Self Sufficient Neighbourhood - Energy

Map of global gas -LPG and pipeline gas- movement in 2013 data source: BP Statistical review of World Energy

Energy

Energy Strategies in the World Today the energy is a huge market that is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.

The energy is moved with ships, pipelines all over the world to supply energy requirements.

Today primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy - like oil, coal and natural gas - and renewable sources -like wind, solar and hydropower-. These primary sources are converted to electricity, a secondary energy source, which flows through power lines and other transmission infrastructure to your home and business.

Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves, or else close to rail, road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were sited for availability of cooling water.

Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting and were sited as far as economically possible from population centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it. By the late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining ‘off-grid’. negentropy (information, goods, services)

information energy

Energy Consumption and Cities Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations has led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the otherwise highly controllable grid. Power from photovoltaic cells (and to a lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large, centralised power stations.

It is important to understand which sectors consume the most energy to take appropriate remedial actions for emissions reduction. It is helpful to view cities as organic systems that have their own metabolism.The metabolism of a city involves physical inputs – energy, water and materials – that are consumed and transformed, by means of technological and biological systems, into wastes and goods, or the city’s outputs.

Like any thermodynamic system, urban energy consumption can either be efficient or inefficient.

An environmentally successful and energy efficient –or sustainable– neighborhood should ideally combine economic growth with social equity and minimum waste production.

information energy

city

negentropy (information, goods, services) city

materials

materials waste -organic and inorganiclinear city

circular city

Sp ra w l i n g M e t r o p o l i e s

H o u s t o n , To k y o , Rio d e J a n e rio

Pro sp e ro u s C o m m u n i t i e s St o c k h o lm, Du b a i, Ha mb u rg

Urb a n P o w e rh o u se s

N e w Yo rk , Ho n g K o n g , S in g o p o re

De ve l o p i n g M e g a h u b s

C h o n g q in g , Hy d e ra b a d , Na iro b i

Un d e rd e ve l o p e d C e n t e r s M a n ila , K in s h a s a , B a n g a lo re

building per capita

transport

industry

New cities, or city districts, still to be built can be engineered from the outset to a compact integrated ideal. For older cities where design is already hard-wired, existing infrastructure may make ideal development impractical and excessively costly.

Well targeted and affordable retrofitting will help.

A sprawling metropolis ,for example, may focus on decarbonising the car fleet, improvements to public transport, and micro-power generation that works well in areas of lower-density housing.

This graph1 classifies the worldwide cities by the urban texture, public transportation and income.

Then analyse the energy uses by the activities.

Per capita energy use in these cities is comparatively high as a direct result of higher personal incomes, compounded by some urban sprawl and larger homes.

In part because of large, spacious homes and extensive road networks that encourage car use, energy consumption in prosperous communities is concentrated in housing and transport.

1- Shell New Lenses On Future Cities

energy consumption per capita

Energy consumption is directly related with urban model and citizens behaviours. Housing amounts, transportation system, industry, energy sources, population in other words urban model shape cities’ energy consumption numbers and strategies. In this graph; Energy consumptions per capita amount of compact cities like New York, Hong Kong are less than sprawling cities like Houston. It is not surprised. Dense cities have compact urban model and advanced public transportation network, hence, motorization and house sizes are less than others.

Energy

Energy Production Technologies C A PA C I T Y

Energy System in Self-Sufficient Neighbourbood Hydro Station Vestas-VIS4

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

H E AT I N G PRODUCTION

S H O RT- T E R M E N E R G Y S TO R AGE

LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE

Vestal V50 Biogas

P H O T O V O LTA I C S O L A R PA N E L

NWT-250

Thermal Panel

[EFFICENCY%24]

T R A N S PA R E N T S O L A R PA N E L

Photovoltaic Solar Panel Flo-Design Transparent Photovoltaic Panel

Air-Borne Alt-Aeros

Well Wind Atelge

[EFFICENCY%7]

[EFFICENCY%50]

BIOGAS

BIOGAS

LI-ION B AT T E RY

POWERWALL [EFFICENCY%80]

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL

[EFFICIENCY %45]

THERMAL BANK

FOR HEATING

wind su n

Berget

w a ste water

BUILDING

GRID

URBAN

C A PA C I T Y

Energy Storage Technologies

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Pumped Hydro Power Storage Flow Batteries

Thermal Bank

Compressed Air Energy Storage

High-Energy Super Capacitors Li-ion Battery

Nickel Cadium Hydride Battery

t h e rma l e l e ctric a l

Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage

GRID

Criteria of energy model of Self-Sufficient Neighbourhood

Energy production is not stabile in a day and in a year . Hence, we need to storage over production electricity and heating to supply energy need during year.

After capacity and urban scale researches, li-ion batteries are proposed for short term electricity storage. Hydrogen fuel batteries are used for seasonal electricity storage.

Thermal Banks are able to keep hot water warm for long term. It is proposed to long term heating energy storage.

Use energy sources in the most efficient way

Nickel Cadium Battery

High- Power Supercapacitors

Photovoltaic solar panels, transparent solar panels and biogas generate electricity. Heating energy is supplied by solar thermal panels and biogas.

High efficient photovoltaic solar panels are located high radiation surfaces. Low efficient transparent solar panels are combined with green houses and faรงades. Waste of self-sufficient Neigbourhood generates energy by biogas.

Local Production | Decentralised Model Energy production should be local.

Over production shares between mix-used grids.

Lead Acid Battery

Flywheels

Different energy production and storage technologies are classified according to capacity and urban scale. Scale/capacity of energy units is the primary input to make a decision in our energy system model. Because, some of super efficient systems are not suitable for 1x1 km prototype. They need too much empty space or huge sources.

Also, all technologies do not have same capacity and efficiency. Energy model decisions are based on this scale / capacity researches.

%100 Clean Energy Renewable energy sources are used.

Sodium- Sulphur Battery Advanced Lead-Acid Battery

BUILDING

THERMAL S O L A R PA N E L

e l e ctro -c h e mic a l m e ch a n ic a l h ydro ge n -re la te d

URBAN

All energy units are selected according to urban scale/capacity researches. Energy production has two different subtitle; heating and electricity.

Long & Short Term Storage Model

Energy

Energy Consumption in Self-Sufficient Prototype

commercial

a guide for understanding energy consumption amounts in human scale.

shoes shop 50 m 2

offices

big d at a of f ice 200 m 2

agriculture

roof t op agricult ure 400 m 2

transportation elect ric bus 26. 280 km/ y

residential

t wo p eople house 50 m 2

e n e rg y c o n s u mp ti o n re q u ire d n u mb e r o f P V s o la r p a n e l s

fabrication

a wood f ab ricat ion cent er 1000 m 2

1 0 .1 3 6 k w h /y 8 ,2 9 m 2

1 9 .4 8 0 k w h /y 1 5 ,9 6 m 2

7 .7 2 0 k w h /y 6 ,3 1 m 2

2 3 .6 5 2 k w h /y 1 9 ,3 5 m 2

1 .8 6 2 k w h /y 1 ,5 2 m 2

2 2 4 .0 0 0 k w h /y 2 4 7 ,3 6 m 2

Energy

Annually Heating Energy Cycle

Annually Electricity Energy Cycle Primary electricity production system is solar photovoltaics panels. Solar radiation based electricity production is not stabile all the year round.

janua ry

r be m

ember dec

octob er

no ve t us

m

july

m

au g

r tembe sep

april

t us

h marc

april

octob er

fe br

ry ua

h marc

r tembe sep

janua ry

r be m

ry ua

no ve

fe br

Over production of electricity is transfered to hydrogen fuel batteries.

In underproduction season electricity is supplied by hydrogen fuel batteries.

june

ember dec

Overproducted heating energy is transfered to thermal bank to store energy in the most efficient way.

ay

Heating production and consumption are not stabile in a year. Energy production are analyzed monht by month.

au g

ay

june

july

production

21.000.000 kwh/y

production

over production

11 . 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 k w h / y

over production

19.500.000 kwh/y

storage method

thermal bank

storage method

hydrogen fuel battery

required value

102.500 m3

required value

106.000.000 kwh/y

12.175 m3

Energy

Daily Energy Cycle Solar energy generetes electricity in daylight.

Energy from biogas is not enough to supply all consumption at night.

Li-ion batteries are proposed for daily energy cycle.

They are charged in daylights. At night they supply energy needs.

2nd December

2nd June

02

23

03

22

03

21

11

12

day

13

14

15

21.690

consumption

16.070

production consumption

+5.610

day

282.000

night

34.000

day

209.450

night

45.600

kwh/day

storage

kwh/day

production

production

14.100

consumption

16.910 storage

production consumption

-2.810

day

179.000

night

34.000

day

223.200

night

51.200

kwh/day

10

15

EX: 10 AM

EX: 10 AM

kwh/day

19 16

14

19

20

09

13

18

18

17

08

08

17

07

07

06

06

12

21

02

05

05 09

16

01

night

04

04

20

00

11

01

day

22

00

night

10

23

Energy

Daily Energy Cycle

2nd June ct

io

n

e

l

pr

od

u

ct

io n

t

in

gh

hyd

yli

hydrogen f ue l battery

n y ioter ction li at rodu p ght b at ni

ro g ba en tte f ry u

du

da

li b a- i o t t en r

pro

in

y pr at od ni

n io t c u ht g

2nd December

day

light

ti

lig

y da

on ht cons

um

p

tio n

in

n io pt ht ig

y

g

ht

n

su m ni

g li

co

at p

n

su m n

ht

co

at

consumptio n

in

da

Energy

Solar Radiation in Self-Sufficient Prototype

Solar Radiation on 2nd December

Solar radiation is analyzed for strategy of solar panels distribution. Super blocks are shaped to maximise solar capacity.

kWh/m2

Annually Solar Radiation

3.93<= 3.57 3.23 2.87 2.53 2.17

1.82 1.47 1.12 0.77

<=0.47 N

Solar Radiation on 2nd June

N kWh/m2

1769.62<= 1621.73 1473.84 1325.95 1178.06 1030.17 882.15

734.39 586.49 438.05

<=290.85

kWh/m2

5.49<= 5.23 4.98 4.73 4.47 4.21

3.96 3.72 3.45 3.19

<=2.95 N

Energy

Distribution in Self-Sufficient Prototype Most efficient solar panels - photovoltaicsare located on high radiation surfaces.

Transparent solar panels are combined with greenhouses and faรงades. Biogas centers and energy storage units are distributed each quarters.

Photovoltaic Solar Panel 247.802 m2 74.230.000 kwh/y

Tr a s n p a r e n t Solar Panel 165.846 m2 17.400.000 kwh/y

Thermal Solar Panel 22.970 m2 15.110.000 kwh/y

Hydrogen Fuel Battery

12.175 m3 9.420.000 kwh/y

Li-ion Battery 6.600 units 46.200 kwh/d

Thermal Bank 102.500 m3 11.300.000 kwh/y