SELECTIONS WINTER 2022 IN THIS ISSUE
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A.I. TECHNICIAN ROUNDTABLE
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SCC IMPACTS PROFIT
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MASTITIS RESISTANCE LEADERS
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THIRD LACTATION AND BEYOND
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YOUR GUIDE TO LAMENESS TRAITS
HEALTHY COWS, SUSTAINABLE FUTURES David C. Thorbahn, president and C.E.O.
When we make plans for the future, we often reminisce on our past. For 12 years, I worked as a sire analyst and managed sire selection in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s. Data on health, reproduction, calf wellness and mastitis resistance was scarce and difficult to collect. The advent of on-farm computers and the farmers’ support of the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) now provide us with new and important tools. Today’s dairies are equipped with an abundance of genetic data. At Select Sires, we aim to help farmers leverage this information and sire power to breed healthier, longer-living cows. Boost mastitis resistance Mastitis continues to be one of the most costly challenges for dairy farmers. Select Sires’ one-of-a-kind Mastitis ResistantPRO™ designation easily identifies sires that excel for a multitude of mastitis resistance traits and boosts mastitis resistance on a genetic level.
Choose an index designed for the future Dairies can expand their health and wellness reach by using the Herd Health Profit Dollars™ (HHP$™) index to rank heifers in their program and select elite sires. HHP$ places strong emphasis on health traits, particularly mastitis resistance, using health trait PTAs from the CDCB. Mastitis resistance and Somatic Cell Score (SCS) PTAs receive a relative emphasis of 19 percent in the HHP$ formula compared to only 5 percent in TPI® and 3 percent in Net Merit (NM$). The very small weighting in these other indexes is concerning because it does not reflect the culling value that farmers are experiencing. On-farm validation studies show that these traits show up in the barn and on the balance sheet. As you evaluate your genetic strategy, be sure to select an index designed for the future and aligned with the direction of the dairy industry. In this edition This edition of Selections includes two fantastic genetic features. Thank you to our technical partners at Zoetis for preparing an informative article about the impact of bulk tank somatic cell counts. In addition to Select Sires’ confidence in mastitis resistance traits, we are encouraging dairies to consider adding some lameness traits to their selection criteria. If you have genetic questions, want to reassess your herd goals or create a strategy that is unique to your operation, please reach out to your local Select Sires representative. u
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BOOTS ON THE GROUND A CONVERSATION WITH LARGE-HERD TECHNICIANS
It’s fun to chat about top sires, leading ladies and the latest genetic strategies, but before farmers can witness the influence of elite genetics and a well-planned program, they need confirmed pregnancies. The Select Sires federation employs nearly 600 professional technicians that provide service and expertise to achieve reproductive success. Just as the dairy industry evolves and technologies advance, there are changes in the day-to-day responsibilities of a professional technician. Today’s technicians are integrated in the mission and goals of each herd and work with a team of Select Sires experts to boost herd performance. The Select Sires Podcast sat down with two phenomenal technicians from Minnesota/Select Sires and CentralStar Cooperative to learn more about their role and how they bring value to the herds they serve. To listen to the complete conversation, scan the QR code on page 4. Jordan Pahl • 7+ years with Minnesota/Select Sires • University of Minnesota, bachelor’s degree in animal science and dairy production • Territory: southeast Minnesota • 10 daily stops
Can you describe your day-to-day responsibilities? Deanna: Every day is a different day, but Thursdays and Fridays are often the busiest. I do a lot of walking and chalking and I have two farms using CowManager®. I’m there to help with tags and management of the activity system. I’m particular about my paperwork because that's what helps keep things in order, especially on those busy days. Jordan: My herds range in size and so that dictates my responsibilities at each dairy. For some herds, I do a simple walk and chalk and I check activity systems. For other herds, I might be walking the pens and administering shots for timed A.I., managing pregnancy checks and looking through various data reports. I use the weekend to catch up on record keeping so that I can provide herds with the best results.
What are some unexpected challenges that you have helped dairies overcome? Deanna: In herds that house heifers away from the main dairy, I’m often the only familiar face aside from the feeder. As I’m walking pens, I’ll notice a cough or other concerns and get that information to the herdsman as soon as possible. Back at the main dairy, I’ll take note of manure consistency and report those concerns before issues show up in the bulk tank. I can tell if milkers are being pulled off too fast if I’m seeing leaking cows, too. Cow’s don’t lie – if she’s not comfortable or she’s hurting she’ll let you know. Jordan: When I go into a new herd, I’m another set of professional eyes. I’m not just another person running through your barn. I’m looking at the details, adding cows to the hoof trimming list, notifying herdsmen of facility issues and sick animals. I try to give herds more insight because they likely don’t have time to walk those pens every day.
Deanna Pleiman • 7+ years with CentralStar Cooperative • Grew up on a dairy farm, immersed in the industry, 4-H and showed Holstein cows • Territory: northwest lower peninsula of Michigan • 9 daily stops
Can you share a recent success that you’ve celebrated with your herds? Deanna: We recently installed CowManager in a herd I serve and we’ve been able to eliminate shots and get more cows pregnant. The system has been very precise and almost like a digital herdsman following along in the barn. Jordan: There’s one particular farm that I’ve been working with for two years. We’ve worked closely to meet their goals, introduce new timed A.I. programs and really increase their reproductive results. Most recently, we’ve increased their level of genetics and we’re in the process of enrolling them in NxGEN®. I enjoy working with herds for the long haul, remembering where we started and getting things on track to really see that point of progress.
Are there other folks with whom you work that contribute to a herd’s success? Deanna: We have a true team mentality when serving herds – from sales representatives to genetic and reproductive specialists. If a herd comes to me and expresses a concern, we can bring in experts and have a meeting to run the numbers, identify the problem and provide support and solutions. My team is fantastic and they are there for me 24/7.
Continue reading on page 4.
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BOOTS ON THE GROUND, continued... What types of training and education are available to professional technicians? Jordan: Select Sires’ SelectCheck ™ program provides a solid foundation for technicians. You visit large dairies and work through daily responsibilities like walking and chalking, heat detection and activity systems. There is both classroom time and time spent in the barn. We also participate in local training to hone our skills and sit down with genetic specialists to review sire summary results and learn about sires. When we visit dairies, we bring with us the skills that Select Sires has invested in us through training opportunities. We do our best to use this knowledge to benefit these dairies.
What is one piece of advice you’d choose to share with a dairy? Deanna: I would recommend CowManager because it is an extra set of eyes and it picks up on things much earlier. In today’s times, there’s a lot for farmers to consider and CowManager shows up every day to provide reassurances. Jordan: Keep an open mind. Whether it be genetics, health, CowManager, beef x dairy, or otherwise, the most successful dairies that I serve, keep an open mind. Try to look past what you’re thinking today and consider what is going to be good for your dairy next year and the years after. u
Want to hear more from Jordan and Deanna? Scan the QR code to listen to the complete conversation.
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SOMATIC CELL COUNT IMPACTS EVERYTHING Mike Lormore, DVM, MS, MBA, Director Cattle Technical Services, Zoetis
Today’s dairy industry is challenging. It takes business sense, strong instincts, dairy know-how, innovation and continuous improvement to succeed. Labor, health management, reproductive efficiencies and genetics are just a short, but critical, list of things that demand your attention and offer tremendous opportunities for improvement. What if you could prioritize the items that will have the greatest impact on your profitability? To help you do just that, Zoetis and Compeer Financial analyzed 14 years of herd data from 702 year-end financial and production record summaries,1 resulting in 10 factors that drive profitability on a dairy. Management of these factors will have the biggest impact on your bottom line. The study identified that one driver of net farm income is the impact of bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC), as it is an indicator of overall performance, management and animal husbandry. Elevated BTSCC was associated with lower milk production, reduced pregnancy rates and greater death losses, according to the study. Somatic Cell Count (SCC) touches nearly every part of your dairy. Its wide-ranging impact on your operation means lowering BTSCC provides an excellent opportunity to increase profit.
Is 100,000 BTSCC even possible? Based on the previously mentioned results, aggressively managing SCC to push levels below 200,000 can help drive profitability on your dairy. The key to keeping SCC levels in check is through a proactive and thorough monitoring program, preventing new infections in the dry period, and reducing your overall risk of mastitis. Continue reading on page 6.
The low-SCC profit opportunity The best performing one-third of herds in our study had a BTSCC average of 125,000 cells/mL. Meanwhile, the bottom-third of herds had a BTSCC average of 269,000 cells/mL. This difference in SCC was associated with an 11-pound difference in milk per cow per day, and a $0.64/cwt difference in net farm income per cwt.1 While there doesn’t seem to be much difference between the SCC averages of top- and bottomperforming herds, there were large differences in productivity and profitability. In the study, 6.1 pounds per cow per day was lost with every 100,000-cell increase in BTSCC. Knowing this, the long-term impact of somatic cell counts at the accepted standard of 200,000 can be very expensive. Producers and their farm advisory teams must be challenging themselves to set a lower goal to reduce SCC to 150,000 or even 100,000.
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KEY STEPS
TO ACHIEVING 100,000 BTSCC
KEEP SCC IN CHECK
REDUCE MASTITIS RISK
Without a management strategy that includes actively monitoring individual cow SCC and new infections, you are taking a financial risk. Make sure you know your levels and have protocols in place for identifying mastitis pathogens and treating them.
PREVENT NEW INFECTIONS
Coliform intramammary infection rate is about four times greater during the dry period than during lactation.2 When going into the dry period, make sure your protocols are both tailored to clear up existing infections and prevent new ones. Implement a dry cow treatment program that includes a broad-spectrum tube, a proven internal teat sealant and vaccination against coliform infections.
One way to lessen the financial impact of mastitis is to reduce the risk of it occurring in the first place. Genomic testing with CLARIFIDE® Plus can help you identify which animals are most likely to resist mastitis and strategically manage your herd. Exclusive to CLARIFIDE Plus, the Dairy Wellness Profit Index® (DWP$®) is a comprehensive animal ranking selection tool that analyzes critical cow wellness traits, including mastitis risk, as well as related factors of production, fertility, longevity, calving ability, milk quality and calf wellness traits. In a recent peer-reviewed validation study, results showed that cows in the best 25 percent of a herd, based on their DWP$ rankings, had 35 percent fewer cases of mastitis, leading to increased productivity of over 17,000 more lifetime pounds of saleable milk and seven more months in the herd.2 The ability to produce more saleable milk, coupled with longer life spans, fewer disease cases and decreased treatment costs can translate into operations with higher lifetime profit. Applying genomic testing to identify which cows have a higher genetic risk of mastitis allows for strategic herd management to improve milk quality and drive profit potential. The big impact of lower SCC SCC impacts almost every aspect of your dairy, so it is important to think beyond the risk of clinical mastitis when thinking about BTSCC. This is a critical shift in mindset, not because of the premiums that are paid based on SCC levels, but because of the impact high BTSCC has on key factors that drive profit. The study showed high SCC is associated with reduced reproductive performance and increased days open. This is due to the negative physiological effect high SCC levels have on a cow’s reproductive system. Lower reproductive performance means lower net farm income, and ultimately drives up replacement costs while driving down profit. Elevated SCC levels were also associated with higher rates of death loss. A broader review of the data shows that this is not necessarily due to mastitis alone, but rather cows in herds with elevated SCC are lost for many reasons. Therefore, BTSCC is really an index of overall animal husbandry skills. Dairies that manage BTSCC well are generally better at managing all types of animal health risk. Elevated cell counts are associated with producing less energy-corrected milk and higher net herd turnover costs. Herds with higher turnover rates have more younger cows. Milking a larger percentage of younger cows results in less production and fewer pounds of milk shipped per day, driving down overall herd profit. Managing BTSCC to push levels as low as possible presents a large opportunity to improve your long-term farm profitability. Learn more about strategies to aggressively manage BTSCC and contact your Zoetis representative to discuss how the dairy financial drivers can be applied on your dairy. u REFERENCES 1. Lormore M. What Drives Financial Success on a Dairy? Parsippany, NJ: Zoetis; 2020. 2. Fessenden B, Weigel DJ, Osterstock J, Galligan DT, Di Croce F. Validation of genomic predictions for a lifetime merit selection index for the US dairy industry. Slide Deck, Slide 20, Zoetis, 2020.
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Connect with your local Select Sires trusted advisor to leverage genetic opportunities to lower your BTSCC today!
To avoid costly mastitis cases and save money, look for sires with the new Mastitis ResistantPRO designation. This one-of-a-kind genetic tool leverages genomic evaluations for CDCB Mastitis Resistance, CDCB Somatic Cell Score and Zoetis Mastitis Resistance to deliver genetic improvement. Progeny Proven
7HO14264 SPEEDY 7HO14451 BIG AL 14HO14220 RIVETING 14HO14226 ROME 14HO14138 HUSKY 7HO14438 GODDARD 7HO14333 FUTURE 7HO14250 LEGACY 7HO12974 COPYCAT 14HO14442 DELPRO
HHP$™
CFP
%F
%P
%Rel.
981 974 937 936 927 898 874 854 847 842
139
0.04
-0.02
98
134
0.25
0.07
93
92
0.07
0.04
97
139
0.17
0.04
97
82
-0.04
0.00
97
136
0.10
0.03
92
134
0.10
0.03
99
99
0.18
0.06
98
123
0.13
0.04
99
101
0.04
0.06
92
12/21 CDCB/HA Genomic Evaluation. All sires listed on this page qualify for semen export to Canada. Photo (l-r): Lars-Acres SSI 22907-ET (VG-85), Larson Acres, Inc. Evansville, WI; S-S-I Legacy 7978 10465-ET (GP-83), Destiny Farm LLC, Marshfield, WI. Daughters of 7HO14250 LEGACY. Jordan photos.
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INCREASING PROFIT WITH INCREASED HERD LIFE Prominent dairy genetics and economics researchers Dr. Chad Dechow and Dr. Albert DeVries recently worked together on a study to determine the value of increased dairy cow herd life and profitable levels of herd turnover. A summary of their work provides insights into creating cows that will be most profitable for dairy owners in the future. • A dairy owner that can increase the average productive life of cows in the herd from 2.5 lactations per cow to 3.33 lactations per cow should generate an average of $45 in extra profit per cow per year.1 • Dechow and DeVries determined that the optimal herd turnover rate, also referred to as herd culling levels, for production per cow and resulting profit per cow while optimizing genetic progress in the herd is between 25 percent and 30 percent. • Along with increasing production and potential profit per cow, lower culling rates will reduce replacement needs, reducing heifer rearing program costs. Herd data across the country shows, on average, that cows in their third lactation and greater contribute higher production per day than cows in their first and second lactation. However, these same cows were also well below the herd average for Pregnancy Rate, had higher somatic cell counts and experienced more health challenges. To truly achieve the best return on investment, older cows need to be reproductively fit with better udder health and fewer health issues overall or they end up costing too much in treatment and labor costs. Tools to build healthier cattle Dairy farmers often tell us their favorite cows are the ones they ‘don’t see.’ These are cows that show up for work every day and don’t cause issues because they stay out of the sick pen, breed back quickly and produce milk efficiently. A goal many progressive dairy owners have today is to create more of these ‘silent’ cows, and they have enhanced their genetic selection focus by using indexes that have an increased focus on health and fitness, such as Dairy Wellness Profit Index® (DWP$®) and Select Sires’ Herd Health Profit Dollars™ (HHP$™). Both indexes have the potential to create more cows that will produce profitable milk yields with good component levels and lower somatic cells while staying healthy and reproductively fit - all leading to longer herd life. Larson Acres, located in Evansville, Wisconsin, is a model herd to illustrate the right mix of older cows that have less reproductive and health issues. With third lactation and greater cows making up 43 percent of the herd, health and wellness is a priority in Larson Acres’ breeding strategy and sire selection index and illustrates the effect of long-term focus on DWP$. Larson’s third lactation and greater
By LCTGP
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Pct
Count
1 2 3
32 25 43
========
=======
Total
100
784 615 1076 ======
2475
Av MILK
Av FCM
83 103 107 =======
99
Av305ME Av PCTF Av PCTP Av SCC Av DIM 99 32086 4.7 3.4 35 167 119 33229 4.5 3.3 66 156 122 31603 4.4 3.3 111 151
========
========
========
========
========
========
114
32160
4.6
3.3
75
157
cow group is also producing greater milk yields and more fat corrected milk. To achieve a herd of healthier cows, owner Mike Larson is a strong proponent of DWP$ because he has experienced the higher lifetime production and good health of his higher DWP$ ranked cows. With this in mind, he continues to push the envelope on his genetic strategy and increase his selection for elite health and wellness sires. Genomic averages for DWP$ by lactation show a healthy future for Larson’s herd with great potential for less health events and more profit. Breeding the right kind of cow In recent years, heifer inventories have been in the spotlight. As dairies employ smarter strategies to manage replacement numbers, there is less forced culling of older cows. The increase in the percentage of older cows in dairy operations presents a valuable opportunity to increase pounds of milk shipped per day, but it requires the right kind of cows. Health challenges are more likely with older cows and this cost to the operation’s resources can quickly impact profitability. Using health-focused indexes like DWP$ or HHP$ will provide a higher percentage of cows that experience less health issues. To make the trade-off of more milk per day compared to the cost of older cows, breeding for healthy, fertile and troublefree cattle will be critical. u REFERENCES 1. Study referenced from University of Florida.
HHP$
™
Herd Health Profit Dollars™ is a new tool to help producers create healthy, longer-living cattle in their herds. Emphasis on components, mastitis resistance, udder depth, teat size and placement are a few traits that are included to help boost your herd’s profitability!
A better cow for a better future.
Balanced improvement in both fat and protein yield
Shallow udders with intermediate optimums for teat size and rear teat placement
Strong emphasis on mastitis resistance traits
Health-focused index that can be used to rank heifers in herds that perform genomic testing, but don’t test with Zoetis or don’t have CLARIFIDE® Plus results
Allows for comparisons with all active Holstein sires
Includes the new CDCB feed efficiency evaluations to moderate body size and efficiently convert feed into milk
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LAMENESS TRAITS:
UNDERUSED & UNDERESTIMATED Chuck Sattler, vice president of genetic programs, Select Sires Inc. Whether it’s called locomotion, mobility, hoof health or cow comfort, avoiding lameness events is a challenge for nearly all dairies. Incidence rates can vary widely from farm to farm but national statistics indicate about 13 percent of cows have lameness challenges each lactation. Lameness incidence rates increase as cows get older. So, as we raise fewer dairy replacements and our milking herds include more multiparous cows, the need to breed for reduced lameness is more important than ever. Traditionally, we have selected sires for traits like Foot Angle, Legs Side View and Feet and Legs Composite (FLC) to improve mobility in our cows. While this strategy has been employed for decades, it has not helped us reduce the incidence of lameness. In recent years, new genetic evaluation tools have been developed that more directly address lameness resistance. These tools remain underused and deserve attention and use in sire selection decisions.
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Table 1. Reliability levels for published lameness evaluations
BREED Holstein Jersey
CATEGORY
RELIABILITY
Genomic-tested young sire
40 to 55
Daughter-proven sire
55 to 99
Genomic-tested young sire
35 to 50
Daughter-proven sire
50 to 95
Lameness evaluations are expressed as standardized transmitting abilities (STAs) with an average of 100. Evaluations generally range from 85 to 115. Higher values indicate more resistance to lameness and are preferred.
Zoetis lameness evaluations have been publicly available since 2016. They’ve been available long enough to analyze how they perform and whether they effectively identify meaningful genetic differences between bulls. One way to analyze the accuracy of lameness traits is to review how lameness evaluations compare to other established genetic evaluations. This is most effective when done using high-reliability sires. We studied Zoetis lameness evaluations for Select Sires bulls that have 100 or more daughters in their Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) evaluations. Since lameness is a management challenge on most dairy farms, we should see a positive correlation between the STA values for lameness and predicted transmitting abilities (PTAs) for Productive Life (PL) and Livability (LIV). Select Sires’ genetic lineup shows a correlation of +0.21 between lameness STA and PTA PL, and +0.22 between lameness STA and PTA LIV. In contrast, CDCB reports a correlation of -0.01 between FLC and PTA PL, and -0.11 between FLC and PTA LIV.
On-farm validation Zoetis has conducted several validation studies published in the Journal of Dairy Science ® documenting the predictive power of lameness evaluations. One study published in 2017 tracked the performance of genomic-tested animals through their next lactation. The study tracked the performance of 3,400 heifers and cows from 11 different herds. Animals were grouped based on their STAs for lameness. Lameness incidence was 33 percent lower for top quartile animals compared to those in the bottom quartile. A more recent study looked at the value of including lameness in Dairy Wellness Profit Index® (DWP$®). Lameness receives a relative weighting of 5 percent in the Holstein version of DWP$ and a 3 percent relative weighting in the Jersey version. The effectiveness of DWP$ was analyzed by tracking 2,185 genomic tested heifers from 11 herds through their careers as lactating cows. Differences in lameness incidence were statistically significant between the DWP$ groups tracked in these herds. Differences by lactation are shown in Figure 1. Lameness incidence was reduced by 50% for animals in the top quartile for DWP$ as compared to those in the bottom quartile.
Figure 1. Lameness incidence by DWP$ quartile and lactation. 90% 80% Lameness Incidence (%)
Available from Zoetis The lameness evaluation from Zoetis, part of the CLARIFIDE® Plus testing platform, is an example of one of these new evaluations. Data from lameness events come from health events recorded in a wide range of CLARIFIDE-tested, commercial dairy farms. Lameness genomic evaluations are routinely available for Select Sires’ bulls for both Holstein and Jersey breeds.
Worst 25%
26-50%
1st
2nd
51-75%
Best 25%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
3rd
4th
Lactation
The bottom line Lameness continues to be an ongoing challenge for dairies. Indirect selection to improve lameness resistance by using a variety of conformation traits has not been effective. Direct evaluations for lameness are now routinely available and their track record shows they have a solid relationship with improved longevity and profitability. If lameness is not currently included as part of your sire selection criteria, you should strongly consider adding it. u REFERENCES Adams, A. E., J. E. Lombard, C. P. Fossler, I. N. Román-Muñiz, C. A. Kopral. Associations between housing and management practices and the prevalence of lameness, hock lesions, and thin cows in US dairy operations. J. Dairy Sci. 100: 2119-2136. Cook, N. B., J. P. Hess, M. R. Foy, T. B. Bennett, R. L. Brotzman. Management characteristics, lameness, and body injuries of dairy cattle housed in high-performance dairy herds in Wisconsin. J. Dairy Sci. 99:5879-5891. Fessenden, Brenda, Daniel J. Weigel, Jason Osterstock, David T. Galligan, Fernando Di Croce. Validation of genomic predictions for a lifetime merit selection index for the US dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci. 103:10414-10428. McNeel, Anthony K., Brenda C. Reiter, Dan Weigel, Jason Osterstock, Fernando Di Croce. Validation of genomic predictions for wellness traits in US Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:9115-9124. Vukasinovic, N., N. Bacciu, C. A. Przybyla, P. Boddhireddy, and S. K. DeNise. Development of genetic and genomic evaluation for wellness traits in US Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:428-438
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PRSRT STD U.S. POSTAGE
PAID Minster, Ohio 45865 Permit No. 2
SELECTIONS MISSION
11740 US 42 NORTH • PLAIN CITY • OHIO • 43064-0143
To enhance the productivity and profitability of dairy and beef producers, Select Sires is committed to be the premier provider of highly fertile, superior genetics accompanied by effective reproductive- and herdmanagement products and services. For more information, visit www.selectsires.com or call (614) 873-4683.
Product of the USA.
Herd Health Profit Dollars, HHP$, Mastitis ResistantPRO, SelectCheck and ProfitSOURCE are trademarks of Select Sires Inc. ®NxGEN, ProfitMAX and Your Success Our Passion. are registered trademarks of Select Sires Inc. Dairy Wellness Profit Index, DWP$ and CLARIFIDE are registered trademarks of Zoetis Inc., its affiliates and/or its licensors. Total Performance Index (TPI) is a registered trademark of Holstein Association USA. CowManager is a registered trademark of Agis Automatisering. Buyer assumes all responsibility for use, storage and handling of herd management products. All claims, representations, and warranties, expressed or implied, are made only by the company responsible for manufacturing and not by Select Sires Inc., its member cooperatives, its agents or employees. ™
7 = Select Sires, 14 = Accelerated Genetics, 250 = GenerVations
