The Black Dot by Seb Lansdowne

(THE BLACK DOT) A product of racism, 400 years in the making.

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

A letter from the editor... Brushed past, glossed over or completely skipped; the perspective of anyone other than the white man is difficult to find in our education system. Currently in the UK only 140 of 21,000 academic staff working in universities identify as black, how do we make this environment more welcoming and open to a more diverse staff? Talking, giving a voice to the unheard and actually listening something that is very difficult to do in this oh so polarised society. This publication represents the beginning of that conversation, involving more than just one side of the story. Everyone has a race and identity, and that brings its own perspective on every issue. This outcome does not intend to commute every persons experience down to one interview all we want to achieve is understanding, a mutual feeling of greater perspective gained through discussion not through arguments. You may not agree with everything written in these pages, I don’t, but you can better communicate with those around you when you know where they stand, otherwise you really could be shouting in the wrong persons ear. We might not want to think it but even in the individualist society we live in we are a product of racism, the unwritten rules we all (mostly) know. What to say and where and even in the presence of who. Where to go at certain times and where to avoid. ‘Desirable schools, neighbourhoods and social groups. Everything we do is influenced by everything we see - even if we try to go against the grain, that is still influenced through actively trying avoidance. What I am trying to say, we’re all a product of racism, so rather than ignore this fact why don’t we bridge the divide and find out more about a perspective outside of our own to make the world a better place for all those that live in it.

3 S Lansdowne Editor

Mankind is a mess. But, messes are made to be cleaned up.

“

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

Craig D. Lounsbrough 5

(THE BLACK DOT)

A conversation with

Romina Araghian

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

Who are you? Where are you from? I’m an LLM (masters in law) student working in the criminal justice system and also working with corporate businesses to help them overcome legal formalities in starting a business.

Do you feel that the topic of race was ever properly addressed in the UK? The topic of race was never addressed in the UK let alone ‘properly’ addressed. The UK’s claim to equality and diversity is a facade.

White people have found it difficult to talk about race for decades if not centuries, the response of many white people is to say they simply ‘don’t see colour’ how does that make you feel? Firstly I don’t agree with the question, I don’t think white peoples have found it difficult to talk about race for centuries - maybe in the last year or two but to claim this has been the case for ‘centuries’ is absurd... But to answer the q, someone that doesn’t see colour doesn’t see struggles, doesn’t see racism, doesn’t acknowledge or empathise with the differences people of colour face. We are not abnormal people who need to be shown that they ‘fit in’ by white people. We are just the same as any other human and we are asking for you (white people) to put yourselves in our shoes and imagine what it would feel like. So to say to me that you don’t see colour you’re telling me you don’t know your privilege and no intention of learning about it.

(THE BLACK DOT)

Do you think that having a more open discussion about race including white people could be beneficial to changing public opinion? This is a bit of a trick question, of course, any topic that is discussed will be likely to develop because that’s exactly how norms/laws/ regulations come about. People talk about it, they discuss different views and make a decision. However, it’s not about just ‘talking’ it’s about individuals taking responsibility and dropping the whole “I can’t change the world alone” attitude and those following their friends norms and values because that’s all that they know. All that needs to stop.

Starting at the root of the issue is always a good place to start – do you find any problems with the current UK Curriculum and the topic of race? The UK curriculum is a product of racism and thus a product of colonialism. I studied history every single year between the ages of 12-18 and yet every single year I was only ever taught about Nazi Germany, Stalin’s Russia and civil rights in America. I was never taught about any of the atrocities worse than the Holocaust carried by the UK/USA (I’m sure you probably weren’t taught it either) and I know you’re probably thinking ‘well you learnt about civil rights? That teaches about racism’ but this is exactly the problem. Studying civil rights makes you think racism can only exist if you’re getting burnt by the KKK or in MLK’s time. It completely failed to acknowledge the racism and legal racism that still exists throughout systems across Europe.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

“

it’s about individuals taking responsibility

completely failed to acknowledge the racism and legal racism that still exists throughout systems across Europe The white washing of UK education is part of the bigger issue of institutional racism – how can we best tackle this issue without reducing the experience of POC to statistics on a page?

“

(THE BLACK DOT)

By looking at people of colour as individuals and not part of a group that needs to be ‘saved’ but respected and listened to. By addressing minor behaviours racist people show and the ignorance that those who claim they’re ‘woke’ show. Issues that don’t require statistics to know it’s unfair and inhumane. For example, you shouldn’t have to refer to statistics of how many unarmed black men are shot in America but instead look at the individual, it doesn’t matter how many others were, why did it happen to this person? Why would it have been different if this person was white? What makes a person worthy of such treatment and why?

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

What do the kids really know? The education system may not teach about race but kids sure do know about racism, and they understand a lot more than you might think.

(THE BLACK DOT)

When asked to draw what racism looks like this is what Joe (9) drew: This is not surprising, name calling and surface level racism is present in every corner of society, this was even used as the definition of racism by the Home Secretary Priti Patel - a person of colour herself. We know that this is not the full definition of racism and there is much more that runs much deeper.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

We asked Joe to draw a place he thought had a problem with racism and this is what he drew us:

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

And then we asked if heâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d like to go there and he wrote this:

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

When confronted with issues such as white privilege, a more truthful account of history and institutional racism often white people feel ‘white guilt’ – do you think that this is just? And do you think there is anything positive that could be done with this energy/reaction? I think guilt is a perfectly acceptable feeling for anyone, but if you shy away from the things you could do to make a difference in the world, due to this ‘guilt’ then you’re just being lazy and you’re not really guilty. Guilt is fine, ignorance is not.

As a white person myself, I want to know how best you think I can contribute towards the cause of BLM, furthering equality without trivialising it or making any POC feel uncomfortable? Are there things I should avoid saying? This is a question that needs to addressed and answered on its own, I couldn’t possibly list all the things you should not say but it should also just be common sense. This is entirely your responsibility to educate yourself through trusted sources and reach out to your friends who are of ethnic minorities and kindly ask them to explain these things. If you haven’t got any friends who are people of colour then I’m sorry to tell you this but you’re low-key part of the problem. You might think ‘oh but it’s not my fault I haven’t come across that many people or I don’t get along with them’ - just remember your life is what you make it, if you choose to hang around in the same places every week of course you will never meet more or new people.

your life is what you make it, if you choose to hang around in the same places every week of course you will never meet more or new people

“

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

Finally, after a busy summer of protests the world over do you see a general shift in opinion? Or has this summer been like so many before, where the movement gains so much and then slowly fades away? Do you think the momentum is still there for change?

I think it has opened some people’s eyes because they’ve been forced to read things on social media and become aware of injustices that they would have never known about before. But following from the black square trend it’s so obvious that many many many many people never actually made the effort to educate themselves and they just felt like if they didn’t post a black square society would deem it unacceptable yet they never showed any signs of growth or understanding.

(THE BLACK DOT)

How do we start to open up and become a more informed society? Like many methods to cause large scale change you have to first start small - you have to start checking yourself - explore your own perspective, understand where your knowledge lies and where it is lacking. Look back at your childhood and the neighbourhood you grew up in, the people that surrounded you, who your friends were, your teachers and any other influences you had in your life. Where has this led you to be racially? are you set up for a multicultural existence or have you been raised in a white bubble? or a black bubble? or an Asian neighbourhood? or polish quarter? None are better than the other - we need to have this balance of different upbringings to provide the diversity that we now treasure in society. But without recognising this point of view you risk extrapolating your experiences on to everyone else - to some people these experiences and this knowledge is going to be totally alien. So just ask yourself the following whenever you feel you need a reminder:

1 2 3

Who am I & where have I come from?

Who are the people I meet? Do they have the same experience as me?

How can I treat them with respect?

Just be open, open to change, different opinions and points of view, it may not be ‘mainstream’ to change your opinion but it is allowed. We don’t have to always agree - but if you don’t; you don’t have to argue.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

A conversation with

Sheera MohammadiGhayeghchi 27

(THE BLACK DOT)

Who are you? Where are you from? My name is Sheera Mohammadi-Ghayeghchi, a law student at UWE. I have a British nationality but am ethnically Persian.

How well do you feel race has been tackled as a topic in the UK? Not at all, race as a topic was never discussed in the slightest, the topic of racism may have been addressed briefly however there never seemed to be any proper consideration for race and what it is, many will still not be able to distinguish between race, ethnicity and culture.

Race is a difficult topic for white people to discuss since racism has become non-pc, to stop themselves feeling awkward the response of many white people to race is to say they simply ‘don’t see colour’ how does that make you feel? ‘Not seeing colour’ is not a solution nor is it justification, I believe many white people believe that just because they do not directly treat minority groups differently, it is not their issue to fix. When speaking to people to try and help them understand, it often resorts back to, ‘I don’t see you as any different so you shouldn’t feel different’ which in a way is simply a cop out of an uncomfortable situation they rather avoid than fix.

I don’t see you as any different...

so you shouldn’t feel different

“

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

Do you think that white people should be included in a global conversation about race? Are there any issues you could see this causing? In an ideal world, yes an open discussion could be beneficial... ...but white people have to be willing to learn and understand, often conversations turn into a blame game or an attack at white people which is not the case.

Starting at the root of the issue is always a good place to start â&#x20AC;&#x201C; do you find any problems with the current UK Curriculum and the topic of race? The UK curriculum does not include enough information regarding race in the slightest, it needs to incorporate the importance of knowing and accepting different cultures in every aspect. The UK curriculum avoids particular topics that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t portray the UK in the light they desire, studying Martin Luther King and believing that is sufficient does not even scratch the surface on the battle suffered by people of colour every day.

White washing is a problem further than just the curriculum - it is part of the larger issue of institutional racism - how do you think is best to give white people a sense of how POC experience the world without reducing it down to statistics? Firstly, by getting rid of the idea of making being a decent human being trendy. All the charities that raise awareness for situations where POC have been treated like less than a human need to show a clear comparison of what would be different if that person was white. Countries such as Yemen that are suffering humanitarian crisis, how would it be different if a developed country was suffering the same thing. Statistics do not represent the pain and suffering that these people go through, and never will.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

“

guilt should be a wakeup call

White people are slowly learning a more truthful account of race relations and history, beginning to understand the concept of privilege - and now more than ever feelings of white guilt are becoming prevalent in society -what do you think of this? I don’t see guilt as a bad thing to feel however, the guilt you feel should be acted upon, this should motivate you to make a difference. The guilt should be a wakeup call to think ‘something needs to change’.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

I’m white - I want to help but I don’t want to be that white saviour guy, I don’t want to offend anyone with my actions, how can I further the BLM movement without making POC feel uncomfortable? There are so many things people should avoid saying or doing however the most important thing is the way you go about it, if you are curious about someone’s culture or need to ask about something, go about it in a kind and non-excluding way. I cannot count the number of times that I will be sat in a room with a group of white people and be straight up asked ‘do you eat beef ?’ or ‘are you fine with alcohol’. Making a person feel even more unwelcome in a situation they probably feel out of place in, is your fault. You may not understand but I can guarantee every minority group has made an effort to accept your mannerisms, try and do the same for them.

Right, last question, despite COVID-19 this summer held the largest civil rights movement in history - the protests after the killing of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and so many strengthened the impact the Black Lives Matter movement, do you feel that there has been a shift in public opinion? is change coming? It is evident that the protests have brought the issue into the limelight and has forced people to see things they don’t want to see however the bigger issue is when it becomes less trendy and is no longer relevant, it is forgotten. Especially with the BLM movements, everyone posted a black square, did you change your mannerisms? Did you sign petitions? Did you go to protests? Did it change anything in your head? Social media plays a big part in this however it is full of fake people following the others, did many go further to offer support with the crisis in Yemen or the concentration camps full of Muslims in China? No.

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

When asked to draw what white supremacy looks like this is what Kit (12) drew: The answer to drawing white supremacy is not an easy thing to come up with - especially for a 12 year old. But they can still understand the simplicity of the solution. Its interesting that children may understand white supremacy better than most adults - white supremacy isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just the KKK and neo-naziâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s its about white people being used as the default for the whole human race.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

When asked to draw what makes him not like someone Joe (9) wrote:

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

When asked after why he specified racism Joe said that this was because someone was racist to one of his friends and it made him feel really sad for no reason, only because he has brown skin.

(THE BLACK DOT)

This is Joe and his best friend:

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

Kit drew what he thinks BLM stands for:

When issues of race and racism filter down to 9 and 12 year olds this is when you should realise that society hasn’t worked and some change needs to come. We’re not saying don’t teach children about race and racism what we are saying though is it should be taught properly not through experience.

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

So, being white makes you a bad person? Of course not. White people arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t inherently bad - but historically they are ill informed, in the case of race and race relations at least. We (white people) have imposed our world view on, well, the entire world. Being white and white as the norm has been our largest export. Colonisation of countries across the globe meant we eradicated many traditional values in nations and replaced them with our own. Nearly 500 years after the start of that process whiteness has become desirable in so many places - in Asia brands like Ader Error only use white models, there are skin lightening pills, operations to widen their eyes. This is a new normal that is a direct by-product of whiteness being exported. Many white people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t realise this because colonisation is glorified at school and the negative side effects for the natives who were invaded are glossed over. But the worlds narative is changing there is more representation for POC in positions of power, there are more inclusive beauty campaigns but the job is not done. As white people we need to do more than, as Sheera said, post a black square on Instagram. Words and actions on social media only go so far. You may not feel that it is your fight - or you may not want to come across as a white saviour but there is a correct way to join in. The responsibility for change rests on the shoulders of those who control the institutions and still that responsibility still lies with white people, in the UK and much of the west at least. We need to stand up and be counted - we need to march and show support, we must sign petitions, it is imperative that we show that we are no longer comfortable with inequality in any sense. History must be taught. If black and brown children are old enough to experience racism then white children are old enough to learn about it.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

A conversation with

Tom Johnston

(THE BLACK DOT)

Who are you? Where are you from? My name is Tom Johnston and I am an Anthropology student from near Winchester in Hampshire.

So, Tom, what does being white mean to you? If anything at all? As I have grown up and begun to better understand the reflections and historical implications of my race, I now know being white means I am privileged.

With your privilege have you ever used the phrase ‘I don’t see colour’ or an equivalent to justify your point of view? How do you think this makes people of colour feel? I did when I was younger, but wouldn’t now..... How it might make people feel... I’m not sure, probably roll their eyes, because people do see colour, its how you act, not what you see.

Recently many, mostly conservative, white people have been complaining about reverse racism? What do you think of this? Is it possible? Does it really exist? No, you can’t have reverse racism. What makes racism is the historical context of racism and the despicable acts performed on the basis of differences between race, all of this must be considered when talking of race related issues.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

“

I did when I was younger, but wouldn’t now.....

Do you think white people are comfortable talking about race? If not why not?

It really depends on the person, a large amount will not talk about it at all, some will avidly speak about it. I think it depends on if they have friends that have experienced / can explain to them race related conversations.

(THE BLACK DOT)

“

I honestly don’t think I was ever taught any black history

“

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

So if being comfortable talking about race comes from learning; do you think that a better foundation of education surrounding race and race relation could improve white people’s stamina for talking about race,? Would even a knowledge of better racial vocabulary be helpful? Yes I believe that opening up the stigma surrounding talking about race, especially for ages between 12-18 where it is not something I ever spoke or understood, not even until I was in college, but even then my learning was extremely limited. I believe growing up in small towns like mine where the majority population is white, those conversations are not really suggested. Investment in the ability to talk about race, the difficulties and education would help no end, potentially an understanding of what racial vocabulary is correct would be helpful, kids are stupid; they don’t understand the nuances of what they’re saying.

Correct me if I am wrong but when you were in school,you were taught no black history? Not even about slavery and the civil rights movement? I honestly don’t think I was ever taught any black history during my schooling period. But now, I think I do know a more than just that.

With a lacking racial education do you ever hear racist or derogatory comments coming from white people when people of colour aren’t present? I have, I rarely see it in person, sometimes when watching football like Millwall booing the players taking a knee recently, but then I cant intervene there, as its on TV. I have heard it at the pub, but have not stopped them as I did not know them and did not want to get in to a scrap... though, looking back, I do regret not saying anything.

(THE BLACK DOT)

It almost feels like every week there are new videos of people of colour being unjustly killed, arrested or injured are shared on social media; as white person how do you feel when you see people of colour mistreated by police? I am always saddened when I see images or videos of these things occurring, but in no way am I shocked. It is a common occurrence in a state with institutionalised racism. I have conversation with my friends but in all honesty, I don’t think it goes much further than that and the occasional march.

Now, as an adult think about your white privilege, have you ever noticed your own white privilege in action? How did it make you feel? Or how does it make you feel now to think you’ve never noticed it before? I think feeling safe in the company of police, when around police on a night out, walking through town with my friends who are some shifty customers, I have always felt safe, knowing that I am not going to be discriminated based off my race or face a ‘random’ stop and search. I have been around my friends who have experienced this and its horrible, the people that are meant to protect them, they don’t trust and don’t protect them.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

(THE BLACK DOT)

“

the people that are meant to protect them, don’t trust and don’t protect

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

Speaking of white privilege, when confronted with this, a more truthful account of history, current affairs and the systemic racism that extends across the western world, many white people feel white guilt; how do you feel about being white are you one of those people? Is that an OK feeling in your eyes? Should white people be feeling like this? I believe that I do feel white guilt, in terms of times I have not stepped in when racist jokes have been made or when attitudes have been shared that I have not taken the time to open up and talk about. I do feel guilty that we, as white people are unjustly and disproportionately favoured within education, policy and within vocational choice. Even with subconscious choice making, there can be implicit racially determined decisions when deciding where to go or what side of the road to walk on. I think that this feeling can be good, I think the guilt needs to be analysed to understand why individuals perform to their own race, or over perform to seem ‘not racist’ and omni-benevolent to smother their own prejudicial views. There has been a huge history and educative agenda that is specifically pro-white or pro-British. Education, understanding, and addressing of the feelings related to race are important and must be analysed in conjunction with the feelings of white guilt.

White Guilt noun The remorse or shame felt by a white person with respect to racial inequality and injustice. “white guilt makes the real problems of black students secondary to the need for white redemption”

(THE BLACK DOT)

The killings of George Floyd in the US and Belly Mujinga in the UK led to some fresh feelings of this white guilt shown through months of protests across the world. Has there been a shift in public opinion towards race as a topic worthy of conversation? Are white people finally seeing the injustice of our society? I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t attend any of the protests and I regret not going a lot, I definitely should have gone to show my solidarity in the pursuit for equal rights and treatment. I think that public opinion has brought the issues to the forefront of conversation, the BLM movement has provided more people with the ability to have a conversation and educate / be educated, whilst understanding the political and social injustices that are racially implicated. Prior to the protests I feel as if many people wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be able to see the explicit nature of these racial injustices, but they would believe that in a contemporary setting, institutionalised racism was not prevalent, but the current movement has clearly shown that it is a modern problem. I think with this understanding it is important that white people need to address these issues, but I feel as if many people are not having the conversations, they are just publicly approving of the marches or discussions in order to remain within the status-quo.

A PRODUCT OF RACISM

What now then..... So we’ve ended on a white man’s perspective not necessarily the direction people may expect for a publication exploring race. But I think that some of what Tom touched on and the group he represents are hugely important. Tom is a prime example of the newest generation of adults. Born on the cusp of Generation Z (born between 1996 and 2010) those early Gen Z kids grew up without access to technology and what access they did get as they grew older is nothing like we see today. But at the same time this age group understand the ins and outs of social media and like its been part of human society for millennia. This age group have grown up in the golden age of information, you can find out anything with a few taps on your phone screen. Which has led to things like the #metoo movement, BLM and the wave of success in climate perspectives in young people. This age group have taught themselves on these issues, these issues are not things taught in school, and have been taught through social media, news articles and fake news. This has helped us - but only up until a point. For us to progress further this conversation surrounding these previously taboo topics needs to become mainstream and to do that we need to keep talking about it. We need to talk to kids about race, because they can see it - then do overhear the news and understand a lot more than you think. As Tom spoke about - he has changed from when he was younger, what if we had kids growing up in a society where they didn’t need to change at all because they already understand what they see, they already have some perspective of what race is and what it means? What if... Time is the killer here, in a year is crazy as 2020 news cycles change fast, at the start of making this publication Black Lives Matter was the top point on the news and in the couple months of research and interviews it has totally fallen off the radar. Putting pressure on the governments to progress in the way that we want is down to us - there is power in numbers.

(THE BLACK DOT)

To end - I want you to read these words - I heard them spoken by their author around the time George Floyd was murdered. Written by a man who only identifies himself as Constantine. He said these words came out spontaneously, un-edited and raw.

I am not “other”. I am not black. I am not Jewish. I am not Arabic, I am not Asian, I am not gay; I am not even ginger. I have never been bullied or abused physically or verbally; stopped and checked, asked to identify myself, asked if it is my car, searched and humiliated. I am not afraid that my children won’t return home or that a gun will be pointed at me that I will be arrested, that I will not be believed, that I won’t be tried fairly, that I will be murdered by a policeman. I’ve been in many countries of “others” and never felt “other” but my white world is full of “others” who have no justice, just fear and pain. I have never marched, demonstrated, stood up to be counted but showed my support on the sidelines in words only. The time for words is over. Black lives really, really matter.

Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t let racism be a black dot against your name. blacklivesmatter.uk blacklivesmatters.carrd.co

In loving memory of those unjustly taken before their time: Casey Goodson, Angelo “AJ” Crooms, Sincere Pierce, Belly Mujinga, Dalian Atkinson, Marcellis Stinnette, Jonathan Dwayne Price, Dijon Durand Kizzee, Simeon Francis, Rayshard Brooks, Carlos Carson, David McAtee, Tony “Tony the TIger” McDade, George Perry Floyd, Dreasjon “Sean” Reed, Michael Brent Charles Ramos, Daniel T. Prude, Breonna Taylor, Sarah Reed, William Howard Green, John Elliot Neville, Atatiana Koquice Jefferson, Elijah McClain, Ronald Greene, Javier Ambler, Mzee Mohammed-Daley, Sterling Lapree Higgins, Gregory Lloyd Edwards, Emantic “EJ” Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., Charles “Chop” Roundtree Jr., Chinedu Okobi, Anton Milbert LaRue Black, Botham Shem Jean, Antwon Rose Jr., Saheed Vassell, Julian Cole, Stephon Alonzo Clark, Dennis Plowden Jr., Bijan Ghaisar, Aaron Bailey, Charleena Chavon Lyles, Fetus of Charleena Chavon Lyles, Jordan Edwards, Chad Robertson, Deborah Danner, Alfred Olango, Terence Crutcher, Terrence LeDell Sterling, Korryn Gaines, Joseph Curtis Mann, Philando Castile, David ‘Smiley’ Emmanuel, Alton Sterling, Bettie “Betty Boo” Jones, Quintonio LeGrier, Corey Lamar Jones, Jamar O’Neal Clark, Jeremy “Bam Bam” McDole, India Kager, Samuel Vincent DuBose, Sandra Bland, Brendon K. Glenn, Freddie Carlos Gray Jr., Walter Lamar Scott, Mark Duggan, Eric Courtney Harris, Phillip Gregory White, Mya Shawatza Hall, Jimmy Mubenga, Meagan Hockaday, Tony Terrell Robinson, Jr., Janisha Fonville, Natasha McKenna, Jerame C. Reid, Rumain Brisbon, Tamir Rice, Akai Kareem Gurley, Tanisha N. Anderson, Kingsley Burrell, Dante Parker, Trevor Smith, Ezell Ford, Michael Brown Jr., John Crawford III, Tyree Woodson, Eric Garner, Dontre Hamilton, Victor White III, Sean Rigg, Gabriella Monique Nevarez, Yvette Smith, McKenzie J. Cochran, Jordan Baker, Andy Lopez, Barrington “BJ” Williams, Jonathan Ferrell, Carlos Alcis, Larry Eugene Jackson Jr., Kyam Livingston, Clinton R. Allen, Kimani “KiKi” Gray, Kayla Moore, Jamaal Moore Sr., Johnnie Kamahi Warren, Shelly Marie Frey, Darnisha Diana Harris, Timothy Russell, Malissa Williams, Noel Palanco, Reynaldo Cuevas, Chavis Carter, Alesia Thomas, Shantel Davis, Sharmel T. Edwards, Tamon Robinson, Darren Cumberbatch, Ervin Lee Jefferson, III, Kendrec McDade, Rekia Boyd, Shereese Francis, Jersey K. Green, Jersey K. Green, Nehemiah Lazar Dillard, Dante’ Lamar Price, Christopher Alder, Raymond Luther Allen Jr., Manual Levi Loggins Jr., Ramarley Graham, Kenneth Chamberlain Sr., Alonzo Ashley, Derek Williams, Raheim Brown, Jr., Reginald Doucet, Derrick Jones, Danroy “DJ” Henry Jr., Aiyana Mo’Nay Stanley-Jones, Steven Eugene Washington, Aaron Campbell, Kiwan e Carrington, Victor Steen, Shem Walker, Oscar Grant III, Tarika Wilson, DeAunta Terrel Farrow, Sean Bell, Kathryn Johnston, Joy Gardner, Ronald Curtis Madison, James B. Brissette Jr., Henry “Ace” Glover, Timothy Stansbury, Jr., Ousmane Zongo, Alberta Spruill, Kendra Sarie James, Orlando Barlow, Nelson Martinez Mendez, Timothy DeWayne Thomas Jr., Ronald Beasley, Earl Murray, Patrick Moses Dorismond, Prince Carmen Jones Jr., Malcolm Ferguson, LaTanya Haggerty, Margaret LaVerne Mitchell, Amadou Diallo, Tyisha Shenee Miller, Dannette “Strawberry” Daniels, Frankie Ann Perkins, Nicholas Heyward Jr., Mary Mitchell, Yvonne Smallwood, Eleanor Bumpers, Michael Jerome Stewart, Eula Mae Love, Arthur Miller Jr., Randolph Evans, Roger Sylvester, Barry Gene Evans, Rita Lloyd, Henry Dumas, Steven Lawrence, Dorothy “Cherry” Groce, Cynthia Jarrett...