breed documentation EGUVT[ CPF OC[ PQV DTGGF VTWG 6JG FKាGTGPEG DGVYGGP C PCOGF ITQWR QH YQTMKPI FQIU CPF C DTGGF QH FQIU ECP DG Stud books WPENGCT 'ZCORNGU YQWNF DG VJG JWPVCYC[ CPF QVJGT NKXG &QI DTGGFU CTG FQEWOGPVGF KP NKUVU QH CPVGEGFGPVU ECNNGF C UVQEM FQIU QH 0GY <GCNCPF VJG HGKUV FQIU QH VJG UQWVJGTP UVWF DQQM = ? 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF VJG 2CVCIQPKCP UJGGRFQIU QH #TIGPVKPC = ? &QI DTGGFU VJCV JCXG DGGP FQEWOGPVGF OC[ DG CEEGRVGF YJKEJ CTG EQNNKGU OKZGF YKVJ QVJGT YQTMKPI FQIU KPVQ QPG QT OQTG QH VJG OCLQT TGIKUVTKGU MGPPGN ENWDU QH .CPFTCEG FQIU CTG CPQVJGT ITQWRKPI VJCV QHVGP JCXG DGGP FQI DTGGFU KPENWFKPI VJG (ªFªTCVKQP %[PQNQIKSWG +PVGT PCOGF DWV VJG[ TG PQV CNYC[U EQPUKFGTGF DTGGFU = ? ན.CP PCVKQPCNG EQXGTKPI EQWPVTKGU 6JG -GPPGN %NWD 7- FTCEGཔ KU C VGTO WUGF HQT GCTN[ V[RGU FQOGUVKECVGF CPK

%0( #3&&% OCNU KPENWFKPI FQIU YJGTG KUQNCVGF RQRWNCVKQPU QH FQIU CTG UGNGEVGF CEEQTFKPI VQ JWOCP IQCNU FGXGNQRKPI QXGT VKOG TCVJGT VJCP VJTQWIJ OQFGTP DTGGFKPI VGEJPKSWGU = ? #P GZ CORNG QH C NCPFTCEG FQI YQWNF DG VJG FQI FGUETKDGF CU $CU UGV CU GCTN[ CU = ? 6JG NCPFTCEG $CUUGV YCU FGXGNQRGF KPVQ VJG OQFGTP DTGGFU QH &CEJUJWPF CPF $CUUGV *QWPF CU YGNN CU OQFGTP FC[ VGTTKGT DTGGFU = ?

• 0QXC 5EQVKC &WEM 6QNNKPI 4GVTKGXGT • 1NF 'PINKUJ 5JGGRFQI • 2[TGPGCP 5JGRJGTF • 4CHGKTQ &Q #NGPVGLQ

• 5CKPV $GTPCTF #PQVJGT ITQWR QH FQIU VJCV OC[ DG OKUVCMGP HQT DTGGFU CTG VJG RTQIGP[ QH KPVGPVKQPCN ETQUUDTGGFKPIU QH VYQ RWTGDTGF • )TGCVGT 5YKUU /QWPVCKP &QI FQIU 6JG RQRWNCTKV[ QH VJGUG ETQUUGU CTG QHVGP VJG TGUWNV QH HCFU 'ZCORNGU KPENWFG VJG 2WIING CPF VJG .CDTCFQQFNG = ? /KZGF DTGGF FQIU OC[ DG QាGTGF C HQTO QH TGIKUVTCVKQP VQ 3.3.10 See also CNNQY VJGO VQ RCTVKEKRCVG KP QTICPK\GF FQI GXGPVU 1HVGP IKXGP VJG PCOG #NN #OGTKECP QT #/$14 FQI VJG PCOG • %CVGIQT[ &QI DTGGFU FQGU PQV UKIPKH[ VJCV FQIU UQ TGIKUVGTGF CTG C DTGGF &QIU OWUV DG URC[GF QT PGWVGTGF VQ DG TGIKUVGTGF = ?

+PFKXKFWCN FQIU QT UOCNN ITQWRU QH FQIU OC[ WUG CP GZKUVKPI 3.3.11 References DTGGF PCOG QT DG IKXGP CP KPXGPVGF DTGGF PCOG CPF NKUVGF YKVJ NKVVNG QT PQ FQEWOGPVCVKQP HQT C HGG YKVJ ནTGIKUVT[པ = ? 8FCTUFSࣙT 5IJSE /FX *OUFSOBUJPOBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &OHMJTI -BOHVBHF 6OBCSJEHFE 6JG /GTTKCO 9GDUVGT 'FKVQTKCN EQORCPKGU YKVJ OKPKOCN XGTKិECVKQP TGSWKTGOGPVU 6JG 5VCា 2# 5RTKPIិGNF /CUUCEJWUGVVU 75# ) % /GTTKCO FQIU CTG VJGP DTGF CPF OCTMGVGF CU C ནTGIKUVGTGFཔ DTGGF %QORCP[ R # DTGGF KU C ITQWR QH FQOGU = ? UQOGVKOGU CU C ནTCTGཔ QT PGY DTGGF QH FQIU VKE CPKOCNU TGNCVGF VJTQWIJ EQOOQP CPEGUVQTU CPF visibly

3.3.8

List

/CKP CTVKENG .KUV QH FQI DTGGFU

similar in most characteristics JCXKPI DGGP FKាGTGPVKCVGF HTQO QVJGTU D[ JWOCP KPីWGPEG C FKUVKPEVKXG ITQWR QH FQ OGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU FKាGTGPVKCVGF HTQO VJG YKNF V[RG WPFGT VJG KPីWGPEG QH OCP VJG UWO QH VJG RTQIGP[ QH C known and designated foundation stock YKVJQWV CFOKZVWTG QH QVJGT DNQQF

= ? %QRRKPIGT 4C[OQPF .QTPC %QRRKPIGT %PHT 5ETKDPGT +5$0 %JCRVGT ན0CVWTCN $TGGFUཔ R ན0CVWTCN DTGGFU ECP CTKUG NQECNN[ YKVJ PQ JWOCP KP VGTCEVKQPཔ

3.3.9

Images

• #PCVQNKCP 5JGRJGTF &QI • %CVCJQWNC .GQRCTF &QI • %JGUCRGCMG $C[ 4GVTKGXGT • • %WTN[ EQCVGF 4GVTKGXGT • (NCV EQCVGF 4GVTKGXGT • )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QI • )QNFGP 4GVTKGXGT • .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGT • /WTTC[ 4KXGT %WTN[ EQCVGF 4GVTKGXGT

= ? &QPPC . /QTFGP 5GTCPPG #PP 9GPFGNN , 5COOGV )CUQY ,WNKC 5IF KPZ PG CSFFEJOH ZPVS PXO TIPX EPH 0GY ;QTM 0 ; *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +5$0 = ? .[PP /CTOGT ན6JG 0GY $TGGF 1H /WPKEKRCN &QI %QPVTQN .CYU #TG 6JG[ %QPUVKVWVKQPCN! ણSTU QVCMJTIFE JO UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $JODJOOBUJ -BX 3FWJFX #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JG EQWTV HQWPF KV YCU KORQUUKDNG VQ KFGPVKH[ VJG DTGGF QH CP WP TGIKUVGTGF FQI = ? 9GDUVGTཐU 4GXKUGF 7PCDTKFIGF &KEVKQPCT[ ན$TGGF KU WUW CNN[ CRRNKGF VQ FQOGUVKE CPKOCNU URGEKGU QT XCTKGV[ VQ YKNF CPKOCNU CPF VQ RNCPVU CPF TCEG VQ OGP པ = ? $WFKCPUM[པ 5VGRJGP 5IF 5SVUI "CPVU %PHT BO *O RVJSZ JOUP UIF "ODFTUSZ 4PDJBM $POWFOUJPOT .FOUBM )BCJUT BOE .PSBM 'JCFS PG $BOJT GBNJMJBSJT 0GY ;QTM 7 5 # 8KMKPI 2GPIWKP R +5$0 = ? JVVR KPHQ UGP EC IQX RWD DKNN CUO CDA CDA ADKNNA ACOGPFGFACUOAX JVON

= ? JVVR YYY CME QTI ECPKPGANGIKUNCVKQP %#ACEVKQPAEGPVGT EHO = ? р╜У%CPKPG )GPGVKEU 1сЮ╢GTU 0GY /GEJCPKUOU HQT VJG 5VWF[ QH *WOCP %CPEGTр╜Ф D[ 'FQWCTF %CFKGW CPF 'NCKPG # 1U VTCPFGT %CPEGT 'RKFGOKQNQI[ $KQOCTMGTU 2TGXGPVKQP р╜К 0QXGODGT 2WDNKUJGF 1PNKPG (KTUV 0QXGODGT FQK '2+ = ? #NNCP -GP #NNCP &KCPC 5)& $0.1-&5& 4"-6,* #PPL PG UIF #SFFE 4KPIRTGUU $QQMU +5$0 : = ? *GCVJGT 9KNGU (QPG * 9KNGU (QPG 5IF VMUJNBUF -BCSBEPS SFUSJFWFS 0GY ;QTM 0 ; *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +5$0 = ? 5IF $PNQMFUF EPH CPPL UIF QIPUPHSBQI IJTUPSZ BOE PркеDJBM TUBOEBSE PG FWFSZ CSFFE BENJUUFE UP ",$ SFHJTUSBUJPO BOE UIF TFMFDUJPO USBJOJOH CSFFEJOH DBSF BOE GFFEJOH PG QVSF CSFE EPHT 0GY ;QTM 0 ; *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +5$0 = ? %CTNGU 8KN┬б GV CN QH VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC %CNKHQT PKC 75# JCU UVWFKGF CTEJCGQNQIKECN GXKFGPEG HQUUKN DQPGU KPFKECVKPI VJCV ECPKFU EQWNF JCXG DGGP NKXKPI YKVJ JWOCPU [GCTU CIQ %CTNGU 8KN┬б 2GVGT 5CXQNCKPGP ,GU┬╗U ' /CNFQPCFQ +UCDGN 4 #OQTKO ,QJP ' 4KEG 4QFPG[ . *QPG[EWVV -GKVJ # %TCPFCNN ,QCMKO .WPFGDGTI 4QDGTV - 9C[PG р╜У/WNVKRNG CPF #PEKGPV 1TKIKPU QH VJG &Q OGUVKE &QIр╜Ф 4DJFODF 7PM OP RR р╜К FQK UEKGPEG 4GVTKGXGF &GEGO DGT 6JG UGSWGPEG FKXGTIGPEG YKVJKP VJKU ENCFG UWI IGUVGF VJCV FQIU QTKIKPCVGF OQTG VJCP [GCTU DGHQTG VJG RTGUGPV = ? %JTKUVKPG /NQV ,WPG р╜У5VCNMKPI VJG #PEKGPV &QIр╜Ф 4DJFODF /FXT 0OMJOF #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 9JGP YG DGECOG CP CITKEWNVWTCN UQEKGV[ YJCV YG PGGFGF FQIU HQT EJCPIGF GPQTOQWUN[ CPF C HWTVJGT CPF KTTGXQECDNG FKXKUKQP =DGVYGGP FQIU CPF YQNXGU? QEEWTTGF CV VJCV RQKPV = ? %CVJGTKPG /CTNG[ р╜У9JCV KU C р╜У.CPFTCEG 5IF -IBTB "QTP *OGPSNBUJPO 4PVSDF #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JGUG CPKOCNU FGXGNQRGF VJGKT р╜УV[RGр╜Ф HTQO CFCRVCVKQP VQ C OKZ QH HWPEVKQP CPF VJG FGOCPFU QH VJG RCTVKEWNCT RJ[UKECN GPXKTQPOGPV = ? ,QJCP )CNNCPV ,QUGRJ 5KVJQNG р╜У&GUETKRVKQP QH VJG #(4+%#0+5 NCPFTCEGр╜Ф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

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: VJG PKPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ QT VQ OQTG TGEGPV FGECFGU KP VJKU VJG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ DWV FKUVKPEV V[RGU QH FQIU JCXG GZKUVGF EGPVWTKGU GCTNKGT = ? & 2JKNNKR 5RQPGPDGTI &8/ р╜У.KXGUVQEM )WCTF &QIU 9JCV KU C $TGGF CPF 9J[ &QGU KV /CVVGT! GUUC[ ,BO HBM %PHT XFCTJUF #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JG NGXGN QH WPKHQTOKV[ XCTKGU HTQO DTGGF VQ DTGGF CU VJG DTGGFGTUр╜Р CUUQEKCVKQPU FG EKFG YJCV VQ KPENWFG CPF YJCV VQ GZENWFG = ? &KCPG ,GUUWR &KсЮ╢GTGPVр╜Ф DTGGFU YKVJ VJG UCOG PCOGр╜Ф 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? р╜У#PKOCN 2GFKITGG #EV р╜Ф %FQBSUNFOU PG +VTUJDF $BOBEB 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? &KCPG $NCEMOCP р╜У)GVVKPI C FQI VKRU 4GF (NCIU $TGGFGTU [QW RTQDCDN[ YCPV VQ CXQKFр╜Ф YGDUKVG %PH 1MBZ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT $G GURGEKCNN[ ECWVKQWU QH TGIKUVTKGU VJCV EQORNCKP QH UQOG KOCIKPGF FKсЮ╣EWNV[ QT GZRGPUG KP TGIKUVGT KPI FQIU VJTQWIJ #-% = ? р╜У2WTGDTGF FQI TGIKUVTCVKQPUр╜Ф $BOBEJBO 'FEFSBUJPO PG )V NBOF 4PDJFUJFT 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT /CP[ RWRR[ OKNNU CPF DCEM[CTF DTGGFGTU CTG TGIKUVGTKPI VJGKT FQIU YKVJ KPXCNKF +PVGTPGV DCUGF TGIKUVTKGU = ? 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # 5GRVGODGTр╜К1EVQDGT р╜У)GPGVKEU CPF VJG 5JCRG QH &QIU 5VWF[KPI VJG PGY UGSWGPEG QH VJG ECPKPG IGPQOG UJQYU JQY VKP[ IGPGVKE EJCPIGU ECP ETGCVG GPQTOQWU XCTKCVKQP YKVJKP C UKPING URGEKGUр╜Ф "NFSJDBO 4DJ FOUJTU POMJOF YYY COGTKECPUEKGPVKUV QTI RR CNUQ UGG EJCTV RCIG 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 6JG #MKVC DTGGF YCU NGHV QWV QH VJG #OGTKECP 5EKGPVKUV CT VKENG HTQO VJG TGHGTGPEG EKVGF YKVJKP KV YKVJQWV GZRNCPCVKQP 9KVJ #MKVC VJG PWODGT QH DTGGFU KU OCVEJKPI VJG CTVK ENGр╜РU EQWPV 2CTMGT *GKFK ) GV CN /C[ р╜У)GPGVKE 5VTWEVWTG QH VJG 2WTGDTGF &QOGUVKE &QIр╜Ф 2&( 4DJFODF 304 р╜К FQK UEKGPEG 2/+& 4GVTKGXGF /C[ = ? #OGTKECP -GPPGN %NWD р╜У#-% )NQUUCT[р╜Ф ",$ DPN 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT # NKUVKPI QH FQIU VJCV JCXG UKTGF QT RTQFWEGF C NKVVGT VJCV JCU DGGP TGIKUVGTGF YKVJ VJG #-% 9KVJ VJKU KPHQTOCVKQP C RGTUQP ECP WUG 5VWF $QQM XQNWOGU VQ VTCEG C FQIр╜РU NKPGCIG CPF VQ RTQFWEG RGFKITGGU = ? #OGTKECP -GPPGN %NWD р╜У#-% )NQUUCT[р╜Ф ",$ DPN 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT # FQI YJQUG UKTG CPF FCO DG NQPI VQ VJG UCOG DTGGF CPF YJQ CTG VJGOUGNXGU QH WPOKZGF FGUEGPV UKPEG TGEQIPKVKQP QH VJG DTGGF = ? -.7$ %*18#6'.┬Ъ ┬Й'5-┬Ю%* 6'4+┬К4┬Ъ -%*%6 р╜У*KUVQT[ QH %GUM[ 6GTTKGTр╜Ф KP %\GEJ 'PINKUJ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 4QTGO .KPFC р╜У*GTFKPI &QI $TGGFU 5VQEMFQI DTGGFUр╜Ф )FSEJOH PO UIF 8FC 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

%0( 5:1& = ? ན*QY VQ ិPF C HCTO EQNNKG QT UJGRJGTFཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

• &- 2WDNKUJKPI ,WN[ 5IF %PH &ODZDMPQF EJB *CTFEQXGT UV GF &- #FWNV R +5$0 +5$0

= ? &QP $KZD[ ན6[RGU QH $TGGFUཔ 4GVTKGXGF &G EGODGT

• 9KNEQZ $QPPKG 9CNMQYKE\ %JTKU /CTEJ "U MBT PG %PH #SFFET PG UIF 8PSME 2TKPV VJ GF 0GR VWPG %KV[ 0, .CPJCO /& 6(* 2WDNKECVKQPU +PE &KUVTKDWVGF KP VJG 7 5 VQ VJG $QQMUVQTG CPF NKDTCT[ VTCFG D[ 0CVKQPCN $QQM 0GVYQTM R +5$0 +5$0

= ? &QP $KZD[ ན*KUVQT[ QH VJG $CUUGV *QWPFཔ #BT TFU)PVOE3FTDVF DPN 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? /CTXKP ,QJP 6 ན པ 5IF /FX $PNQMFUF 4DPUUJTI UFSSJFS 5GEQPF GF 0GY ;QTM 0GY ;QTM *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +PE R +5$0 = ? $KLCN 2 6TKXGFK (GDTWCT[ ན9JCVཐU C .CDTCFQQFNGཋ&GUKIPGT &QI QT ,WUV #PQVJGT /WVV! /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD $IBOOFM 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 7PKVGF -GPPGN %NWD ན7-% 4GIKUVTCVKQP .KOKVGF 2TKXK NGIGཔ #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 9TC[ /KEJGNNG ན2WRR[ /KNNU 9JCV 6JG[ #TG CPF 9JCV ;QW %CP &Q #DQWV 6JGOཔ %03( .BHB[JOF 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT 6JG #-% JCU PQY UVCTVGF TG SWKTKPI &0# VGUVKPI HQT DTGGFKPI FQIU CPF RWRRKGU YJKEJ KPETGCUGU VJG EQUVU VQ VJG OKNNGT FTCOCVKECNN[ CPF XCUVN[ KP ETGCUGU VJG EJCPEGU QH VJGO IGVVKPI ECWIJV HQT VJGKT FKTV[ FGCNKPIU CPF NQUKPI #-% RTKXKNGIGU &QGU VJKU FGVGT VJG OKNNGTU! 0QV TGCNN[ 6JG[ LWUV VWTP VQ FKាGTGPV TGIKUVTKGU NKMG VJG %QPVKPGPVCN -GPPGN %NWD %-% #OGTKECཐU 2GV 4GI KUVT[ #24 CPF QVJGTU 2WTGDTGF RCRGTU HTQO VJGUG UQWTEGU CTG PQV YQTVJ VJG RCRGT VJG[ཐTG RTKPVGF QP /KNNGTU FQPཐV GXGP JCXG VQ RTQXG VJG[ QYP VJG FQIU VJG[ DTGF QT VJCV VJG[ CTG VJG DTGGF VJG[ ENCKO 6JGUG TGIKUVTKGU YKNN GXGP TGIKUVGT OKZGF DTGGFU

3.3.12

3.3.13

External links

• (ªFªTCVKQP %[PQNQIKSWG +PVGTPCVKQPCNG DTGGFU PQOGP ENCVWTG NKUVU FQI DTGGFU KP ITQWRU • &QI DTGGF CV &/1< • &QI $TGGF %JCTCEVGTKUVKEU YKNN IKXG [QW CP JKUVQTKECN QXGTXKGY QH FQI DTGGFU

3.4

Dog type

(QT C NKUV QH FQI V[RGU UGG .KUV QH FQI V[RGU Dog types CTG DTQCF ECVGIQTKGU QH FQIU DCUGF QP

Further reading

• #NFGTVQP &CXKF 5GRVGODGT &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PHT *CTFEQXGT $CVJ 2CTTCIQP +PE R +5$0 +5$0

$BSU EPHT D %JઢFSFOU JO BQQFBSBODF CVU EPJOH UIF TBNF XPSL

• %QKNG & %CTQNKPG #RTKN &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PH #SFFET 1SPણMFT PG .PSF UIBO #SFFET PF HQTO HWPEVKQP QT UV[NG QH YQTM NKPGCIG QT CRRGCT GF $CTTQPཐU 'FWECVKQPCN 5GTKGU +PEQTRQTCVGF R CPEG +P EQPVTCUV OQFGTP EPH CSFFET CTG RCTVKEWNCT +5$0 DTGGF UVCPFCTFU =PQVG ? UJCTKPI C EQOOQP UGV QH JGTKVCDNG = ? • &G 2TKUEQ #PFTGY ,QJPUQP ,COGU $ $B EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG MGPPGN ENWD VJCV TGEQI OJOF -FYJDPO 6 ( * 2WDNKECVKQPU R +5$0 PK\GU VJG DTGGF +5$0 = ? &QI V[RGU KPENWFG CPEGUVTCN HQTOU QT MBOESBDFT VJCV CTQUG • &G 8KVQ &QOKPKSWG 5GRVGODGT 8PSME "U MBT PG %PH #SFFET 2TKPV VJ GF 0GRVWPG %KV[ 0, .CPJCO /& 6(* 2WDNKECVKQPU +PE &KUVTKDWVGF KP VJG 7 5 VQ VJG $QQMUVQTG CPF NKDTCT[ VTCFG D[ 0CVKQPCN $QQM 0GVYQTM R +5$0 +5$0

WPFQEWOGPVGF QXGT C NQPI RGTKQF QH VKOG

# EPH UZQF ECP DG TGHGTTGF VQ DTQCFN[ CU KP $KTF FQI QT OQTG URGEKិECNN[ CU KP 5RCPKGN &QIU TCKUGF CPF VTCKPGF HQT C URGEKិE YQTMKPI CDKNKV[ TCVJGT VJCP CRRGCTCPEG OC[ PQV ENQUGN[ TGUGODNG QVJGT FQIU FQKPI VJG UCOG YQTM QT CP[ QH VJG FQIU QH VJG CPCNQIQWU DTGGF ITQWR QH RWTGDTGF FQIU = ?

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

3.4.1

Origins of dog types

'PS UIF IJTUPSZ PG UIF EPH TFF %PH 0SJHJO PG UIF EPNFTUJD EPH BOE "ODJFOU EPH CSFFET 9KVJ VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH CITKEWNVWTG CRRTQZKOCVGN[ [GCTU CIQ JWOCPU DGICP OCMKPI WUG QH FQIU KP XCTK QWU YC[U /QNGEWNCT DKQNQIKUV CPF HQWPFGT QH VJG %CPKPG )GPQOG 2TQLGEV 'NCKPG 1UVTCPFGT EQOOGPVU ན9JGP YG DGECOG CP CITKEWNVWTCN UQEKGV[ YJCV YG PGGFGF FQIU HQT EJCPIGF GPQTOQWUN[ CPF C HWTVJGT CPF KTTGXQECDNG FKXK UKQP =DGVYGGP FQIU CPF YQNXGU? QEEWTTGF CV VJCV RQKPV པ= ? 6JGTG KU C ITGCV FGCN QH URGEWNCVKQP CDQWV VJG GCTN[ WUGU QH FQIU DWV TGEGPV IGPGVKE CPCN[UKU UJQYU VJCV VJG GCTNK GUV CPEGUVQTU QH OQFGTP DTGGFU VJQUG YKVJ VJG NGCUV IGPGVKE FKXGTIGPEG HTQO VJG CPEGUVTCN YQNH KPENWFG NCR FQI V[RGU

2GMKPIGUG 5JKJ 6\W CNQPI YKVJ JWPVKPI FQI CPF YQTMKPI FQI V[RGU =PQVG ?

JQOGN[ MKPF ནVJG EWTTKUJ MKPFཔ VQ[U ན(QYNKPI FQIUཔ UGVVGTU CPF URCPKGNU #U YGNN CU VJG RCUVQTCN QT UJGRJGTF V[RGU OCUVKាU QT DCPFQIU CPF XCTKQWU XKNNCIG FQIU 5WD V[RGU FGUETKDKPI VJG HWPEVKQP QH FQIU KP GCEJ ITQWR YGTG CNUQ KPENWFGF =PQVG ? +P %CTN .KPPCGWU KP 4ZTUFNB OBUVSBF PCOGF VJG FQ OGUVKE FQI ནHCOKNKCTKUཔ CPF CFFGF QVJGT FQI ENCUUKិECVKQPU QT TQFDJFT /QTG FQI V[RGU YGTG FGUETKDGF CU URGEKGU D[ ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ )OGNKP KP CPF D[ 4QDGTV -GTT KP JKU 'PINKUJ VTCPUNCVKQP QH 4ZTUFNB OBUVSBF 5IF "OJNBM ,JOH EPN KP =PQVG ? 6QFC[ VJG URGEKGU .KPPCGWU PCOGF CTG KFGPVKិCDNG CU FQI V[RGU PQV URGEKGU QT UWDURGEKGU 5QOG UWEJ CU $BOJT BFHZQUJVT C JCKTNGUU FQI V[RG QH 2GTW JCXG DGGP FQEWOGPVGF CPF TGIKUVGTGF CU DTGGFU 2GTWXKCP *CKT NGUU &QI 6JGTG CTG QPN[ VYQ ECVGIQTKGU UWDURGEKGU QH FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT CPF $ M EJOHP TGEQI PK\GF D[ VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN %QFG QH <QQNQIKECN 0QOGPENC VWTG +%<0 %QFG = ?

$GIKPPKPI YKVJ VJG CFXGPV QH FQI UJQYU KP VJG OKF VJ EGPVWT[ KP 'PINCPF FQI HCPEKGTU GUVCDNKUJGF UVWF DQQMU CPF 3.4.2 Dog type names in English DGICP TGិPKPI DTGGFU HTQO VJG XCTKQWU V[RGU QH FQIU KP = ? 6JG GCTNKGUV DQQMU KP VJG 'PINKUJ NCPIWCIG VQ OGPVKQP PWO WUG DGTU QH FQI V[RGU CTG HTQO VJG ན%[PGIGVKECཔ JWPVKPI NKVGTC VWTG PCOGN[ 5IF "SU PG 7FOFSZ D[ VJG #PINQ (TGPEJ .BTUFS PG HBNF 6YKVK 6YKEK = ? C VTGCVKUG YJKEJ FGUETKDGU 3.4.3 Dog types and modern breeds JWPVKPI YKVJ VJG MJNFS C NGCUJGF DNQQFJQWPF V[RG VJG RCEM QH SVOOJOH IPVOET UEGPV JQWPFU ITG[JQWPFU CPF ན+V KU KORQTVCPV པ TGOKPF #PP 4QIGTU %NCTM CPF #PFTGY BMBVOUT /QTG UKIPKិECPVN[ KP TGEQTFKPI VJG WUG CPF FG $TCEG ན0QV VQ ENCKO ITGCV CIG HQT DTGGFU VJQWIJ KV KU UETKRVKQP QH XCTKQWU FQI V[RGU 5IF .BTUFS PG (BNF EKTEC SWKVG NGIKVKOCVG VQ ENCKO EQPUKFGTCDNG CPVKSWKV[ HQT V[RGU D[ 'FYCTF QH ;QTM = ? C VTGCVKUG YJKEJ FGUETKDGU QH FQIU པ= ? 6JG CVVGORVU VQ ENCUUKH[ FQIU KPVQ FKាGTGPV FQIU CPF VJGKT YQTM UWEJ CU VJG CNCWPV ITG[JQWPF RCEM URGEKGUཐ UJQY VJCV FQI V[RGU EQWNF DG SWKVG FKUVKPEVKXG HTQO UEGPV JQWPFU URCPKGN CPF OCUVKា WUGF D[ VJG RTKXKNGIGF CPF VJG %CPKU OGNKVCGWUཐ QH NCRFQIU FGUEGPFGF HTQO CPEKGPV YGCNVJ[ HQT JWPVKPI RWTRQUGU ན6JG /CUVGT QH )COGཔ KU C 4QOCP RGV FQIU VQ VJG GXGP OQTG CPEKGPV %CPKU OQNQU EQODKPCVKQP QH VJG GCTNKGT "SU PG 7FOFSZ CPF VJG HCOQWU UWUཐ VJG /QNQUUCP V[RGU VQ VJG %CPKU UCWNVQT VJG FCPEKPI (TGPEJ JWPVKPI VTGCVKUG -JWSF EF $IBTTF D[ 2JªDWU )CUVQP OQPITGN QH DGIICTU 6JGUG V[RGU YGTG WPKHQTO GPQWIJ VQ 2JQGDWU EKTEC 5IF #PLF PG 4U "MCBOT RWDNKUJGF CRRGCT VQ JCXG DGGP UGNGEVKXGN[ DTGF DWV CU 4C[OQPF %QR KP = ? C ནUEJQQNཔ DQQM CDQWV JCYMKPI JWPVKPI ិUJKPI RKPIGT YTQVG ན0CVWTCN RTQEGUUGU ECP RTQFWEG EQWNF RTQ CPF JGTCNFT[ CVVTKDWVGF VQ ,WNKCPC $GTPGTU $CTPGU NKUVU FWEG CPF FQ RTQFWEG RQRWNCVKQPU QH WPWUWCN CPF WPKHQTO FQIU QH VJG VKOG OCKPN[ D[ HWPEVKQP (KTUV VJGTG KU C ITG[ FQIU VJCV KU FQIU YKVJ C FKUVKPEVKXG EQPHQTOCVKQP པ= ? 6JG JQWPF C DCUVCTF C OQPITGN C OCUVKា C NKOGT C URCPKGN JWOCP OCPKRWNCVKQP YCU XGT[ KPFKTGEV +P C XGT[ HGY ECUGU SBDIFT UOCNN VQ OGFKWO UK\GF UEGPVJQWPFU LFOOFUT UOCNN 'ORGTQTU QT OQPCUVGTKGU QT YGCNVJ[ JWPVGTU OKIJV OCKPVCKP JWPVKPI FQIU VGTTKGTU CVUDIFSࣙT IPVOET FWPI JGCR FQIU NKPGU QH URGEKCN FQIU HTQO YJKEJ YG JCXG VQFC[ 2GMKPIGUG USVOEFM UBJMT NCRFQIU! CPF RTKEM GCTGF EWTU CPF UOCNN 5V $GTPCTFU CPF HQZJQWPFU NCFKGU RWRRKGU VJCV DGCT CYC[ VJG ីGCU CPF FKXGTUG UOCNN #V VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJGTG YGTG QPN[ C HGY UQTVUཔ FQIU KFGPVKិGF CU DTGGFU DWV YJGP FQI ិIJVKPI YCU QWV #NOQUV [GCTU NCVGT CPQVJGT DQQM KP 'PINKUJ %F $BOJCVT #SJUBOOJDVT D[ VJG CWVJQT RJ[UKEKCP ,QJP %CKWU VTCPUNCVGF (NGOKPI HTQO .CVKP KP CVVGORVU VJG ិTUV U[UVGOCVKE CRRTQCEJ VQ FGិPKPI FKាGTGPV V[RGU QH FQIU KP XCTKQWU ECVGIQTKGU FGOQPUVTCVKPI CP CRRCTGPV KPETGCUG KP V[RGU CPF RQRWNCVKQP ན'PINKUJ FQIU VJG IGPVNG K G YGNN DTGF MKPF UGTXKPI ICOG ཋ JCTTKGTU VGTTKGTU DNQQFJQWPFU IC\GJQWPFU ITG[JQWPFU NKOGTU VWODNGTU CPF UVGCNGTU ནVJG

NCYGF KP 'PINCPF KP C PGY URQTV QH FQI UJQYKPI DG ICP #NQPI YKVJ VJKU URQTV ECOG TWNGU CPF YTKVVGP TGEQTFU CPF ENQUGF UVWF DQQMU 5QOG QH VJG QNF V[RGU PQ NQPIGT PGGFGF HQT YQTM UWEJ CU VJG YQNHJQWPF YGTG TGOCFG CPF MGRV HTQO GZVKPEVKQP CU UJQY FQIU CPF QVJGT QNF V[RGU YGTG TGិPGF KPVQ OCP[ PGY DTGGFU 5QOGVKOGU OWNVKRNG PGY DTGGFU OKIJV DG DQTP KP VJG UCOG NKVVNGT QH RWRRKGU = ? +P QPN[ DTGGFU CPF XCTKGVKGU YGTG MPQYP = ? VQFC[

%0( 5:1&

VJGTG CTG OCP[ JWPFTGFU QH DTGGFU UQOG CTG TGEQI Note 4. ^ /CP[ OQFGTP DTGGFU QH FQIU UVKNN WUG VJG PCOGU PK\GF D[ VJG (ªFª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

3.4.4

Other uses of the word UZQF in dogs

(QT DKQNQIKUVU C UZQF ិZGU C PCOG VQ C VCZQP &QI HCPEKGTU WUG VJG VGTO CSFFE UZQF KP VJG UGPUG QH ནSWCNKVKGU CU QH DQF KN[ EQPVQWT CPF ECTTKCIG VJCV CTG HGNV VQ KPFKECVG GZEGNNGPEG KP OGODGTU QH C ITQWRཔ = ? #SFFE UZQF KU URGEKិE VQ GCEJ FQI DTGGFཐU YTKVVGP UVCPFCTF # FQI VJCV ENQUGN[ TGUGO DNGU VJG CRRGCTCPEG NCKF QWV KP VJG UVCPFCTF KU UCKF VQ DG UZQFZ = ? 5ZQF CNUQ KU WUGF VQ TGHGT VQ ནFQIU QH C YGNN GUVCD NKUJGF NKPGཔ = ? CP KFGPVKិCDNG UV[NG QH FQI YKVJKP VJG CSFFE UZQF WUWCNN[ HTQO C URGEKិE MGPPGN

3.4.5

See also

• 5WDURGEKGU QH %CPKU NWRWU

3.4.6

Notes

Footnotes Note 1. ^ 'XGT[ OQFGTP FQI DTGGF JCU C YTKVVGP 4UBOEBSE VJCV FGUETKDGU KP FGVCKN CURGEVU QH CRRGCTCPEG 5VCPFCTFU CTG VJG DCUKU QH VJG URQTV QH FQI UJQYKPI CU GCEJ FQI KU EQO RCTGF CICKPUV VJG KFGCN QH VJG YTKVVGP UVCPFCTF CPF CYCTFU CTG DCUGF QP JQY ENQUGN[ VJG FQI TGUGODNGU VJG UVCPFCTF Note 2. ^ 2TGUWOGF VQ DG QH QNFGT NKPGCIG CTG OQFGTP FQI DTGGFU 5JKDC +PW %JQY %JQY #NCUMCP /CNCOWVG $CUGPLK 5JCT 2GK 5KDGTKCP *WUM[ #HIJCP *QWPF 5CNWMK 6KDGVCP 6GTTKGT .JCUC #RUQ 5COQ[GF 2GMKPIGUG CPF 5JKJ 6\W = ? Note 3. ^ &QI V[RGU KP WUG KP )TGJQWP $CU VCTF /GPITGNN /CUVKា .GOQT 5RCP[GN 4CEJGU -GPGV V[GU 6GTQWTGU $WVEJGTUཐ *QWPFGU /[FF[PI FQIIGU 6T[P FGN VC[NNGU 2TKMJGTKF EWTT[U CPF UOCNNG NCF[GUཐ RQRRGGU 5QOG QH VJGUG FQI V[RGU CTG UVKNN KFGPVKិCDNG VQFC[

Note 5. ^ 'CTN[ CVVGORVU VQ ECVGIQTK\G FQIU CU URGEKGU

PQV CEVWCNN[ URGEKGU VQFC[ EQPUKFGTGF EPH UZQFT QH $BOJT CTG FGUETKDGF D[ %CTN .KPPCGWU KP 5[UVGOC PCVWTCG )OGNKP KP -GTT KP = ?

Citations = ? 8FCTUFSࣙT 5IJSE /FX *OUFSOBUJPOBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &OHMJTI -BOHVBHF 6OBCSJEHFE 6JG /GTTKCO 9GDUVGT 'FKVQTKCN 5VCា 5RTKPIិGNF /# 7 5 # ) % /GTTKCO %QORCP[ R # DTGGF KU C ITQWR QH FQOGUVKE CPKOCNU TGNCVGF VJTQWIJ EQOOQP CPEGUVQTU CPF visibly similar in most characteristics JCXKPI DGGP FKាGTGPVKCVGF HTQO QVJ GTU D[ JWOCP KPីWGPEG C FKUVKPEVKXG ITQWR QH FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU FKាGTGPVKCVGF HTQO VJG YKNF V[RG WPFGT VJG KPីWGPEG QH OCP VJG UWO QH VJG RTQIGP[ QH C known and designated foundation stock YKVJQWV CFOKZVWTG QH QVJGT DNQQF = ? /E/CUVGTU ,KNN ན6JG (WPEVKQPCN .CDTCFQTཔ %PJO EPHT DPN 4GVTKGXGF %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^CE EGUUFCVG JGNR CNUQ # HQTWO VJCV KPENWFGU RJQVQU QH VJG FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP EQPHQTOCVKQP CPF YQTMKPI FQIU QH VJG UCOG DTGGF CPF FGUETKRVKQP QH FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP UJQY CPF ិGNF YQTMKPI 5RTKPIGT 5RCPKGNU = ? %JTKUVKPG /NQV ,WPG ན5VCNMKPI VJG #PEKGPV &QIཔ 4DJFODF /FXT 0OMJOF 4GVTKGXGF = ? 6YKVK 9KNNKCO 5IF "SU PG )VOUJOH USBOTMBUPS FEJUPS %BOJFM TPO # $ZOFHFUJDB "OHMJDB 4UPDLIPMN 4UVEJFT JO &OHMJTI 9997** 4UPDLIPMN "MNRWJTU 8JLTFMM *OU = ? 6JG /CUVGT QH )COG D[ 'FYCTF UGEQPF &WMG QH ;QTM GF $CKNNKG )TQJOCP 9KNNKCO UV 'F .QPFQP $CNNCP VKPG *CPUQP %Q (QNKQ RR RN = ? $GTPGTU ,WNKCPC =(CEUKOKNG QH QTKIKPCN? &O HMJTI IBXLJOH BOE IVOUJOH JO UIF #PLF PG 4U "MCBOT B GBD TJNJMF FEJUJPO PG TJHT B G PG UIF #PLF PG 4U "MCBOT

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

= ? %NCTM #PPG 4QIGTU $TCEG #PFTGY * 5IF *OUFS OBUJPOBM &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PHT 0GY ;QTM *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG R +5$0 +P VJG UVTKEVGUV UGPUG FQI DTGGFU FCVG DCEM QPN[ VQ VJG NCUV EQWRNG QH FGECFGU QH VJG PKPGVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ QT VQ OQTG TGEGPV FGECFGU KP VJKU VJG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ DWV FKUVKPEV V[RGU QH FQIU JCXG GZKUVGF EGPVWTKGU GCTNKGT

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

3.4.7

External links

• %CPKU NWRWU QP +6+5

3.5

Dog health

= ? %QRRKPIGT 4C[OQPF %QRRKPIGT .QTPC %PH " 4UBSUMJOH /FX 6OEFSTUBOEJOH PG $BOJOF 0SJHJO #FIBWJPS &WPMVUJPO 0GY ;QTM 5ETKDPGT R +5$0 = ? 6JG 5EQVVKUJ 6GTTKGT VJG ECTKP 6GTTKGT CPF VJG 9GUV *KIJ NCPF 9JKVG YKVJ VJG UCOG RGFKITGG /CTXKP ,QJP 6 ན $CEMITQWPF CPF *GTKVCIG QH VJG 6GTTKGT (COKN[པ 5IF /FX $PNQMFUF 4DPUUJTI 5FSSJFS 5GEQPF 'FKVKQP GF 0GY ;QTM 0 ; *QYGNN $QQM *QWUG +PE R +5$0 = ? 6JG 0GY %QORNGVG 5EQVVKUJ 6GTTKGT RI = ? &1)5 914-+0) HTQO #P 'PE[ENQRCGFKC QH 0GY <GCNCPF GFKVGF D[ # * /E.KPVQEM QTKIKPCNN[ RWDNKUJGF KP 6G #TC 6JG 'PE[ENQRGFKC QH 0GY <GCNCPF WR FCVGF 5GR 74. JVVR YYY 6G#TC IQXV P\ & &QIU9QTMKPI GP

$BWBMJFS ,JOH $IBSMFT 4QBOJFM XJUI CBOEBHFE GPPU

= ? 6JG /GTTKCO 9GDUVGT 'FKVQTKCN 5VCា GF 8FCTUFSࣙT 5IJSE /FX *OUFSOBUJPOBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG UIF &OHMJTI -BOHVBHF 6OBCSJEHFE 5RTKPIិGNF /# 7 5 # ) % /GTTKCO %QO RCP[ R SWCNKVKGU CU QH DQFKN[ EQPVQWT CPF ECTTKCIG VJCV CTG HGNV VQ KPFKECVG GZEGNNGPEG KP OGODGTU QH C ITQWR YQP VJG UJQY YKVJ C DGCING QH UWRGTKQT ` = ? ,CPG /KEJCGN 5VGTP ན)NQUUCT[པ %PH &BU %PH " 7FSZ )VNBO #PPL "CPVU %PHT BOE %PH 4IPXT 0GY ;QTM 0 ; 5EVKDPGT R +5$0 V[RG[ UJQYKPI VJG DTGGF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU VQ OCZKOWO GាGEV = ? ,GUUWR &KCPG ན6JG #DUQNWVG +ORQTVCPEG QH 6[RGཔ XPSL JOHQJUCVMM DPN 4GVTKGXGF %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^CEEGUUFCVG JGNR

" EPHࣙT JOKVSFE MFH

6JG health of dogs KU C YGNN UVWFKGF CTGC KP XGVGTKPCT[ OGFKEKPG

+PHGEVKQWU FKUGCUGU VJCV CាGEV FQIU CTG KORQTVCPV PQV QPN[ HTQO C XGVGTKPCT[ UVCPFRQKPV DWV CNUQ DGECWUG QH VJG TKUM VQ = ? 1UVTCPFGT 'NCKPG # 5GRVGODGTཊ1EVQDGT ན)GPGVKEU CPF VJG 5JCRG QH &QIU 5VWF[KPI VJG PGY UGSWGPEG QH VJG RWDNKE JGCNVJ CP GZCORNG QH VJKU KU TCDKGU )GPGVKE FKUQT ECPKPG IGPQOG UJQYU JQY VKP[ IGPGVKE EJCPIGU ECP ETGCVG FGTU CNUQ CាGEV FQIU QHVGP FWG VQ UGNGEVKXG DTGGFKPI VQ RTQ GPQTOQWU XCTKCVKQP YKVJKP C UKPING URGEKGUཔ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

3.5.1

Diseases

'PS B DPNQMFUF MJTU TFF -JTU PG EPH EJTFBTFT 5QOG FKUGCUGU CPF QVJGT JGCNVJ RTQDNGOU CTG EQOOQP VQ DQVJ JWOCPU CPF FQIU QVJGTU CTG WPKSWG VQ FQIU CPF QVJGT

%0( )&"-5) CPKOCNU &QIU CTG UWUEGRVKDNG VQ XCTKQWU FKUGCUGU UKOK NCTN[ VQ JWOCPU VJG[ ECP JCXG FKCDGVGU GRKNGRU[ ECPEGT QT CTVJTKVKU Infectious diseases

#P KPHGEVKQWU FKUGCUG KU ECWUGF D[ VJG RTGUGPEG QH QTICP KUOU UWEJ CU XKTWUGU DCEVGTKC HWPIK QT RCTCUKVGU GKVJGT CP KOCNKCP QT RTQVQ\QCP /QUV QH VJGUG FKUGCUGU CTG URTGCF FKTGEVN[ HTQO FQI VQ FQI YJKNG QVJGTU TGSWKTG C XGEVQT UWEJ CU C VKEM QT OQUSWKVQ = ? %GTVCKP KPHGEVKQWU FKUGCUGU CTG C EQPEGTP HTQO C RWDNKE JGCNVJ UVCPFRQKPV DGECWUG VJG[ CTG \QQPQUGU VTCPUOKVVCDNG VQ JWOCPU " OVNCFS PG .GRVQURKTC TQ CBDUFSJB BUPQ B uN QPMZDBSCPOBUF เชฃMUFS

Viral diseases 8KTCN FKUGCUGU KP FQIU ECP DG UGTKQWU GU RGEKCNN[ KP MGPPGNU 6KOGN[ XCEEKPCVKQP ECP TGFWEG VJG TKUM Bacterial diseases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เฝ U RQUVWNCVGU HQT GZCORNG 4UBQIZMPDPDDVT JOUFSNFEJVT C EQO OQPN[ KUQNCVGF DCEVGTKC HTQO UMKP KPHGEVKQPU KP FQIU YQWNF PQV ECWUG R[QFGTOC YJGP KPVTQFWEGF VQ C JGCNVJ[ FQI +P CNN NKMGNKJQQF VJCV V[RG QH DCEVGTKC KU CNTGCF[ RTGUGPV QP VJG UMKP QH C JGCNVJ[ FQI

" SBCJE EPH

6JGTG CTG UQOG DCEVGTKC VJCV CTG EQPVCIKQWU HTQO FQI VQ FQI 6JG OQUV PQVCDNG QH VJGUG CTG #PSEFUFMMB CSPODIJTFQ UJDB QPG QH VJG ECWUGU QH MGPPGN EQWIJ -FQUPTQJSB UR YJKEJ ECWUG NGRVQURKTQUKU = ?= ? CPF #SVDFMMB DBOJT ECWUG QH DTWEGNNQUKU KP FQIU 6JGTG CTG CNUQ EQOOQP VKEM DQTPG DCE VGTKCN FKUGCUGU KPENWFKPI .[OG FKUGCUG GJTNKEJKQUKU CPF 4QEM[ /QWPVCKP URQVVGF HGXGT

.GRVQURKTQUKU KU C \QQPQVKE FKUGCUG ECWUGF D[ DCEVGTKC QH VJG IGPWU -FQUPTQJSB *WOCPU CPF FQIU DGEQOG KPHGEVGF โ ข 4CDKGU VJTQWIJ EQPVCEV YKVJ YCVGT HQQF QT UQKN EQPVCKPKPI WTKPG HTQO KPHGEVGF CPKOCNU 6JKU OC[ JCRRGP D[ UYCNNQYKPI โ ข %&8 ECPKPG FKUVGORGT EQPVCOKPCVGF HQQF QT YCVGT QT VJTQWIJ UMKP EQPVCEV GURG EKCNN[ YKVJ OWEQUCN UWTHCEGU UWEJ CU VJG G[GU QT PQUG QT โ ข %#8 ECPKPG JGRCVKVKU XKTWU QT CFGPQXKTWU YKVJ DTQMGP UMKP +P FQIU VTCPUOKUUKQP OQUV EQOOQPN[ QE EWTU D[ FTKPMKPI RWFFNG RQPF QT FKVEJ YCVGT EQPVCOKPCVGF โ ข %28 ECPKPG RCTXQXKTWU D[ WTKPG HTQO KPHGEVGF YKNFNKHG UWEJ CU USWKTTGNU QT TCE EQQPU 6JG NKXGT CPF MKFPG[ CTG OQUV EQOOQPN[ FCOCIGF Other viral diseases 1VJGT ECPKPG XKTCN FKUGCUGU QH PQVG D[ NGRVQURKTQUKU 8CUEWNKVKU ECP QEEWT ECWUKPI GFGOC CPF RQVGPVKCNN[ FKUUGOKPCVGF KPVTCXCUEWNCT EQCIWNCVKQP &+% KPENWFG JGTRGUXKTWU CPF KPแ ธWGP\C /[QECTFKVKU RGTKECTFKVKU OGPKPIKVKU CPF WXGKVKU CTG CNUQ RQUUKDNG UGSWGNCG = ? โ ข %CPKPG JGTRGUXKTWU $TWEGNNQUKU KP FQIU KU ECWUGF D[ #SVDFMMB DBOJT +V KU C UGZ โ ข %CPKPG KPแ ธWGP\C WCNN[ VTCPUOKVVGF FKUGCUG DWV ECP CNUQ DG URTGCF VJTQWIJ

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EQPVCEV YKVJ CDQTVGF HGVWUGU 6JG OQUV EQOOQP UKIP KU CDQTVKQP FWTKPI VJG NCUV VTKOGUVGT QT UVKNNDKTVJ 1VJGT U[OR VQOU KPENWFG KPแ ธCOOCVKQP QH VJG KPVGTXGTVGDTCN FKUE CPF G[G WXGKVKU CPF KPแ ธCOOCVKQP QH VJG VGUVKENG QTEJKVKU CPF RTQUVCVG RTQUVCVKVKU KP OCNGU = ? 6KEM DQTPG FKUGCUGU CTG EQOOQP KP FQIU .[OG FKUGCUG QT DQTTGNKQUKU KU ECWUGF D[ #PSSFMJB CVSHEPSGFSJ CPF URTGCF D[ *YPEFT QBDJเชฃDVT QP VJG 9GUV EQCUV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF D[ * TDBQVMBSJT FGGT VKEM KP VJG TGUV QH VJG 7 5 5KIPU CPF U[ORVQOU KPENWFG HGXGT LQKPV UYGNNKPI CPF RCKP NCOGPGUU CPF UYGNNKPI QH VJG N[ORJ PQFGU +V JCU DGGP FKCIPQUGF KP FQIU KP CNN UVCVGU QH VJG EQPVKPGPVCN 7 5 = ? &ISMJDIJB DBOJT YJKEJ ECWUGU ECPKPG GJTNKEJKQUKU CPF 3JDLFUUTJB SJDL FUUTJJ YJKEJ ECWUGU 4QEM[ /QWPVCKP URQVVGF HGXGT CTG DQVJ URTGCF D[ VJG #OGTKECP FQI VKEM %FSNBDFOUPS WBSJBCJMJT CPF VJG DTQYP FQI VKEM 3IJQJDFQIBMVT TBOHVJOFPVT = ?

6JGTG CTG UGXGTCN HWPICN FKUGCUGU VJCV CTG U[UVGOKE KP PC VWTG OGCPKPI VJG[ CTG Cแ ถGEVKPI OWNVKRNG DQF[ U[UVGOU $NCUVQO[EQUKU ECWUGF D[ #MBTUPNZDFT EFSNBUJUJEJT KU C HWP ICN FKUGCUG VJCV Cแ ถGEVU DQVJ FQIU CPF JWOCPU CNVJQWIJ KV KU QPN[ TCTGN[ \QQPQVKE +V KU HQWPF OCKPN[ KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KP VJG /KUUKUUKRRK 4KXGT CPF )TGCV .CMGU CTGCU 5KIPU KPENWFG YGKIJV NQUU EQWIJ HGXGT GPNCTIGF N[ORJ PQFGU FTCKPKPI UMKP NGUKQPU DNKPFPGUU CPF NCOGPGUU $GECWUG FQIU CTG VGP VKOGU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ DGEQOG KPHGEVGF HTQO VJG GPXKTQPOGPV VJCP JWOCPU VJG[ CTG EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG UGP VKPGNU HQT VJG FKUGCUG = ? *KUVQRNCUOQUKU ECWUGF D[ )JTUPQMBTNB DBQTVMBUVN KU C FKU GCUG YKVJ C YQTNFYKFG FKUVTKDWVKQP +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KV KU OCKPN[ HQWPF KP VJG /KUUKUUKRRK CPF 1JKQ 4KXGT CT GCU OQUV EQOOQPN[ KP DKTF CPF DCV HGEGU 5KIPU KPENWFG YGKIJV NQUU EQWIJ HGXGT GPNCTIGF N[ORJ PQFGU CPF ICU VTQKPVGUVKPCN U[ORVQOU = ? %QEEKFKQKFQO[EQUKU ECWUGF D[ $PDDJEJPJEFT JNNJUJT KU HQWPF KP CTKF CPF UGOK CTKF TGIKQPU QH %GPVTCN CPF 5QWVJ #OGTKEC /GZKEQ CPF UQWVJYGUVGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 5KIPU KPENWFG YGKIJV NQUU HGXGT EQWIJ GP NCTIGF N[ORJ PQFGU CPF NCOGPGUU = ?= ?

Parasites 8GVGTKPCT[ RCTCUKVQNQI[ UVWFKGU DQVJ GZVGTPCN CPF KPVGTPCN RCTCUKVGU KP CPKOCNU 'ZVGTPCN RCTCUKVGU UWEJ Fungal diseases 1PG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP HWPICN FKU CU แ ธGCU OKVGU VKEMU CPF OQUSWKVQGU ECP ECWUG UMKP KTTKVC GCUGU KP FQIU KU TKPIYQTO QT FGTOCVQRJ[VQUKU CP KPHGEVKQP VKQP CPF CTG QHVGP ECTTKGTU QH QVJGT FKUGCUGU QT QH KPVGTPCN QH VJG UMKP JCKT QT PCKNU 6JGTG CTG VJTGG HWPICN URGEKGU VJCV RCTCUKVGU ECWUG TKPIYQTO KP FQIU #DQWV RGTEGPV QH KPHGEVKQPU CTG ECWUGF D[ .JDSPTQPSVN DBOJT RGTEGPV D[ . HZQTFVN CPF RGTEGPV D[ 5SJDIPQIZUPO NFOUBHSPQIZUFT 5KIPU KP External parasites ENWFG JCKT NQUU CPF UECNKPI QH VJG UMKP 6TGCVOGPV HQT NQECN K\GF TKPIYQTO KU PQV CNYC[U PGEGUUCT[ CU VJG FKUGCUG KU UGNH โ ข (NGCU CPF VKEMU QH XCTKQWU URGEKGU ECP DG CESWKTGF NKOKVKPI DWV VJG ENKKPKECN EQWTUG ECP DG UJQTVGPGF D[ WUKPI CPF DTQWIJV JQOG D[ C FQI YJGTG VJG[ ECP OWNVKRN[ VQRKECN OKEQPC\QNG QT ENQVTKOC\QNG )GPGTCNK\GF KPHGEVKQPU CPF CVVCEM JWOCPU CPF XKEG XGTUC 6JGUG VYQ RCTC OQUV EQOOQPN[ UGGP KP KOOWPQEQORTQOKUGF FQIU ECP DG UKVGU CTG RCTVKEWNCTN[ KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG PQY VJCV VKEM VTGCVGF YKVJ QTCN CPVKHWPICN FTWIU UWEJ CU ITKUGQHWNXKP QT DQTPG .[OG &KUGCUG JCU DGEQOG GPFGOKE VJTQWIJQWV

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• 2CTCUKVGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KPVGUVKPCN YQTOU UWEJ CU JQQMYQTOU VCRGYQTOU CPF TQWPFYQTOU ECP DG VTCPUOKVVGF KP C FQIཐU HGEGU 5QOG VCRGYQTOU JCXG ីGCU CU KPVGTOGFKCVG JQUVU VJG YQTO GII OWUV DG EQP UWOGF D[ C ីGC VQ JCVEJ VJGP VJG KPHGEVGF ីGC OWUV DG KPIGUVGF WUWCNN[ D[ VJG FQI YJKNG ITQQOKPI KVUGNH DWV QEECUKQPCNN[ D[ C JWOCP VJTQWIJ XCTKQWU OGCPU HQT VJG CFWNV YQTO VQ GUVCDNKUJ KVUGNH KP VJG KPVGUVKPGU 6JG YQTOཐU GIIU VJGP RCUU VJTQWIJ VJG KPVGUVKPGU CPF CFJGTG VQ VJG PGVJGT TGIKQPU QH VJG FQI CPF VJG E[ENG DGIKPU CICKP • +PVGUVKPCN YQTOU ECWUG XCT[KPI FGITGGU QH FKUEQOHQTV • *GCTVYQTO KU C FQI RCTCUKVQKF +V KU JCTF VQ GNKOK PCVG CPF ECP DG HCVCN RTGXGPVKQP JQYGXGT KU GCUKN[ #JMBUFSBM IJQ EZTQMBTJB CEJKGXGF WUKPI OGFKECVKQP #U VJG PCOG UWIIGUVU CP KPHGEVGF OQUSWKVQ KPLGEVU C NCTXC KPVQ VJG FQIཐU UMKP YJGTG KV OKITCVGU VQ VJG EKTEWNCVQT[ U[UVGO CPF VCMGU WR TGUKFGPEG KP VJG RWNOQPCT[ CTVGTKGU CPF JGCTV ITQYKPI CPF TGRTQFWEKPI VQ CP CNCTOKPI FGITGG 6JG GាGEVU QP VJG FQI CTG SWKVG RTGFKEVCDNG ECTFKCE HCKNWTG QXGT C [GCT QT VYQ NGCFKPI VQ FGCVJ 6TGCVOGPV QH CP KPHGEVGF FQI KU FKឹEWNV KPXQNXKPI CP CVVGORV VQ RQKUQP VJG JGCNVJ[ YQTO YKVJ CTUGPKE EQORQWPFU YKVJQWV MKNNKPI VJG YGCMGPGF FQI CPF HTGSWGPVN[ FQGU PQV UWEEGGF 2TGXGPVKQP KU OWEJ VJG DGVVGT EQWTUG XKC JGCTVYQTO RTQRJ[NCEVKEU YJKEJ EQPVCKP C EQORQWPF YJKEJ MKNNU VJG NCTXCG KOOGFKCVGN[ WRQP KPHGEVKQP YKVJQWV JCTOKPI VJG FQI 1HVGP VJG[ CTG CXCKNCDNG EQODKPGF YKVJ QVJGT RCTCUKVG RTGXGPVKXGU

RWTGDTGGFU (QT VJKU TGCUQP OCP[ QH VJG PCVKQPCN MGPPGN ENWDU TGSWKTG VJCV FQIU YKVJ EGTVCKP IGPGVKE KNNPGUUGU QT YJQ CTG FGGOGF VQ DG ECTTKGTU ECPPQV DG TGIKUVGTGF 5QOG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP EQPFKVKQPU KPENWFG JKR F[URNCUKC UGGP KP NCTIG DTGGF FQIU XQP 9KNNGDTCPF FKUGCUG C FKUGCUG VJCV CាGEVU RNCVGNGVU VJCV KU KPJGTKVGF KP &QDGTOCP 2KPUEJGTU GPVTQRKQP C EWTNKPI KP QH VJG G[GNKF UGGP KP 5JCT 2GKU CPF OCP[ QVJGT DTGGFU RTQITGUUKXG TGVKPCN CVTQRJ[ KPJGTKVGF KP OCP[ DTGGFU FGCHPGUU CPF GRKNGRU[ MPQYP VQ DG KPJGTKVGF KP $GNIKCP 5JGRJGTF &QIU )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QIU %QEMGT 5RCPKGNU CPF 5V $GTPCTFU = ?

5WDCQTVKE UVGPQUKU QT 5#5 KU C IGPGVKE CKNOGPV VJCV ECWUGU C PCTTQYKPI QH VJG RCUUCIG QH DNQQF DGVYGGP VJG JGCTV CPF VJG CQTVC 6JKU NGCFU VQ JGCTV RTQDNGOU CPF UQOGVKOGU UWFFGP FGCVJ +V CាGEVU NCTIGT DTGGFU UWEJ CU VJG 0GYHQWPFNCPF &QI CPF VJG )QNFGP 4GVTKGXGT = ? +P UQOG FQIU UWEJ CU EQNNKGU VJG DNWG OGTNG QT JCTNGSWKP EQNQTKPI KU CEVWCNN[ VJG JGVGTQ\[IQVG QH C RCTVKCNN[ TGEGUUKXG IGPG RTGXGPVKPI RTQRGT FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG PGTXQWU U[UVGO VJGTGHQTG KH VYQ UWEJ • *[FCVKFQUKU KU ECWUGF D[ C EGUVQFG 'EJKPQEQEEWU 6JKU FQIU CTG OCVGF QP VJG CXGTCIG QPG SWCTVGT QH VJG RWRRKGU KU WUWCNN[ PQVKEGF COQPI FQIU YKNF FQIU HQZGU GVE YKNN JCXG UGXGTG IGPGVKE FGHGEVU KP VJGKT PGTXQWU U[UVGOU CPF &WG VQ KVU KORQTVCPEG CU C \QQPQUKU VJGUG YQTOU CTG UGPUQT[ QTICPU TCPIKPI HTQO FGCHPGUU VQ HCVCN ីCYU

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(TGSWGPVN[ UGGP ECPEGTU KPENWFG N[ORJQOC OGNCPQOC OCUV EGNN VWOQTU YJKEJ CTG EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG RQVGPVKCNN[ OCNKIPCPV GXGP VJQWIJ VJG[ OC[ JCXG DGPKIP DGJCXKQT = ? 1TVJQRGFKE FKUGCUGU KP FQIU ECP DG FGXGNQROGPVCN JGTGFK CPF QUVGQUCTEQOC DQPG ECPEGT VCT[ VTCWOCVKE QT FGIGPGTCVKXG $GECWUG QH VJG CEVKXG PC %GTVCKP DTGGFU CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ FGXGNQR RCTVKEWNCT VW VWTG QH FQIU KPLWTKGU JCRRGP HTGSWGPVN[ 1PG QH VJG OQUV OQTU NCTIGT QPGU GURGEKCNN[ 6JG )QNFGP 4GVTKGXGT KU GU EQOOQP QH VJGUG KU CP CPVGTKQT ETWEKCVG NKICOGPV KPLWT[ C RGEKCNN[ UWUEGRVKDNG VQ N[ORJQOC YKVJ C NKHGVKOG TKUM QH EQPFKVKQP YJKEJ QHVGP TGSWKTGU UWTIGT[ $QPG HTCEVWTGU CTG KP = ? $QZGTU CPF 2WIU CTG RTQPG VQ OWNVKRNG OCUV EGNN C HTGSWGPV QEEWTTGPEG KP QWVFQQT FQIU FWG VQ VTCWOC HTQO VWOQTU = ? 5EQVVKUJ 6GTTKGTU JCXG GKIJVGGP VKOGU VJG TKUM QH DGKPI JKV D[ ECTU &GIGPGTCVKXG LQKPV FKUGCUG KU EQOOQP KP OKZGF DTGGF FQIU VQ FGXGNQR VTCPUKVKQPCN EGNN ECTEKPQOC C QNFGT FQIU CPF KU QPG QH VJG OQUV NKMGN[ TGCUQPU HQT RTGUETKR V[RG QH WTKPCT[ DNCFFGT ECPEGT = ? VKQP QH PQP UVGTQKFCN CPVK KPីCOOCVQT[ FTWIU Orthopedic diseases

*GTGFKVCT[ QTVJQRGFKE FKUGCUGU CTG OCKPN[ HQWPF KP RWTG DTGF FQIU *KR F[URNCUKC KU C EQOOQP RTQDNGO VJCV RTK OCTKN[ CាGEVU NCTIGT DTGGFU *KR F[URNCUKC KU C FGHGEV KP VJG UJCRG QH VJG JKR LQKPV YJKEJ ECP FGRGPFKPI QP VJG FGITGG QH JKR NWZCVKQP DG SWKVG RCKPHWN VQ VJG FQI CU KV CIGU 1XGT VKOG KV QHVGP ECWUGU CTVJTKVKU KP VJG JKRU &[URNCUKC ECP CNUQ QEEWT KP VJG GNDQY LQKPV .WZCVKPI RCVGNNCU ECP DG C RTQD NGO HQT UOCNNGT DTGGFU +V ECP ECWUG NCOGPGUU CPF RCKP KP VJG JKPF NGIU

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)CUVTKE VQTUKQP CPF DNQCV CNUQ MPQYP CU )CUVTKE &KNCVCVKQP XQNXWNWU RTKOCTKN[ CាGEVU DTGGFU YKVJ FGGR PCTTQY EJGUVU UWEJ CU )TGCV &CPGU 5V $GTPCTFU )GTOCP 5JGRJGTFU 5VCPFCTF 2QQFNGU CPF +TKUJ 5GVVGTU 6JG UVQOCEJ VYKUVU QP KVU UWRRQTVKPI NKICOGPVU UGCNKPI Qា VJG GZKVU CPF VJG EQP VGPVU DGIKP VQ IGPGTCVG ICU RTGUUWTG YJKEJ KU XGT[ RCKPHWN CPF TCRKFN[ ECWUGU UJQEM CPF PGETQUKU QH NCTIG CTGCU QH UVQOCEJ VKUUWG +V ECP DG HCVCN YKVJKP C HGY JQWTU &QIU YJQ JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF DNQCV CTG XGT[ UWUEGRVKDNG VQ TGEWT TGPEGU 6TGCVOGPV KPXQNXGU UVCDKNK\CVKQP CPF CDFQOKPCN Heart disease UWTIGT[ VQ VCEM VJG FQIཐU UVQOCEJ FQYP VQ RTGXGPV TGEWT = ? TGPEG ICUVTQRGZ[ 1NFGT UOCNN DTGGFU QH FQIU CTG RTQPG VQ EQPIGUVKXG JGCTV HCKNWTG FWG VQ FGIGPGTCVKQP QH VJG OKVTCN XCNXG 6JKU EQP FKVKQP KU MPQYP VQ DG KPJGTKVGF KP %CXCNKGT -KPI %JCTNGU Eye diseases 5RCPKGNU &GIGPGTCVKXG XCNXG FKUGCUG KU VJG OQUV EQO OQP HQTO QH JGCTV FKUGCUG KP FQIU = ? /KVTCN KPUWឹEKGPE[ NGCFU VQ VWTDWNGPV DNQQF ីQY CPF KPETGCUGF RTGUUWTG KP VJG NGHV CVTKWO 6JKU ECWUGU KPETGCUGF RTGUUWTG KP VJG RWN OQPCT[ DNQQF XGUUGNU CPF RWNOQPCT[ GFGOC C DWKNF WR QH ី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ាGEVU VJCV TGUWNV KP KPETGCUGF DNQQF XQNWOG +V CNUQ TGUWNVU KP CP KPETGCUG KP FKCUVQNKE RTGUUWTG CPF NGCFU VQ $IFSSZ FZF RWNOQPCT[ GFGOC 6TGCVOGPV HQT EQPIGUVKXG JGCTV HCKNWTG '[G FKUGCUGU CTG EQOOQP KP FQIU %CVCTCEVU ECPKPG INCW JCU JKUVQTKECNN[ HQEWUUGF QP VYQ V[RGU QH FTWIU VJCV CFFTGUU EQOC CPF GPVTQRKQP CTG UGGP KP FQIU %CPKPG URGEKិ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ិECPVN[ DGVVGT UWTXKXCN QWVEQOGU VJCP VJQUG TGEGKXKPI DGPC\GRTKN

CP #%' KPJKDKVQT RNWU HWTQUGOKFG = ? *QYGXGT #%' KP Vestibular disease JKDKVQTU CPF RKOQDGPFCP JCXG FKាGTGPV OGEJCPKUOU QH CE 5KIPU QH XGUVKDWNCT FKUGCUG KPENWFG JGCF VKNV EKTENKPI VKQP CPF OCP[ XGVGTKPCT[ ECTFKQNQIKUVU TGEQOOGPF VJG[ DG P[UVCIOWU CP CDPQTOCN OQXGOGPV QH VJG G[GU CPF FKឹ WUGF EQPEWTTGPVN[ EWNV[ QT KPCDKNKV[ VQ UVCPF 6JGUG ENKPKECN UKIPU CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJQUG UGGP KP JWOCPU GZRGTKGPEKPI XGTVKIQ 8GUVKDWNCT FKU GCUG OC[ JCXG OCP[ ECWUGU 'NFGTN[ FQIU CTG UWUEGRVKDNG VQ CP KFKQRCVJKE OGCPKPI FWG VQ WPMPQYP ECWUGU HQTO QH

%CTFKQO[QRCVJ[ QT FKUGCUG QH VJG JGCTV OWUENG KU CNUQ UGGP KP FQIU CPF KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ NCTIG DTGGFU VJG GZ EGRVKQP DGKPI %QEMGT 5RCPKGNU C OGFKWO UK\GF DTGGF &KNCVGF ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ KU UGGP KP )TGCV &CPGU +TKUJ

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9QNHJQWPFU 5V $GTPCTFU &QDGTOCPPU $QZGTU CPF QVJGT NCTIG DTGGFU &QDGTOCPPU KP CFFKVKQP VQ JGCTV OWUENG HCKNWTG CTG RTQPG VQ XGPVTKEWNCT CTTJ[VJOKCU $QZGT FQIU CTG RTGFKURQUGF VQ C WPKSWG ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ YKVJ ENKPKECN CPF JKUVQNQIKECN EJCPIGU CPCNQIQWU VQ JWOCP CTTJ[VJOQ IGPKE TKIJV XGPVTKEWNCT ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ #48% = ? 6JG FKUGCUG JCU DGGP VGTOGF ན$QZGT ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[པ QT ན$QZGT #48%པ CPF KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ FGXGNQROGPV QH XGPVTKEW NCT VCEJ[CTTJ[VJOKCU = ? #ាGEVGF FQIU CTG CV TKUM QH U[P EQRG CPF UWFFGP ECTFKCE FGCVJ = ? /[QECTFKCN HCKNWTG CPF EQPIGUVKXG JGCTV HCKNWTG CTG TCTG OCPKHGUVCVKQPU QH VJKU FKUGCUG = ? Other diseases 1VJGT FKUGCUGU CាGEVKPI FQIU KPENWFG GPFQETKPG FKUGCUGU KOOWPG OGFKCVGF FKUGCUGU CPF TGRTQFWEVKXG FKUGCUGU &KCDGVGU OGNNKVWU %WUJKPIཐU U[PFTQOG #FFKUQPཐ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

3.5.2

Toxic substances

%BMNBUJBO XJUI MJWFS TQPUUFE DPBU

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6JG #52%# NKUVU UQOG EQOOQP UQWTEGU QH VQZKPU= ? VJCV RGVU GPEQWPVGT KPENWFKPI RNCPVU = ? JWOCP OGFKECVKQPU CPF EQUOGVKEU = ? ENGCPKPI RTQFWEVU = ? CPF GXGP HQQFU = ? Grapes and raisins )TCRGU CPF TCKUKPU ECP ECWUG CEWVG MKFPG[ HCKNWTG KP FQIU = ? UGG CNUQ ITCRG CPF TCKUKP VQZKEKV[ KP FQIU 6JG GZCEV OGEJCPKUO KU PQV MPQYP PQT KU VJGTG Dangerous foods CP[ OGCPU VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UWUEGRVKDKNKV[ QH CP KPFKXKFWCN FQI 9JKNG CU NKVVNG CU QPG TCKUKP ECP DG VQZKE VQ C UWUEGR 5QOG HQQFU EQPUWOGF UCHGN[ D[ JWOCPU CTG JCTOHWN VQ VKDNG VGP RQWPF FQI UQOG QVJGT FQIU JCXG GCVGP CU OWEJ FQIU CU C RQWPF QH ITCRGU QT TCKUKPU CV C VKOG YKVJQWV KNN GាGEVU 6JG CាGEVGF FQI WUWCNN[ XQOKVU C HGY JQWTU CHVGT EQPUWOR VKQP CPF DGIKPU UJQYKPI UKIPU QH TGPCN HCKNWTG VJTGG VQ ិXG Chocolates %JQEQNCVG EQPVCKPU VJGQDTQOKPG C EJGOK FC[U NCVGT # O[EQVQZKP KU UWURGEVGF VQ DG KPXQNXGF DWV QPG ECN UVKOWNCPV VJCV VQIGVJGT YKVJ ECាGKPG CPF VJGQRJ[NNKPG JCU PQV DGGP HQWPF KP ITCRGU QT TCKUKPU KPIGUVGF D[ CាGEVGF DGNQPIU VQ VJG ITQWR QH OGVJ[NZCPVJKPG CNMCNQKFU &QIU FQIU CTG WPCDNG VQ OGVCDQNK\G VJGQDTQOKPG GាGEVKXGN[ +H VJG[ GCV EJQEQNCVG VJG VJGQDTQOKPG ECP TGOCKP KP VJGKT DNQQF UVTGCOU HQT FC[U CPF FQIU OC[ GZRGTKGPEG HCUV JGCTV TCVG Onions 1PKQPU ECWUG JGOQN[VKE CPGOKC KP FQIU CPF UGXGTG FKCTTJGC GRKNGRVKE UGK\WTGU JGCTV CVVCEMU KPVGTPCN ECVU = ? #NN[N RTQR[N FKUWNិFG JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF CU DG DNGGFKPI CPF GXGPVWCNN[ FGCVJ = ? ན1PG QWPEG QH OKNM KPI EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG VJG OCKP ECWUG QH QPKQP RQKUQPKPI KP EJQEQNCVG RGT RQWPF QH DQF[ YGKIJV KU C RQVGPVKCNN[ NGVJCN FQIU = ? 6JKQUWNHCVG JCU CNUQ DGGP TGRQTVGF CU DGKPI KO

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$)"15&3 #*0-0(: CICKP 6JG RTQIPQUKU KU IQQF KP VJGUG ECUGU *QYGXGT KH VJG FQI KU CNTGCF[ UJQYKPI UKIPU QH RQKUQPKPI KV KU VQQ NCVG VQ VT[ VQ TGOQXG VJG RQKUQP HTQO VJG DQF[ # YJQNG DNQQF VTCPUHWUKQP QT RNCUOC KU IKXGP VQ VTGCV VJG CPGOKC CPF VQ VT[ VQ EQPVTQN DNGGFKPI 8KVCOKP - KU CNUQ IKXGP 6JG RTQIPQUKU KU RQQT KP VJGUG ECUGU

\QQPQUGU CTG RCTCUKVKE <QQPQVKE KPVGUVKPCN RCTCUKVGU VTCPU OKVVGF VJTQWIJ EQPVCEV YKVJ HGEGU KPENWFG 5PYPDBSB DBOJT

VJG ECPKPG TQWPFYQTO YJKEJ ECWUGU VQZQECTKCUKU XKUEGTCN NCTXC OKITCPU CPF QEWNCT NCTXC OKITCPU CPF JQQMYQTOU YJKEJ ECP ECWUG EWVCPGQWU NCTXC OKITCPU <QQPQVKE UMKP RCTCUKVGU KPENWFG UECDKGU ECWUGF D[ VJG OKVG 4BSDPQUFT TDBCJFJ 6JG OQUV EQOOQP \QQPQVKE HWPICN FKUGCUG KU โ ข /QWUG CPF TCV RQKUQPU EQPVCKPKPI EJQNGECNEKHGTQN TKPIYQTO ECWUGF KP VJKU ECUG D[ .JDSPTQPSVN DBOJT ECWUG J[RGTECNEGOKC CPF J[RGTRJQURJCVGOKC KP FQIU %NKPKECN UKIPU KPENWFG FGRTGUUKQP NQUU QH CRRGVKVG XQOKVKPI DNQQF YGCMPGUU CPF 3.5.4 Preventive medicine UJQEM 6TGCVOGPV KU CU CDQXG HQT TGEGPV GZRQ UWTG 9JGP J[RGTECNEGOKC QEEWTU YJKEJ ECP Vaccinations VCMG VQ YGGMU VTGCVOGPV KU YKVJ KPVTCXGPQWU แ ธWKFU UCNKPG FKWTGVKEU EQTVKEQUVGTQKFU CPF /CKP CTVKENG 8CEEKPCVKQP QH FQIU ECNEKVQPKP .QPI VGTO RTQIPQUKU KU IQQF QPEG VJG FQI KU UVCDKNK\GF 8CEEKPCVKQPU CTG CP KORQTVCPV RTGXGPVCVKXG CPKOCN JGCNVJ OGCUWTG 6JG URGEKแ ทE XCEEKPCVKQPU TGEQOOGPFGF HQT FQIU Over-the-counter medications XCTKGU FGRGPFKPI QP IGQITCRJKE NQECVKQP GPXKTQPOGPV VTCXGN JKUVQT[ CPF VJG CEVKXKVKGU VJG CPKOCN HTGSWGPVN[ GP 2QKUQPKPI YKVJ RCKP OGFKECVKQPU KU EQOOQP #URKTKP ICIGU KP +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU TGICTFNGUU QH CP[ QH VJGUG CEGVCOKPQRJGP 6[NGPQN KDWRTQHGP #FXKN CPF PCRTQZGP HCEVQTU KV KU WUWCNN[ JKIJN[ TGEQOOGPFGF VJCV FQIU DG XCE

#NGXG ECP CNN ECWUG UGXGTG ENKPKECN UKIPU KP FQIU KPENWFKPI EKPCVGF CICKPUV TCDKGU DBOJOF QBSWPWJSVT ECPKPG FKUVGORGT XQOKVKPI DNQQF FKCTTJGC CPF CDFQOKPCN RCKP = ?= ?= ?= ? CPF KPHGEVKQWU ECPKPG JGRCVKVKU WUKPI DBOJOF BEFOPWJSVT 5RGEKแ ทECNN[ CURKTKP ECP ECWUG OGVCDQNKE CEKFQUKU CPF UZQF VQ CXQKF TGCEVKQP 6JG FGEKUKQP QP YJGVJGT VQ XCE DNGGFKPI FKUQTFGTU CEGVCOKPQRJGP ECP ECWUG NKXGT FKUGCUG EKPCVG CICKPUV QVJGT FKUGCUGU KPENWFKPI NGRVQURKTQUKU .[OG KDWRTQHGP ECP ECWUG MKFPG[ FKUGCUG CPF PCRTQZGP ECP ECWUG FKUGCUG #PSEFUFMMB CSPODIJTFQUJDB QBSBJOเชคVFO[B WJSVT CPF WNEGTU KP VJG UVQOCEJ YJKEJ ECP RGTHQTCVG 6TGCVOGPV FG DBOJOF DPSPOBWJSVT UJQWNF DG OCFG DGVYGGP CP QYPGT CPF C RGPFU QP VJG ENKPKECN UKIPU XGVGTKPCTKCP VCMKPI KPVQ CEEQWPV HCEVQTU URGEKแ ทE VQ VJG FQI

3.5.3

Public health risks

Dentistry &GPVCN FKUGCUG KU QPG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP FKUGCUGU KP FQIU #EEWOWNCVKQP QH RNCSWG CPF UWDUGSWGPVN[ VCTVCT NGCFU VQ IKPIKXKVKU CPF VJGP RGTKQFQPVKVKU IWO FKUGCUG 2GTKQFQPVK VKU NGCFU VQ NQUU QH VJG DQP[ CVVCEJOGPV QH VJG VGGVJ CPF VQQVJ NQUU 2TGXGPVKXG OGCUWTGU KPENWFG VQQVJ DTWUJKPI RTQXKFKPI CP CRRTQRTKCVG FKGV CXQKFKPI VKPPGF CPF QVJGT UQHV HQQFU CPF RTQXKFKPI FGPVCN EJGY VTGCVU CPF FGPVCN UECNKPI CPF RQNKUJKPI %CXKVKGU CTG WPEQOOQP KP FQIU Parasite medication

5CTEQRVGU UECDKGK

1PEG C OQPVJ VQRKECN RTQFWEVU QT KPIGUVKDNG RKNNU CTG VJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ WUGF RTQFWEVU VQ MKNN CPF RTGXGPV HWVWTG RCTCUKVG KPHGUVCVKQPU

/QUV FKUGCUGU VJCV Cแ ถGEV FQIU QT JWOCPU CTG PQV VTCPUHGT CDNG DGVYGGP VJG VYQ URGEKGU &KUGCUGU VJCV ECP DG VTCPU 3.5.5 Nutrition and obesity OKVVGF HTQO CPKOCNU VQ JWOCPU CTG VGTTOGF \QQPQUGU # YGNN MPQYP \QQPQUKU KU TCDKGU C XKTCN KPHGEVKQP VTCPUOKVVGF 5GG CNUQ 1DGUKV[ KP RGVU VJTQWIJ C DKVG # EQOOQP DCEVGTKCN \QQPQUKU KU NGRVQURKTQ (GGFKPI VCDNG UETCRU VQ C FQI KU IGPGTCNN[ PQV TGEQO UKU VTCPUOKVVGF VJTQWIJ WTKPG 5QOG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OGPFGF CV NGCUV KP GZEGUU ,WUV CU KP JWOCPU C FQIเฝ U FKGV

%0( )&"-5)

RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ +PVGTPCN /GFKEKPG VJG RTGXCNGPEG QH QDGUKV[ KP FQIU KU DGVYGGP CPF RGTEGPV = ? 0QVG VJCV QYPGTU OC[ PQV DG CV HCWNV 1DGUKV[ ECP DG C UKIP QH QVJGT UGTKQWU CKNOGPVU UWEJ CU %WUJKPIཐU FKUGCUG YJKEJ KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ YGKIJV ICKP CRRGVKVG KPETGCUG CPF NGVJCTI[ KP RTKOCTKN[ QNFGT FQIU

Dog treats &QI VTGCVU CTG QHVGP IKXGP VQ RGVU CU C TGYCTF HQT UQOGVJKPI VJG[ FKF QT LWUV VQ NGV VJGO EJGY QP C DQPG YJKEJ YQTMU VJGKT LCY OWUENGU CPF JGNRU MGGR VJGKT VGGVJ ENGCP = ? #N )VNBO GPPE TVDI BT JDF DSFBN DBO MFBE UP JMM IFBMUI BOE PCFTJUZ JO VJQWIJ FQI VTGCVU ECTT[ JKIJ DGPGិVU HQT FQIUཐ VGGVJ VJG[ EPHT ECP CNUQ DG C UQWTEG QH RTQDNGOU YJGP IKXGP GZEGUUKXGN[ 6JG JWOCP HQQF VTGCVU CTG WUWCNN[ VJG QPGU VJCV ECWUG VJG OWUV EQPUKUV QH VJG CRRTQRTKCVG OKZ QH PWVTKGPVU ECTDQJ[ OQUV VTQWDNG HQT FQIU FTCVGU CPF RTQVGKPU KP QTFGT VQ IKXG VJGO VJG OKPGTCNU CPF (QQF VTGCVU ECP DG HQWPF CNN QXGT VJG +PVGTPGV CU OCP[ FQI XKVCOKPU VJCV VJG[ PGGF &QIU IGV CORNG EQTTGEV PWVTKVKQP HQQF CPF UWRRNGOGPVU OCPWHCEVWTGTU RTQFWEG C YKFG TCPIG HTQO VJGKT PCVWTCN PQTOCN FKGV YKNF CPF HGTCN FQIU ECP WUW QH VTGCVU KPVGPFGF HQT FQIU &QI HQQF VTGCVU ECP CNUQ DG CNN[ IGV CNN VJG PWVTKGPVU PGGFGF HTQO C FKGV QH YJQNG RTG[ OCFG CV JQOG HTQO DCUKE KPITGFKGPVU VJCV OKIJV DG HQWPF CV CPF TCY OGCV +P CFFKVKQP C JWOCP FKGV KU PQV KFGCN HQT VJG ITQEGT[ UVQTG 5QOG FQI QYPGTU CEVWCNN[ RTGHGT OCMKPI C FQI VJG EQPEGRV QH C ནDCNCPEGFཔ FKGV HQT C HCEWNVCVKXG VJGKT QYP FQI VTGCVU CV JQOG DGECWUG VJCV YC[ VJG[ ECP DG ECTPKXQTG NKMG C FQI KU PQV VJG UCOG CU KP CP QOPKXQTQWU UWTG VJGKT RGVཐU FKGV KU OQTG PCVWTCN CPF JGCNVJ[ 1YPGTU JWOCP &QIU YKNN WUWCNN[ GCV CNN VJG UETCRU CPF VTGCVU VJG[ OCMKPI VJGKT QYP FQI HQQF CPF VTGCVU PGGF VQ OCMG UWTG CTG HGF WUWCNN[ VQQ OWEJ HQQF 9JKNG PQV CNN JWOCP FGNK VJCV VJG HQQF CPF VTGCVU VJG[ OCMG KPENWFGU CNN VJG PWVTKGPVU ECEKGU CTG CEWVGN[ VQZKE VQ FQIU UGG CDQXG OCP[ JCXG VJG CPF XKVCOKPU VJCV C FQI PGGF VQ DG JGCNVJ[ CPF JCRR[ UCOG EJTQPKECNN[ WPHQTVWPCVG TGUWNVU CU VJG[ FQ HQT JWOCPU &QI VTGCVU IKXGP GZEGUUKXGN[ ECP DG C ECWUG QH QDGUKV[ 6JG V[RG QH HQQF HGF JCU C FKTGEV DGCTKPI QP VJG VGPFGPE[ QH C FQI VQ DGEQOG QXGTYGKIJV 6CDNG UETCRU VTGCVU GXGP RTG OKWO JKIJ GPGTI[ FQI HQQFU ECP EQPVTKDWVG VQ QDGUKV[ = ? 6JGTGHQTG KV KU JKIJN[ KORQTVCPV VQ ENQUGN[ OQPKVQT VJG SWCP VKV[ QH VTGCVU VJCV C FQI IGVU GURGEKCNN[ YJGP VJG FQIཐU CEVKX KV[ KU FKOKPKUJGF &QI VTGCVU CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ DG NKPMGF VQ QDGUKV[ KP QNF FQIU UKPEG KP VJGKT QNF CIG VJG[ CTG NGUU NKMGN[ VQ DG CEVKXG CPF GZGTEKUKPI 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF CEVKXG FQIU TGSWKTG CPF WUG OQTG ECNQTKGU UQ FQI VTGCVU CTG PQV C ECWUG QH EQPEGTP KP [QWPIGT CPF JKIJN[ CEVKXG FQIU

Coprophagia 5IJT "VTUSBMJBO $BUUMF %PH T PCFTJUZ JT B TJHO PG $VTIJOHࣙT 4ZO ESPNF

1DGUKV[ KU CP KPETGCUKPIN[ EQOOQP RTQDNGO KP FQIU KP 9GUVGTP EQWPVTKGU #U YKVJ JWOCPU QDGUKV[ ECP ECWUG PW OGTQWU JGCNVJ RTQDNGOU KP FQIU CNVJQWIJ FQIU CTG OWEJ NGUU UWUEGRVKDNG VQ VJG EQOOQP ECTFKCE CPF CTVGTKCN EQPUG SWGPEGU QH QDGUKV[ VJCP JWOCPU CTG #EEQTFKPI VQ C UVWF[

/CKP CTVKENG EQRTQRJCIKC +VཐU PQV WPEQOOQP VQ ិPF [QWT FQI GCVKPI HGEGU 5QOG EQP UWOG VJGKT QYP QT QVJGT FQIUཐ HGEGU QVJGTU UGGO VQ RTGHGT ECV HGEGU YJKEJ FWG VQ VJG HGNKPG FKIGUVKXG U[UVGO = ? CTG JKIJ KP RTQVGKP CPF EQPUWOGF D[ OCP[ CPKOCNU KP VJG YKNF 6JKU ECP DG JCTOHWN KH VJG HGEGU JCU CP[ RCVJQIGPU QT RCT CUKVGU QT EQPVCKP GZETGVGF FTWIU

3.5.6

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

Vitamins and supplements

+V KU PQV [GV ENGCT YJGVJGT QT PQV XKVCOKPU CPF UWRRNGOGPVU UJQWNF DG CFOKPKUVGTGF KP FQIUཋQRKPKQPU COQPI XGVGTKPCT KCPU XCT[ YKFGN[ 9JKNG UQOG VJKPM VJCV XKVCOKPU CPF UWR RNGOGPVU CTG PGEGUUCT[ CPF ECP KORTQXG VJG JGCNVJ QH C FQI QVJGTU DGNKGXG VJCV VJG[ CTG WPPGEGUUCT[ CPF OC[ JCTO VJG FQI #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG 7 5 (QQF CPF &TWI #FOKPKUVTCVKQP

(&# FQIU TGEGKXG C EQORNGVG CPF DCNCPEGF FKGV HTQO VJG EQOOGTEKCNN[ RTQEGUUGF FQI HQQF CNQPG 2GV QYPGTU YJQ CTG IKXKPI VJGKT FQIU JQOGOCFG HQQF OC[ EQPUKFGT KPENWF KPI GZVTC XKVCOKPU CPF UWRRNGOGPVU KPVQ VJGKT RGVཐU FKGV +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV PGCTN[ C VJKTF QH VJG RGVU FQIU CPF ECVU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU TGEGKXG PWVTKVKQPCN UWRRNGOGPVU 6JKU KU OCKPN[ FWG VQ VJG HCEV VJCV XKVCOKPU CTG JKIJN[ TGEQO OGPFGF KP FQIU YKVJ LQKPV RCKP CU C TGUWNV QH CTVJTKVKU #E EQTFKPI VQ C UVWF[ TGCNK\GF KP CPF RWDNKUJGF KP VJG +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO VJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ WUGF XKVCOKPU CTG OWNVKXKVCOKPU CPF HCVV[ CEKFU = ? 6JG NCVVGT KORTQXG VJG UJKPG QH C FQIཐU EQCV D[ TGFWEKPI UJGFFKPI 2TQDKQVKEU CTG CPQVJGT V[RG QH UWR RNGOGPV 8KVC*QWPF .CDཐU UWRRNGOGPVU CTG IKXGP VQ FQIU YKVJ ICUVTQKPVGUVKPCN RTQDNGOU CPF CPVKQZKFCPVU OC[ DG RTGUETKDGF VQ ិIJV VJG GាGEVU QH CIKPI CPF VJG RTQDNGOU VJCV EQOG YKVJ KV UWEJ CU EQIPKVKXG F[UHWPEVKQP 8GVGTKPCTKCPU CNUQ UVCVG VJCV QXGTFQUGU QH XKVCOKPU ECP DG JCTOHWN KP FQIU #U CP GZCORNG ECNEKWO KP GZEGUU ECP ECWUG DQPG RTQDNGOU GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG NCTIG DTGGF FQIU 1XGT UWRRNGOGPVCVKQP QH XKVCOKPU # CPF & ECP ECWUG XK VCOKP VQZKEKV[ KP FQIU = ? 'ZEGUU XKVCOKP # ECP ECWUG FGJ[FTCVKQP LQKPV RCKP CPF ECP CNUQ JCTO VJG DNQQF XGUUGNU YJKNG VQQ OWEJ XKVCOKP & ECP ECWUG OWUEWNCT CVTQRJ[ QT NQUU QH CRRGVKVG 8KVCOKP $ KU EQPUKFGTGF DGPGិEKCN KP VJGUG ECUGU DG ECWUG KH IKXGP EQTTGEVN[ KV KORTQXGU VJG FQIཐU CRRGVKVG 5VKNN FQUCIG UJQWNF DG MGRV CU NQY CU KU GាGEVKXG RGTJCRU DG IKPPKPI YKVJ EE FQI FC[ YKVJ C OCZKOWO FQUG QH EE FC[ 8KVCOKP % KU VJQWIJV VQ JGNR OCKPVCKPKPI VJG YGNN HWPEVKQPKPI QH VJG KOOWPG U[UVGO CPF KP OCKPVCKPKPI C JGCNVJ[ UMKP 8KVCOKP ' CEVU CU C OKNF CPVK KPីCOOCVQT[ CPF KV CNUQ JGNRU OCKPVCKPKPI IQQF HQQVRCFU +V UJQWNF PQV DG IKXGP OQTG VJCP VYKEG C FC[ +7 FQI 1VJGT UWR RNGOGPVU IKXGP VQ FQIU CTG INWEQUCOKPG CPF EJQPFTQKVKP 6JG[ CTG KPVGPFGF VQ KPETGCUG VJG XKUEQUKV[ CPF XQNWOG QH VJG LQKPV ីWKF ECNNGF U[PQXKWO CPF YJKEJ CEVU CU C RTQVGE VKXG OGEJCPKUO HQT VJG LQKPVU # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP KP 6JG 8GVGTKPCT[ ,QWTPCN UJQYU VJCV C EQODKPCVKQP QH INW EQUCOKPG CPF EJQPFTQKVKP KU JGNRHWN KP GCUKPI VJG RCKP QH CTVJTKVKU FQIU

3.5.7

Reproductive health

/CKP CTVKENG %CPKPG TGRTQFWEVKQP

Spaying and neutering /CKP CTVKENG 0GWVGTKPI 5RC[KPI HGOCNGU QPN[ CPF PGWVGTKPI DQVJ IGPFGTU DWV OQTG EQOOQPN[ OCNGU TGHGTU VQ VJG UVGTKNK\CVKQP QH CPK OCNU WUWCNN[ D[ TGOQXCN QH VJG OCNGཐU VGUVKENGU QT VJG HG OCNGཐ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ཐU RGTUQPCNKV[ JQYGXGT CPF UQOG QDLGEV VQ URC[KPI CPF PGWVGTKPI CU VJG UVGTKNK\CVKQP EQWNF DG ECTTKGF QWV YKVJQWV VJG GZEKUKQP QH QTICPU +V KU PQV GUUGPVKCN HQT C HGOCNG FQI VQ GKVJGT GZRGTKGPEG C JGCV E[ENG QT JCXG RWRRKGU DGHQTG URC[KPI CPF NKMGYKUG C OCNG FQI FQGU PQV PGGF VJG GZRGTKGPEG QH OCVKPI DGHQTG PGWVGTKPI (GOCNG ECVU CPF FQIU CTG UGXGP VKOGU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ FGXGNQR OCOOCT[ VWOQTU KH VJG[ CTG PQV URC[GF DGHQTG VJGKT ិTUV JGCV E[ENG = ? 6JG JKIJ FKGVCT[ GUVTQIGP EQPVGPV QH VJG CXGT CIG EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQF OC[ DG EQPVTKDWVKPI HCEVQTU KP VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH OCOOCT[ ECPEGT GURGEKCNN[ YJGP VJGUG GZQIGPQWU UQWTEGU CTG CFFGF VQ VJQUG PQTOCN GUVTQIGPU RTQ FWEGF D[ VJG DQF[ &QI HQQF EQPVCKPKPI UQ[DGCPU QT UQ[ DGCP HTCEVKQPU JCXG DGGP HQWPF VQ EQPVCKP RJ[VQGUVTQIGPU KP NGXGNU VJCV EQWNF JCXG DKQNQIKECN GាGEVU YJGP KPIGUVGF NQPIVGTO = ?

)QQF SWCNKV[ UWRRNGOGPVU UJQWNF EQPVCKP CV NGCUV GUUGP VKCN XKVCOKPU 8KVCOKP # $ EQORNGZ & CPF ' CPF $ XKVC 3.5.8 See also OKPU 6JG XKVCOKPU CPF OKPGTCNU UJQWNF DG KP EQTTGEV TCVKQ HQT QPGཐU RGV CPF CNUQ JCXG C JKIJ RCNCVCDKNKV[ • #IKPI KP FQIU

%0( )&"-5)

• 2WRR[ UVTCPINGU

= ? /QFKCPQ , $TGGP / $WTPGVV 4 2CTMGT * +PWUCJ 5 6JQOCU 4 #XGT[ 2 .KPFDNCF 6QJ - 1UVTCPFGT ' %WVVGT ) #X GT[ # ན&KUVKPEV $ EGNN CPF 6 EGNN N[ORJQRTQNKHGTC VKXG FKUGCUG RTGXCNGPEG COQPI FQI DTGGFU KPFKECVGU JGTKVCDNG TKUMཔ $BODFS 3FT 65 ཊ FQK %#0 2/+&

3.5.9

References

= ? ན6KEM DQTPG KPHGEVKQWU FKUGCUGU QH FQIUཔ 4GVTKGXGF &G EGODGT = ? -NQRីGKUEJ 4 -QJP $ 2NQI 5 9GKPICTV % 0·EMNGT - /C[GT 5EJQNN # )TWDGT #& ན#P 'OGTIKPI 2WN OQPCT[ *CGOQTTJCIKE 5[PFTQOG KP &QIU 5KOKNCT VQ VJG *WOCP .GRVQURKTCN 2WNOQPCT[ *CGOQTTJCIKE 5[PFTQOG! 7FU .FE *OU 33 FQK 2/% 2/+&

= ? 4CIJCXCP / -PCRR &9 &CYUQP /* $QPPG[ 2. )NKEM OCP .6 ན6QRKECN ីGC CPF VKEM RGUVKEKFGU CPF VJG TKUM QH VTCPUKVKQPCN EGNN ECTEKPQOC QH VJG WTKPCT[ DNCFFGT KP 5EQV VKUJ 6GTTKGTUཔ + "N 7FU .FE "TTPD 225 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? ན)CUVTKE &KNCVCVKQP XQNXWNWUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BO VBM 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

= ? -QJP $ 5VGKPKEMG - #TPFV ) )TWDGT #& )WGTTC $ ,CPUGP # -CUGT *QV\ $ -NQRីGKUEJ 4 .QV\ ( .WIG ' 0·EMNGT -

ན2WNOQPCT[ CDPQTOCNKVKGU KP FQIU YKVJ NGRVQURKTQ UKU པ + 7FU *OUFSO .FE 24 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+&

= ? ན)NCWEQOCཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4G VTKGXGF

= ? *GWVGT -GTT[ , .CPIUVQP %CVJ[ ' ན.GRVQURKTQ UKU # TG GOGTIKPI \QQPQVKE FKUGCUGཔ 7FU $MJO /PSUI "N 4NBMM "OJN 1SBDU 33 ཊ FQK 5 2/+&

= ? *Â¥IIUVT·O , $QUYQQF # 1 )TCF[ / FU BM ན'H HGEV QH RKOQDGPFCP QT DGPC\GRTKN J[FTQEJNQTKFG QP UWT XKXCN VKOGU KP FQIU YKVJ EQPIGUVKXG JGCTV HCKNWTG ECWUGF D[ PCVWTCNN[ QEEWTTKPI O[ZQOCVQWU OKVTCN XCNXG FKUGCUG VJG 37'56 UVWF[པ + 7FU *OUFSO .FE 22 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+&

= ? ན$TWEGNNQUKU KP &QIU +PVTQFWEVKQPཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན.[OG FKUGCUG TGEQIPK\GF KP UVCVGUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ 'PSVN

8GVGTKPCT[ .GCTPKPI 5[UVGOU 24 /C[ = ? ན(QTIGV GXGT[VJKPI [QW MPQY CDQWV VKEMUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ 'PSVN

8GVGTKPCT[ .GCTPKPI 5[UVGOU 24 ཊ /C[ = ? ན&GTOCVQRJ[VQUKU &QIU CPF %CVUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4GVTKGXGF = ? 2TQDUV 5CTCJ ན$NCUVQO[EQUKU (WPICN &KUGCUG %QOOQP KP 1WVFQQT &QIUཔ 1FU $PMVNOT 7+7% %QNNGIG QH 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན*KUVQRNCUOQUKUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན%QEEKFKQKFQO[EQUKUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན5[ORVQOU QH %QEEKFKCཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན%CPKPG +PJGTKVGF &KUQTFGTU &CVCDCUGཔ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2TKPEG 'FYCTF +UNCPF 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན#QTVKE 5VGPQUKUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4G VTKGXGF

= ? ན&GIGPGTCVKXG 8CNXG &KUGCUGཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BO VBM 4GVTKGXGF

= ? $CUUQ % (QZ 24 /GWTU -/ FU BM /CTEJ ན#TTJ[VJOQIGPKE TKIJV XGPVTKEWNCT ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ ECWU KPI UWFFGP ECTFKCE FGCVJ KP DQZGT FQIU C PGY CPKOCN OQFGN QH JWOCP FKUGCUGཔ $JSDVMBUJPO 109 ཊ FQK %+4 2/+& = ? /GWTU -/ 5GRVGODGT ན$QZGT FQI ECTFKQO[QRC VJ[ CP WRFCVGཔ 7FU $MJO /PSUI "N 4NBMM "OJN 1SBDU 34 ཊ XKKK FQK L EXUO 2/+& = ? ན# 2QKUQP 5CHG *QOGཔ "OJNBM 1PJTPO $POUSPM $FOUFS #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU

#52%# 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན6QZKE CPF 0QP 6QZKE 2NCPVUཔ "OJNBM 1PJTPO $POUSPM $FO UFS #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PK OCNU #52%# 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན*WOCP /GFKECVKQPU CPF %QUOGVKEUཔ "OJNBM 1PJTPO $PO USPM $FOUFS #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU #52%# 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན%NGCPKPI 2TQFWEVUཔ "OJNBM 1PJTPO $POUSPM $FOUFS #OGT KECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU #5 2%# 4GVTKGXGF

= ? ན%CPKPG #VQR[པ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM 4G VTKGXGF

= ? ན2GQRNG (QQFUཔ "OJNBM 1PJTPO $POUSPM $FOUFS #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT VJG 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU #52%# 4GVTKGXGF

= ? ན%WVCPGQWU /CUV %GNN 6WOQTUཔ 5IF .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BO VBM 4GVTKGXGF

= ? (KPNC[ (KQPC ན%JQEQNCVG RQKUQPKPIཔ $/, 2WDNKUJKPI )TQWR .VF 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

= ? ན/GTEM 8GVGTKPCT[ /CPWCN %JQEQNCVGཔ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

= ? &WPC[GT '- ,WN[ ན+DWRTQHGP VQZKEQUKU KP FQIU ECVU CPF HGTTGVUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDJOF ཊ

= ? %GTVCKP RTGRCTCVKQP OGVJQFU QH EJQEQNCVG YKVJ QVJGT HQQF KVGOU OC[ KPETGCUG VJG TGUWNVCPV VJGQDTQOKPG NGX GNU 5WEJ EQOOQP RTGRCTGF KVGOU KPENWFG EJQEQNCVG EQCVGF CEEGUUQT[ HTWKVU UWEJ CU UVTCYDGTTKGU CPF EQODKPCVKQPU KP ENWFKPI ECUVGT UWICTU UWEJ CU EJQEQNCVG EQQMKGU %CTUQP &GNDGTV ) )TKឹP ,COGU / %PH 0XOFSࣙT )PNF 7FUFOJBSZ )BOECPPL /CE/KNNCP )GPGTCN 4GHGTGPEG R +5$0

= ? *WOCPU 0QV VJG 1PN[ %TGCVWTGU 5WាGTKPI HTQO 1DGUKV[ 0GYUYKUG 4GVTKGXGF QP 0QXGODGT

= ? ན4CKUKPU QT )TCRGUཔ .FSDL 7FUFSJOBSZ .BOVBM OGTEMOCPWCNU EQO 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? *CTXG[ ,9 4CEMGCT ិTUV & ན'ZRGTKOGPVCN QPKQP KPFWEGF JGOQN[VKE CPGOKC KP FQIUཔ 7FU 1BUIPM ཊ 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? ན&QI 6TGCVU YKVJ &QI 8KVCOKPUཔ 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན&KUGCUGU %QPFKVKQPU %QPVTKDWVKPI VQ &QI 1DGUKV[པ 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན%QRTQRJCIKC 'CVKPI (GEGU

4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT

= ? ན&QI 8KVCOKPU CPF 5WRRNGOGPVU )GV VJG (CEVUཔ 9GD/GF 4GVTKGXGF = ? (QQF HQT 5OCNN &QIU

= ? ན/GTEM 8GVGTKPCT[ /CPWCN /CECFCOKC PWVUཔ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

= ? *GKFGPDGTIGT ' 7PUJGNO , =%JCPIGU KP VJG DGJCX KQT QH FQIU CHVGT ECUVTCVKQP? 5JFS¤S[UMJDIF 1SBYJT KP )GT OCP 18 ཊ 2/+&

= ? &WPECP -. *CTG 94 $WEM 9$ ,CPWCT[ ན/C NKIPCPV J[RGTVJGTOKC NKMG TGCEVKQP UGEQPFCT[ VQ KPIGUVKQP QH JQRU KP ិXG FQIUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FE JDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 210 ཊ 2/+&

= ? ན6QR TGCUQPU VQ URC[ PGWVGT [QWT RGVཔ #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ HQT 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU 4GVTKGXGF

= ? ,CPGV 6QDKCUUGP %TQUD[ &8/ ན(QQFU 6QZKE VQ 2GVU ;GCUV $TGCF &QWIJཔ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV = ? ན :[NKVQN 9*1 (QQF #FFKVKXGU 5GTKGU +2%5 +0%*'/ ན :[NKVQN 9*1 (QQF #FFKVKXGU 5GTKGU +2%5 +0%*'/ ན :[NKVQN 9*1 (QQF #FFKVKXGU 5GTKGU +2%5 +0%*'/ = ? &WPC[GT '- #RTKN ན*[RQIN[EGOKC HQNNQYKPI ECPKPG KPIGUVKQP QH Z[NKVQN EQPVCKPKPI IWOཔ 7FU )VN 5PYJDPM 46

ཊ 2/+& = ? &WPC[GT '- )YCNVPG[ $TCPV 5/ 1EVQDGT ན#EWVG JGRCVKE HCKNWTG CPF EQCIWNQRCVJ[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ Z[NKVQN KP IGUVKQP KP GKIJV FQIUཔ + "N 7FU .FE "TTPD 229 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+&

= ? #TPQNF 5 =7TKPCT[ KPEQPVKPGPEG KP ECUVTCVGF DKVEJGU 2CTV 5KIPKិECPEG ENKPKECN CURGEVU CPF GVKQRCVJQ IGPGUKU? 4DIXFJ[ "SDI 5JFSIFJMLE KP )GTOCP 139 ཊ 2/+& = ? ,QJPUVQP 5& -COQNRCVCPC - 4QQV -WUVTKV\ /8 ,QJPUVQP )4 ན2TQUVCVKE FKUQTFGTU KP VJG FQIཔ "OJN 3FQSPE 4DJ ཊ FQK 5 2/+& = ? /QTTKUQP 9CNNCEG $ $BODFS JO %PHT BOE $BUT TU FE 9KNNKCOU CPF 9KNMKPU +5$0 = ? %GTWPFQNQ 4 %QWTV /* *CQ 3 /KEJGN -' ན+FGP VKិECVKQP CPF EQPEGPVTCVKQP QH UQ[ RJ[VQGUVTQIGPU KP EQO OGTEKCN FQI HQQFUཔ "N + 7FU 3FT 65 ཊ FQK CLXT 2/+&

= ? ན/GTEM 8GVGTKPCT[ /CPWCN #NEQJQNUཔ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

3.6

Aging in dogs

= ? 8KNNCT & $WEM 9$ )QP\CNG\ ,/ ,WPG ན+DWRTQ HGP CURKTKP CPF CEGVCOKPQRJGP VQZKEQUKU CPF VTGCVOGPV KP FQIU CPF ECVUཔ 7FU )VN 5PYJDPM 40 ཊ 2/+&

Aging in dogs EQXGTU VJG KORCEV QH CIKPI KP VJG FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT EQOOQP OGFKECN CPF ENKPKECN KUUWGU CTKUKPI CPF NKHG GZRGEVCPE[

#U YKVJ JWOCPU CFXCPEGF [GCTU QHVGP DTKPI EJCPIGU KP C = ? 4KEJCTFUQP ,# &GEGODGT ན/CPCIGOGPV QH CE FQIཐU CDKNKV[ VQ JGCT UGG CPF OQXG CDQWV GCUKN[ 5MKP EQPFK GVCOKPQRJGP CPF KDWRTQHGP VQZKEQUGU KP FQIU CPF ECVUཔ + VKQP CRRGVKVG CPF GPGTI[ NGXGNU QHVGP FGITCFG YKVJ IGTKCVTKE 7FU &NFSH $SJU $BSF 10 ཊ FQK L CIG CPF OGFKECN EQPFKVKQPU UWEJ CU ECPEGT TGPCN HCKNWTG VD Z CTVJTKVKU CPF LQKPV EQPFKVKQPU CPF QVJGT UKIPU QH QNF CIG OC[ CRRGCT = ? /GCFQYU +TKPC )YCNVPG[ $TCPV 5JCTQP /CTEJ ན6JG /QUV %QOOQP 6QZKEQUGU KP &QIUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDJOF ཊ

6JG EJCPIGU KP ECTG QHVGP TGSWKTGF D[ CP QNFGT FQI OC[ NGCF C PQP GZRGTKGPEGF QYPGT VQ TGNGCUG VJG CPKOCN VQ C UJGNVGT

"(*/( */ %0(4

3.6.2

Aging profile

0MEFS EPHT MJLF UIJT ZFBS PME /FBQPMJUBO .BTUJઢ PGUFO HSPX HSFZ IBJST PO UIFJS NV[[MFT TPNF EPHT HP HSFZ BMM PWFS

QT TGUEWG QTICPK\CVKQP 0QP RTQិV ITQWRU JCXG URTWPI WR KP TGURQPUG VQ VJG ITQYKPI PGGF HQT UGPKQT FQI TGUEWG

"QQSPYJNBUF HSBQI PG EPH BHF WFSTVT IVNBO BHF BMMPXJOH GPS

6JG CIKPI RTQិNG QH FQIU XCTKGU CEEQTFKPI VQ VJGKT CFWNV EJઢFSJOH TJ[FT PG EPH $MJDL IFSF GPS MBSHFS WJFX BOE GPS EBUB < > UK\G QHVGP FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJGKT DTGGF UOCNNGT FQIU QH TPVSDFT VGP NKXG QXGT ཊ [GCTU OGFKWO CPF NCTIG UK\G FQIU V[R KECNN[ VQ [GCTU CPF UQOG IKCPV FQI DTGGFU UWEJ CU 6JG[ ECP DG UWOOCTK\GF KPVQ VJTGG V[RGU OCUVKាU QHVGP QPN[ VQ [GCTU 6JG NCVVGT CNUQ OCVWTG • Popular myth ཊ +V KU RQRWNCTN[ DGNKGXGF VJCV ན JWOCP UNKIJVN[ QNFGT VJCP UOCNNGT DTGGFUཋIKCPV DTGGFU DGEQOKPI [GCT GSWCNU FQI [GCTUཔ QT VJG NKMG 6JKU KU KPCEEWTCVG CFWNV CTQWPF VYQ [GCTU QNF EQORCTGF VQ VJG PQTO QH CTQWPF QP VYQ UEQTGU UKPEG VJG ិTUV [GCT QT VYQ [GCTU TGRTG ཊ OQPVJU HQT QVJGT DTGGFU UGPV UQOG ཊ [GCTU CPF VJG TCVKQ XCTKGU YKVJ UK\G CPF DTGGF

3.6.1

Terminology

6JG VGTOU dog years CPF human years CTG HTGSWGPVN[ WUGF YJGP FGUETKDKPI VJG CIG QH C FQI *QYGXGT VJGTG CTG VYQ FKCOGVTKECNN[ QRRQUGF YC[U KP YJKEJ VJG VGTOU CTG FG ិPGF

• One size fits all ཊ #PQVJGT EQOOQPN[ WUGF U[U VGO UWIIGUVU VJCV VJG ិTUV VYQ [GCTU GSWCN [GCTU GCEJ YKVJ UWDUGSWGPV [GCTU GSWCNKPI HQWT JWOCP [GCTU 6JKU KU OQTG CEEWTCVG DWV UVKNN HCKNU VQ CNNQY HQT UK\G DTGGF YJKEJ KU C UKIPKិECPV HCEVQT

• Size/breed specific calculators ཊ 6JGUG VT[ VQ HCEVQT • 1PG EQOOQP PQOGPENCVWTG WUGU ནJWOCP [GCTUཔ VQ KP VJG UK\G QT DTGGF CU YGNN 6JGUG CTG VJG OQUV CE TGRTGUGPV C UVTKEV ECNGPFCT DCUKU FC[U CPF C ནFQI EWTCVG V[RGU 6JG[ V[RKECNN[ YQTM GKVJGT D[ GZRGEVGF [GCTཔ VQ DG VJG FRVJWBMFOU QPSUJPO QH C FQIཐU NKHGVKOG CU CFWNV YGKIJV= ? QT D[ ECVGIQTK\KPI VJG FQI CU ནUOCNNཔ C ECNGPFCT [GCT YQWNF DG HQT C JWOCP DGKPI = ? 7PFGT ནOGFKWOཔ QT ནNCTIGཔ VJKU U[UVGO C [GCT QNF FQI YQWNF DG FGUETKDGF CU JCXKPI CP CIG QH JWOCP [GCTU QT ཊ FGRGPFKPI 0Q QPG HQTOWNC HQT FQI VQ JWOCP CIG EQPXGTUKQP KU UEKGP QP VJG DTGGF FQI [GCTU VKិECNN[ CITGGF QP CNVJQWIJ YKVJKP HCKTN[ ENQUG NKOKVU VJG[ • 6JG QVJGT EQOOQP U[UVGO FGិPGU ནFQI [GCTUཔ VQ DG UJQY ITGCV UKOKNCTKVKGU VJG CEVWCN ECNGPFCT [GCTU FC[U GCEJ QH C FQIཐU NKHG CPF ནJWOCP [GCTUཔ VQ DG VJG FRVJWBMFOU BHF QH C JWOCP DGKPI = ? $[ VJKU VGTOKPQNQI[ VJG CIG QH C [GCT QNF FQI KU FGUETKDGF CU FQI [GCTU QT ཊ JW OCP [GCTU C TGXGTUCN HTQO VJG RTGXKQWU FGិPKVKQP

#U C TQWIJ CRRTQZKOCVKQP VJG JWOCP GSWKXCNGPV QH C QPG [GCT QNF FQI KU DGVYGGP CDQWV CPF [GCTUཋC QPG [GCT QNF FQI QT ECV JCU IGPGTCNN[ TGCEJGF KVU HWNN ITQYVJ CPF KU UGZWCNN[ OCVWTG CNVJQWIJ KV OKIJV UVKNN DG NCPM[ CPF PGGF VQ ិNN KP C OQTG OCVWTG OWUEWNCVWTG UKOKNCT VQ JWOCP VGGPCIGTU 6JG UGEQPF [GCT KU GSWKXCNGPV VQ CDQWV CPQVJGT *QYGXGT TGICTFNGUU QH YJKEJ UGV QH VGTOKPQNQI[ KU WUGF VQ [GCTU KP VGTOU QH RJ[UKECN CPF OGPVCN OCVWTKV[ CPF VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP FQI [GCTU CPF JWOCP [GCTU KU PQV GCEJ [GCT VJGTGCHVGT KU GSWKXCNGPV VQ QPN[ CDQWV QT JWOCP NKPGCT CU VJG HQNNQYKPI UGEVKQP GZRNCKPU [GCTU = ?

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

'OQVKQPCN OCVWTKV[ QEEWTU CU YKVJ JWOCPU QXGT CP GZ Factors affecting life expectancy VGPFGF RGTKQF QH VKOG CPF KP UVCIGU #U KP QVJGT CTGCU FGXGNQROGPV QH IKCPV DTGGFU KU UNKIJVN[ FGNC[GF EQORCTGF #RCTV HTQO DTGGF UGXGTCN HCEVQTU KPីWGPEG NKHG GZRGEVCPE[ VQ QVJGT DTGGFU CPF CU YKVJ JWOCPU VJGTG KU C FKាGTGPEG DGVYGGP CFWNVJQQF CPF HWNN OCVWTKV[ EQORCTG JWOCPU CIG • &KGV ཊ 6JGTG KU UQOG FKUCITGGOGPV CU VQ VJG KFGCN FKGV CPF CIG HQT GZCORNG +P CNN DWV NCTIG DTGGFU UQEKQ 6JG QNFGUV FQI YCU $NWG[ CP #WUVTCNKCP %CVVNG &QI UGZWCN KPVGTGUV CTKUGU CTQWPF ཊ OQPVJU DGEQOKPI GOQ YJQ FKGF CV KP JQYGXGT VJG ENCKO KU WPXGTK VKQPCNN[ CFWNV CTQWPF ཊ OQPVJU CPF HWNN[ OCVWTG CTQWPF ិGF FWG VQ NCEM QH TGEQTFU +P VJG U CV NGCUV VYQ ཊ [GCTU CNVJQWIJ CU YKVJ JWOCPU NGCTPKPI CPF TGិPGOGPV FQIU YGTG UVKNN NKXKPI CV [GCTU QNF DWV QPG YCU HGF C EQPVKPWG VJGTGCHVGT RWTGN[ XGIGVCTKCP FKGV= ? DQTFGT EQNNKG FKGF CV = ? #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG 7% &CXKU #PPL PG %PHT UOCNN DTGGF FQIU CPF QPG HGF RTKOCTKN[ QP MCPICTQQ CPF GOW OGCV = ?

UWEJ CU UOCNN VGTTKGTU DGEQOG IGTKCVTKE CV CDQWV [GCTU

DWNN VGTTKGT ETQUU FKGF CV OGFKWO DTGGF FQIU UWEJ CU NCTIGT URCPKGNU CV [GCTU NCTIG DTGGF FQIU UWEJ CU )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF &QIU CV • 5RC[KPI CPF PGWVGTKPI ཊ #EEQTFKPI VQ C UVWF[ D[ VJG [GCTU CPF IKCPV DTGGF FQIU UWEJ CU )TGCV &CPGU CV $TKVKUJ 8GVGTKPCT[ #UUQEKCVKQP CWVJQT #4 /KEJGNN KU [GCTU = ? VJG RTGUKFGPV QH VJG 4Q[CN %QNNGIG QH 8GVGTKPCT[ 5WT IGQPU ན0GWVGTGF HGOCNGU NKXGF NQPIGUV QH FQIU F[ KPI QH CNN ECWUGU VJQWIJ GPVKTG HGOCNGU NKXGF NQPIGUV QH FQIU F[KPI QH PCVWTCN ECWUGU YKVJ PGWVGTGF OCNGU 3.6.3 Life expectancy by breed JCXKPI VJG UJQTVGUV NKHGURCP KP GCEJ ECVGIQT[ པ= ? 0GW VGTKPI TGFWEGU QT GNKOKPCVGU VJG TKUM QH UQOG ECWUGU .KHG GZRGEVCPE[ WUWCNN[ XCTKGU YKVJKP C TCPIG (QT GZCORNG QH GCTN[ FGCVJ HQT GZCORNG R[QOGVTC KP HGOCNGU CPF C $GCING CXGTCIG NKHG GZRGEVCPE[ [GCTU WUWCNN[ NKXGU VGUVKEWNCT ECPEGT KP OCNGU CU YGNN CU KPFKTGEV ECWUGU VQ CTQWPF ཊ [GCTU CPF C 5EQVVKUJ 6GTTKGT CXGTCIG NKHG QH GCTN[ FGCVJ UWEJ CU CEEKFGPV CPF GWVJCPCUKC KPVCEV GZRGEVCPE[ [GCTU WUWCNN[ NKXGU VQ CTQWPF ཊ [GCTU FQIU TQCO CPF VGPF VQ DG OQTG CIITGUUKXG DWV VJGTG OKIJV KPETGCUG VJG TKUM QH FGCVJ HTQO QVJGT EQPFKVKQPU 6JG VYQ NQPIGUV NKXKPI FQIU QP TGEQTF $NWG[ CPF ན%JKNNCཔ

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ན# RQRWNCVKQP UVWF[ QH PGWVGTKPI UVC VJCV YJKNG #WUVTCNKCP %CVVNG &QIU CTG C JGCNVJ[ DTGGF CPF VWU CU C TKUM HCEVQT HQT ECPKPG RTQUVCVG ECPEGTཔ $T[CP FQ NKXG QP CXGTCIG CNOQUV C [GCT NQPIGT VJCP OQUV FQIU QH ,0 -GGNGT /4 *GPT[ %, FU BM 2TQUVCVG #WI QVJGT DTGGFU KP VJG UCOG YGKIJV ENCUU TGEQTF CIGU UWEJ CU ཊ %CWVKQP UJQWNF DG WUGF YJGP KP $NWG[ U QT %JKNNCཐU UJQWNF DG TGICTFGF CU WPEJCTCEVGTKUVKE VGTRTGVKPI VJG TGUWNVU QH VJGUG UVWFKGU 6JKU KU GURG GZEGRVKQPU TCVJGT VJCP CU KPFKECVQTU QH EQOOQP GZEGRVKQPCN EKCNN[ KORQTVCPV YJGP [QW EQPUKFGT VJG HTGSWGPE[ QH = ? NQPIGXKV[ HQT VJG GPVKTG DTGGF VTCPUKVKQPCN EGNN ECTEKPQOC CPF RTQUVCVG ECTEKPQOC KP # TCPFQO DTGF FQI CNUQ MPQYP CU C OQPITGN QT C OWVV C OCNG FQI XGTUWU VJG EJCPEG CP KPVCEV OCNG FQI YKNN JCU CP CXGTCIG NKHG GZRGEVCPE[ QH [GCTU KP VJG 9GUVGTP UWEEWOD VQ FGCVJ HTQO TQCOKPI JKV D[ ECT QT QVJGT YQTNF KPLWTKGU DGPKIP J[RGTRNCUKC QH VJG RTQUVCVG ECWUKPI RTQUVCVKE CDUEGUUGU QT KPCDKNKV[ VQ WTKPCVG ECWUKPI GW VJCPCUKC KH VJKU FQGU PQV TGUQNXG YKVJ VJGTCR[ QT GW VJCPCUKC FWG VQ ិIJVKPI QT CIITGUUKQP Sorted by breed 6JGUG FCVC CTG HTQO /KEJGNN = ? 6JG VQVCN UCORNG UK\G HQT JKU UVWF[ YCU CDQWV FQIU DWV VJG UCORNG UK\G HQT GCEJ DTGGF XCTKGF YKFGN[ (QT OQUV DTGGFU VJG UCORNG UK\G YCU NQY (QT C OQTG EQORTGJGPUKXG EQORKNCVKQP QH TGUWNVU QH NQPIGXKV[ UWTXG[U UGG VJG DTGGF FCVC VCDNGU CV VJG &QI .QPIGXKV[ YGD UKVG 6CDNG QH DTGGF NQPIGXKV[

#PQVJGT UVWF[ CNUQ UJQYGF VJCV PGWVGTGF HGOCNGU NKXG NQPIGT VJCP KPVCEV HGOCNGU [GCTU OQTG QP CXGTCIG DWV WPNKMG VJG RTGXKQWU UVWF[ VJGTG YGTG PQ FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP PGWVGTGF CPF KPVCEV OCNGU $WV DQVJ ITQWRU NKXGF [GCTU OQTG VJCP KPVCEV HGOCNGU = ? (QT OQTG KPHQTOCVKQP UGG *GCNVJ GាGEVU QH PGWVGTKPI

"(*/( */ %0(4 # OCLQT UVWF[ QH FQI NQPIGXKV[ YJKEJ EQPUKFGTGF DQVJ PCV WTCN CPF QVJGT HCEVQTU CាGEVKPI NKHG GZRGEVCPE[ EQPENWFGF VJCV ན6JG OGCP CIG CV FGCVJ CNN DTGGFU CNN ECWUGU YCU [GCTU CPF OQPVJ DWV KP FQIU F[KPI QH PCVWTCN ECWUGU KV YCU [GCTU CPF OQPVJU 1PN[ RGTEGPV QH FQIU NKXGF DG[QPF CPF RGTEGPV QH FQIU FKGF QH FKUGCUG QT YGTG GWVJCPK\GF CU C TG UWNV QH FKUGCUG 0GCTN[ RGTEGPV QH FGCVJU YGTG CVVTKDWVGF VQ ECPEGT VYKEG CU OCP[ CU VQ JGCTV FKUGCUG = ? +P PGWVGTGF OCNGU VJG KORQTVCPEG QH ECPEGT CU C ECWUG QH FGCVJ YCU UKOKNCT VQ JGCTV FKUGCUG = ? 6JG TGUWNVU CNUQ KPENWFG DTGGF FKH HGTGPEGU KP NKHGURCP UWUEGRVKDKNKV[ VQ ECPEGT TQCF CEEKFGPVU CPF DGJCXKQTCN RTQDNGOU CU C ECWUG QH GWVJCPCUKC པ= ?

3.6.4

• %JCPIG KP HGGV CPF PCKNU VJKEMGT CPF OQTG DTKVVNG PCKNU OCMGU VTKOOKPI JCTFGT • #TVJTKVKU CPF QVJGT LQKPV RTQDNGOU • .QUU QH VGGVJ • )CUVTQKPVGUVKPCN WRUGV UVQOCEJ NKPKPI FKUGCUGU QH VJG RCPETGCU EQPUVKRCVKQP • 9GCMPGUU KP OWUENGU CPF DQPGU • 7TKPCT[ KUUWGU KPEQPVKPGPEG KP DQVJ IGPFGTU CPF RTQUVCVKVKU UVTCKPKPI VQ WTKPCVG KP OCNGU • /COOCT[ E[UVU CPF VWOQTU KP HGOCNGU • 5GPKNKV[ • *GCTV OWTOWTU • &KCDGVGU= ?

Effects of aging

+P IGPGTCN FQIU CIG KP C OCPPGT UKOKNCT VQ JWOCPU 6JGKT DQFKGU DGIKP VQ FGXGNQR RTQDNGOU YJKEJ CTG NGUU EQOOQP 3.6.5 See also CV [QWPIGT CIGU VJG[ CTG OQTG RTQPG VQ UGTKQWU QT HCVCN EQP • #IKPI FKVKQPU UWEJ CU ECPEGT UVTQMG GVE VJG[ DGEQOG NGUU OQDKNG CPF OC[ FGXGNQR LQKPV RTQDNGOU UWEJ CU CTVJTKVKU CPF KP QNF • .KUV QH QNFGUV FQIU CIG QHVGP DGEQOG NGUU RJ[UKECNN[ CEVKXG #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJG[ DGEQOG NGUU CDNG VQ JCPFNG EJCPIG KPENWFKPI YKFG ENKOCVKE • 1NF CIG QT VGORGTCVWTG XCTKCVKQP CPF OC[ FGXGNQR FKGVCT[ QT UMKP • 2GV NQUU RTQDNGOU QT IQ FGCH +P UQOG ECUGU KPEQPVKPGPEG OC[ FG XGNQR CPF DTGCVJKPI FKឹEWNVKGU OC[ CRRGCT ན#IKPI DGIKPU CV DKTVJ DWV KVU OCPKHGUVCVKQPU CTG PQV PQVKEGCDNG HQT UGXGTCN [GCTU 6JG ិTUV UKIP QH CIKPI KU C IGPGTCN FGETGCUG KP CEVKXKV[ NGXGN KPENWFKPI C VGPFGPE[ VQ UNGGR NQPIGT CPF OQTG UQWPFN[ C YCPKPI QH GPVJWUKCUO HQT NQPI YCNMU CPF ICOGU QH ECVEJ CPF C NQUU QH KPVGTGUV KP VJG IQKPIU QP KP VJG JQOG པ= ? = ?

6JG OQUV EQOOQP GាGEVU QH CIKPI CTG • .QUU QH JGCTKPI • .QUU QH XKUKQP ECVCTCEVU

• &GETGCUGF CEVKXKV[ OQTG UNGGRKPI CPF TGFWEGF GPGTI[

KP RCTV FWG VQ TGFWEGF NWPI HWPEVKQP • 9GKIJV ICKP ECNQTKG PGGFU ECP DG ཊ NQYGT KP QNFGT FQIU • 9GCMGPKPI QH KOOWPG U[UVGO NGCFKPI VQ KPHGEVKQPU • 5MKP EJCPIGU VJKEMGPKPI QT FCTMGPKPI QH UMKP FT[PGUU NGCFKPI VQ TGFWEGF GNCUVKEKV[ NQUU QT YJKVGPKPI QH JCKT

3.6.6

References

= ? JVVR YYY FQIUVGT EQO FQI JGCNVJ ECTG ECNEWNCVG FQI CIG KP FQI [GCTU = ? JVVR YYY FQI HQQF EQTPGT EQO FQI [GCTU JWOCP [GCTU CIG JVO = ? &CVC UQWTEGU 0QVG VJCV VJGTG KU PQ QPG CWVJQTKVCVKXG EJCTV VJKU EJCTV HQNNQYU DGUV KPHQTOCVKQP RTGUGPVN[ CXCKNCDNG = ? = ? 5RCFCHQTK )KPC %PHT GPS %VNNJFT +&) $QQMU +5$0 = ? 5KGICN /QTFGECK 'F 6$ %BWJT 4DIPPM PG 7FUFSJ OBSZ .FEJDJOF #PPL PG UIF %PHT %JCRVGT ན)GTKCVTKEUཔ D[ #NFTKEJ ,CPGV *CTRGT %QNNKPU +5$0 = ? 8PSMEࣙT PMEFTU QPPDI EJFT $GCXGT %QWPV[ 6KOGU /CTEJ 4GVTKGXGF /C[ = ? .GG 2 .QPIGXKV[ QH VJG #WUVTCNKCP %CVVNG &QI 4G UWNVU QH C &QI 5WTXG[ #%& 5RQVNKIJV 8QN +UUWG 5RTKPI ཊ JVVR YYY CEFURQVNKIJV EQO

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

= ? /KEJGNN #4 0QXGODGT ན.QPIGXKV[ QH $TKVKUJ DTGGFU QH FQI CPF KVU TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJ UGZ UK\G ECTFKQXCUEW NCT XCTKCDNGU CPF FKUGCUGཔ 7FU 3FD 145 ཊ FQK XT 2/+&

3.7

Dog food

(QT JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP QH ECPKPGU UGG &QI OGCV (QT KP VGTPCN WUG QH C EQORCP[ཐU QYP RTQFWEVU UGG &QIHQQFKPI = ? 8GIGVCDNG 'CVKPI &QI .KXGU VQ 4KRG 1NF #IG QH #NUQ Dog food TGHGTU VQ HQQF URGEKិECNN[ KPVGPFGF HQT EQPUWOR 9JQ KU VJG 1NFGUV &QI KP VJG 9QTNF #PF *QY VQ /CMG ;QWT &QI .KXG ;GCTU .QPIGT

= ? JVVR YYY JKIJDGCO EQO 5GCTEJ CURZ!S $TCODNG QNFGUV FQI FKGF [GUVGTFC[ = ? (KEMNKPI &CXKF ,WN[ 1NFGUV FQI JGCFU HQT VJ DKTVJFC[པ 9QTNF 0GYU 5IF (VBSEJBO 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGO DGT = ? $BOJOF QSPTUBUF DBSDJOPNB FQJEFNJPMPHJDBM FWJEFODF PG BO JODSFBTFE SJTL JO DBTUSBUFE EPHT 6GUMG ' 0CCP '% XCP &KLM '/ 8CP )CTFGTGP ' 5EJCNMGP ,# &GRCTVOGPV QH %NKPKECN 5EKGPEGU QH %QORCPKQP #PKOCNU 7VTGEJV 7PKXGTUKV[ 6JG 0GVJGTNCPFU = ? Qཐ0GKNN & ) %JWTEJ & $ /E)TGGX[ 2 & 6JQO UQP 2 % $TQFDGNV & % ན.QPIGXKV[ CPF OQT VCNKV[ QH QYPGF FQIU KP 'PINCPFཔ 5IF 7FUFSJOBSZ +PVSOBM FQK L VXLN = ? &QI 1YPGTཐU )WKFG 6JG QNFGT FQI = ? 9JCV VQ 'ZRGEV CU ;QWT &QI #IGU = ? %QOOQPN[ #UMGF 3WGUVKQPU #DQWV 5GPKQT &QIU

5ISFF XBZT UP GFFE EPHT 3BX GPPE XFU GPPE BOE ESZ GPPE JO B CPXM

VKQP D[ FQIU .KMG CNN ECTPKXQTCPU FQIU JCXG UJCTR RQKPVGF VGGVJ CPF JCXG UJQTV ICUVTQKPVGUVKPCN VTCEVU DGVVGT UWKVGF HQT VJG EQPUWORVKQP QH OGCV +P URKVG QH VJKU PCVWTCN ECTPKX QTQWU FGUKIP FQIU JCXG UVKNN OCPCIGF VQ CFCRV QXGT VJQW UCPFU QH [GCTU VQ UWTXKXG QP VJG OGCV CPF PQP OGCV UETCRU CPF NGHVQXGTU QH JWOCP GZKUVGPEG CPF VJTKXG QP C XCTKGV[ QH HQQFU

+P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CNQPG FQI QYPGTU URGPV QXGT DKN NKQP QP EQOOGTEKCNN[ OCPWHCEVWTGF FQI HQQF KP = ? 5QOG RGQRNG OCMG VJGKT QYP FQI HQQF HGGF VJGKT FQIU • %CNEWNCVGU C FQIU CIG OGCNU OCFG HTQO KPITGFKGPVU RWTEJCUGF KP ITQEGT[ QT • %QPXGTV &QI [GCTU CPF *WOCP [GCTU $CUKE CPF #F JGCNVJ HQQF UVQTGU QT IKXG VJGKT FQIU C TCY HQQF FKGV XCPEGF OGVJQFU

3.6.7

External links

• &QI ;GCTU %CNEWNCVQT ཊ 7UGU 2GVU 9GD/& EQO 3.7.1 History OGVJQF QH ECNEWNCVKQP # TCTG ENCUUKECN TGHGTGPEG VQ FQI HQQF CRRGCTU KP 8KTIKN U #VDPMJDT • (TQO RGVRNCEG EQO • +PFGZ QH CTVKENGU QP UGPKQT CPF IGTKCVTKE FQIU

TFE VOB

7FMPDFT 4QBSUTF DBUVMPT BDSFNRVF .PMPTTVN • # EQORKNCVKQP QH FQI NQPIGXKV[ FCVC HTQO OWNVK DTGGF 1BTFF TFSP QJOHVJ CPF UKPING DTGGF UWTXG[U - / %CUUKF[ CPPQVCVGF CU 4FSP QJOHVJ PWVTKVKQWU YJG[ YJKEJ %QN WOGNNC XKK URGCMU QH CU FQIཐU HQQF པ= ? • &QI *WOCP #IG %CNEWNCVQT

+P (TCPEG VJG YQTF Q¢U©F DGICP VQ CRRGCT KP VJG VJ EGP • &QI *WOCP #IG %CNEWNCVQT CPF )WKFCPEG EQWTVGU[ VWT[ CPF TGHGTTGF VQ C RCUVG QTKIKPCNN[ IKXGP VQ RQWNVT[ +P (25+ (TGPEJ 2TQRGTV[ C FKEVKQPCT[ KPFKECVGU KV YCU OCFG QH C OKZVWTG QH = ? • # FKUEWUUKQP QH HCEVQTU VJCV CាGEV FQI CIKPI VJCV KP DTGCF ETWODU CPF NKVVNG RKGEGU QH OGCV IKXGP VQ RGVU པ ENWFGU C VCDNG VQ JGNR FGVGTOKPG CIG

+P CP GPE[ENQRGFKC OGPVKQPGF CP GCTNKGT RTCEVKEG QH

%0( '00% TGOQXKPI VJG NKXGT JGCTV CPF DNQQF QH C FQYPGF UVCI CPF OKZKPI KV YKVJ OKNM EJGGUG CPF DTGCF CPF VJGP IKXKPI KV VQ FQIU = ?

RQTVKQP CPF VJKU RQTVKQP UJQWNF DG CNYC[U FGVGT OKPGF D[ JKU DQFKN[ GZGTVKQPU

+P VJG (TGPEJ YTKVGT 0KEQNCU $Q[CTF YCTPGF CICKPUV GXGP IKXKPI ITGCXGU VCNNQY ITCXGU VQ FQIU VJQWIJ VJG 'PINKUJ HCXQTGF VJGO UGG DGNQY CPF UWIIGUVGF C OGCV ីCXQTGF UQWR

+V YCU PQV WPVKN VJG OKF U VJCV VJG YQTNF UCY KVU ិTUV HQQF OCFG URGEKិECNN[ HQT FQIU #P #OGTKECP GNGEVTKEKCP ,COGU 5RTCVV EQPEQEVGF VJG ិTUV FQI VTGCV .KXKPI KP .QP FQP CV VJG VKOG JG YKVPGUUGF FQIU CTQWPF C UJKR[CTF GCV KPI UETCRU QH FKUECTFGF DKUEWKVU 5JQTVN[ VJGTGCHVGT JG KPVTQ FWEGF JKU FQI HQQF OCFG WR QH YJGCV OGCNU XGIGVCDNGU CPF OGCV $[ RTQFWEVKQP JCF DGIWP KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF DGECOG MPQYP CU ན5RTCVVཐU 2CVGPV .KOKVGFཔ

$[ C OKUIWKFGF GEQPQO[ FQIU CTG IKXGP OGCV UETCRU CPF VCNNQY ITCXGU QPG OWUV CXQKF VJKU DG ECWUG VJGUG HQQFU OCMG VJGO JGCX[ CPF UKEM IKXG VJGO VYKEG C FC[ C UQWR QH EQCTUG DTGCF OCFG YKVJ YCVGT HCV CPF VJG DQVVQO QH VJG UVGY RQV RWV C JCNH MKNQITCO QH DTGCF CV NGCUV KP GCEJ UQWR = ? +P 'PINCPF ECTG VQ IKXG FQIU RCTVKEWNCT HQQF FCVGU CV NGCUV HTQO VJG NCVG GKIJVGGPVJ EGPVWT[ YJGP 5IF 4QPSUTNBOࣙT EJD UJPOBSZ FGUETKDGF VJG DGUV FKGV HQT C FQIཐU JGCNVJ KP KVU CTVKENG ན&QI # FQI KU QH C XGT[ JQV PCVWTG JG UJQWNF VJGTG HQTG PGXGT DG YKVJQWV ENGCP YCVGT D[ JKO VJCV JG OC[ FTKPM YJGP JG KU VJKTUV[ +P TGICTF VQ VJGKT HQQF ECTTKQP KU D[ PQ OGCPU RTQRGT HQT VJGO +V OWUV JWTV VJGKT UGPUG QH UOGNNKPI QP YJKEJ VJG GZEGNNGPEG QH VJGUG FQIU ITGCVN[ FGRGPFU $CTNG[ OGCN VJG FTQUU QH YJGCVីQWT QT DQVJ OKZGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ DTQVJ QT UMKO F OKNM KU XGT[ RTQRGT HQQF (QT EJCPIG C UOCNN SWCPVKV[ QH ITGCXGU HTQO YJKEJ VJG VCNNQY KU RTGUUGF D[ VJG EJCPFNGTU OKZGF YKVJ VJGKT ីQWT QT UJGGRཐU HGGV YGNN DCMGF QT DQKNGF CTG C XGT[ IQQF FKGV CPF YJGP [QW KPFWNIG VJGO YKVJ ីGUJ KV UJQWNF CNYC[U DG DQKNGF +P VJG UGCUQP QH JWPVKPI [QWT FQIU KV KU RTQRGT VQ HGGF VJGO KP VJG GXGPKPI DGHQTG CPF IKXG VJGO PQVJKPI KP VJG OQTPKPI [QW VCMG VJGO QWV GZEGRV C NKVVNG OKNM +H [QW UVQR HQT [QWT QYP TGHTGUJOGPV KP VJG FC[ [QW UJQWNF CNUQ TGHTGUJ [QWT FQIU YKVJ C NKVVNG OKNM CPF DTGCF = ?

+P NCVGT [GCTU FQI DKUEWKV YCU UQOGVKOGU VTGCVGF CU U[PQP[ OQWU YKVJ FQI HQQF 6JG ិTUV VJTGG RTK\G YKPPGTU CV VJG NCVG EQWTU KPI OGGVKPI CV )TGCV $GPF YGTG VTCKPGF QP 5RTCVVཐ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ཐU DGECOG RCTV QH )GPGTCN /KNNU (QT EQORCPKGU UWEJ CU 0CDKUEQ 3WCMGT 1CVU CPF )GPGTCN (QQFU RGV HQQF TGRTGUGPVGF CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ OCTMGV D[ RTQFWEVU CU C RTQិVCDNG UQWTEG QH KPEQOG = ?

3.7.2

Foods dangerous to dogs

)TGCXGU YJKEJ YCU QHVGP TGEQOOGPFGF HQT FQIU KU ནVJG /CKP CTVKENGU &QI JGCNVJ h &CPIGTQWU HQQFU CPF &QI UGFKOGPV QH OGNVGF VCNNQY +V KU OCFG KPVQ ECMGU HQT JGCNVJ h %QOOQP JQWUGJQNF UWDUVCPEGU FQIUཐ HQQF +P 5EQVNCPF CPF RCTVU QH VJG 75 KV KU ECNNGF ]ETCEMNKPIU_ པ= ? # PWODGT QH EQOOQP JWOCP HQQFU CPF JQWUGJQNF KP +P 5IF $PNQMFUF 'BSSJFS ICXG UKOKNCT DWV HCT OQTG IGUVKDNGU CTG VQZKE VQ FQIU KPENWFKPI EJQEQNCVG UQNKFU

VJGQDTQOKPG RQKUQPKPI QPKQP CPF ICTNKE VJKQUWNHCVG GZVGPUKXG CFXKEG QP HGGFKPI FQIU = ? UWNHQZKFG QT FKUWNិFG RQKUQPKPI= ? ITCRGU CPF TCKUKPU OCECFCOKC PWVU CU YGNN CU XCTKQWU RNCPVU CPF QVJGT RQVGP 6JG FQI KU PGKVJGT YJQNN[ ECTPKXQTQWU PQT VKCNN[ KPIGUVGF OCVGTKCNU = ?= ? YJQNN[ JGTDKXQTQWU DWV QH C OKZGF MKPF CPF ECP TGEGKXG PQWTKUJOGPV HTQO GKVJGT ីGUJ QT XGIGVC DNGU # OKZVWTG QH DQVJ KU VJGTGHQTG JKU RTQRGT HQQF = ? DWV QH VJG HQTOGT JG TGSWKTGU C ITGCVGT

)TGGP VQOCVQGU UJQWNF DG CXQKFGF KP C FQIཐU FKGV DGECWUG VJG[ EQPVCKP VQOCVKPG YJKEJ KU JCTOHWN VQ FQIU #U VJG VQOCVQ TKRGPU CPF VWTPU TGF VJG VQOCVKPG FKUCRRGCTU CPF

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VJG VQOCVQ DGEQOGU UCHG HQT VJG FQI VQ GCV 6JG VQOCVQ KPITGFKGPVU (QT VJGUG TGCUQPU QPG GOGTIKPI FKាGTGPVK RNCPV KVUGNH KU VQZKE = ? CVKQP DGVYGGP RGV HQQF SWCNKVKGU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU QH #OGTKEC KU VJG WUG QH UVCPFCTF HGGF ITCFG CPKOCN ITCFG KPITGFKGPVU XU VJG WUG QH 75&# KPURGEVGF CRRTQXGF CPF 3.7.3 Food allergies in dogs EGTVKិGF KPITGFKGPVU ិV HQT JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP = ?= ? 6JG 75&# EGTVKិECVKQP CPF CRRTQXCN RTQEGUU KU COQPI VJG DGUV %GTVCKP KPITGFKGPVU KP FQI HQQF CTG MPQYP VQ DG C MG[ ECWUG SWCNKV[ EQPVTQN RTQITCO KP HQQF RTQFWEVKQP KP VJG YQTNF = ? QH CNNGTIKGU # RQRWNCT DGNKGH COQPI RGV QYPGTU KU VJCV 9JGTGCU VJG 75 (QQF CPF &TWI #FOKPKUVTCVKQP (&# JCU YJGCV CPF UQ[DGCPU CTG C NGCFKPI ECWUG QH FQI CNNGTIKGU = ? TGEGPVN[ EQOOGPVGF VJCV VJG KPITGFKGPVU FGិPGF CU HGGF KP JQYGXGT OCP[ UVWFKGU DCEMGF D[ XGVGTKPCTKCPU JCXG HCKNGF RGV HQQF HGGF ITCFG QT CPKOCN ITCFG CTG PQV ནIGPGTCNN[ TG VQ UJQY YJGCV CPF UQ[DGCPU CU OCLQT UQWTEGU QH CNNGTIKGU ICTFGF CU UCHGཔ )4#5 = ? 'ZCORNGU QH RQVGPVKCN VQZKPU CPF KP HCEV DNCOG VJG OGCV RTQVGKP HQT OQUV CNNGTIKGU DGGH GXKFGPEGF CV SWGUVKQPCDNG NGXGNU KP HGGF KPENWFG /GNCOKPG EJKEMGP NCOD GVE = ? # PWODGT QH ནITCKP HTGGཔ FQI HQQFU 5CNOQPGNNC CPF QVJGT VQZKPU CPF /[EQVQZKPU 1PN[ VJG CTG CXCKNCDNG VJCV ENCKO VQ CNNGXKCVG UWEJ CNNGTIKGU KP FQIU NCPIWCIG ན75&# EGTVKិGFཔ QT ན75&# CRRTQXGFཔ KU NGICNN[ JQYGXGT IKXGP VJG EWTTGPV TGUGCTEJ VJCV VTWG YJGCV ITCKP CN OGCPKPIHWN 5QOG EQORCPKGU YKNN UC[ ན/CFG YKVJ KPITG NGTI[ KU TCTG KP FQIU VJGUG FKGVU CTG UGGP CU EQPVTQXGTUKCN FKGPVU HTQO C 75&# HCEKNKV[པ QT ན75# /GCVཔ YJKEJ KU IKOOKEM[ QT WPPGEGUUCT[ D[ XGVGTKPCTKCPU = ? OKUNGCFKPI CU KV ECP KPENWFG FGCF QT F[KPI CPKOCNU QT ECT (QQF CNNGTIKGU CEEQWPV HQT CDQWV QH CNN VJG CNNGTIKGU ECUUGU TGLGEVGF HTQO VJG JWOCP HQQF EJCKP CPF KU PQV VJG YJKEJ CTG UGGP KP FQIU DGKPI VJG NGCUV OQUV EQOOQP ECWUG CHVGT ីGC UCOG CU 75&# KPURGEVGF CRRTQXGF QT EGTVKិGF = ? (&# CRRTQXGF HQT JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP DKVG CNNGTIKGU CPF CVQR[ KPJCNCPV CNNGTIKGU (QQF CNNGT IKGU IGPGTCNN[ CEEQWPV HQT QH VJG ECWUGU QH KVEJKPI CPF UETCVEJKPI KP FQIU = ?

Melamine

3.7.4

Grain Free/Low Carb

#HVGT VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN RGV HQQF TGECNNU OCP[ PGY FK GVU ECOG QP VJG OCTMGV FKាGTGPVKCVKPI VJGOUGNXGU CU ITCKP QT ECTD HTGG VQ QាGT VJG EQPUWOGT CP CNVGTPCVKXG VQ VJG PQTO ENCKOKPI ECTDQJ[FTCVGU KP RGV HQQFU VQ DG ិNNGTU YKVJ NKVVNG QT PQ PWVTKVKQPCN XCNWG #FFKVKQPCNN[ CPQVJGT RQUUKDNG EQP EGTP TGICTFKPI ITCKPU KP RGV HQQF OC[ DG VJG EQPEGPVTCVKQPU QH O[EQVQZKPU VJCV ECP CEEWOWNCVG KP HGGF ITCFG ITCKP KP ITGFKGPVU WUGF KP OQUV MKDDNGU %CTDQJ[FTCVGU KP FQI HQQF EQPVTKDWVG VQ CRRTQZKOCVGN[ MECNU QH GPGTI[ RGT ITCO VJG UCOG CU RTQVGKP RGT VJG OQFKិGF #VYCVGT OGVJQF QH ECN EWNCVKPI OGVCDQNK\CDNG GPGTI[ = ? 6JG ITCKP HTGG FKGVU JCXG ETGCVGF C VTGPF VQYCTF CXQKFKPI EQOOGTEKCN RGVHQQF *QY GXGT C TGEGPV UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP 0CVWTG UWIIGUVU VJCV FQ OGUVKE FQIU CTG CDNG VQ OGVCDQNK\G ECTDQJ[FTCVGU = ?

3.7.5

Feed Grade vs USDA Certified

4GEGPVN[ 75# DTCPF RGV HQQFU OCFG HTQO HGGF ITCFG KP ITGFKGPVU KORQTVGF KPVQ *QPI -QPI YGTG HQWPF VQ JCXG CNCTOKPI NGXGNU QH UQOG QH VJG VQZKPU FKUEWUUGF DGNQY = ? #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG 4PVUI $IJOB .PSOJOH 1PTU VJG QឹEKCN TGURQPUG VQ VJG PGYU HTQO QPG QH VJG NCTIGUV OCPWHCE VWTGTU QH RGV HQQF OCFG HTQO HGGF KPITGFKGPVU YCU VJCV VJG ECPEGT ECWUKPI EJGOKECN YCU CP ནWPCXQKFCDNG PCVWTCN EQPVCOKPCPVཔ = ? /CP[ EQPUWOGTU HQWPF VJKU UVCVGOGPV VQ DG EQPិTOCVKQP QH VJG KPJGTGPVN[ VQZKE RQVGPVKCN KP VJG OCP WHCEVWTG QH FT[ CPF ECPPGF RGV HQQF OCFG YKVJ HGGF ITCFG

/GNCOKPG KU VJG KPFWUVTKCN EJGOKECN DNCOGF HQT VJG TGECNNU CPF VGUVKPI KU PQY OCPFCVQT[ KP 75&# KPURGEVGF CRRTQXGF CPF EGTVKិGF HQQFU DWV PQV [GV TGSWKTGF KP RGV HQQF = ? /CKP CTVKENG RGV HQQF TGECNNU +P 6JG ,QWTPCN QH VJG #OGTKECP 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFK ECN #UUQEKCVKQP EQPិTOGF VJCV RGVU FKGF QH TGPCN HCKNWTG NKPMGF VQ OGNCOKPG VCKPVGF HQQF FWTKPI VJG TGECNN = ? # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF VJG UCOG [GCT KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ 2CVJQNQI[ CNUQ HQWPF VJG UCOG ECWUG QH FGCVJ HQT C 2CTUQP 4WUUGNN 6GTTKGT C FGCF $GTPGUG /QWPVCKP &QI CPF C FGCF OKZGF DTGGF FQI = ? 6JG ,QWTPCN QH 6QZKEQNQIKECN 5EKGPEGU EQPិTOGF VJG NKPM DGVYGGP HGGF KPITGFKGPVU EQPVCOKPCVGF YKVJ CPF VJG QWV DTGCM QH TGPCN VQZKEKV[ FWTKPI VJG TGECNN = ? +P 6JG ,QWTPCN QH +PVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[ 6QZKEQNQI[ CNUQ EQPិTOGF VJG CDQXG CPF YCTPGF QH RQUUKDNG JWOCP HQQF EQPVCOKPCVKQP YJKEJ RTQORVGF OCPFCVQT[ VGUVKPI KP JW OCP HQQFU = ? +P 6JG ,QWTPCN QH /GFKECN 6QZKEQNQI[ CNUQ NQQMGF CV RGVU VJCV FKGF FWTKPI VJG QWVDTGCM CPF EQPិTOGF VJG EQPPGEVKQP = ? # UVWF[ KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKECN 5EKGPEG EQPENWFGF FQIU KP +VCN[ FKGF HTQO C UKOKNCT ECWUG CU VJG OGNCOKPG VQZKEKV[ HTQO VJG TGECNN = ?

%0( '00%

ITCFG CPKOCN ITCFG KPITGFKGPVU [GV VQ FCVG PQ EQORTGJGP UKXG HGFGTCN TGIWNCVKQP GZKUVU QP O[EQVQZKP VGUVKPI KP HGGF 4GEGPVN[ VJG (&# JCU TGNGCUGF C XKFGQ HQEWUKPI QP CP ITCFG CPKOCN ITCFG KPITGFKGPVU WUGF VQ OCMG RGV HQQF = ? QVJGT OCLQT VJTGCV KP EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQF 5CNOQPGNNC DCE +P VJG LQWTPCN QH (QQF #FFKVKXGU CPF %QPVCOKPCPVU VGTKCN EQPVCOKPCVKQP 6JG[ CNUQ EKVG QVJGT OCLQT VQZKPU QH GUVCDNKUJGF VJCV NQY NGXGNU QH XCTKQWU O[EQVQZKPU EQWNF EQPEGTP = ? 6JG XKFGQ TGHGTGPEGU VJG ECUG QH C URGEKិE EQO ECWUG JGCNVJ EQPEGTPU KP RGVU CPF YCU HQWPF KP HGGF ITCFG OGTEKCN RGV HQQF RNCPV VJCV YCU CNUQ VJG UWDLGEV QH C /CTEJ KPITGFKGPVU = ? UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH VJG #OGTKECP 8GVGTK PCT[ /GFKECN #UUQEKCVKQP +V FGVCKNU JQY CV NGCUV MPQYP # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH (QQF 2TQVGEVKQP KP JWOCP KNNPGUUGU YGTG NKPMGF VQ EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQFU OCFG EKVGF EQPEGTPU TGICTFKPI HWPIK VJG UQWTEG QH O[EQVQZKPU CV VJKU RNCPV KP = ? # ENCUU CEVKQP NCYUWKV NKPMGF VQ VJKU KP EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQFU CPF YCTPGF CDQWV VJG ནTKUM HQT CP KOCN JGCNVJཔ = ? QWVDTGCM YCU TGEGPVN[ UGVVNGF = ? 6JG XKFGQ CNUQ EKVGU VJG FCPIGTU QH QXGT UWRRNGOGPVCVKQP QH +P C UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH #ITKEWNVWTCN CPF PWVTKGPVU KP RGV HQQF # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH (QQF %JGOKUVT[ EQPិTOGF O[EQVQZKPU KP RGV HQQFU CTQWPF VJG #OGTKECP 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKECN #UUQEKCVKQP KP (GDTWCT[ VJG YQTNF CPF EQPENWFGF VJCV EQPVCOKPCVKQP QH O[EQVQZ UWIIGUVGF C EQTTGNCVKQP DGVYGGP NKXGT FKUGCUG CPF VJG KPU KP RGV HQQFU ECP NGCF VQ EJTQPKE GាGEVU QP VJG JGCNVJ QH RGVU = ? COQWPV QH EQRRGT UWRRNGOGPVCVKQP KP ##(%1 FKGVU = ? Salmonella and other concerns

+P CFFKVKQP ནVCWTKPG FGិEKGPE[པ JCU DGGP HQWPF KP FQIU= ?= ? CPF ECVU= ? HGF EQOOGTEKCN FKGVU KPVGPFGF VQ DG ནEQORNGVG CPF DCNCPEGFཔ 0QV WUWCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF CP GUUGP VKCN PWVTKGPV KP FQIU VCWTKPG KU RNGPVKHWN KP OQUV YJQNG OGCVU YJGVJGT TCY QT EQQMGF = ? DWV KU TGFWEGF KP GZVTWFGF FKGVU %CVU TGSWKTG UWឹEKGPV VCWTKPG KP VJGKT FKGVU FWG VQ VJGKT KP ETGCUGF TCVG QH RTQVGKP OGVCDQNKUO VCWTKPG KU WUWCNN[ U[P VJGUK\GF KP VJG DQF[ HTQO OGVJKQPKPG CPF E[UVGKPG DWV ECVUཐ KPETGCUGF WUG QH VJGUG COKPQ CEKFU KP PQTOCN DQFKN[ HWPE VKQPU OGCP VJCV VCWTKPG KVUGNH OWUV CNUQ DG RTQXKFGF KP VJG FKGV

+P VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH (QQF /KETQDKQNQI[ RWDNKUJGF C UVWF[ VJCV ENCKOGF ནO[EQVQZKP EQPVCOKPCVKQP KP RGV HQQF RQUGU C UGTKQWU JGCNVJ VJTGCV VQ RGVUཔ CPF NKUVGF VJGO CីCVQZKPU QEJTCVQZKPU VTKEJQVJGEGPGU \GCTCNGPQPG HWOQPKUKPU CPF HWUCTKE CEKF = ? # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG ,QWTPCN QH #PKOCN 2J[UKQNQI[ CPF #PKOCN 0WVTKVKQP HQWPF JKIJ NGXGNU QH O[EQVQZKPU KP VJG TCY KPITGFKGPVU WUGF HQT RGV HQQF KP $TC\KN = ?

# UVWF[ KP VJG LQWTPCN QH /[EQVQZKP 4GUGCTEJ VGUVGF EQOOGTEKCN FQI HQQFU CPF HQWPF O[EQVQZKPU CV EQPEGTP KPI UWD NGVJCN NGXGNU +V YCU FGVGTOKPGF VJCV NQPI VGTO GZ 6JG CDQXG QDUGTXCVKQPU EQWNF CNUQ DG GZRNCKPGF D[ VJG TGP RQUWTG VQ NQY NGXGNU QH EQPិTOGF O[EQVQZKPU EQWNF RQUG FGTGF JKIJN[ RTQEGUUGF UQWTEG QH OGCV DGKPI NGUU TKEJ KP EJTQPKE JGCNVJ TKUMU = ? VCWTKPG CPF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV UQOG QH VJG VCWTKPG KU FGPCVWTGF FWTKPI GZVTWUKQP %CVU CTG QDNKICVG ECTPKXQTGU= ? CPF VJGKT # UVWF[ RWDNKUJGF KP VJG LQWTPCN QH 6QZKPU HQWPF EQP HQQF KP 'WTQRG PCVWTCN FKGV YQWNF EQPUKUV QH JKIJ COQWPVU QH YJQNG OGCV EGTPKPI NGXGNU QH OWNVKRNG O[EQVQZKPU KP RGV= ? YJKEJ JCU UQOG QH VJG UVTKEVGUV IWKFGNKPGU VJWU YJCV JCU DGGP VGTOGF ནVCWTKPG FGិEKGPE[པ ECWUKPI FKNCVGF ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ KP ECVU KU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ DG C FGិ (QT CNN VJG CDQXG TGCUQPU C EWTTGPV VTGPF CYC[ HTQO HGGF EKGPE[ KP VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH EQOOGTEKCN HGGF FKGVU 6CWTKPG KPITGFKGPVU CPF VQYCTF 75&# EGTVKិGF KPITGFKGPVU ិV HQT KU PQY CTVKិEKCNN[ UWRRNGOGPVGF DCEM KPVQ VJG FKGV CHVGT RTQ JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP JCU FGXGNQRGF = ? EGUUKPI KP VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH OQUV EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQF # UKOKNCT F[PCOKE QEEWTTGF KP VJG ិTUV JCNH QH VJG VYGPVKGVJ EGPVWT[ YKVJ CP GRKFGOKE QH 2GNNCITC= ? KP JWOCPU NKXKPI KP VJG 5QWVJGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 6JKU ECWUG YCU FGVGTOKPGF VQ DG PKCEKP FGិEKGPE[ CPF GUUGPVKCN XKVCOKP YJKEJ YCU DG 3.7.6 Commercial dog food KPI FGUVTQ[GF KP VJG OCUU RTQEGUUKPI QH EQTP 0KCEKP YCU UWRRNGOGPVGF DCEM KPVQ 5QWVJGTP FKGVU CPF VJG FKUGCUG YCU GTCFKECVGF /QUV UVQTG DQWIJV FQI HQQF KU OCFG YKVJ HGGF ITCFG CPK OCN ITCFG KPITGFKGPVU CPF EQOGU KP GKVJGT C FT[ HQTO CNUQ MPQYP KP VJG 75 CU LJCCMF QT C YGV ECPPGF HQTO &T[ HQQF Mycotoxins EQPVCKPU ཊ OQKUVWTG D[ XQNWOG CU EQORCTGF VQ ཊ KP ECPPGF HQQF 5GOK OQKUV HQQFU JCXG C OQKUVWTG +P #RTKN #ីCVQZKP $ C MPQYP ECTEKPQIGPKE VQZKP EQPVGPV QH ཊ 2GV QYPGTU QHVGP RTGHGT FT[ HQQF HQT OGNCOKPG CPF E[CPWTKE CEKF YGTG CNN HQWPF KP XCTKQWU TGCUQPU QH EQPXGPKGPEG CPF RTKEG URGPFKPI QXGT DKNNKQP DTCPFU QH 75# RGV HQQF KORQTVGF KPVQ *QPI -QPI 5KPEG QP FT[ FQI HQQF KP ཊ C KPETGCUG KP VJG COQWPV VJG (&# JCU EQPិTOGF EQPEGTPU QH VQZKPU KP HGGF URGPV LWUV UGXGP [GCTU GCTNKGT = ?

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: HQTO 2TQFWEVU CTG WUWCNN[ CKT FTKGF QT HTQ\GP VJGP FG J[FTCVGF HTGG\G FTKGF VQ TGFWEG OQKUVWTG VQ VJG NGXGN YJGTG DCEVGTKCN ITQYVJU CTG KPJKDKVGF 6JG CRRGCT CPEG KU XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ FT[ MKDDNGU 6JG V[RKECN HGGFKPI OGVJQFU KPENWFG CFFKPI YCTO YCVGT DGHQTG UGTXKPI 6JGTG KU UQOG EQPEGTP QH PWVTKGPVU UWEJ CU XKVCOKPU DGKPI NQUV FWTKPI VJG FGJ[FTCVKQP RTQEGUU • Fresh QT refrigerated RTQFWEGF VJTQWIJ RCUVGWTK\CVKQP QH HTGUJ KPITGFKGPVU 2TQFWEVU CTG NKIJVN[ EQQMGF CPF VJGP SWKEMN[ UGCNGF KP C XCEWWO RCEMCIG 6JGP VJG[ CTG TGHTKIGTCVGF WPVKN UGTXGF 6JKU V[RG QH FQI HQQF KU GZVTGOGN[ XWNPGTCDNG VQ URQKNKPI KH PQV MGRV CV C EQQN VGORGTCVWTG CPF JCU C UJGNH NKHG QH ཊ OQPVJU WPQRGPGF

" DVQ PG LJCCMFT

Wet dog food 9GV QT ECPPGF FQI HQQF KU UKIPKិECPVN[ JKIJGT KP OQKUVWTG VJCP FT[ QT UGOK OQKUV HQQF = ? %CPPGF HQQF KU EQOOGT EKCNN[ UVGTKNG EQQMGF FWTKPI ECPPKPI QVJGT YGV HQQFU OC[ PQV DG UVGTKNG # IKXGP YGV HQQF YKNN QHVGP DG JKIJGT KP RTQ VGKP QT HCV EQORCTGF VQ C UKOKNCT MKDDNG QP C FT[ OCVVGT DC UKU C OGCUWTG YJKEJ KIPQTGU OQKUVWTG IKXGP VJG ECPPGF HQQFཐU JKIJ OQKUVWTG EQPVGPV JQYGXGT C NCTIGT COQWPV QH ECPPGF HQQF OWUV DG HGF )TCKP INWVGP CPF QVJGT RTQVGKP IGNU OC[ DG WUGF KP YGV FQI HQQF VQ ETGCVG CTVKិEKCN OGCV[ EJWPMU YJKEJ NQQM NKMG TGCN OGCV = ? Alternative dog food +P TGEGPV [GCTU CNVGTPCVKXGU VQ VTCFKVKQPCN EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQF CTG DGKPI UQNF /CP[ EQORCPKGU JCXG DGGP UWEEGUUHWN KP VCTIGVKPI PKEJG OCTMGVU GCEJ YKVJ WPKSWG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU = ? Popular Alternative Dog Food Labels

• Homemade &KGV QHVGP EQOGU KP C DWEMGV QT 6WRRGTYCTG NKMG RCEMCIG +P VJG RCUV VJKU YCU VJQWIJV VQ DG C FKGV VJCV QYPGTU ETGCVG VJGOUGNXGU /CP[ RGV QYPGTU HGGF FQIU JQOGOCFG FKGVU 6JGUG FKGVU IGP GTCNN[ EQPUKUV QH UQOG HQTO QH EQQMGF OGCV QT TCY OGCV ITQWPF DQPG RWTGGF XGIGVCDNGU VCWTKPG UWR RNGOGPVU CPF QVJGT OWNVKXKVCOKP UWRRNGOGPVU 5QOG RGV QYPGTU WUG JWOCP XKVCOKP UWRRNGOGPVU CPF QVJ GTU WUG XKVCOKP UWRRNGOGPVU URGEKិECNN[ GPIKPGGTGF HQT FQIU = ?= ? 4GEGPVN[ OCP[ UOCNN EQORCPKGU JCXG DGIWP VQ JQOG EQQM FQI FKUJGU CPF VJGP UGNN VJGO VJTQWIJ URGEKCNV[ UVQTGU QT QXGT VJG +PVGTPGV • Vegetarian FQI HQQFU CTG OCPWHCEVWTGF D[ UGXGTCN EQORCPKGU 6JG[ CTG WUWCNN[ DCNCPEGF CPF EQPVCKP KP ITGFKGPVU UWEJ CU QCVOGCN RGC RTQVGKP CPF RQVCVQGU KPUVGCF QH OGCV VQ UWRRN[ RTQVGKP # FQI QYPGT OC[ EJQQUG VQ HGGF C XGIGVCTKCP HQQF HQT GVJKECN CPF QT JGCNVJ TGCUQPU QT KP ECUGU QH GZVTGOG HQQF CNNGTIKGU Contents

/CP[ EQOOGTEKCN FQI HQQFU CTG OCFG HTQO OCVGTKCNU EQP • Frozen CNUQ ECNNGF Fresh-Prepared EQOGU KP TCY UKFGTGF D[ UQOG CWVJQTKVKGU CPF FQI QYPGTU VQ DG WPWUCDNG QT EQQMGF PQV RTQEGUUGF HQTO UQOG QH YJKEJ KU QT WPFGUKTCDNG = ? 6JGUG OC[ KPENWFG OCFG YKVJ KPITGFKGPVU VJCV CTG KPURGEVGF CRRTQXGF CPF EGTVKិGF D[ VJG 75&# HQT JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP • /GCV CPF DQPG OGCN DWV HQTOWNCVGF HQT RGVU = ? 2CTV QH VJKU ITQYKPI VTGPF KU VJG EQOOGTEKCNK\CVKQP QH JQOG OCFG FQI HQQF HQT RGV • 1ាCN YKNF ECPKPGU JQYGXGT FQ GCV QាCN CU C XKVCN RCTV QYPGTU YJQ YCPV VJG UCOG SWCNKV[ DWV FQ PQV JCXG VJG QH VJGKT FKGVU VKOG QT GZRGTVKUG VQ OCMG KV VJGOUGNXGU = ? 6JG KFGC KU VQ UMKR VJG RTQEGUUKPI UVCIG VTCFKVKQPCN FQI HQQF IQGU • #PKOCN FKIGUV VJTQWIJ 6JKU ECWUGU NGUU FGUVTWEVKQP QH VJG PWVTKVKQPCN KPVGITKV[ • 5WICT DCUGF UYGGVGPGTU • %FIZESBUFE PS freeze-dried EQOGU KP TCY CPF EQQMGF

• #PKOCN D[ RTQFWEVU

%0( '00% .GUU GZRGPUKXG FQI HQQFU IGPGTCNN[ KPENWFG NGUU OGCV CPF OQTG CPKOCN D[ RTQFWEVU CPF ITCKP ិNNGTU 2TQRQPGPVU QH C PCVWTCN FKGV ETKVKEK\G VJG WUG QH UWEJ KPITGFKGPVU CPF RQKPV QWV VJCV TGIWNCVKQPU CNNQY HQT RCEMCIKPI VJCV OKIJV NGCF C EQPUWOGT VQ DGNKGXG VJCV VJG[ CTG DW[KPI PCVWTCN HQQF YJGP KP TGCNKV[ VJG HQQF OKIJV DG EQORQUGF OQUVN[ QH KPITGFKGPVU UWEJ CU VJQUG NKUVGF CDQXG = ?= ? /QTG GZRGPUKXG FQI HQQFU OC[ DG OCFG QH KPITGFKGPVU UWKVCDNG HQT QTICPKE RTQFWEVU QT HTGG TCPIG OGCVU .COD OGCN KU C RQRWNCT KPITGFKGPV +PITGFKGPVU OWUV DG NKUVGF D[ COQWPV KP FGUEGPFKPI QTFGT #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP (GGF %QPVTQN 1ឹEKCNU ##(%1 CPKOCN D[ RTQFWEVU KP RGV HQQF OC[ KPENWFG RCTVU QDVCKPGF HTQO CP[ CPKOCNU YJKEJ JCXG FKGF HTQO UKEMPGUU QT FKUGCUG RTQXKFGF VJG[ CTG TGPFGTGF KP CE EQTFCPEG VQ NCY #U YGNN EQY DTCKPU CPF URKPCN EQTFU PQV CNNQYGF HQT JWOCP EQPUWORVKQP WPFGT HGFGTCN TGIWNCVKQP %(4 FWG VQ VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH VTCPUOKUUKQP QH $5' CTG CNNQYGF VQ DG KPENWFGF KP RGV HQQF KPVGPFGF HQT PQP TWOKPCPV CPKOCNU = ? +P VJG #8/# URGEWNCVGF EJCPIGU OKIJV DG OCFG VQ CPKOCN HGGF TGIWNCVKQPU VQ DCP OCVGTKCNU HTQO ན &པ CPKOCNU ཊ VJQUG YJQ GPVGT VJG HQQF EJCKP CU FGCF F[KPI FKUGCUGF QT FKUCDNGF = ?

3.7.7

Raw dog food

/CKP CTVKENG 4CY HGGFKPI 5WRRQTVGTU QH TCY HGGFKPI DGNKGXG VJCV VJG PCVWTCN FKGV QH CP CPKOCN KP VJG YKNF KU KVU OQUV KFGCN FKGV CPF VT[ VQ OKOKE C UKOKNCT FKGV HQT VJGKT FQOGUVKE EQORCPKQP 6JG[ CTG EQO OQPN[ QRRQUGF VQ EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQFU YJKEJ VJG[ EQP UKFGT RQQT UWDUVKVWVGU HQT TCY HGGF 1RRQPGPVU DGNKGXG VJCV VJG TKUM QH HQQF DQTPG KNNPGUUGU RQUGF D[ VJG JCPFNKPI CPF HGGFKPI QH TCY OGCVU YQWNF QWVYGKIJ VJG RWTRQTVGF DGPGិVU CPF VJCV PQ UEKGPVKិE UVWFKGU JCXG DGGP FQPG VQ UWRRQTV VJG PWOGTQWU DGPGិ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

3.7.8

Labeling

(WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP 2GV HQQF h .CDGNKPI CPF TGIWNCVKQP

%PH USFBUT BSF TQFDJBM UZQFT PG EPH GPPE HJWFO BT B SFXBSE OPU BT B TUBQMF GPPE TPVSDF

Packaging &T[ FQI HQQF MKDDNGU KU OQUV QHVGP RCEMGF KP OWNVK YCNN RCRGT DCIU UQOGVKOGU YKVJ C RNCUVKE ិNO NC[GT UKOKNCT DCI UV[NGU YKVJ ិNO NCOKPCVGU QT EQGZVTWUKQPU CTG CNUQ WUGF 9GV FQI HQQF KU QHVGP RCEMGF KP CNWOKPWO ECPU QT UVGGN ECPU 2CEMCIKPI TGIWNCVKQPU HQT FQI HQQF CTG QHVGP XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ EQTTGURQPFKPI TGIWNCVKQPU HQT JWOCP HQQFU

+P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU FQI HQQFU NCDGNNGF CU ནEQORNGVG CPF DCNCPEGFཔ OWUV OGGV UVCPFCTFU GUVCDNKUJGF D[ VJG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP (GGF %QPVTQN 1ឹEKCNU ##(%1 GKVJGT D[ OGGVKPI C PWVTKGPV RTQិNG QT D[ RCUUKPI C HGGFKPI VTKCN 6JG &QI (QQF 0WVTKGPV 2TQិNGU YGTG NCUV WRFCVGF KP D[ VJG ##(%1ཐU %CPKPG 0WVTKVKQP 'ZRGTV 5WDEQO OKVVGG %TKVKEU CTIWG VJCV FWG VQ VJG NKOKVCVKQPU QH VJG VTKCN CPF VJG ICRU KP MPQYNGFIG YKVJKP CPKOCN PWVTKVKQP UEKGPEG VJG VGTO ནEQORNGVG CPF DCNCPEGFཔ KU KPCEEWTCVG CPF GXGP FG EGRVKXG #P ##(%1 RCPGN GZRGTV JCU UVCVGF VJCV ནCNVJQWIJ VJG ##(%1 RTQិNGU CTG DGVVGT VJCP PQVJKPI VJG[ RTQXKFG HCNUG UGEWTKVKGU པ= ? %GTVCKP OCPWHCEVWTGTU NCDGN VJGKT RTQFWEVU YKVJ VGTOU UWEJ CU RTGOKWO WNVTC RTGOKWO PCVWTCN CPF JQNKUVKE 5WEJ VGTOU EWTTGPVN[ JCXG PQ NGICN FGិPKVKQPU 6JGTG CTG CNUQ XCTKGVKGU QH FQI HQQF NCDGNGF CU ནJWOCP ITCFG HQQFཔ #N VJQWIJ PQ QឹEKCN FGិPKVKQP QH VJKU VGTO GZKUVU VJG CUUWOR VKQP KU VJCV QVJGT DTCPFU WUG HQQFU VJCV YQWNF PQV RCUU 75 (QQF CPF &TWI #FOKPKUVTCVKQP KPURGEVKQP CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG 2WTG (QQF CPF &TWI #EV QT VJG /GCV +PURGEVKQP #EV

6JG KPITGFKGPVU QP VJG NCDGN OWUV DG NKUVGF KP FGUEGPFKPI QTFGT D[ YGKIJV DGHQTG EQQMKPI 6JKU OGCPU DGHQTG CNN QH VJG OQKUVWTG KU TGOQXGF HTQO VJG OGCV HTWKVU XGIGVCDNGU CPF QVJGT KPITGFKGPVU WUGF

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: +P CPQVJGT HWPICN VQZKP VTKIIGTGF VJG TGECNN QH FT[ FQI HQQF OCFG D[ &QCPG 2GV %CTG CV QPG QH KVU RNCPVU KPENWFKPI 1N 4Q[ 9CN /CTV U DTCPF CU YGNN CU QVJGT DTCPFU 6JKU VKOG VJG VQZKP MKNNGF FQIU = ?

# EQPUWOGT CNGTV YCU TGNGCUGF HQT EQPVCOKPCVGF &KCOQPF 2GV (QQFU HQT FQIU CPF ECVU 1XGT ECPKPG 3.7.9 Recalls FGCVJU CPF CV NGCUV QPG HGNKPG HCVCNKV[ JCXG DGGP NKPMGF VQ &KCOQPF 2GV (QQFU EQPVCOKPCVGF D[ VJG RQVGPVKCNN[ /CKP CTVKENG RGV HQQF TGECNNU FGCFN[ VQZKP #ីCVQZKP CEEQTFKPI VQ %QTPGNN 7PKXGTUKV[ 6JG RGV HQQF TGECNNU KPXQNXGF VJG OCUUKXG TGECNN QH XGVGTKPCTKCPU = ? +P TGEGPV [GCTU TGECNNU QH VTCFKVKQPCN CPF TCY EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQFU JCXG DGEQOG HTGSWGPV FWG VQ KPETGCUGF CYCTG PGUU CPF VGUVKPI D[ VJG (&# 'XGT[ HGY OQPVJU C PGY NCTIG UECNG TGECNN KU CPPQWPEGF CPF C F[PCOKE NKUV QH TGECNN CNGTVU KU DGKPI EQPVKPWCNN[ WRFCVGF D[ VJG (&#= ?

3.7.10

Brands of Dog Food

• +COU • 2GFKITGG • 2WTKPC %PH GPPE BU B TVQFSNBSLFU JO #SPPLMZO /FX :PSL

• $NWG 9KNFGTPGUU • 0CVWTCN %JQKEG

OCP[ DTCPFU QH ECV CPF FQI HQQFU DGIKPPKPI KP /CTEJ • 1NF 4Q[ = ? 6JG TGECNNU ECOG KP TGURQPUG VQ TGRQTVU QH TGPCN HCKNWTG KP RGVU EQPUWOKPI OQUVN[ YGV RGV HQQFU OCFG YKVJ YJGCV INWVGP HTQO C UKPING %JKPGUG EQORCP[ DGIKPPKPI 3.7.11 See also KP (GDTWCT[ #HVGT OQTG VJCP VJTGG YGGMU QH EQO RNCKPVU HTQO EQPUWOGTU VJG TGECNN DGICP XQNWPVCTKN[ YKVJ • &QI HQQF DTCPFU VJG %CPCFKCP EQORCP[ /GPW (QQFU QP /CTEJ • &QI DKUEWKVU YJGP C EQORCP[ VGUV UJQYGF UKEMPGUU CPF FGCVJ KP UQOG QH VJG VGUV CPKOCNU 1XGTCNN UGXGTCN OCLQT EQORCPKGU JCXG TGECNNGF OQTG VJCP 3.7.12 References DTCPFU QH RGV HQQFU YKVJ OQUV QH VJG TGECNNGF RTQFWEV EQOKPI HTQO /GPW (QQFU #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG UGXGTCN VJG = ? 9CTF 'TPGUV $IPX IPVOET 8IZ PVS EPHT BSF HFU UJOH GBUUFS *GCNVJ %QOOWPKECVKQPU R +5$0 QTKGU QH VJG UQWTEG QH VJG CIGPV ECWUKPI UKEMPGUU KP CាGEVGF CPKOCNU YKVJ GZVGPUKXG IQXGTPOGPV CPF RTKXCVG VGUVKPI CPF HQTGPUKE TGUGCTEJ VQ FCVG PQ FGិPKVKXG ECWUG JCU DGGP KUQ = ? 8KTIKN $WEQNKEC )GQTIKEC GV #GPGKU CEEGFWPV ENCXKU OGV NCVGF #U QH #RTKN VJG OQUV NKMGN[ ECWUG CEEQTFKPI VQ TKEC PQVWNCG #PINKECG GV DQQM +++ ཊ YKVJ VJG (&# VJQWIJ PQV [GV RTQXGP KU KPFKECVGF D[ VJG RTGU VJG PQVG GPEG QH OGNCOKPG KP YJGCV INWVGP KP VJG CាGEVGF HQQFU +P VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU VJGTG JCU DGGP GZVGPUKXG OGFKC EQXGT CIG QH VJG TGECNN 6JGTG JCU DGGP YKFGURTGCF RWDNKE QWVTCIG CPF ECNNU HQT IQXGTPOGPV TGIWNCVKQP QH RGV HQQFU YJKEJ JCF RTGXKQWUN[ DGGP UGNH TGIWNCVGF D[ RGV HQQF OCPWHCEVWTGTU 6JG GEQPQOKE KORCEV QP VJG RGV HQQF OCTMGV JCU DGGP GZ VGPUKXG YKVJ /GPW (QQFU NQUKPI TQWIJN[ /KNNKQP CNQPG HTQO VJG TGECNN 6JG GXGPVU JCXG ECWUGF FKUVTWUV QH OQUV RTQEGUUGF RGV HQQFU KP UQOG EQPUWOGTU

= ? /PVWFBV EJDUJPOOBJSF VOJWFSTFM EFT BSUT FU EFT TDJFODJFT GSBO§PJT MBUJO FU GFKVGF D[ (T )KTCTF

8KWFC FG

= ? &GPKU &KFGTQV ,GCP .G 4QPF F #NGODGTV &ODZDMPQ©EJF PV EJDUJPOOBJSF SBJTPOO© EFT TDJFODFT 8QNWOG 2CTV = ? 0KEQNCU ,GCP $CRVKUVG $Q[CTF .BOVFM EV CPVWJFS FU [PPQIJMF PV M BSU E ©MFWFS EF TPJHOFS MFT BOJNBVY = ? 6JG 5RQTVUOCPཐU &KEVKQPCT[

%0( '00% = ? ན)TGCXGUཔ 9GDUVGTཐU FKEVKQPCT[ = ? 6JG EQORNGVG HCTTKGT CPF $TKVKUJ URQTVUOCP D[ 4KEJCTF .CYTGPEG R = ? &QQI (QQF 6KRU = ? 1WVKPI URQTV CFXGPVWTG VTCXGN ិEVKQP 8QNWOG ,CPWCT[ R = ? ན*KUVQT[ QH 2GV (QQFཔ UQLQU EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? 5QWTEGU XCT[ QP YJKEJ QH VJGUG CTG EQPUKFGTGF VJG OQUV UKI PKិECPV VQZKE KVGO = ? ན6QZKE (QQFU CPF 2NCPVU HQT &QIUཔ GPVKTGN[RGVU EQO 4G VTKGXGF = ? &TU (QUVGT 5OKVJ ན(QQFU VQ #XQKF (GGFKPI ;QWT &QIཔ RGVGFWECVKQP EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? $TGXKV\ $ )PVOE )FBMUI )BOECPPL 5IF %FણOJUJWF (VJEF UP ,FFQJOH ZPVS %PH )BQQZ R = ? ན2GV (QQF +PITGFKGPV )NQUUCT[པ RGVHQQFTCVKPIU QTI 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན &QI (QQF #NNGTI[ /[VJU ^ %CTG *GCNVJ[ .KXKPIཔ %CTG EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ,GCP ,CFJQP ན+U )TCKP (TGG &QI (QQF #P[ $GVVGT! 9&$, པ 8%#+ 57 #TVKENGU YFDL EQO 4G VTKGXGF = ? ན(QQF #NNGTIKGU CPF (QQF +PVQNGTCPEGཔ RGVGFWECVKQP EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? 6JG $WUKPGUU QH 2GV (QQF ན6JG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP (GGF %QPVTQN 1ឹEKCNU ##(%1 %CNQTKG %QPVGPVཔ 2GV HQQF CCHEQ QTI 4GVTKGXGF = ? /GUVGN 4QUKG ན%CTDU YGTG MG[ KP YQNXGUཐ GXQNWVKQP KPVQ FQIUཔ -PT "OHFMFT 5JNFT = ? ན*CTOHWN 5WDUVCPEGU 7PEQXGTGF KP &T[ (QQF HQT 2GVU %*1+%' པ #RTKN 4GVTKGXGF /C[ = ? 0KR #O[ #RTKN ན%CPEGT ECWUKPI VQZKP HQWPF KP *QPI -QPI RGV HQQF URCTMU CNCTOཔ 4PVUI $IJOB .PSOJOH 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF /C[ = ? 6TKZUVQP 5WUCP ན+U KV (GGF QT (QQF! 6TWVJ #DQWV 2GV (QQF = ? %JCXG\ 1UECT ན(QQF PQV (GGF #TG VJG +PITGFKGPVU KP 2GV ན(QQFཔ 5CHG! #MPH 1PTU ,WUV(QQF(QT&QIU ..% 4G VTKGXGF /C[ = ? ན(QQF 5CHGV[ #TQWPF VJG 9QTNFཔ %GPVGT HQT 5EKGPEG KP VJG 2WDNKE +PVGTGUV 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན#(+# UGGMU EQOOGPV HTQO OGODGT EQORCPKGU QP KPITGFK GPV CRRTQXCNUཔ 2GVHQQF +PFWUVT[ 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[

= ? $GXGTN[ *KNNU 5OCNN #PKOCN *QURKVCN JVVR YYY DJUCJ EQO !R /KUUKPI QT GORV[ ^VKVNG JGNR = ? ན6JG )TGCV /GNCOKPG 5ECTGཔ (QQF 3WCNKV[ 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? %KCPEKQNQ 4' $KUEJQា - 'DGN ,) 8CP 9KPMNG 6, )QNFUVGKP 4' 5GTិNKRRK ./ 5GRVGODGT ན%NKP KEQRCVJQNQIKE JKUVQNQIKE CPF VQZKEQNQIKE ិPFKPIU KP ECVU KPCFXGTVGPVN[ GZRQUGF VQ RGV HQQF EQPVCOKPCVGF YKVJ OGNCOKPG CPF E[CPWTKE CEKFཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFS JDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 233 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? 6JQORUQP /' .GYKP 5OKVJ /4 -CNCUKPUM[ 8( GV CN

/C[ ན%JCTCEVGTK\CVKQP QH OGNCOKPG EQPVCKPKPI CPF ECNEKWO QZCNCVG ET[UVCNU KP VJTGG FQIU YKVJ UWURGEVGF RGV HQQF KPFWEGF PGRJTQVQZKEQUKUཔ 7FUFSJOBSZ 1BUIPMPHZ 45

ཊ FQK XR 2/+& = ? &QDUQP 4. /QVNCIJ 5 3WKLCPQ / GV CN 0QXGODGT ན+FGPVKិECVKQP CPF EJCTCEVGTK\CVKQP QH VQZKEKV[ QH EQPVCOKPCPVU KP RGV HQQF NGCFKPI VQ CP QWVDTGCM QH TGPCN VQZKEKV[ KP ECVU CPF FQIUཔ 5PYJDPMPHJDBM 4DJFODFT 106 ཊ FQK VQZUEK MHP 2/+& = ? 5WEJ¾ 2 5VTCMQX¢ ' *GT\KI + 5VCĉC , -CNWUQX¢ 4 2QUR®EJCNQX¢ / ,WPG ན6QZKEQNQIKECN TKUM QH OGNCOKPG CPF E[CPWTKE CEKF KP HQQF CPF HGGFཔ *OUFSEJTDJ QMJOBSZ 5PYJDPMPHZ 2 ཊ FQK X 2/% 2/+& = ? 4WODGKJC 9- #IPGY & /CZKG ) GV CN ,WPG ན#PCN[UKU QH C UWTXG[ FCVCDCUG QH RGV HQQF KPFWEGF RQK UQPKPI KP 0QTVJ #OGTKECཔ +PVSOBM PG .FEJDBM 5PYJDPMPHZ 6 ཊ FQK U 2/% 2/+& = ? %QEEJK / 8CUEGNNCTK / )CNNKPC # #IPQNGVVK ( #PIGNGVVK 4 /WVKPGNNK ( ,CPWCT[ ན%CPKPG PGRJTQVQZKEQUKU KP FWEGF D[ OGNCOKPG EQPVCOKPCVGF RGV HQQF KP +VCN[པ 5IF +PVSOBM PG 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM 4DJFODF 72 ཊ 2/+& = ? ན(&# 8KFGQ 2GV (QQF 5CHGV[པ (GDTWCT[ = ? +OCPKUJK / 4QVUVGKP &5 4GKOUEJWGUUGN 4 GV CN /CTEJ ན1WVDTGCM QH 5CNOQPGNNC GPVGTKEC UGTQV[RG +P HCPVKU KPHGEVKQP KP JWOCPU NKPMGF VQ FT[ FQI HQQF KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF %CPCFC པ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFS JDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 244 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? ན&KCOQPF 2GV (QQFU #ITGGU VQ %NCUU #EVKQP 5GVVNGOGPVཔ = ? ,QJPUVQP #PFTGC (GDTWCT[ ན&8/པ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 242 ཊ FQK LCXOC = ? (CUEGVVK #PFTGC 1EVQDGT ན6CWTKPG FGិEKGPE[ KP FQIU YKVJ FKNCVGF ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[པ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJ DBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 223 ཊ

= ? (CUEGVVK #PFTGC 1EVQDGT ན6CWTKPG FGិEKGPE[ KP FQIU YKVJ EKNCVGF ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[པ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJ DBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 223 ཊ

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: 26 ཊ FQK U 2/+&

= ? 2KQP 2CWN ན&KNCVGF ECTFKQO[QRCVJ[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VCWTKPG FGិEKGPE[ KP VJG FQOGUVKE ECV TGNCVKQPUJKR VQ FKGV CPF O[ECTFKCN VCWTKPG EQPVGPVཔ "EWBODFT JO FYQJSFNFOUBM NFEJDJOF BOE CJPMPHZ 315 ཊ

= ? 5VTGKV ' 5EJCV\OC[T ) 6CUUKU 2 GV CN 1EVQDGT ན%WTTGPV UKVWCVKQP QH O[EQVQZKP EQPVCOKPCVKQP CPF EQ QEEWTTGPEG KP CPKOCN HGGF HQEWU QP 'WTQRGཔ 5PYJOT 4 ཊ FQK VQZKPU 2/% 2/+&

= ? 5RKV\G #4 ན6CWTKPG EQPEGPVTCVKQPU KP CPKONC HGGF KPITGFKGPVU EQQMKPI KPីWGPEGU VCWTKPG EQPVGPVཔ +PVSOBM "OJNBM 1IZTJPMPHZ BOE "OJNBM /VUSJUJPO 87 ཊ 4G VTKGXGF ,WPG

= ? &'.. /#4;#00' 1EVQDGT ན9QTTKGF CDQWV VCKPVGF LGTM[ VTGCVU! *GTGཐU JQY VQ MGGR [QWT RGVU UCHGཔ 0SBOHF $PVOUZ 3FHJTUFS

= ? &GDTC . <QTCP % # 6QP[ $WឹPIVQP 'ាGEVU QH PWVTKVKQP EJQKEGU CPF NKHGUV[NG EJCPIGU QP VJG YGNN DGKPI QH ECVU C ECTPKXQTG VJCV JCU OQXGF KPFQQTU +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJDBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO = ? *GI[K , 5EJYCTV\ 4 # *GI[K 8 ན2GNNCITC &GTOCVKVKU FGOGPVKC CPF FKCTTJGCཔ *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVS OBM PG %FSNBUPMPHZ ཊ FQK L Z 2/+& = ? 2TKEG 9& .QXGNN 4# /E%JGUPG[ &) 5GRVGODGT ན0CVWTCNN[ QEEWTTKPI VQZKPU KP HGGFUVWាU %GPVGT HQT 8GVGTK PCT[ /GFKEKPG 2GTURGEVKXGཔ +PVSOBM PG "OJNBM 4DJFODF 71

ཊ 2/+& = ? 5EWFCOQTG -# *GVOCPUMK /6 0CYC\ 5 0C[NQT , 4CKPDKTF 5 ན&GVGTOKPCVKQP QH O[EQVQZKPU KP RGV HQQFU UQNF HQT FQOGUVKE RGVU CPF YKNF DKTFU WU KPI NKPMGF EQNWOP KOOWPQCUUC[ ENGCP WR CPF *2.%པ 'PPE "EEJUJWFT BOE $POUBNJOBOUT 14 ཊ FQK 2/+&

= ? ན&QI (QQF 4GXKGYU &QI (QQFཐU (KPGUV *QWTཔ HQQFVCNM EQO

RGV

= ? /GUUQPPKGT 5 /BUVSBM )FBMUI #JCMF GPS %PHT $BUT 0GY ;QTM 6JTGG 4KXGTU 2TGUU +5$0 = ? ན9JGCV )NWVGPཔ = ? ན0CVWTCN 5CNGU 4KUKPIཔ = ? JVVR YYY QETGIKUVGT EQO CTVKENGU VTGCVU KPITGFKGPVU UC[U JVON ^VKVNG JGNR

/KUUKPI QT GORV[

= ? 6C[NQT ,GUUKEC ན,WUV (QQF HQT VJQWIJVཔ 2GV HQQFKPFWUVT[ EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? 6C[NQT ,GUUKEC ན*QY VQ #RRN[ JWOCP HQQF VTGPFU VQ RGVHQQFཔ 2GVHQQFKPFWUVT[ EQO 4GVTKGXGF = ? ན/CMKPI *QOGOCFG FQI HQQF TGEKRGUཔ

= ? $WGPQ &, 5KNXC ,1 1NKXGT ) /C[ ན/[EQីQTC KP EQOOGTEKCN RGV HQQFUཔ +PVSOBM PG 'PPE 1SPUFDUJPO 64 ཊ 2/+&

= ? &QI (QQF 2TQLGEV +PITGFKGPVU VQ #XQKF

= ? .GWPI /% &®C\ .NCPQ ) 5OKVJ 6- &GEGODGT ན/[EQVQZKPU KP RGV HQQF C TGXKGY QP YQTNFYKFG RTGXCNGPEG CPF RTGXGPVCVKXG UVTCVGIKGUཔ +PVSOBM PG "HSJDVMUVSBM BOE 'PPE $IFNJTUSZ 54 ཊ FQK LH 2/+&

= ? #P GZEGTRV HTQO VJG DQQM ན(QQF 2GVU &KG (QTཔ

= ? $QGTOCPU *, .GWPI /% 1EVQDGT ན/[EQVQZKPU CPF VJG RGV HQQF KPFWUVT[ VQZKEQNQIKECN GXKFGPEG CPF TKUM CU UGUUOGPVཔ *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG 'PPE .JDSPCJPMPHZ 119

ཊ FQK L KLHQQFOKETQ 2/+&

= ? ན(&# ན(&# 6+25 HQT 2TGXGPVKPI (QQFDQTPG +NNPGUU #UUQ EKCVGF YKVJ 2GV (QQF CPF 2GV 6TGCVU 'PPE BOE %SVH "E NJOJTUSBUJPO

= ? %CORQU 5) %CXCINKGTK .4 (GTP¢PFG\ ,WTK /) GV CN

,WPG ན/[EQDKQVC CPF CីCVQZKPU KP TCY OCVGTK CNU CPF RGV HQQF KP $TC\KNཔ +PVSOBM PG "OJNBM 1IZTJPMPHZ BOE "OJNBM /VUSJUJPO 92 ཊ FQK L Z 2/+& = ? $·JO , -QKPKI . 4C\\C\K (C\GNK ' GV CN #WIWUV ན5WTXG[ CPF TKUM CUUGUUOGPV QH VJG O[EQVQZKPU FGQZ[PK XCNGPQN \GCTCNGPQPG HWOQPKUKPU QEJTCVQZKP # CPF CីC VQZKPU KP EQOOGTEKCN FT[ FQI HQQFཔ .ZDPUPYJO 3FTFBSDI

= ? 6JG 2GV (QQF +PITGFKGPV )COG

= ? VJG #UUQEKCVKQP QH #OGTKECP (GGF %QPVTQN 1ឹEKCNU = ? %CPCFC 9TCRU 7R $5' +PXGUVKICVKQP

= ? ན#NVGTPCVKXG (GGFKPI 2TCEVKEGUཔ 8PSME 4NBMM "OJNBM 7FU FSJOBSZ "TTPDJBUJPO 4GVTKGXGF = ? JVVR YYY HFC IQX CPKOCNXGVGTKPCT[ UCHGV[JGCNVJ 4GECNNU9KVJFTCYCNU WEO JVO /KUUKPI QT GORV[ ^VKVNG JGNR = ? ན#PKOCN 2TQVGEVKQP +PUVKVWVG #2+ = ? ན6JG %QTPGNN 8GV %QNNGIGཔ = ? ན4GECNNU 9KVJFTCYCNUཔ (FC IQX 4GVTKGXGF

$"/*/& 3&130%6$5*0/

3.7.13

External links

• +PVGTRTGVKPI RGV HQQF NCDGNU ཊ 2GV HQQF NCDGNKPI CEEQTF KPI VQ ##(%1 TGIWNCVKQPU • 5EKGPVKិECNN[ 4GXKGYGF 4CVGF &QI (QQFU CV )QQF)WKFG EQO • 0CVKQPCN 4GUGCTEJ %QWPEKN 7 5 5WDEQOOKVVGG QP &QI 0WVTKVKQP /VUSJFOU SFRVJSFNFOUT PG EPHT 0CVKQPCN #ECFGO[ QH 5EKGPEGU +5$0

3.8 Canine reproduction 6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV TGRTQFWEVKQP KP FQOGUVKE FQIU (QT " GFNBMF EPHࣙT WVMWB JO IFBU TGRTQFWEVKQP KP QVJGT ECPKFU UGG %CPKFCG 4GRTQFWEVKQP Canine reproduction KU VJG RTQEGUU QH UGZWCN TGRTQFWEVKQP KP FQOGUVKE FQIU

3.8.1

6JG áž·TUV UVCIG QH VJG TGRTQFWEVKXG E[ENG KU RTQGUVTWU KP

Canine sexual anatomy and develop- YJKEJ GIIU KP VJG QXCTKGU DGIKP VQ OCVWTG CPF GUVTQIGP NGX ment GNU DGIKP VQ TKUG &WTKPI VJKU UVCIG OCNGU CTG CVVTCEVGF VQ

(WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP %CPKPG RGPKU CPF $WNDWU INCPFKU

PQP TGEGRVKXG HGOCNGU +PKVKCNN[ VJG XWNXC NKRU YKNN UYGNN WR CPF DGEQOG RNKCDNG CPF VJGTG YKNN DG UOCNN COQWPVU QH DNQQF[ XCIKPCN FKUEJCTIG CNQPI YKVJ UKIPU QH HTGSWGPV WTK PCVKQP CPF TGUVNGUUPGUU 2TQGUVTWU IGPGTCNN[ NCUVU FC[U = ?

'UVTWU KU VJG PGZV UVCIG KP YJKEJ GUVTQIGP NGXGNU CTG JKIJ OCVWTG GIIU CTG TGNGCUGF HTQO QXCTKGU CPF VJG HGOCNGU +P FQOGUVKE ECPKPGU UGZWCN OCVWTKV[ RWDGTV[ QEEWTU DG OGPVCNN[ CPF RJ[UKECNN[ DGEQOG TGEGRVKXG VQ EQRWNCVKQP +V VYGGP VJG CIGU QH VQ OQPVJU HQT DQVJ OCNGU CPF HG KU QPN[ FWTKPI GUVTWU VJCV EQRWNCVKQP YKNN TGUWNV KP RTGIPCPE[ OCNGU CNVJQWIJ VJKU ECP DG FGNC[GF WPVKN WR VQ VYQ [GCTU QH &WTKPI RTQGUVTWU CPF GUVTWU HGOCNGU OC[ JCXG C ENGCT VQ CIG HQT UQOG NCTIG DTGGFU 2TGIPCPE[ KU RQUUKDNG CU UQQP CU DNQQF[ FKUEJCTIG 6JKU UVCIG KU CNUQ MPQYP CU ནJGCV པ 6JG VJG ិ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he reproductive cycle OQPCN RTQិNG QH C RTGIPCPV HGOCNG CPF C HGOCNG KP FKGUVTWU CTG VJG UCOG UQOGVKOGU C PQP RTGIPCPV HGOCNG YKNN IQ Female cycle VJTQWIJ C RGTKQF QH RUGWFQ RTGIPCPE[ #V VJCV VKOG UJG 6JG CXGTCIG NGPIVJ QH VJG TGRTQFWEVKXG E[ENG HQT HGOCNGU KU OC[ ICKP YGKIJV JCXG OCOOCT[ INCPF FGXGNQROGPV RTQ ཊ YGGMU (GOCNGU TGCEJ UGZWCN OCVWTKV[ RWDGTV[ DG FWEG OKNM CPF GZJKDKV PGUVKPI DGJCXKQWTU General

VYGGP CPF OQPVJU QH CIG 6JGTG KU C VTGOGPFQWU #PGUVTWU KU VJG RGTKQF QH TGRTQFWEVKXG SWKGUEGPEG 6JG HG XCTKCDKNKV[ KP VJG OCVWTCVKQP CIG DGVYGGP DTGGFU CPF GXGP OCNG JCU PQ CVVTCEVKQP VQ QT HTQO VJG OCNG #PGUVTWU IGP YKVJKP C DTGGF QH FQI = ? GTCNN[ NCUVU HQWT VQ áž·XG OQPVJU = ?

3.8.3

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

Copulation

QHVGP EQPVKPWG GZCOKPKPI VJG HGOCNGཐU TGCT DGHQTG OQWPV KPI JGT HTQO DGJKPF YJKNG CVVGORVKPI RGPGVTCVKQP YKVJ JKU ན%QRWNCVQT[ VKGཔ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ཐU RGPKU GZRCPFU CPF KV KU KORQT KQT %CPKFCG VCPV VJCV VJG DWNDWU INCPF KU UWឹEKGPVN[ HCT KPUKFG HQT VJG HG #U YKVJ OQUV VGVTCRQFU ECPKPG EQRWNCVKQP KPXQNXGU VJG OCNG VQ DG CDNG VQ VTCR KV 7PNKMG JWOCP UGZWCN KPVGTEQWTUG YJGTG VJG OCNG RGPKU EQOOQPN[ DGEQOGU GTGEV DGHQTG GP VGTKPI VJG HGOCNG ECPKPG EQRWNCVKQP KPXQNXGU VJG OCNG ិTUV RGPGVTCVKPI VJG HGOCNG CHVGT YJKEJ UYGNNKPI QH VJG RGPKU VQ GTGEVKQP QEEWTU YJKEJ WUWCNN[ JCRRGPU TCRKFN[ = ? /CNG ECPKPGU CTG VJG QPN[ CPKOCNU VJCV JCXG C NQEMKPI DWNDWU INCPFKU QT ནDWNDཔ C URJGTKECN CTGC QH GTGEVKNG VKUUWG CV VJG DCUG QH VJG RGPKU &WTKPI EQRWNCVKQP CPF QPN[ CHVGT VJG OCNGཐU RGPKU KU HWNN[ KPUKFG VJG HGOCNGཐU XCIKPC VJG DWNDWU INCPFKU DGEQOGU GPIQTIGF YKVJ DNQQF = ? 9JGP VJG HGOCNGཐU XCIKPC UWDUGSWGPVN[ EQPVTCEVU VJG RGPKU DGEQOGU NQEMGF KP UKFG VJG HGOCNG = ? 6JKU KU MPQYP CU ནV[KPIཔ QT ནMPQVVKPIཔ 9JKNG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH OCVKPI KP OQUV ECPKFU VJG EQRWNC VQT[ VKG JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF VQ DG CDUGPV= ? QT XGT[ DTKGH NGUU VJCP QPG OKPWVG = ? KP VJG #HTKECP 9KNF &QI RQUUKDN[ FWG VQ VJG CDWPFCPEG QH NCTIG RTGFCVQTU KP KVU GPXKTQPOGPV = ?

%PHT DPQVMBUJOH PO B CFBDI

9JGP VJG RGPKU KU NQEMGF KPVQ VJG XCIKPC D[ VJG DWNDWU INCP FKU YJGP VJG UVWF KU ནVKGFཔ VJTWUVKPI DGJCXKQT UVQRU CPF VJG OCNG YKNN WUWCNN[ NKHV C NGI CPF UYKPI KV QXGT VJG HGOCNGཐU DCEM YJKNG VWTPKPI CTQWPF 6JG VYQ UVCPF YKVJ VJGKT JKPF GPFU VQWEJKPI CPF VJG RGPKU NQEMGF KPUKFG VJG XCIKPC YJKNG GLCEWNCVKQP QEEWTU FGETGCUKPI NGCMCIG QH UGOGP HTQO VJG XCIKPC = ?= ?= ? #HVGT UQOG VKOG V[RKECNN[ DGVYGGP CPF OKPWVGU= ? DWV UQOGVKOGU NQPIGT VJG DWNDWU INCPFKU FKUGPIQTIGU CNNQYKPI VJG OCVGU VQ UGRCTCVG 8KTIKP FQIU ECP DGEQOG SWKVG FKUVTGUUGF CV ិPFKPI VJGOUGNXGU WPCDNG VQ UGRCTCVG FWTKPI VJGKT ិTUV EQRWNCVKQP CPF OC[ VT[ VQ RWNN CYC[ QT TWP &QI DTGGFGTU QHVGP UWIIGUV KV KU CRRTQRTKCVG HQT JCPFNGTU VQ CVVGORV VQ ECNO VJG OCVKPI FQIU KH VJG[ UJQY CPZKGV[ QPEG VJKU UVCIG KU TGCEJGF

3.8.4 8PMWFT NBUJOH 5BNB [PP

OCNG OQWPVKPI VJG HGOCNG HTQO DGJKPF C RQUKVKQP KPHQT OCNN[ TGHGTTGF VQ CU FQII[ UV[NG 9JGP C OCNG ECPKPG KU KPVGTGUVGF KP OQWPVKPI C HGOCNG JG YKNN UPKា VJG HGOCNGཐU XWNXC +H VJG HGOCNG KU WPTGEGRVKXG UJG OC[ UKV NKG FQYP UPCR TGVTGCV QT QVJGTYKUG DG WPEQQRGTCVKXG +H VJG HG OCNG KU TGEGRVKXG UJG YKNN UVCPF UVKNN CPF JQNF JGT VCKN VQ VJG UKFG C UVCPEG TGHGTTGF VQ CU ནីCIIKPIཔ 6JG OCNG YKNN

Gestation and litters

)GUVCVKQP KP C FQI KU FC[U KP NGPIVJ KH OGCUWTGF HTQO VJG FC[ QH QXWNCVKQP 5KPEG KV KU FKឹEWNV VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG GZCEV FCVG QH QXWNCVKQP GTTQTU CTG QHVGP OCFG KP ECNEWNCVKPI IGUVCVKQP RGTKQF = ? %CPKPG URGTO ECP NKXG HQT VQ FC[U KP VJG WVGTKPG VWDGU HCNNQRKCP VWDGU UQ KH C DKVEJ KU DTGF FC[U DGHQTG VJG QQE[VGU GIIU ECP DG HGTVKNK\GF UJG YKNN CRRGCT VQ JCXG C IGUVCVKQP NGPIVJ QH FC[U +H UJG KU DTGF QP VJG FC[ VJG QQE[VGU ECP DG HGTVKNK\GF JGT IGUVCVKQP NGPIVJ YKNN CRRGCT VQ DG FC[U NQPI

$"/*/& 3&130%6$5*0/

UOCNNGT DTGGFU DQVJ [QWPI CPF QNF CIG CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UOCNNGT NKVVGT UK\G +P NCTIGT DTGGFU QPN[ QNF CIG KU CUUQEK CVGF YKVJ UOCNNGT NKVVGT UK\G = ? 7UG QH CTVKិEKCN KPUGOKPC VKQP KU CNUQ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UOCNNGT NKVVGT UK\G YKVJ HTQ\GP UGOGP JCXKPI C UVTQPIGT GាGEV VJCP HTGUJ UGOGP = ? 5QOG DTGGFU JCXG DGGP FGXGNQRGF VQ GORJCUK\G EGTVCKP RJ[UKECN VTCKVU DG[QPF VJG RQKPV CV YJKEJ VJG[ ECP UCHGN[ DGCT NKVVGTU QP VJGKT QYP

" QSFHOBOU NPOHSFM

# NCTIG UECNG UVWF[ KP 0QTYC[ UJQYGF VJCV CETQUU CNN DTGGFU CDQWV QH RWRU YKNN DG UVKNNDQTP CPF C HWTVJGT YKNN FKG YKVJKP VJG ិTUV YGGM GCTN[ PGQPCVCN OQTVCNKV[ $GVYGGP FC[U CPF YGGMU YKNN FKG .KVVGT UK\G DTGGF UK\G CPF CIG QH VJG DKVEJ KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KPETGCUGF TKUM *KIJ TKUM DTGGFU HQT UVKNNDQTP KPENWFGU VJG &QIWG FG $QTFGCWZ

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

" XJME EPH GSPN 4SJ -BOLB OVSTJOH IFS QVQQJFT

# IGPGTCN TWNG QH VJWOD KU VJCV C OCOOCN YKNN RTQFWEG JCNH CU OCP[ QាURTKPI CU VJG PWODGT QH VGCVU QP VJG OQVJGT 6JKU TWNG KU CNVGTGF KP FQOGUVKECVGF CPKOCNU UKPEG NCTIGT NKV VGTU CTG QHVGP HCXQWTGF HQT GEQPQOKE TGCUQPU CPF KP FQIU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG ITGCV TCPIG QH UK\GU CPF UJCRGU RNC[U C TQNG KP JQY OCP[ JGCNVJ[ RWRRKGU C HGOCNG ECP ECTT[ # HGOCNG FQI WUWCNN[ JCU VGCVU VJQWIJ VJKU FQGU PQV OGCP UJG ECP PGEGUUCTKN[ RTQXKFG UWឹEKGPV PWVTKVKQP HQT RWRRKGU KP QPG NKVVGT

1VJGT OWNVK DTGGF UVWFKGU JCXG RWV UVKNNDQTP TCVGU CV CPF GCTN[ PGQPCVCN OQTVCNKV[ CV = ?

3.8.5

Clinical issues

(GOCNG FQIU CTG CV TKUM HQT GPFQOGVTKVKU CPF R[QOGVTC KP VJG RQUVRCTVWO RGTKQF CPF CHVGT GUVTWU QT XCIKPKVKU 5KIPU CPF U[ORVQOU KPENWFG HGXGT NGVJCTI[ NQUU QH CRRGVKVG GZ EGUUKXG VJKTUV TGUVNGUUPGUU C HQWN UOGNNKPI XCIKPCN FKUEJCTIG YJKEJ OC[ QT OC[ PQV DG DNQQF[ KPHGTVKNKV[ QT VJG[ OC[ DG CU[ORVQOCVKE = ?= ?= ?= ? 7VGTKPG KPHGEVKQPU UJQWNF DG VTGCVGF GZRGFKVKQWUN[ KH UWURGEVGF %QPVTCT[ VQ EQOOQP DG NKGH WVGTKPG KPHGEVKQPU ECP UVTKMG CP[ KPVCEV DKVEJ YJGVJGT UJG JCU DGGP DTGF QT PQV CPF YJGVJGT KV KU JGT ិTUV UGCUQP QT PQV CNVJQWIJ KV KU OQTG EQOOQP CU FQIU DGEQOG QNFGT

#P CXGTCIG NKVVGT EQPUKUVU QH CDQWV ិXG VQ UKZ RWRRKGU VJQWIJ VJKU PWODGT OC[ XCT[ YKFGN[ DCUGF QP VJG DTGGF QH FQI 5K\G QH VJG DTGGF KU EQTTGNCVGF YKVJ NKVVGT UK\G /KPKC VWTG CPF UOCNN DTGGFU CXGTCIG VJTGG VQ HQWT RWRRKGU KP GCEJ NKVVGT YKVJ C OCZKOWO NKVVGT UK\G QH CDQWV .CTIG CPF IKCPV DTGGFU CXGTCIG RWRRKGU RGT NKVVGT DWV ECP JCXG C OCZ KOWO NKVVGT UK\G QH CDQWV = ? +P QPG UVWF[ VJG 4JQFGUKCP 4KFIGDCEM JCF VJG JKIJGUV CXGTCIG NKVVGT UK\G YKVJ RWRU 3.8.6 Dog breeding RGT NKVVGT YJKNG VJG 2QOGTCPKCP CPF 6Q[ 2QQFNG JCF VJG NQY GUV YKVJ RWRU RGT NKVVGT = ? /CKP CTVKENG &QI DTGGFKPI 6JG PWODGT QH RWRRKGU CNUQ XCTKGU YKVJ VJG OQVJGTཐU CIG +P

$)"15&3 #*0-0(: VJG CDKNKV[ VQ RTQETGCVG CPF TGFWEG UGZ FTKXG %CUVTCVKQP JCU CNUQ DGGP MPQYP VQ TGFWEG CIITGUUKQP KP OCNG FQIU DWV URC[KPI JCU DGGP UJQYP VQ QEECUKQPCNN[ KPETGCUG CIITGUUKQP KP HGOCNG FQIU = ?

5IFTF MJUUFSNBUFT XFSF CPSO UP BO "VTUSBMJBO 4IFQIFSE NPUIFS XIP IBE SPBNFE GSFF TVHHFTUJOH EJઢFSFOU GBUIFST

Procedure

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

&QIU UJQYP KP VJG EQPHQTOCVKQP TKPI CTG PQV CNNQYGF VQ DG #P CTVKិEKCN XCIKPC KU RTGRCTGF YJKEJ KU C EQPKECN VJKP NC GKVJGT PGWVGTGF QT URC[GF +V FKUSWCNKិGU VJGO HTQO DGKPI VGZ UNGGXG GPFKPI KP C UVGTKNG EQNNGEVKQP VWDG 6JG KPUKFG QH UJQYP CU VJG[ OWUV DG KPVCEV CPF WPCNVGTGF VJG NCVGZ UNGGXG KU NKIJVN[ NWDTKECVGF 6JG OCNG KU CNNQYGF VQ (GOCNG ECVU CPF FQIU CTG UGXGP VKOGU OQTG NKMGN[ VQ FGXGNQR UPKា C HGOCNG KP GUVTWU 'ZRGTKGPEGF UVWFU EQQRGTCVG TGCF OCOOCT[ VWOQTU KH VJG[ CTG PQV URC[GF DGHQTG VJGKT ិTUV KN[ KP VJG RTQEGUU 0GY UVWFU QHVGP TGSWKTG GPEQWTCIGOGPV JGCV E[ENG = ? KP VJG HQTO QH OCPWCN UVKOWNCVKQP = ? )GPGTCNN[ VJG OCNG 5VWFKGU= ?= ?= ?= ? JCXG UJQYP VJCV URC[KPI QT PGWVGTKPI YKNN OQWPV VJG HGOCNG CPF VJG EQNNGEVQT SWKEMN[ FKTGEVU VJG KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ UGTKQWU JGCNVJ CPF DGJCXKQWTCN EQPUG OCNGཐU RGPKU KPVQ VJG NCVGZ UNGGXG 6JG OCNG GLCEWNCVGU CPF SWGPEGU VJG UGOGP KU EQNNGEVGF KP VJG VWDG 6JG UGOGP KU VJGP FTCYP = ? Altered Females: WR KPVQ C NQPI VJKP RKRGVVG

3.8.7

Cross breeding

&GUKIPGT DTGGF FQIU CTG /KZGF DTGGF FQIU VJCV CTG KPVGP VKQPCNN[ DTGF HTQO RCTGPVU QH VYQ GUVCDNKUJGF DTGGFU 5VWF KGU JCXG UJQYP VJCV ETQUU DTGF FQIU JCXG C PWODGT QH FG UKTCDNG TGRTQFWEVKXG VTCKVU 5EQVV CPF (WNNGT= ? HQWPF VJCV ETQUU DTGF FQIU YGTG UWRGTKQT OQVJGTU EQORCTGF VQ RWTG DTGF OQVJGTU RTQFWEKPI OQTG OKNM CPF IKXKPI DGVVGT ECTG 6JGUG CFXCPVCIGU NGF VQ C FGETGCUGF OQTVCNKV[ KP VJG Qា URTKPI QH ETQUU DTGF FQIU JQYGXGT VJG SWCNKVKGU QH ETQUU DTGF FQIU CTG PQV RTGFKEVCDNG (QT GZCORNG ( .CDTCFQT Z RQQFNGU NCDTCFQQFNG ECP KPJGTKV VJG EQCV QH GKVJGT C .CDTCFQT C RQQFNG QT C TGOKZ

3.8.8

Spaying and neutering

/CKP CTVKENG 0GWVGTKPI 5RC[KPI HGOCNGU CPF ECUVTCVKPI OCNGU TGHGTU VQ VJG UVGTKNK\CVKQP QH CPKOCNUཋWUWCNN[ D[ TGOQXCN QH VJG OCNGཐU VGUVKENGU QT VJG HGOCNGཐU QXCTKGU CPF WVGTWUཋVQ GNKOKPCVG

+PETGCUGF CIITGUUKQP ECP DG UJQYP KP CNVGTGF HGOCNGU KH VJG[ JCXG RTGXKQWUN[ FKURNC[GF CIITGUUKQP RTKQT VQ UWTIKECN CNVGT CVKQP +P C UVWF[ D[ 1ཐ(CTTGNN CPF 2GCEJ[ HGOCNG FQIU NGUU VJCP OQPVJU QH CIG VJCV JCF RTGXKQWUN[ UJQYP UKIPU QH CIITGUUKQP CTG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ JCXG CP KPETGCUG KP CIITGU UKQP CHVGT DGKPI URC[GF = ? 6JGUG KPETGCUGU KP CIITGUUKQP OC[ DG FWG VQ VJG UWFFGP EJCPIG KP JQTOQPG EQPEGPVTC VKQPU VJCV CTG VJG TGUWNV QH CNVGTCVKQP 9JKNG URC[KPI HGOCNG FQIU FQGU PQV ནKPFWEGཔ CIITGUUKQP KV ECP KPETGCUG CIITGUUKQP

GURGEKCNN[ FQOKPCPEG CIITGUUKQP CPF HCEKNKVCVGU KPFKUETKO KPCVG CRRGVKVG KP [QWPI CNVGTGF HGOCNGU CPF ECP KPENWFG VJGO TCRKFN[ GCVKPI OGCNU QT GCVKPI HQQF CUUQEKCVGF KVGOU UWEJ CU VTCUJ = ?= ? 9JGP HGOCNGU FKURNC[ FQOKPCPEG CIITGUUKQP KV KU QHVGP FKTGEVGF VQYCTFU QYPGTU $GJCXKQTU FKURNC[GF KP ENWFG IWCTFKPI QH VQ[U HQQF QT TGUVKPI RNCEGU C VGPUG TKIKF RQUVWTG GTGEVKQP QH GCTU CPF VCKN DCTKPI QH VGGVJ ITQYNKPI CPF UPCRRKPI QT DKVKPI 6JGUG DGJCXKQTU CTG WUWCNN[ CP CV VGORV VQ HQTO UQOG V[RG QH ནFQOKPCPEG JKGTCTEJ[པ YKVJKP VJG HCOKN[ 5QOG FQIU OC[ UJQY UGNGEVKXG FQOKPCPEG CI ITGUUKQP VQYCTFU QPG HCOKN[ OGODGT DWV PQV CPQVJGT = ? &QOKPCPEG CIITGUUKQP ECP UQOGVKOGU DG ECWUGF YJGP CP QYPGT CVVGORVU VQ ីKR VJG RGV KPVQ C UWDOKUUKXG RQUKVKQP

NKMG QP KVU DCEM &QOKPCPEG CIITGUUKQP KU CNUQ PQV NKO

$"/*/& 3&130%6$5*0/ KVGF VQ JWOCPU ECPKPGU GZJKDKVKPI FQOKPCPEG CIITGUUKQP ECP CNUQ UJQY VJKU DGJCXKQT VQYCTF QVJGT CPKOCNU Altered males:

= ? %TGGN 5 ན5QEKCN QTICPK\CVKQP CPF GាGEVKXG RQRWNCVKQP UK\G KP ECTPKXQTGUཔ KP %CTQ 6 / #FIBWJPSBM FDPMPHZ BOE DPOTFSWBUJPO CJPMPHZ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0

+P PGCTN[ QH VJG ECUGU VJCV KPXQNXG KPVGTFQI CIITGUUKQP = ? -NGKOCP & ) 'KUGPDGTI , ( 0QXGODGT ན%QO ECUVTCVKQP ECP JGNR FGETGCUG CIITGUUKQP %CUVTCVKQP CNUQ FG RCTKUQPU QH ECPKF CPF HGNKF UQEKCN U[UVGOU HTQO CP GXQNW ETGCUGU QVJGT OCNG V[RKECN DGJCXKQTCN VTCKVU UWEJ CU OQWPV VKQPCT[ RGTURGEVKXGཔ "OJNBM #FIBWJPS 'NUGXKGT 21 KPI TQCOKPI CPF WTKPG OCTMKPI 5RGEKិECNN[ OCNG RWR ཊ FQK 5 2/+& RKGU VJCV CTG PGWVGTGF DGVYGGP CPF YGGMU CTG VJTGG VKOGU NGUU NKMGN[ VQ FKURNC[ DGJCXKQTCN RTQDNGOU EQORCTGF VQ ECPKPGU PGWVGTGF CV OQPVJU QT QNFGT = ? /QUV FQOK = ? 5QEKCN $GJCXKQWT +P #PKOCNU PCPVN[ CIITGUUKXG FQIU CTG OCNG YJKEJ ECWUGU OCP[ RGQRNG = ? $KQNQIKECN 'ZWDGTCPEG #PKOCN *QOQUGZWCNKV[ CPF 0CVWTCN VQ PGWVGT VJGKT OCNG ECPKPG EQORCPKQP 4GOQXKPI VGUVQU &KXGTUKV[ VGTQPG ECP FGETGCUG VJG KPVGPUKV[ QH C ECPKPGཐU TGCEVKQP VQ UVKOWNWU 6GUVQUVGTQPG FQGU PQV ECWUG C DGJCXKQT VQ QE = ? 6JG +NNWUVTCVGF 'PE[ENQRGFKC QH 0QTVJ #OGTKECP /COOCNU EWT DWV KVU CDUGPEG OC[ FGETGCUG VJG QEEWTTGPEG QH C ནDCFཔ = ? 4WXKPUM[ # 5CORUQP , 5IF HFOFUJDT PG UIF EPH DGJCXKQT = ?

3.8.9

See also

• %CPKPG VTCPUOKUUKDNG XGPGTGCN VWOQT • 5GOGP EQNNGEVKQP &QIU • )TC[ YQNH 4GRTQFWEVKQP • &KPIQ 4GRTQFWEVKQP • #PKOCN JWUDCPFT[ • 2WRR[ OKNN

3.8.10

References

= ? VJGAPQTOCNAECPKPG JVO &T $ 'KNVU .QWKUKCPC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ 5EJQQN QH 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG ན0QTOCN %CPKPG 4GRTQFWEVKQPཔ TGVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? &T $ 'KNVU .57 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG ན6JG 0QTOCN %CPKPG 'UVTQWU %[ENGཔ TGVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? &CP 4KEG 1EVQDGT 5IF $PNQMFUF #PPL PG %PH #SFFEJOH $CTTQPཐU 'FWECVKQPCN 5GTKGU RR ཊ +5$0 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? ན5GOGP %QNNGEVKQP HTQO &QIUཔ #TDN EXODU EQNQUVCVG GFW 4GVTKGXGF = ? $GMQា / &KCOQPF , /C[ ན2TGEQRWNCVQT[ CPF %QRWNCVQT[ $GJCXKQT KP %Q[QVGUཔ +PVSOBM PG .BNNBM PHZ #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ QH /COOCNQIKUVU 57 ཊ ,5614 = ? -NGKOCP & ) ན5QOG CURGEVU QH UQEKCN DGJCXKQT KP VJG %CPKFCGཔ "NFSJDBO ;PPMPHJTU #OGTKECP 5QEKGV[ QH <QQNQIKUVU 7 ཊ FQK KED 4G VTKGXGF

%#$+ RR UGG R +5$0 1%.%

= ? &T $ 'KNVU .QWKUKCPC 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG ན%CPKPG 2TGIPCPE[པ TGVTKGXGF #RTKN = ? $QTIG - 5 6¹PPGUUGP 4 0¹FVXGFV # +PFTGD¹ #

ན.KVVGT UK\G CV DKTVJ KP RWTGDTGF FQIUཋ# TGVTQURGE VKXG UVWF[ QH DTGGFUཔ 5IFSJPHFOPMPHZ 75 ཊ FQK L VJGTKQIGPQNQI[ 2/+& = ? 6¹PPGUUGP 4 $QTIG - 5 0¹FVXGFV # +PFTGD¹ # ན%CPKPG RGTKPCVCN OQTVCNKV[ # EQJQTV UVWF[ QH DTGGFUཔ 5IFSJPHFOPMPHZ 77 ཊ FQK L VJGTKQIGPQNQI[ 2/+& = ? 6GWPKUUGP ) * ན6JG FGXGNQROGPV QH GPFQOGVTKVKU KP VJG FQI CPF VJG GាGEV QH QGUVTCFKQN CPF RTQIGUVGTQPG QP VJG WVGTWUཔ "DUB FOEPDSJOPMPHJDB 9 ཊ 2/+& = ? 1MCPQ 5 6CICYC / 6CMCUG - ན4GNCVKQPUJKR QH VJG DNQQF GPFQVQZKP EQPEGPVTCVKQP CPF RTQIPQUKU KP FQIU YKVJ R[QOGVTCཔ 5IF +PVSOBM PG WFUFSJOBSZ NFEJDBM TDJFODF UIF +BQBOFTF 4PDJFUZ PG 7FUFSJOBSZ 4DJFODF 60 ཊ FQK LXOU 2/+& ? = ? ན2[QOGVTC &QIU ^ 6JKEMGPKPI QH VJG 7VGTWUཔ 1FU.% 4G VTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? ན'PFQOGVTKVKU 5[ORVQOU CPF 6TGCVOGPV KP &QIUཔ XJLJ1FU 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDJOF 8GVGTKPCT[ /GFKEKPG 2WDNKUJKPI %QO RCP[ 4GVTKGXGF (GDTWCT[ = ? ,QJP 2CWN 5EQVV ,QJP . (WNNGT %PH #FIBWJPS = ? *GKFGPDGTIGT ' 7PUJGNO , =%JCPIGU KP VJG DGJCX KQT QH FQIU CHVGT ECUVTCVKQP? 5JFS¤S[UMJDIF 1SBYJT KP )GT OCP 18 ཊ 2/+&

$)"15&3 #*0-0(:

= ? ན6QR TGCUQPU VQ URC[ QT PGWVGT [QWT RGVཔ #OGTKECP 5Q EKGV[ HQT 2TGXGPVKQP QH %TWGNV[ VQ #PKOCNU 4GVTKGXGF = ? #TPQNF 5 =7TKPCT[ KPEQPVKPGPEG KP ECUVTCVGF DKVEJGU 2CTV 5KIPKិECPEG ENKPKECN CURGEVU CPF GVKQRCVJQ IGPGUKU? 4DIXFJ[ "SDI 5JFSIFJMLE KP )GTOCP 139 ཊ 2/+& = ? ,QJPUVQP 5& -COQNRCVCPC - 4QQV -WUVTKV\ /8 ,QJPUVQP )4 ན2TQUVCVKE FKUQTFGTU KP VJG FQIཔ "OJN 3FQSPE 4DJ ཊ FQK 5 2/+& = ? /QTTKUQP 9CNNCEG $ $BODFS JO %PHT BOE $BUT TU FE 9KNNKCOU CPF 9KNMKPU +5$0 = ? 6JG 0GICVKXG #URGEVU QH 0GWVGTKPI = ? )QNFGP TGVTKGXGT UVWF[ UWIIGUVU PGWVGTKPI CាGEVU FQI JGCNVJ = ? 5CPDQTP .CWTC , /C[ ན6JG .QPI 6GTO 'H HGEVU QH 5RC[ 0GWVGT KP &QIUཔ 2&( 5IF /"*" -JCSBSZ 0CVKQPCN #PKOCN +PVGTGUV #NNKCPEG 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT = ? /QQTG ) ' )WRVKNN . ( 9CTF / 2 )NKEMOCP 0 9 (CWPV - - .GYKU * $ )NKEMOCP . 6

ན#FXGTUG GXGPVU FKCIPQUGF YKVJKP VJTGG FC[U QH XCEEKPG CFOKPKUVTCVKQP KP FQIUཔ +PVSOBM PG UIF "NFSJ DBO 7FUFSJOBSZ .FEJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 227 ཊ FQK LCXOC 2/+& = ? $QPPKG $GCXGT ན%CPKPG $GJCXKQT # )WKFG HQT 8GV GTKPCTKCPUཔ = ? 2GVGT $QTEJGNV ན#IITGUUKXG $GJCXKQT QH FQIU MGRV CU EQORCPKQP CPKOCNU %NCUUKិECVKQP CPF KPីWGPEG QH UGZ TGRTQFWEVKXG UVCVWU CPF DTGGFཔ "QQMJFE "OJNBM &UIPMPHZ 10

ཊ FQK = ? 8 1 (CTTGN CPF ' 2GCEJ[ ན$GJCXKQWTCN GាGEVU QH 1XCTKQJ[UVGTGEVQO[ QP $KVEJGUཔ 4NBMM "OJNBM 1SBDUJDF 31 ཊ

• 5KGICN /QTFGECK GFKVQT GF 6$%BWJT #PPL PG %PHT *CTRGT%QNNKPU +5$0

3.8.11

Further reading

• *GKFG 5EJCVVGP )JGQTIJG / %QPUVCPVKPGUEW /CTEJ $PNQBSBUJWF 3FQSPEVDUJWF #JPMPHZ ,QJP 9KNG[ 5QPU +5$0

3.8.12

External links

• %CPKPG )GUVCVKQP %CNEWNCVQT

Chapter 4

Intelligence and behavior 4.1 Dog intelligence

4.1.2

Evaluation of intelligence

ན+PVGNNKIGPEG QH FQIUཔ TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT VJG DQQM UGG 6JG ན+PVGNNKIGPEGཔ KU JCTF VQ FGិPG YJGVJGT KP FQIU QVJGT CPK OCNU QT JWOCPU 6JG CDKNKV[ VQ NGCTP SWKEMN[ OKIJV DG VCMGP +PVGNNKIGPEG QH &QIU Dog intelligence KU VJG CDKNKV[ QH C FQI VQ NGCTP VJKPM CU C UKIP QH KPVGNNKIGPEG DWV UWEJ GXKFGPEG OWUV DG KPVGT RTGVGF YKVJ ECTG DGECWUG NGCTPKPI URGGF OC[ DG CាGEVGF D[ UWEJ VJKPIU CU VJG GាGEVKXGPGUU QH VJG TGYCTFU WUGF KP VTCKPKPI QT VJG OQVKXCVKQP QT CEVKXKV[ NGXGN QH VJG FQI (QT GZCORNG UQOG DTGGFU UWEJ CU 5KDGTKCP *WUMKGU CTG UCKF VQ DG PQV RCTVKEWNCTN[ TGYCTFGF D[ RNGCUKPI VJGKT QYPGTU DWV SWKEMN[ NGCTP VQ GUECRG HTQO [CTFU QT ECVEJ UOCNN CPK OCNU QHVGP WUKPI KPIGPKQWU YC[U QH FQKPI DQVJ = ? 8CTKQWU UVWFKGU JCXG CVVGORVGF VQ GUVKOCVG KPVGNNKIGPEG D[ OGCUWT KPI VJG PWODGT QH YQTFU QT UKIPU C FQI ECP NGCTP # TGEGPV GZCORNG D[ CPKOCN RU[EJQNQIKUVU ,WNKCPG -COKPUMK CPF EQN NGCIWGU TGRQTVU VJCV 4KEQ C $QTFGT %QNNKG EQWNF NGCTP QXGT YQTFU = ? 4KEQ EQWNF TGOGODGT VJG PCOGU QH UGXGTCN KVGOU HQT WR VQ HQWT YGGMU CHVGT KVU NCUV GZRQUWTG -COKPUMK FU BM GNKOKPCVGF VJG %NGXGT *CPU GាGEV WUKPI UVTKEV RTQVQ EQNU 4KEQ YCU CNUQ CDNG VQ KPVGTRTGV RJTCUGU UWEJ CU ནHGVEJ .BOZ EPHT DBO CF USBJOFE FBTJMZ UP SFUSJFWF PCKFDUT TVDI BT B TUJDL VJG UQEMཔ KP VGTOU QH KVU EQORQPGPV YQTFU TCVJGT VJCP EQP UKFGTKPI KVU WVVGTCPEG VQ DG C UKPING YQTF 4KEQ EQWNF CNUQ IKXG VJG UQEM VQ C URGEKិGF RGTUQP +P $GVU[ CNUQ C CPF UQNXG RTQDNGOU &QI VTCKPGTU QYPGTU CPF TGUGCTEJGTU $QTFGT %QNNKG YCU HGCVWTGF QP VJG EQXGT QH 0CVKQPCN )GQ JCXG OWEJ FKឹEWNV[ CITGGKPI QP C OGVJQF HQT VGUVKPI ECPKPG ITCRJKE /CIC\KPG $GVU[ཐU KPVGNNKIGPEG TKXCNGF VJCV QH 4KEQཐU KPVGNNKIGPEG KP VJCV UJG MPGY QXGT YQTFU CPF YCU CDNG VQ EQPPGEV CP QDLGEV YKVJ C RJQVQITCRJKE KOCIG QH VJG QDLGEV FGURKVG JCXKPI UGGP PGKVJGT DGHQTG = ?

4.1.1

Inherited abilities

/CKP CTVKENG )TC[ YQNH (WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP &QI DGJCXKQT CPF 2CEM ECPKPG &QIU CTG RCEM CPKOCNU D[ PCVWTG CPF ECP WPFGTUVCPF UQ EKCN UVTWEVWTG CPF QDNKICVKQPU CPF CTG ECRCDNG QH KPVGTCEVKPI YKVJ QVJGT OGODGTU QH VJG RCEM = ?

+P JKU DQQM (PPE /BUVSFE GVJQNQIKUV (TCPU FG 9CCN FKUEWUUGU CP GZRGTKOGPV QP IWKNV CPF TGRTKOCPFU EQPFWEVGF QP C HGOCNG 5KDGTKCP JWUM[ 6JG FQI JCF VJG JCDKV QH UJTGFFKPI PGYURCRGTU CPF YJGP JGT QYPGT TGVWTPGF JQOG VQ ិPF VJG UJTGFFGF RCRGTU CPF UEQNF JGT UJG YQWNF CEV IWKNV[ *QYGXGT YJGP VJG QYPGT JKOUGNH UJTGFFGF VJG RC RGTU YKVJQWV VJG FQIཐU MPQYNGFIG VJG FQI ནCEVGF LWUV CU IWKNV[ CU YJGP UJG JGTUGNH JCF ETGCVGF VJG OGUU པ &G 9CCN EQPENWFGU VJCV VJG ནIWKNVཔ FKURNC[GF D[ FQIU KU PQV VTWG IWKNV DWV TCVJGT VJG CPVKEKRCVKQP QH VJG DGJCXKQT QH CP CPIT[ UW RGTKQT KP C IKXGP UKVWCVKQP = ?

&QIU CTG CDNG VQ TGCF CPF TGCEV CRRTQRTKCVGN[ VQ JWOCP DQF[ NCPIWCIG UWEJ CU IGUVWTKPI CPF RQKPVKPI CPF VQ WPFGTUVCPF JWOCP XQKEG EQOOCPFU = ? 5VWFKGU KP 20#5 CPF 2.Q5 1PG UWIIGUV VJCV FQIU OC[ HGGN

$)"15&3 */5&--*(&/$& "/% #&)"7*03

EQORNGZ GOQVKQPU NKMG LGCNQWU[ CPF CPVKEKRCVKQP = ?= ? 2U[EJQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP VJCV JWOCP HCEGU CTG CU[OOGVTKECN YKVJ VJG IC\G KPUVKPEVKXGN[ OQXKPI VQ VJG TKIJV UKFG QH C HCEG WRQP GPEQWPVGTKPI QVJGT JWOCPU VQ QDVCKP KP HQTOCVKQP CDQWV VJGKT GOQVKQPU CPF UVCVG 4GUGCTEJ CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH .KPEQNP UJQYU VJCV FQIU UJCTG VJKU KP UVKPEV YJGP OGGVKPI C JWOCP DGKPI CPF QPN[ YJGP OGGV KPI C JWOCP DGKPI K G PQV QVJGT CPKOCNU QT QVJGT FQIU #U UWEJ VJG[ CTG VJG QPN[ PQP RTKOCVG URGEKGU MPQYP VQ FQ UQ = ?= ?

= ? -COKPUMK GV CN ,WNKCPG 8PSE -FBSOJOH JO B %P NFTUJD %PH &WJEFODF GPS ࣜ'BTU .BQQJOHࣝ RR ཊ FQK UEKGPEG = ? /QTGNN 8KTIKPKC /CTEJ ན/KPFU QH VJGKT 1YPཔ 0C VKQPCN )GQITCRJKE 4GVTKGXGF = ? FG 9CCN (TCPU (PPE /BUVSFE *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR ཊ +5$0 = ? ན6GUV TGXGCNU FQIUཐ LGCNQWU UKFGཔ ##$ /FXT 4GVTKGXGF

5EJQQN RU[EJQNQIKUV -CVJ[ %QQP FGXGNQRGF VJG ិTUV KPVGN = ? ན(WPEVKQPCN /4+ KP #YCMG 7PTGUVTCKPGF &QIUཔ 1-P4 0OF NKIGPEG VGUV HQT FQIU KP YKVJ VJG YQTM EQPVKPWQWUN[ TGXKUGF VJTQWIJ #UUGUUOGPVU YGTG FGXGNQRGF VQ VGUV = ? - )WQ % *CNN 5 *CNN - /GKPVU & /KNNU ན.GHV IC\G UJQTV VGTO OGOQT[ CIKNKV[ CDKNKV[ VQ CFCRV RTQDNGO UQNX DKCU KP JWOCP KPHCPVU TJGUWU OQPMG[U CPF FQOGUVKE FQIUཔ KPI WPKSWG FGVQWT RTQDNGOU CPF VQ UGG JQY VJG FQI TGCEVU 1FSDFQUJPO '%82 4GVTKGXGF VQ EQPFKVKQPU YJKEJ JG QT UJG ិPFU WPCEEGRVCDNG 6JG RGT HQTOCPEG QH KPFKXKFWCN FQIU YCU EQORCTGF VQ QXGT FQIU = ? #NNG[PG 4KEJCTF ན&QIU ECP TGCF GOQVKQP KP JWOCP HCEGUཔ %BJMZ 5FMFHSBQI 4GVTKGXGF QP YJKEJ VJG VGUV YCU UVCPFCTFK\GF #FFKVKQPCN DTGGF PQTOU = ? YGTG FGXGNQRGF KP JGT DQQM 5IF %PH *OUFMMJHFODF 5FTU = ? %QQP -CVJ[ UIF EPH JOUFMMJHFODF UFTU #XQP $QQMU +5$0

5VCPNG[ %QTGP TCPMGF FQI DTGGFU D[ KPVGNNKIGPEG KP JKU DQQM 5IF *OUFMMJHFODF PG %PHT DCUGF QP UWTXG[U FQPG QH FQI QDG FKGPEG LWFIGU VJG CTVKENG HQT YJKEJ EQPVCKPU C UWOOCT[ QH VJG TCPMKPIU QDVCKPGF

• %WPNKាG ,WNKGVVG 5IF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG %PH #SFFET 2CTTCIQP 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0

4.1.3

• (QING $TWEG 5IF /FX &ODZDMPQFEJB PG UIF %PH &QTKPI -KPFGTUNG[ &- +5$0

See also

• &QI VTCKPKPI • 5IF *OUFMMJHFODF PG %PHT YKVJ TCVKPIU • %CV KPVGNNKIGPEG General: • +PVGNNKIGPEG VTCKV • #PKOCN EQIPKVKQP • %QPFKVKQPGF TGURQPUG • 'OQVKQP KP CPKOCNU

4.1.4

References

= ? %KOQPU /CTNGPG ,CP ན0GY &TWI %CP .GV 2QQEJ #XQKF .KXKPI C &QIཐU .KHG /GFKEKPG (&# 1-U CPVKFG RTGUUCPV CKOGF CV JGNRKPI VQ GCUG UGRCTCVKQP CPZKGV[ UQOG PGWTQVKE ECPKPGU GZRGTKGPEG པ 5IF -PT "OHFMFT 5JNFT 4G VTKGXGF = ? )LGTUQG 0CVJCNKC 5GR ན&QIU CP WPEQORNKECVGF TGNCVKQPUJKRཔ 5IF (VBSEJBO = ? JVVR UKDGTKCPJWUM[EGPVTCN EQO UKDGTKCP JWUM[ FQIU CTG UKDGTKCP JWUMKGU IQQF FQIU

• %QQP -CVJ[ %PH *OUFMMJHFODF 5FTU #XQP +5$0 %JGEM FCVG XCNWGU KP ^FCVG JGNR #PIWU 4QDGTVUQP +5$0 .KDTG 'ZRTGUUKQP +5$0 %G XKTK 6CPLW #PCRC 6WTMG[ +5$0

4.2

Dog behavior

Dog behavior TGHGTU VQ VJG EQNNGEVKQP QH DGJCXKQTU D[ VJG FQOGUVKE FQI $BOJT MVQVT GBNJMJBSJT CPF KU DGNKGXGF VQ DG KPីWGPEGF D[ IGPGVKE UQEKCN UKVWCVKQPCN CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN ECWUGU 6JG FQOGUVKE FQI KU C UWDURGEKGU QH VJG ITG[ YQNH CPF UJCTGU OCP[ QH KVU DGJCXKQTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG FKUVKPEV RJ[UKECN FKាGTGPEGU DGVYGGP FQIU CPF YQNXGU EQPVGORQTCT[ XKGYU QH FQI DGJCXKQT CTG JGCXKN[ KPីWGPEGF D[ TGUGCTEJ QP YKNF YQNXGU 5GG CNUQ &QI

4.2.1

Social behavior

(WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP 2CEM ECPKPG CPF &QI EQOOWPKEC VKQP

%0( #&)"7*03

FQIU CU ETQWEJKPI TQNNKPI QXGT QP VJG DCEM CPF GZRQUKPI VJG CDFQOGP NQYGTKPI VJG VCKN UQOGVKOGU VQ VJG RQKPV QH VWEM KPI KV DGVYGGP VJG NGIU ីCVVGPKPI VJG GCTU CXGTVKPI IC\G PGTXQWUN[ NKEMKPI QT UYCNNQYKPI FTKDDNKPI WTKPG CPF HTGG\ KPI QT ីGGKPI YJGP QVJGT FQIU CTG GPEQWPVGTGF Dog play

%PHT SPVHIIPVTJOH

6JG UQEKCN WPKV QH FQIU KU VJG RCEM (TQO TGUGCTEJ QP )TC[ YQNH RCEMU VJG RCEM JCU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP VJQWIJV QH CU C VKIJVN[ MPKV ITQWR EQORQUGF QH KPFKXKFWCNU VJCV JCXG C TCPMKPI KP C NKPGCT JKGTCTEJ[ +V KU DGNKGXGF VJCV FQIU YGTG CDNG VQ DG FQOGUVKECVGF D[ CPF UWEEGGF KP EQPVCEV YKVJ JW OCP UQEKGV[ DGECWUG QH VJGKT UQEKCN PCVWTG #EEQTFKPI VQ VJKU VTCFKVKQPCN DGNKGH FQIU IGPGTCNK\G VJGKT UQEKCN KPUVKPEVU VQ KPENWFG JWOCPU KP GUUGPEG ནLQKPKPI VJG RCEMཔ QH VJGKT QYPGT JCPFNGT CPF KFGCNN[ UGGKPI VJG JWOCP CU VJG #NRJC YQNH 4GUGCTEJ QP RCEMU HQTOGF KP VJG YKNF KPFKECVG VJCV YQNXGU HQTO C HCOKN[ ITQWR KPENWFKPI C DTGGFKPI RCKT CPF VJGKT Qា URTKPI +P VJGUG HCOKNKCN RCEMU VJG VGTOU ནFQOKPCPEG པ CPF ནUWDOKUUKQPཔ DTKPI YKVJ VJGO C PWODGT QH OKUEQPEGRVKQPU 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH TGUGCTEJ VQ FCVG KPFKECVGU VJCV FQOGUVKE FQIU EQPHQTO VQ C JKGTCTEJ[ CTQWPF CP #NRJC $GVC 1OGIC UVTWEVWTG &QOGUVKE FQIU NKMG VJGKT YKNF YQNH EQWPVGTRCTVU KPVGTCEV KP GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG JKGTCTEJKECN YC[U Dominance and Pack mentality

(TQO C [QWPI CIG FQIU GPICIG KP RNC[ YKVJ QPG CPQVJGT &QI RNC[ KU OCFG WR RTKOCTKN[ QH OQEM ិIJVU +V KU DG NKGXGF VJCV VJKU DGJCXKQT YJKEJ KU OQUV EQOOQP KP RWRRKGU KU VTCKPKPI HQT KORQTVCPV DGJCXKQTU NCVGT KP NKHG 4GUGCTEJ QP RWRR[ RNC[ JCU UJQYP VJCV RWRRKGU FQ PQV GPICIG GSWCNN[ KP DQVJ FQOKPCPV CPF UWDOKUUKXG TQNGU KP ិIJVU TCVJGT RWR RKGU YKNN VGPF VQ UVCTV RNC[ ិIJVU YKVJ YGCMGT RWRRKGU VJG[ DGNKGXG VJG[ ECP FQOKPCVG = ? #FFKVKQPCNN[ RWRRKGU YKNN KPVGTXGPG KP RNC[ GPICIGF D[ QVJGT RCKTU +P VJGUG UKVWCVKQPU VJG RWRRKGU QXGTYJGNOKPIN[ CKF VJG FQOKPCPV FQI 2WRRKGU FQ PQV UJQY TGEKRTQEKV[ KP KPVGTXGPVKQPU UWIIGUVKPI VJCV VJG[ RTGHGT VQ DG FQOKPCPV KP C ិ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ནECVJCTVKEཔ DGJCXKQTU UWEJ CU FGUVTQ[KPI VJKPIU CPF GZEGUUKXG DCTMKPI # UVWF[ HQWPF VJCV YJGP FQIU GZRGTKGPEG CP KPETGCUG KP CEVKXKV[ QH JQT OQPGU VKGF VQ VJG ནិIJV QT ីKIJVཔ TGURQPUG KV ECWUGU FQIU VQ EJCUG VJGKT VCKNU OQTG QHVGP = ? +V KU PQY MPQYP JQYGXGT VJCV KV KU C OGEJCPKUO HQT VJG FQI VQ DWTP Qា KVU QYP GZEGUU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ RNC[HWN GPGTI[ CPF KU WUWCNN[ KPFKECVKXG QH C NCEM QH CP CRRTQRTKCVG COQWPV QH OGPVCN CPF RJ[UKECN UVKO WNCVKQP

6JG RTGUGPEG QH C NGCFGT KP C RCEM KP QVJGT YQTFU VJG RTGU GPEG QH CP ན#NRJCཔ D[ GXQNWVKQPCT[ FGHCWNV VJG OQUV ECNO Behavior when separated CPF CUUGTVKXG YQNH CPF VJG TGUV QH VJG RCEM CU HQNNQYGTU KU KTTGHWVCDN[ PGEGUUCT[ VQ VJG OGPVCN YGNNDGKPI QH CNN VJG RCEM &QIU XCNWG VJG RTGUGPEG QH VJG QVJGTU KP VJGKT ནRCEMཔ CPF CTG UQOGVKOGU FKUVTGUUGF KH UGRCTCVGF %QOOQP WPYCPVGF KPFKXKFWCNU TGCEVKQPU YJGP C FQI KU UGRCTCVGF HTQO VJG ནRCEMཔ KP ECRVKX +P YKNF )TC[ 9QNH RCEMU CEVU QH EQOOWPKECVKPI QPGUGNXGU KV[ CTG DCTMKPI JQYNKPI FKIIKPI CPF EJGYKPI +V KU YQTVJ FQOKPCPEG JCXG DGGP QDUGTXGF VQ KPENWFG GCVKPI DGHQTG PQVKPI JQYGXGT VJCV KP VJG YKNF PQPG QH VJKU DGJCXKQT QE NGUU FQOKPCPV RCEM OGODGTU GZKVKPI GPVGTKPI VJG FGP ិ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

CU C EWD RWRR[ QT [QWPI YQNH FQI 6JKU KU GCU[ VQ XKUWCN K\G HTQO C RCEM OGODGTU RQKPV QH XKGY +H VJG #NRJC OCNG IGVU WR CPF NGCXGU YKVJQWV UKIPCNKPI HQT CP[QPG VQ HQNNQY VJG RCEM OGODGTU ECNON[ TGOCKP YJGTG VJG[ CTG VTWUVKPI KP VJG #NRJC YQNHཐ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mpathy in Dogs 6JG OGFKC JCU RQTVTC[GF OCP[ GZCORNGU QH CPKOCNU DGJCX KPI GORCVJKECNN[ CPF YKVJ CNVTWKUVKE NKMG DGJCXKQT 1PG GZ CORNG KU 'XG C 4QVVYGKNGT YJQ RWNNGF JGT RCTCRNGIKE QYPGT -CVJKG 8CWIJCP VQ UCHGV[ CHVGT VJG QYPGTཐU VTWEM WPGZ RGEVGFN[ ិNNGF YKVJ PQZKQWU ICU CPF GZRNQFGF = ? /CP[ TG UGCTEJGTU JCXG UVCTVGF UVWF[KPI GORCVJKE DGJCXKQT CPF JCXG FGXGNQRGF OCP[ YC[U QH VGUVKPI GORCVJ[ KP FQIU

$)"15&3 */5&--*(&/$& "/% #&)"7*03 PGVKE OCMGWR #U QH PQY QPN[ C JCPFHWN QH IGPGU JCXG DGGP NKPMGF VQ RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU KP JWOCPU JQYGXGT EC PKPGU QាGT C RTQOKUKPI CRRTQCEJ VQ FGVGEV VJG IGPGVKE EQO RQPGPVU QH EQORNGZ DGJCXKQTCN VTCKVU %CPKPGཐU RGTUQPCN KV[ CPF UQEKCN DGJCXKQT EQOGU HTQO RTGUUWTG CICKPUV UGNGE VKQP CPF JCXG IQPG VJTQWIJ OCP[ IGPGTCVKQPU +P ECPKPGU C NCTIG RTQRQTVKQP QH VJGKT RGTUQPCNKV[ KU FWG VQ VJGKT KPJGT KVGF IGPGU UQ VJGTG KU PQ SWGUVKQP VJCV IGPGU RNC[ C TQNG KP VJG DGJCXKQT QH FQOGUVKE ECPKPGU DWV C ECPKPGཐU KPFKXKFWCN GPXKTQPOGPVCN JKUVQT[ RNC[U C OCLQT TQNG KP UJCRKPI KVU DG JCXKQT QXGT KVU NKHGVKOG (TQO VJG VKOG C RWRR[ KU YGNEQOGF KPVQ C JQWUGJQNF QH JWOCPU VJCV RWRR[ DGEQOGU EQORNGVGN[ FGRGPFGPV QH VJG JWOCPU VQ DGEQOG VJGKT PGY ECTGVCMGT HQT CNN QH VJGKT PGGFU = ? %CPKPGU CTG NKMGN[ VQ JCXG DGGP VJG ិTUV CPKOCNU VQ DG VCOGF CPF CU UWEJ JCXG UJCTGF C EQOOQP GPXKTQPOGPV YKVJ JW OCPU HQT OCP[ [GCTU *WOCPU JCXG DGEQOG KPVGTGUVGF KP VJKU CPKOCN CPF KVU RGTUQPCNKVKGU DGECWUG %CPKPG 2GTUQPCNKV[ TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP KPURKTGF D[ C PWODGT QH EQOOQP EQP EGTPU 5QOG QH VJQUG EQPEGTPU CTG VJCV RQVGPVKCN ECPKPG QYPGTU NQQM VQ ិPF ECPKPGU VJCV CTG UKOKNCT VQ VJGKT QYP UGNH UQ VJG[ OGUJ YGNN KP GCEJ QVJGTཐ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

6JGTG CTG OCP[ VJGQTKGU CU VQ YJ[ FQIU YQWNF JCXG GXQNXGF GORCVJKE DGJCXKQT *QYGXGT KV KU YKFGN[ CEEGRVGF VJCV KV YCU QWV QH UWTXKXCN # YQNH HQNNQYKPI OCP HQT HQQF YQWNF PGGF VQ DG CDNG VQ ENQUGN[ TGCF OCPUཐ OQQF HTQO UWDVNG JW OCP DQF[ NCPIWCIG UWEJ CU RQUVWTG CPF HCEKCN GZRTGUUKQPU 6JG JWPIT[ YQNXGU YQWNF PGGF MPQY YJGP VQ CRRTQRTKCVGN[ CRRTQCEJ CPF YJGP VQ DCEM Qា #U VJG RTQZKOKV[ QH VJG VYQ URGEKGU KPETGCUGF VJKU UNQYN[ GXQNXGF KPVQ VJG J[RGTUGPUK 1PG KORQTVCPV ECPKPG DGJCXKQT VJCV KU XGT[ KORQTVCPV VQ JW VKXG CDKNKV[ VQ TGCF JWOCPU CPF CEV CEEQTFKPIN[ VJCV YG UGG OCPU KU VJGKT CDKNKV[ VQ CVVGPF CPF TGURQPF VQ JWOCP UQEKCN IGUVWTGU CPF EWGU 1YPGTU QH ECPKPGU ិPF KV XGT[ KORQT VQFC[ VCPV VQ JCXG C ECPKPG VJCV ECP NGCTP XKUWCN CPF XGTDCN EWGU VJCV VJG[ UJQY /QUV QYPGTU RTGHGT C ECPKPG VJCV KU GCU KN[ VTCKPGF UWEJ CU .CDTCFQT 4GVTKGXGT )GTOCP 5JGRJGTF Canine Personality 5VCPFCTF 2QQFNG CPF $QTFGT %QNNKGU *WOCPU YCPV VQ DG %CPKPG RGTUQPCNKV[ KU FGិPGF CU VJG EQODKPCVKQP QH EJCT EQOG HCOKNKCT YKVJ ECPKPG RGTUQPCNKVKGU DGECWUG ECPKPGU CTG CEVGTKUVKEU QT SWCNKVKGU VJCV HQTO C ECPKPGཐU KPFKXKFWCN FKU XGT[ WUGHWN VQ JWOCPU *WOCPU WUG ECPKPGU HQT JWPVKPI VKPEVKXG EJCTCEVGT 2GTUQPCNKV[ KP ECPKPGU TGHGTU VQ VJG DG JGTFKPI UNGFFKPI TGUEWG OKUUKQPU RQNKEG FQIU FTWI ិPF JCXKQTCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU VJCV FGUETKDGU CPF CEEQWPVU HQT EQP KPIU IWKFKPI VJG DNKPF CU YGNN CU C NQXGN[ EQORCPKQP CV UKUVGPV RCVVGTPU QH PQTOCN DGJCXKQT VJCV CTG UVCDNG CETQUU JQOG 6JG GXQNWVKQPCT[ FGXGNQROGPV CPF FKXGTUKិECVKQP VKOG CPF UKVWCVKQPU +V KU OCFG WR QH EJCTCEVGTKUVKE RCVVGTPU QH ECPKPGU KU KPVGTGUVKPI DGECWUG KPUVGCF QH PCVWTCN UGNGE VJQWIJVU HGGNKPIU CPF DGJCXKQTU 6JGKT RGTUQPCNKVKGU CTKUG VKQP D[ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV JWOCPU CTG CTVKិEKCNN[ UGNGEVKPI YKVJKP CPF VJG[ TGOCKP HCKTN[ EQPUVCPV VJTQWIJQWV C ECPKPGཐU CPF CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG JWPFTGFU QH ECPKPG DTGGFU VJCV NKHG # ECPKPGཐU RGTUQPCNKV[ KU OCFG WR QH C EQODKPCVKQP QH CTG FQOGUVKE CPF GZKUV VQFC[ = ? EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QT SWCNKVKGU VJCV HQTO C FKUVKPEVKXG EJCTCEVGT YJKEJ KU RCUUGF FQYP HTQO RCTGPVU VQ VJGKT [QWPI RWR = ?

%CPKPG 2GTUQPCNKVKGU JCXG C IGPGVKE EQPVTKDWVKQP YJKEJ JCU Sexual behavior VQ FQ YKVJ VJG EQORNGZ RGTUQPCNKV[ RJGPQV[RGU UGV QH QD UGTXCDNG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU YJKEJ CTG VJQWIJV VQ DG KPីWGPEGF /CKP CTVKENGU %CPKPG TGRTQFWEVKQP h 6JG TGRTQFWEVKXG D[ OCP[ GPXKTQPOGPVCN HCEVQTU CPF OWNVKRNG IGPGU )G E[ENG CPF %CPKPG TGRTQFWEVKQP h %QRWNCVKQP

%0( #&)"7*03

4.2.2

Dominance and Submission in a Pack

VTCKV KVUGNH DWV TCVJGT DG C DGJCXKQTCN GRKRJGPQOGPQP VJCV KU EQORQUGF QH UWEJ WPFGTN[KPI RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU CU CIITGU UKXGPGUU EQPិFGPEG CPF EWTKQUKV[

9JKNG FQOKPCPEG CPF UWDOKUUKQP CTG QDUGTXGF VJTQWIJQWV 4.2.3 Human interaction VJG CPKOCN YQTNF KV KU D[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJG TQNG QH VJG DG JCXKQTU YKVJKP VJG RCEM VJCV YG VTWN[ CDNG VQ UGG JQY YQNXGU (WTVJGT KPHQTOCVKQP *WOCP ECPKPG DQPF CPF FQIU EQOOWPKECVG

1SPQFSMZ CBMBODFE EPHT DBO JOUFSBDU XJUI VOGBNJMJBS EPHT PG BOZ TJ[F BOE TIBQF BOE VOEFSTUBOE IPX UP DPNNVOJDBUF

4GUGCTEJ JCU UJQYP VJCV VJGTG CTG KPFKXKFWCN FKាGTGPEGU KP VJG KPVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP FQIU CPF VJGKT JWOCP OCUVGTU VJCV JCXG UKIPKិECPV GាGEVU QP FQI DGJCXKQT (QT KPUVCPEG 6QRCN CPF EQNNGCIWGU JCXG UJQYP VJCV VJG V[RG QH TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP FQI CPF OCUVGT EJCTCEVGTK\GF CU GK VJGT DPNQBOJPOTIJQ QT XPSLJOH SFMBUJPOTIJQ UKIPKិECPVN[ CាGEVGF VJG FQIཐU RGTHQTOCPEG QP C EQIPKVKXG RTQDNGO UQNXKPI VCUM 6JG[ URGEWNCVG VJCV EQORCPKQP FQIU JCXG C OQTG FGRGPFGPV TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ VJGKT QYPGTU CPF NQQM VQ VJGO VQ UQNXG RTQDNGOU +P EQPVTCUV YQTMKPI FQIU CTG OQTG KPFGRGPFGPV 5GG CNUQ #PKOCN EQIPKVKQP

5QEKCN JKGTCTEJKGU CTG GUVCDNKUJGF CNQPI C EQPVKPWWO QH FQOKPCPEG CPF UWDOKUUKQP +P YQNXGU FQOKPCPV DGJCX Dog attacks KQTU JCXG DGGP OKUKPVGTRTGVGF CU RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU VJCV FG VGTOKPG VJG KPFKXKFWCNཐU RNCEG KP C NKPGCT JKGTCTEJ[ KP VJG /CKP CTVKENG &QI CVVCEM RCEM +P EQPVTCUV /GEJ UGG TGEGPV TGUGCTEJ CDQXG CT 5GG CNUQ *WOCPཊECPKPG DQPF IWGU VJCV RCEMU CTG HCOKN[ WPKVU CPF VJCV VJG ནCNRJCཔ QH &QI CVVCEMU CTG CVVCEMU QP JWOCPU D[ HGTCN QT FQOGUVKE C RCEM FQGU PQV EJCPIG VJTQWIJ UVTWIINGU HQT FQOKPCPEG 4CVJGT JG CTIWGU VJCV VJG HCOKN[ WPKV UGTXGU VQ TCKUG VJG [QWPI YJKEJ VJGP FKURGTUG VQ RCKT WR YKVJ QVJGT FKURGTUGF YQNXGU VQ HQTO C DTGGFKPI RCKT CPF C RCEM QH VJGKT QYP 6JKU JQYGXGT OC[ UKORN[ DG UGGP CU CP CTIWOGPV KP UGOCPVKEU CU VJG VTCFKVKQPCN XKGY QH NKPGCT JKGTCTEJ[ KU JQY C HCOKNKCN RCEM KU TWP 9JGP OGODGTU OCVWTG NGCXG CPF UVCTV VJGKT NKPGCT JKGTCTEJKGU VJG[ CTG UKORN[ RCTV QH C PGY JKGTCTEJ[ 5GG CNUQ 2CEM ECPKPG 4GUGCTEJ QP ECPKPG HCOKNKCTKU JCU CNUQ SWGUVKQPGF YJGVJGT FQOKPCPEG KU C RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKV YJGP KP HCEV KV JCU NQPI DGGP RTQXGP VQ DG C DCUKE RJ[UKQNQIKECN VTCKV QH RCEM CP KOCNU 5XCTVDGTI CPF EQNNGCIWGU ICVJGTGF DGJCX KQTCN FCVC HTQO FQIU QH DTGGFU KP CVVGORV VQ KFGPVKH[ OCLQT RGTUQPCNKV[ VTCKVU +P C UEKGPVKិECNN[ SWGU VKQPCDNG CRRTQCEJ VJCV KORQUGU *WOCP 2U[EJQNQI[ QP C %CPKPG OKPF VJG CWVJQTU RGTHQTOGF C HCEVQT CPCN[UKU QH VJGKT FCVC CPF KFGPVKិGF ិXG OCLQT VTCKVU ན2NC[HWNPGUU པ ན%WTKQUKV[ (GCTNGUUPGUU པ ན%JCUG RTQPGPGUU པ ན5QEKCDKNKV[ པ ན#IITGUUKXGPGUU པ # UKOKNCT CPCN[UKU D[ )QFFCTF CPF $GKN JCT\ TGXGCNGF VYQ OCLQT HCEVQTU KP UQEKCN DGJCXKQT ན%QPិFGPEG པ CPF ན#IITGUUKQPཊFQOKPCPEG པ

" 64"' BUUBDL EPH JO USBJOJOH

FQIU 9KVJ VJG ENQUG CUUQEKCVKQP QH FQIU CPF JWOCPU KP FCKN[ NKHG NCTIGN[ CU RGVU FQI CVVCEMUཋYKVJ KPLWTKGU HTQO XGT[ OKPQT VQ UKIPKិECPV CPF UGXGTG VQ HCVCNཋCTG PQV WP 5VWFKGU UWIIGUV VJCV FQOKPCPEG OC[ PQV DG C RGTUQPCNKV[ EQOOQP #VVCEMU QP VJG UGTKQWU GPF QH VJG URGEVTWO JCXG

$)"15&3 */5&--*(&/$& "/% #&)"7*03

DGEQOG VJG HQEWU QH KPETGCUKPI OGFKC CPF RWDNKE CVVGPVKQP KP VJG NCVG VJ CPF GCTN[ UV EGPVWTKGU = ? +V KU GUVKOCVGF VJCV VYQ RGTEGPV QH VJG 75 RQRWNCVKQP OKNNKQP RGQRNG CTG DKVVGP GCEJ [GCT = ? +P VJG U CPF U VJG 75 CXGTCIGF HCVCNKVKGU RGT [GCT YJKNG KP VJG U VJKU JCU KPETGCUGF VQ = ? QH FQI DKVGU CTG HTQO VJG RGV QH HCOKN[ QT HTKGPFU CPF QH CVVCEMU QEEWT QP VJG FQI QYPGTཐU RTQRGTV[ = ? 6JGTG KU EQPUKFGTCDNG FGDCVG QP YJGVJGT QT PQV EGTVCKP DTGGFU QH FQIU CTG KPJGTGPVN[ OQTG RTQPG VQ EQOOKV CVVCEMU ECWUKPI UGTKQWU KPLWT[ K G UQ FTKXGP D[ KPUVKPEV CPF DTGGF KPI VJCV WPFGT EGTVCKP EKTEWOUVCPEGU VJG[ CTG GZEGGFKPIN[ NKMGN[ VQ CVVGORV QT EQOOKV FCPIGTQWU CVVCEMU 4GICTF NGUU QH VJG DTGGF QH VJG FQI KV KU TGEQIPK\GF VJCV VJG TKUM QH FCPIGTQWU FQI CVVCEMU ECP DG ITGCVN[ KPETGCUGF D[ JWOCP CEVKQPU UWEJ CU PGINGEV QT ិIJV VTCKPKPI QT KPCEVKQPU CU ECTGNGUUPGUU KP EQPិPGOGPV CPF EQPVTQN # RGTUQP DKVVGP D[ CP CPKOCN RQVGPVKCNN[ ECTT[KPI RCTXQXKTWU QT TCDKGU XKTWU UJQWNF EQPUWNV C OGFKECN FQEVQT KOOGFK CVGN[ # DKVG XKEVKO OC[ CNUQ KPEWT UGTKQWU DCEVGTKCN KPHGE VKQPU QH VJG DQPG ECNNGF QUVGQO[GNKVKU YJKEJ ECP DGEQOG NKHG VJTGCVGPKPI KH WPVTGCVGF YJGVJGT QT PQV VJG CPKOCN JCU RCTXQXKTWU QT TCDKGU XKTWU

4.2.4

See also

• &QI EQOOWPKECVKQP • &QI KPVGNNKIGPEG • 2CEM ECPKPG • 2CEM JWPVGT • #NRJC TQNN

4.2.5

References

= ? % 9CTF &QEVQTCN &KUUGTVCVKQP = ? JVVR FUE FKUEQXGT[ EQO PGYU FQI VCKN EJCUKPI JVON = ? $QPF #PPKG /C[ ན6JG &QI *GTQ # 6TWG #PKOCN 5VQT[པ DBSF 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ = ? 4GWVGTU ན5VTC[ FQI RCEM CVVCEMU #NDCPKCP VQYPཔ *0- 4GVTKGXGF #P #NDCPKCP VQYP JCF VQ ECNN KP RQNKEG CPF JWPVGTU CHVGT C RCEM QH UVTC[ OQWP VCKP FQIU CVVCEMGF CV NGCUV PKPG RGQRNG *GCFGF D[ C ENGCTN[ KFGPVKិCDNG NGCFGT VJG UPCTNKPI RCEM QXGTTCP VJG OCKP UVTGGV QH VJG UOCNN PQTVJGTP VQYP QH /COWTTCU KVU OC[QT UCKF QP 9GFPGUFC[ ན'XGP KP VJG OQXKGU + JCXG PGXGT UGGP C JQTFG QH UVTC[ FQIU HTQO VJG OQWPVCKPU CVVCEMKPI RGQRNG KP VJG OKFFNG QH C VQYP པ #PVQP (TTQMW UCKF QP 9GFPGUFC[

*G UCKF VJG FQIU DKV CV NGCUV PKPG RGQRNG CIGF HTQO VQ FTCIIKPI VJGO VQ VJG ITQWPF CPF KPីKEVKPI UGTKQWU YQWPFU = ? 3WGUVKQPU CPF #PUYGTU CDQWV &QI $KVGU = ? 5VCVKUVKEU CDQWV FQI DKVGU KP VJG 75# CPF GNUGYJGTG

Chapter 5

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 5.1 Text • Dog 4PVSDF JVVR GP YKMKRGFKC QTI YKMK &QI!QNFKF $POUSJCVUPST &COKCP ;GTTKEM #ZGN$QNFV 9QL2QD 'NQSWGPEG /CX $T[CP &GTMUGP $GTGM 9KNN9CTG /CNEQNO (CTOGT #OKNNCT %JTKUVKCP .KUV 5EQVV 4'&& 2KGTTG#DDCV 1TVQNCP )JCMMQ 9KNNKCO #XGT[ -VUSWCTG 6QO%GTWN <QG *GTQP %COGODGTV /QPVTGCNCKU ;QWCPFOG *GRJCGUVQU 1NKXKGT %JTKU 3 1NQH' 2JKNKRPGUU 'FYCTF 2CVTKEM +PHTQIOCVKQP 6KNNYG /KEJCGN *CTF[ 9UJWP 6KO5JGNN (TGF $CWFGT 6YQ JCNXGU &CPVG #NKIJKGTK /CTVKP*CTRGT 6CPPKP 6CTCU +ZHF &ENLT 'WTNGKH 5CPPUG #NGZ4 3C\ &GNKTKWO 2CFFW 6KNGU 2ED 6TGIQYGVJ %GUCT$ 'LTJ #JQGTUVGOGKGT &WMG 5VCP 5JGDU ,KOHDNGCM #TYGN 2CTT[ %CKF 4CURC 5PQ[GU 67( -#6 /CTWOCTK 0QVJGTWUGT 'NRQNNQ ,95EJOKFV ,FHQTTGUVGT 'ZKZZ χϲϬϱϸϧϴϫЁϷ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ីQTGU #NCP .KGHVKPI 8CQXGTNCPF 2UD 6KOXCUSWG\ -GXKP 5Cា 'ZRNQFKPI $Q[ %GPVTZ &QE9CVUQP 2OCIWKTG %JTKUVQ RJGT 2CTJCO (GPPGE +UCO 'NH &KPQOKVG 0CFCXURK 5CNHVGT +PVGT 9QNHMGGRGT 6QO JCTTKUQP 9CKUDTQV .WRKP (GTMGNRCTCFG 1DNK ;CM -CTP $TCFGQU )TCRJQP 2GTWXKCPNNCOC 'XGT[MKPI 0Q )WTW /CJC VU %WTRU #NKUQP /KEJCGN &GXQTG ,ITKV\ 4R[NG ,HFYQNា )WCPCEQ %GGLC[Q\ $QXND 6QO 0CWHCPC 'PMTCVGU 5KTQZQ )WIKN[OWIKN[ 5QNKRUKUV &WODQ #NXGUVTCPF 59#FCKT $QDDNGYKM ,TFKQMQ )QNDG\ 5QP KE#& /E%CPP 9OCJCP %JQYDQM )CFិWO 2COTK ,QPCVJCP )T[PURCP 6Q[VQ[ /GPFGN %T[RVQ&GTM )FT ;CVJ ,K\\ 5QPLCCC )\WEM KGT #PVCPFTWU 4CXKMKTCP T 1UECT 2&* 5WUEJCH ,QUUK %CTKD&KIKVC 4FUOKVJ -GUCE &TCIQPី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յօխձսննօ նօտչ (TCPN 4LG (TGF1T#NKXG 2UEJGOR 0JCPFNGT <GVCYQQH *GURGTKCP 5CO -QTP -TGNNKU 2GCTNG ,LTQP /CTGKPQ -XCMU .QMCM[[ 0KEMHTCUGT 1OOPQOPQOIWNR 1PG)W[ 2QYGTQKF ,;QNMQYUMK 'VZTIG 3 #PVJQP[ #RRNG[CTF 3WGUU /T$ 2QR7R2KTCVG 4GODCT ,CO[UMKU 6T[UJC 4F /T #FGSWCVG %CTDQP %CT[CVKF 0KEGIW[LQG[ 9JKFDG[+UNCPFGT 6GTT['NNKQVV 4QP NKPG .QTF 2KUVCEJKQ .KPOJCNN 4KCPC 5CFG #\C6QVJ ;CONC ,YGKPTCWD .GEVQPCT -WTV 5JCRGF $QZ 5NKO8KTIKP 'EJWEM .KIJVFCTMPGUU 2KRRW F #PIGNQ 4GFHCTOGT )CTិGNF (CYEGVV +P5JCPGGG )DNC\ %FE $UFWUT 5RCPIKPGGT /CNQ -CVGHCP .GG 5 5XQDQFC 8NCFKOKT-Q TCDNKP $CTV &TGCO)W[ 5PQYQNH 5JKPLKOCP #[GTQZQT #PIGNKE 9TCKVJ 9VOKVEJGNN &UEJYGP /GNCGP 4QPCTM $CP[CP6TGG 5KF2 <GP[W ,GUUKEC -PQYNGFIG 5GGMGT 4G[$TWLQ 9GNUJ URWF %CTCPJC ;WEMHQQ 'XKN /QPMG[ 6TCORNGF +VUEJTKU 6QP[ 5KFCYC[ 4,(,4 )TGPCXK VCT 4CPF[ ,QJPUVQP $QP\Q 2CWNK 5NGKIJ )VQQOG[ 4GFXGTU *GPT[.K -KVEJ &CP #KT+PVCMG -COG\WMK /&GUKIPGT 5EQVVDGNN 1NGI #NGZCPFTQX ,QJPKUUQGXKN /CJCPIC #NGZ6KGីKPI 2TGQUV /CVVJGY *CXGTVQP 9G[GU /KEM9GUV 2JKNVJGEQY #PIT 4KEJCTF #TVJWT 0QTVQP

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• Origin of the domestic dog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ិEG 5MK\\KM 4OQUNGT $NWGDQV 6JWORGTYCTF 5PQTK 5WK EKFCNJCOUVGT .KQPVQQVJ )CFF[ ,QJP & %TQHV )COG-GGRGT 5KT+UCCE$TQEM .CODKCO )NQTKCOCTKG -WTW ,QGNOKNNU 8CPKUJGF WUGT X P J VMLPUFMS W H &CP )NWEM 4¹GF ,(QTIGV *KTQMC\W 5GCTNGU UGNU 9 ( )CNYC[ /GVCPQKF )QTFQP' &QWIYGNNGT &WOD$16 /QP UKGWT (QW %KGNQ'UVTGNNCFQ 'RDT 2GVG2CUUYQTF 4QUUCD 5VGXG &WHQWT 0QTVJWODTKCP 5GCRJQVQ 3WKVG7PWUWCN 0KRKUKSWKV $NCEM /CODC 2JKN-PKIJV #WVCPIGNKUV $QPIYCTTKQT 8Q#$QV ++ 5VGXGP 9CNNKPI 6JGTQCFKUNQPI 0CV /CTVKP$QV /QTICP 9TKIJV /QQPK %QOOQPU&GNKPMGT 4QEM/(4 8CPKUJGF 7UGT 6QQP 5RGEKCVG 8QNMQX$QV ,CNYKMKR /T 5JGCP )QTCPM ,QDDGTQPG 9CXGJWPVGT 2GTKENGUQH#VJGPU &G EQPUVTWEVJKU ',( 5KG$QV %Qា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ិUV ,QPMGT\ &#46* 5+&+175 4LYKNO UK$QV 5WRGTM C 'OCWU$QV ,QJP QH 4GCFKPI #\ 9KMKRGNNK $TCPFOGKUVGT %JWKURCUVQP$QV 5VTCPIGVTWVJGT %NWG$QV 0) )KNFGTKGP 5PQVDQV %QRRGT5SWCTG 9KFT *GNRHWN 2KZKG $QV %CNCDG $KDEQFG $QV .QYGTECUG UKIOCDQV $) DQV 'OC[X 9KPHTGFVJGHQTVJ 0QV9KVJ *GTIKNHU $CVV[$QV *GTIKNGK 4KXCNPCVQT 6JG +NNWUKXG /CP %QOOCPFGT X 1PGRGDDNG &GZDQV 9GDENKGPV /QIKUO 5KFGNKIJV 6JG #PQP[OQWUG /CPFTWUU /QPMDQV 9KNNKCO *CTTKU 'FKVQT CDEFGH 5PQFITCUU +CPPGNNK CPF #PQP[OQWU • Dog anatomy 4PVSDF JVVR GP YKMKRGFKC QTI YKMK &QI CPCVQO[!QNFKF $POUSJCVUPST 4QD.C +PHTQIOCVKQP 6GORUJKNN ,GT T[(TKGFOCP 'NH 'TKEU 4KEJ (CTODTQWIJ 9QQJQQMKVV[ 'N /CTKCEJK $& 4LYKNOUK 4GZ0. 0KOWT 5CVW5WTQ 2JCPVQODCPVCO 9KOV 9KMK CNH *QYEJGPI /QG 'RUKNQP -GNQX[ <XKMC TQDQV 5OCEM$QV #TP[ *GTDO %JTKU VJG URGNNGT 4&$TQYP (N[IW[ 8CP\GVVK ,QGNOKNNU 0GFF[UGCIQQP *GDTKFGU /CTGM #PVK8CPFCN$QV /'4 % 6JKPM QWVUKFG VJG DQZ 'PINKUJOCLQT &CTM J[GPC /CTVKP$QV ,Q- KPI ) O[ %QOOQPU&GNKPMGT 6TWUKNXGT 8CPKUJGF 7UGT (KPCNN[HTGGQHJKO 5SWKFU CPF %JKRU (JCTRGT 8QNMQX$QV 5QOGIW[

5&95

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• Coat (dog) 4PVSDF JVVR GP YKMKRGFKC QTI YKMK %QCV FQI !QNFKF $POUSJCVUPST )JCMMQ 5GNMGV 6GORUJKNN (KDQPCEEK 'Z RNQFKPI $Q[ 'NH +EGDGTI M )GPK 3WKNN 4KEJ (CTODTQWIJ %CPKU4WHWU 0GQPWODGTU &GPPKUU 9QQJQQMKVV[ 2QEEKN5ETKRV 6TKFFNG $& 4LYKNOUK $áž·IWTC .QVW 5JGTQQN 9CXGNGPIVJ , / &KNKា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• Dog breed 4PVSDF JVVR GP YKMKRGFKC QTI YKMK &QI DTGGF!QNFKF $POUSJCVUPST 2KGTTG#DDCV & #JQGTUVGOGKGT $WGNNGT 2VK 6QRDCPCPC #ECFGOKE %JCNNGPIGT %CMPWEM &QE9CVUQP %JTKUVQRJGT 2CTJCO 'NH %QQN *CPF .WMG &WPEJCTTKU 3WKNN &KUEQURKPUVGT 4KEJ (CTODTQWIJ /$KUCP\ /YCPPGT % M #,2 ,RIQTFQP $QDQ ÕµÖ…Õ­Õ±Õ½Õ¶Õ¶Ö… Õ¶Ö…Õ¿Õ¹ <GVCYQQH ,WODWEM /UJ 6T[UJC ;CONC %C UG+P2QKPV 5KF2 $QP\Q 9QQJQQMKVV[ /10)1 6CDNGVQR 6TKFFNG 2NTM $& &QIIKGFQI 4LYKNOUK 8GICUYKMKCP 6JG YWD /CTIQUDQV 4WUU$QV *GFG %CODTKFIG$C[9GCVJGT )TCHGP 9GNUJ #RQMT[NVCTQU /WW MCTJW &Dáž·TU &GEMKNNGT &T[C7PFC %.9 6GMCPC <\WW\\ $CUJ[T /FY[GT /LTQQVU 0KEMGN5JQG 5OCEM$QV 4GGF[ -PQYNGFIG1H5GNH )KNNKCO 1JPQKVULCOKG 2GTUKCP 2QGV )CN 6JWORGTYCTF -GOGV &QIUKPFGRVJ %CP V UNGGR ENQYP YKNN GCV OG /WNFGT 5GRJKTQVJ $%4 /KFQTK $CFDKNNVWEMGT ' 5P 9KNNUMGVEJ <CFKIPQUG 5CUJCVQ$QV /IKICPVGWU %MCV\ 5OKVJ $QQMUYQTO /WCF ,Q)WUVQ /CTEKRCPITKU #PFTYUE /CIFGNC *W %KFGTDCTTGN 6YCU 0QY &KQP[UQU #IGQី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ាRTQ & OGPVKCU *CHURCLGP #HTW #WPVQH )CMWUJC &GGC NWX ,WUFCHCZ 5WP %TGCVQT 0WENGCT9CTHCTG VJKTVGGP )PWDGG /GN QP$QV 5QZ$QV +++ $CTTGV$ &CTM /CIG (CEVU /KHVGT *GZC%JQTF /KNUVWាZ[\ #FFDQV #PFWPKG 6KIGTDTGCVJ 5QOG LGTM QP VJG +P VGTPGV 3WGGPOQOECV 5KGTTCUGP 4QPJLQPGU %QPVK#9$ &GDTGUUGT (CXQPKCP -[NG #5(#(& 6CUUGFGVJG #TYUVQ Õ°Õ²Õ° ,CTDNG 'EJQG\ .GIQDQV ;QDQV 5JCFQY #PQOKG$16 0QS 5CICEK /CNQ #FGNKKPG ,KO 2KCPQ PQP VTQRRQ 'OECUU ,WUVOG /CVGTKCNUEKGPVKUV %KVCVKQP DQV #TVJWT$QV 3WGDGE 6JGUQZNQUV ,KO8% 2CWNMCRRGNNG +CPITQWF χϲϬϱϸϧϴϫϷωϩ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áž· ,2CGUVRTGQTP,GQNJNPC ./$TCPPCP %QDDGTFQI %TQY 5MT $QDD[DQDFCDQDGTUQP /QPMDQV (KNGFGNKPMGTDQV $GP )CKPV[UCWTWU 5CTCJCNGZCPFGT )GPUJKTQWPQ %JG[GPPG DTQQMU CPF #PQP[OQWU • Dog type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• Dog health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áž·HV[6JTGG %59CTTGP 5GRJKTQVJ $%4 5PQYOCPTCFKQ ,QP*CTFGT %QTDKP5KORUQP 6JTCPG ) $FKUEQG ;QJCP GWCP Q -WTW )QDQPQDQ ,QGNOKNNU $KIYCNK &QFQ DKTF *W +TKFGUEGPV 6YCU 0QY 5PKាPQ[ )QTFQP' 5CXXCU FKOKVTKQW (TCPEQ)) &CXKF HTQO &QYPWPFGT 2'4 0CVCNKG 'TKP %GTGCN$CD[/KNM $GP REE 2CUVG /'4 % 'RGGីGEJG 2TQRCPKCE /CIKQNCFKVKU &GMKOCUW ,COGU$9CVUQP &QICFXKEGT 5VGXGP 9CNNKPI -%QP 9KMK 'CING(CP ,Q-KPI 0QPQ , FGNCPQ[ $QIG[ -CVLC-CV 9KMK2QVVGT 9GD*COUVGT 8CPKUJGF 7UGT &/%GT $QPCFGC '..WU-C 5VGXGP , #PFGTUQP ,QJP %CTVGT )CR .COTQ 6KMWMQ )KNN[YGGF (CNEQP %QNCOGZ ;KPVCP $QD 1Z[OQTQP 2GV (NQTC (TCVTGR 9CTU\CYC )KNDKGP 5VCVKE)WNN #PEJQT .KPM $QV 4GCNO QH 5JCFQYU /CTCNKC 5CXKG -WOCTC %NWG$QV )TKPFEQTGXNCF 8KT IKP DGCEJ ,C[UQP & 4CPFCNN *CHURCLGP %CO #WPVQH /T #VQ\ #WC 5EVKCPI *LPGCN #KVKCU $GTGCP *WPVGT :.KPM$QV .WECU /CNQT ,QJPOCEMQJ 5WRGTKQPOCIKE #FFDQV %CPVCNQWRG &1+ DQV /CTVKPG\/& /T1NNKG %[RJWP 5WUKGXGV .WEKCP 5WPFC[ %TCKIULQPGU 6KFG TQNNU

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