6FL0\,QWHUYLHZ  Professor Datuk Dr. A. Rahman A. Jamal

6FL0\,QWHUYLHZ3URIHVVRU'DWXN 'U$5DKPDQ$-DPDO

interviewed by Dr. Wong Kah Keng

WƌŽĨ͘ ĂƚƵŬ ƌ͘ ͘ ZĂŚŵĂŶ ;D͕ DZW͕ WŚͿ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞh<DDĞĚŝĐĂůDŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽůŽŐLJ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;hD/ͿĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟ<ĞďĂŶŐƐĂĂŶDĂůĂLJƐŝĂ ;h<DͿ͕ <ƵĂůĂ >ƵŵƉƵƌ͘ ,Ğ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ h<D ŝŶ DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞŝŶϭϵϴϱĂŶĚŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚŚŝƐDZW;WĂĞĚŝĂƚƌŝĐƐͿ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞZŽLJĂůŽůůĞŐĞŽĨWŚLJƐŝĐŝĂŶƐ/ƌĞůĂŶĚŝŶϭϵϵϭ͘ ,ĞũŽŝŶĞĚƚŚĞ&ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨDĞĚŝĐŝŶĞh<DŝŶEŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϭϵϵϭĂŶĚǁĞŶƚŽŶƚŽƉƵƌƐƵĞŚŝƐĚŽĐƚŽƌĂƚĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶ ϭϵϵϮ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƐ ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚ Ă WŚ ŝŶ ,ĂĞŵĂƚŽůŽŐLJ ĂŶĚ DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌŝŽůŽŐLJŝŶϭϵϵϲĨƌŽŵhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘,ĞŚĂƐƐŝŶĐĞďĞĞŶĂĐƟǀĞůLJĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ to Malaysian academic and research arena, specialising ŝŶŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨĐĂŶĐĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĂůĂƐƐĂĞŵŝĂ͘

WƌŽĨ͘ZĂŚŵĂŶŝƐĂƐĞŶŝŽƌĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌŽĨ paediatric haematology and oncology and molecular ďŝŽůŽŐLJ͘,ĞŚĂƐŚĞůĚŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů appointments including the project leader for The DĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶŽŚŽƌƚ͕ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶĨŽƌƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů^ƚĞŵĞůů ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ĨŽƌƚŚŝĐƐŝŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚdŚĞƌĂƉLJ͕ŚŝĞĨ ^ĐŝĞŶƚŝƐƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ^ƉĂĐĞ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ EĂƟŽŶĂůŶŐŬĂƐĂǁĂŶWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ;ϮϬϬϲͲϮϬϬϳͿ͕ŵĞŵďĞƌ ŽĨƚŚĞƐŝĂŽŚŽƌƚŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵĂŶĚĂůƐŽĂŶĞĚŝƚŽƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨWĂĞĚŝĂƚƌŝĐƐĂŶĚKďƐƚĞƚƌŝĐƐĂŶĚ'LJŶĂĞĐŽůŽŐLJ͘ /ŶƚŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁ͕WƌŽĨ͘ZĂŚŵĂŶƐŚĂƌĞƐǁŝƚŚƵƐŚŝƐŝŶƐŝŐŚƚƐ on cancer research and the space science programme, as ǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨĂĐĞĚƚŽƐĞƫŶŐƵƉĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐůĂƐƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘

Q1. What influenced you to specialise in paediatric oncology and subsequently PhD studies in molecular biology?

When I was a medical o#cer, I had my !rst exposure to children diagnosed with cancer. I immediately saw that this was a very challenging disease to treat. I decided to take up paediatrics as my specialisation and the !eld of haematology and oncology became my choice of subspecialty. With the desire to understand and be trained in cancer research, I decided to pursue a doctorate degree in 1992. I knew that the best environment to be a clinician scientist would be in the academia hence I applied to join UKM and was o%ered a scholarship to do my PhD. I was lucky as my PhD project involved looking at gene arrangements and mutations of the RB1 and CDKN2A genes in acute myeloid leukaemia. "e PhD exposed me to various molecular biology and cell biology techniques.

Q2. You were the Chief Scientist for the Space Science Programme for the National Angkasawan Programme (MOSTI) in 2006-2007. Could you share with us your experiences of the programme?

I must !rst thank Datuk Dr. Mazlan Othman, the then Director General of National Space Agency (ANGKASA) who invited me to join the Space Science programme back in 2006. I was deeply involved in the contract negotiations with Russian authorities for the science experiments which we planned to send to the International Space Station (ISS) with our astronaut. "e contract for the science experiments was an important component of the overall contract for the training of our two candidate astronauts. "e procedures that our scienti!c team had to go to get approval from the Russian authorities were highly technical and challenging. There were 10 sets of documents which had to be submitted and approved. As we all know one of the main aims for sending our astronaut to space was for him to conduct scienti!c experiments in the ISS.

As this was the !rst time Malaysia had an astronaut in the ISS, he became an overnight celebrity and unfortunately the space science component had lesser coverage. Nevertheless all the scientists involved performed well and all the 5 experiments led by researchers from UKM (Cancer Cells in Space and Microbes in Space), UPM (Protein Crystalisation in

Space) and UiTM (Endothelial Cells and Osteoblasts Malaysian scientists have done an excellent job which in Space) were successful and the results have been ensured the success of the space science programme, published in various journals. "e coverage on the particularly in obtaining the scienti!c results. space science by the media was vastly overshadowed by the focus on our astronaut, despite the fact that the Q4. UMBI is home to the largest biobank requirements, such as the bioethics, safety and security, in the country 3 . How does the biobank hardware integration, experimental design, limitation contribute to local research scenes? of weight and volume, availability of equipments on "e biobank is part of "e Malaysian Cohort (TMC) the ISS, etc. that needed to be ful!lled for our space project 4 – it is a national resource that we are building science experiments to be approved, were extremely gradually and it is unprecedented by Malaysian demanding. To quote a prominent US space scientist’s standards. We started recruitment in 2007 and in words loosely, if one manages to pass the hurdles of September 2012 we concluded our !rst recruitment getting a space experiment approved to be sent to the phase at 106,527 participants, way past our target of ISS, that alone is already a measure of success! 100,000 individuals. We collected data on demography, medical history, family history, environment exposure, Q3.What were the space science experiments as well as lifestyle factors including diet and physical conducted? activity. Comprehensive biophysical measurements I actually was given a chance of a trial run by Datuk were done and also blood tests. Blood and urine Dr. Mazlan to send the famous nematode i.e., were collected and these were processed and stored Caenorhabditis elegans, to the ISS in collaboration with in both -80 o C freezers and liquid nitrogen tanks for researchers from the University of Colorado, USA in future research. As we know, the !rst and famous December 2006. "is was successful and the worms cohort study was the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (propagated in a liquid medium) was in the ISS for a total of 7 “The biobank is part of initiated in 1948 that followed a group of people throughout months. "e results have been reported and published 1-2 . "at The Malaysian Cohort their lives to identify risk factors to heart diseases. "e FHS is gave us a good exposure on many of the processes involved (TMC) project – it is a still ongoing by following up the children of the original in sending a space experiment to the ISS although the Russian national resource that we participants of the study. A cohort study is excellent in way of doing things were a bit different in certain ways. For are building gradually and identifying risk factors and early biomarkers for diseases the October 2007 flight, our astronaut brought with him 5 it is unprecedented by – it takes time for events, or diseases, to occur. A casesets of experiments. The key objective was to study the e%ects Malaysian standards” control study is not the best model although easier and less of microgravity on organisms costly to do. A cohort study and cells focusing on adaptation and also gene follows the individuals from the time when they are expression changes amongst others. I was the leader healthy or asymptomatic to development of diseases. for experiment on Eukaryotic Cells in Space for which we sent Jurkat and HepG2 cells. Another experiment "e Malaysian Cohort Biobank follows closely the which UMBI led was the Microbes in Space where protocol and standards from the UK Biobank that two types of bacteria were sent. Prof. Dr. Raja Noor houses the data and bipspecimens from over 500,000 Zaliha of the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) led the individuals. "e UK Biobank has conducted a lot Protein Crystalisation in Space which turned out to of validation procedures including stability testing be highly successful. "e lipases which she crystalised of biospecimens or bioanalytes stability and systems in the ISS had much better resolution compared to management. "e Malaysian Cohort is now in the the ground controls. "e UiTM group sent two cell follow-up phase and we are repeating the interview, lines (endothelial cells and osteoblasts) and have also the biophysical measurements and the blood tests published the results. and also storage of blood and urine. "ere is a huge potential for many research projects studying changes Space experiments are highly challenging – the involving lifestyle, genome, proteome or metabolome scientists need to ask the right questions in terms of alterations that occurred within that !ve-year period testing the e%ects of microgravity and radiation, have and link them to diseases. "e Malaysian Cohort (the the appropriate experimental design, the containment vast database and the Biobank) is a valuable national requirements, the non-ideal conditions as compared resource and the value will certainly increase with time. to ground experiments, and the limited astronaut time and resources available to conduct the experiments. Q5. What are the challenges faced by institutes A space experiment usually takes around three years with the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence to plan and tested on the ground before sending it to (HICoE) status? space; we planned this in 18 months, and I believe the "e biggest challenge is sustainability. I think the

3 6 “This amount of funding pales in comparison with that of, for example, the

Cancer Science Institute (CSI) of Singapore that was DZDUGHG6*'PLOOLRQ grant by their government”

government has tried hard to improve local research arena but our central research funding remains insu#cient. For instance, one cannot expect to produce a research institute with international prestige with a mere RM3 million of funding annually. "is amount of funding pales in comparison with that of, for example, the Cancer Science Institute (CSI) of Singapore that was awarded SGD172 million grant by their government at inception in 2008. Hence, I think the central funding pool for HICoE institutes needs to be increased signi!cantly and also to create more research positions – all of the successful overseas research institutes have a critical mass of principal investigators (PIs) supported by a team of postdoctoral researchers, an aspect that we are lacking due to insu#cient funds to sustain postdoc positions.

Q6. Do you think that local researchers should participate in whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies on cancers?

I think this is the best time to do this when the cost of sequencing is much lower than it was before. Our funding committees must be aware of the trends in research and genomics medicine is now top of the list of priorities of many nations. "e way our grant proposals are evaluated needs to be changed and we need to bring in the appropriate experts into the panel. If we do not have Malaysian experts in cancer or genome research, nearby regional ones should be recruited to identify truly novel and worthwhile cancer research projects. Cancers are very diverse even within the same subtype, and WGS is crucial in subgrouping the cancers for targeted therapies. "e Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project has !netuned di%erent types of cancer classi!cation but there is still a gap as many of the samples are not from this side of the world, a potential that we should de!nitely explore.

speci!c to our populations e.g., for colorectal cancer, we seem to see it occurring relatively younger in Malays compared to the Chinese. Few nations, if at all, are motivated to answer such question except us. Also, we should encourage multi-centre collaborations e.g., among the local universities with the Ministry of Health as they treat the largest number of cancer patients nationwide, and hence possessing huge number of cancer samples. Besides, we shouldn’t work on too many di%erent cancers – the government should address the key types of cancers relevant to us and with the capacity to perform well internationally, and to prioritise funding for these speci!c researches.

Q7. What are some of the strategies that Malaysian cancer researchers should adopt?

We should focus on cancers that matters in Malaysia and have unique phenotype

REFERENCES [1] Jamal R et al. J Am Soc Gravit Space Res. 2010;23:85-86. [2] "en et al. Asia-Pac J Mol Biol Biotech. 2014;16:47. [3] http://www.ukm.my/umbi/biobank-sample-log-in/ [4] Jamal R et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2014; doi: 10.1093/ije/ dyu089

Q8. Finally, what are the advices you would give to young scientists?

I encourage young researchers to look for opportunities outside of Malaysia or to obtain a postdoctoral position overseas. "e exposure and the skills acquired in a top laboratory outside Malaysia will be valuable. I am not implying that we do not have su#cient number of PIs to train local talents but when one is trained in developed countries, one would be exposed to the best in research with cutting-edge technology. "ey will also forever be linked with their supervisors or institutes, and able to bring back the networking to Malaysia for future collaborative projects. Finally, young scientists should not say ‘no’ too early in their career. By taking up various challenges, sooner rather than later opportunities start to knock on one’s door, and thus young researchers should take up the challenges presented to them even if it means one has to walk the extra mile and work the extra hour.