TUNG SHIN HOSPITAL
Content Introduction Fast Facts History Architect Architecture Style Building Materials Building Construction Architecture Elements & Components Conclusion Reference
Introduction
Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia, it is located within the heart of Selangor state. There are mountains bordering the city except in the East, this is why Kuala Lumpur and its adjoining areas are called the ‘Klang Valley’. Kuala Lumpur literally means ‘muddy capital’ in Malay, because of its establishment in the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers. At the time, the rivers were riched in tin metals, due to industrial growth, the demands of tin increases, attracted Chinese workers from China came to Kuala Lumpur to work in tin mining industry. During the British colonial period which was in 1857 to 1957, the tin miners often embroiled in gang welfare, disrupting the peace and stability of the tin trade, The British authorities decided to appoint a Chinese captain, called ‘Kapitan’ to administer the area and ensure its order. Under the leadership by the third Kapitan, Yap Ah Loy, Kuala Lumpur transformed into a prominent commercial hub in Selangor.
Kuala Lumpur during British Colonial Period
Chinese population increased as tin industry was glory at the time, mining activities were always in higher risk, medical care at the time was very much needed, this leads to the formation of one of the earliest traditional Chinese medical clinic in Klang Valley, Pooi Shin Tung, which was the foundation of Tung Shin Hospital. As time passed, Chinese workers started to stay permanently in Kuala Lumpur, formed families and businesses of their own. Pooi Shin Tung no longer able to handle the increased of medical needs, therefore it transformed to Tung Shin Hospital to serve the increasing Chinese community.
Chinese Tin Mining Workers
Fast Facts
Location of Tung Shin Hospital New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Chinese Medical Department Building Address: Tung Shin Hospital, 102, Jalan Pudu, 50200 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tung Shin Hospital consist s of four main parts, there are the Lee Yan Lian Building, the Har Par Building, the Welfare Building and The nearby landmarks are Menara Maybank, Low Yat Plaza, Swiss-Inn Kuala Lumpur, Menara Olympia, Menara MDIF, Lanson Place Bukit Ceylon Serviced. and Menare Kek Seng.
Site plan of Tung Shin Hospital Har Par Building Welfare Building
Function of the modern buildings Welfare Building The Old Welfare Building was originally built to form a Male Healthcare Department. It consists of two bungalows, one was named as East Building and the other is West Building. Due to the malfunction of the two bungalows, they were demolished on 1959 and built New Welfare Building. Now, the New Welfare Building was the place for the tradition Chinese medical department, Beijing and Nan Jing Chinese Department and Chinese medicine pharmacy.
Haw Par Building Haw Par Building is the oldest building in Tung Shin Hospital. Haw Par Building’s function was changed throughout the years of its existence. At the early 1930, It was built as a grand hall. Then, Haw Par Building’s function was changed to Chinese medical outpatient department, office, staff hostel and western medical
department. Now, it was already become the medical staff hostel and the Chinese medical library.
New Lee Yan Lian Ward The Old Lee Yan Lian Ward was built on 1974. It functions as the western medical department. The New Lee Yan Lian Ward was built at 1989. So that, the western medical department shifted to the new
Lee Yan Lin Ward and the Old Lee Yan Lian Ward functioned as staff hostel until it was demolished at 2002.
History of Tung Shin Hospital
Tung Shin Hospital has been witnessed the development of Kuala Lumpur and Malaysian Society for the passed 222 years. In 1880, as Kuala Lumpur was made the administrative centre of Selangor state under British rule, the colonial government at the time not able to provide adequate healthcare service to the increasing population in the city.
Pooi Shin Tong
Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng
Therefore, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng, the last Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur from 1889 to 1902, sponsored a private clinic named Pooi Shin Tung in Jalan Petaling. Pooi Shin Tung was the foundation of Tung Shin Hospital, it provided traditional Chinese medical service for the poor and mainly Chinese mining workers, it also provided funeral assistances.
By 1890s, population grew rapidly in Kuala Lumpur with its neighboring mining area following the development of mining industry, commerce and infrastructure. As a result, Chinese population rose to about 40,000, more people searched for treatment at Pooi Shin Tung. Through the discussion with Chinese merchant Loke Yew, Kapitan Yap decided to to turn the private clinic into a community hospital so it could provide better resources to improve their service quality to the community.
Loke Yew
The proposal to reorganize Pooi Shin Tong had widely supported by contemporary community leaders, such as Loke Yew, who started the donation activity by raising RM1,000, later was joined by Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko Siew Soon, Chan Sow Lin and others. In the end, a donation of more than RM10,000 was raised, Pooi Shin Tung converted from private run clinic into community run institution, and it was officiated as Tung Shin Hospital, a non-profit organization.
The Selangor Journal reported in details in pages 89, 95, 96 and 97 about the grand opening of Tung Shin Hospital on November 22, 1895 by Mrs Rodger, the wife of the Acting Resident.
Kapitan Yap
Loke Yew
Yap Loong Hin
Liang Xiang Ting
Huang Bao Zhi
Presidents of Tung Shin Hospital
Chan Tuch Chee
Qiu Man
Tung Shin Hospital in the early years
Liew Kwong Hon
Datuk Chong
Tan Sri Lee
Tan Sri Dato’ Lee
Tan Sri Dato’ Teo
Timeline of construction of buildings in Tung Shin Hospital
Pooi Shin Tung 1881
Present
Tung Shin Hospital 1891
1986 New Lee Yan Lian Ward
New Wards (Unknown)
Old Loke Yim Ward 1933
Ward One 1917
1974 Old Lee Yan Lian Ward
1964 New Loke Yim Ward
The labels that are GREEN in colour are the buildings that still exist in today’s Tung Shin Hospital
1961 Welfare Ward
Haw Par Ward 1935
Occupied by Japanese Army 1942-1945
1951 Resumed Operation
1950 Premise Returned
History Of The Buildings In Tung Shin Hospital Pooi Shin Tung 1881 In 1881, the first Chinese medical clinic, Pooi Shin Tung was formed by Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng. It was a private clinic which operated first at a shophouse located at Jalan Petaling and moved to its current premise in Jalan Pudu. It serves the mainly the poor and chinese mining workers.
Tung Shin Hospital 1891 By 1890s, Chinese population in Kuala Lumpur grew rapidly until about 40,000 as its neighboring mining areas rose due to the development of mining industry. Kapitan Yap Kwan seng decided to change Pooi Shin Tung into a community hospital to improve its resources quality for the people. In 1891, Tung Shin Hospital was formed with the financial support by Loke Yew, Wong Hup Lee, Wong Hup Loong, Ko Siew Sun, and Chan Sow Lin. Early years of Tung Shin Hospital
Ward One 1917 One of the earliest department building of Tung Shin Hospital. Sponsored by Mr. Cheong Yoke Choy. Mr Cheong Yoke Choy
Old Loke Yim Ward 1933 The old Loke Yim Ward was a female ward, it was funded by Kuala Lumpur’s established miner and banker Mr Liew Weng Chi in remembrance of his mother, Madam Loke Yim. This one storey building was demolished during 1950’s and the new two storeys Loke Yim Ward was built later at the same location. Loke Yim Ward
Mdm Loke Yim
Haw Par Ward 1935 Funded by Mr Aw Boon Haw and Mr Aw Boon Par. Haw Par Ward is located at the right side of the main entrance of Tung Shin Hospital, it is the oldest of all the existing building. It was once a grand hall, medical department and library, but it is now the medical staff’s hostel. Har Par Building Then and Now
Welfare Ward 1961 As the male ward demolished on 1959, the original location was rebuilt a new two storeys medical ward, which is the Welfare Ward Now. The building was
funded by the Social Welfare Lotteries Board, donation by Hong Kong movie tycoon brothers Rumme and Run Run Shaw. Welfare Ward Then and Now
Male Ward
New Loke Yim Ward 1964 The old Loke Yim Ward was demolished to build the new Loke Yim Ward. It was used as female Chinese medical ward at first, after that it became ordinary ward for the Western Medical Department in 1976 until Lee Yan Lian Building was built. After that, its ground floor became cafeteria while the second floor became staff’s hostel, now, it become the housekeeping office and hostel. New Loke Yim Ward
Old Lee Yan Lian Ward 1974 Tung Shin Hospital’s president Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian funded to build a three storeys building as Western Medical Department. As the new Western Medical Department constructed, this building became staff’s hostel. This building was later demolished in 2002. Tan Sri Lee Yan Lian
Construction of Lee Yan Lian Ward
Old Lee Yan Lian Ward
New Lee Yan Lian Ward This building was finished constructed in 1988. It substitute the Old Lee Yan Lian Wardto place the Western Medical
Department. It consists of 11 floors and contained of outpatient department, specialist department, surgery rooms, ICU, wards, pharmacy, X-ray room and other western medical treatments.
Introduction Of The Founder
The formation of Tung Shin Hospital today had been gone through uncountable processes of constructions, demolitions and renovations of the buildings it consisted. Today, the remaining buildings that were constructed from 1900 until 1990 include the new Lee Yan Lian Ward, new Loke Yim Ward, Haw Par Ward, and the Welfare Ward.
Current Tung Shin Hospital
The architects who contributed to the designs and constructions of the buildings were cannot to be defined. However, the founder of Tung Shin Hospital is the fifth and lastast Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur, Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng. Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng was born in 1846 and died in 1901. In his 55 years of lifetime, he marked an important chapter in the early history of Kuala Lumpur, Together with his contemporaries Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, Kapitan Yap Ah Sak, Loke Yew, Cheok Yeok and others, Yap Kwan Seng helped to shape the humanistic landscape of the city.
Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng
Selangor Kwang Tung Cemetery
Victoria Institution
Tung Shin Hospital
Tai Wah Ward
Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng is a successful miner as well as a Hakka community leader. He founded or co-founded many important institution in Kuala Lumpur, such as Selangor Kwang Tung Cemetary, Victoria Institution, Tung Shin Hospital, Tai Wah Ward at the Pauper Hospital (forerunner of the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital), Chak Kai Association, most of them still exist today.
Chak Kai Association
Even the Brickfields area got its name from the brick factory he built there to take part in Kuala Lumpur first redevelopment project in the late 19th century. Yap Kwan Seng was such prominent in Kuala Lumpur’s history - the Jalan Yap Kwan Seng and Jalan Sin Chee Kee (off Jalan Pudu) which was named after his shop. Jalan Yap Kwan Seng
Jalan Sin Chee Kee
He owned tin mines, tin mining industry in Kuala Lumpur during the British Colonial period was in its glory as a result from the industry growth. By 1889, he employed up to 7,000 labours with tin production outstripped that of Kapitan Yap Ah Shak. Meanwhile, as more mine workers suffered from various epidemics and diseases, Yap Kwan Seng established “Pooi Shin Tong” (forerunner of Tung Shin
Hospital), one of Kuala Lumpur’s earliest charity bodies, to provide free medical care and funeral assistance.
Tung Shin Hospital holds on 2 special meanings in the historical context of Malaysia Tung Shin Hospital represents the humanitarian spirit of the Malaysian society. It ensures proper healthcare for even the unprivileged. The growth of Tung Shin Hospital reflects interestingly that of Malaysian society. It started from caring for the poor in a particular ethnic group to serves people of any community from not only in Malaysia but from other countries.
Architecture Style By
Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn Arts and Crafts  Haw Par Ward
Architecture Style Haw Par Ward Haw Par Building is built on 1935, the oldest building among the wards in Tung Shin Hospital. It consists two levels and was functioned as a grand hall that held various events during the early years, but it is now the medical staff’s hostel.
Generally, the building is rectangular in shape but its appearance is asymmetry. Principle • Asymmetry in shape • The shape of the building is asymmetrical because of the bow window extended out from the originally rectangle building • Repetition • The continuous usage of stained glasses at the bow window gives the building an attractive appearance
Rectangular in shape
Asymmetry in shape The interesting features of the Haw Par Ward include the bow window in front covered with stained glasses, a large area of patio in the middle of the building, which the four sides of it are enclosed by rooms and spaces and the roof level which allows people access.
Elements • Colours • The reflection of sunlight makes the colours of the stained glasses become obvious. • Shapes • The used of circle and rectangles in constructing the shape of the plan
Colours
Haw Par Ward Floor Plan
Architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward
• Focused on residential idiom. • There are numbers of rooms and spaces consisted in Haw Par Ward, suitable for various usage such as for hostel purpose, office and recreation area. • Modest size • The size of Haw Par Ward is moderate for around 50 persons to be in, the spaces are in the comfortable size for people to conduct their respective activities. • Suiting user’s needs rather than stylistic and formalistic concerns • The architecture of Haw Par Ward is quite utilize, every single spaces are well used as dorms, recreation room and public toilets. It does not have many ornaments and decorations on the exterior as well as the interior spaces. • Desire to simplicity • The spaces are well defined, the main spaces in Haw Par Ward such as the patio and
hostel areas are well separated. The plan and elevations design are clear and simple without complex decorations and designs. • Maximum window space to allow natural lightning and ventilation • Circular bay window at the front of Haw Par Ward allow a large amount of sunlight to penetrate in, the use of stained glasses allow the shadow formed to be various of colours, adds aesthetic visual texture to the interior spaces. The used of jalousie windows enhance the ventilation in Haw Par Ward, keep the air circulation constant and allow fresh air to filled up the environment. • Two storey foyer as main pivot of horizontally arranged frame emphasis • Haw Par Ward is a two storey building. At the interior of Haw Par Ward, there are four sides of two storeys hostels framing the patio in the centre.
Although Haw Par Ward was built in 1935, but by analyzing all these architecture characteristics of Haw Par Ward, they are all similar to the architecture style by C.F.A Voysey (pioneer of the modern movement), which are one of the Arts and Crafts Movement (1880 – 1910) during the early modernism.
‘discarding the mass of useless ornaments’ – Charles Vosey
Har Par Ward 1935
Lowicks 1894
Broadleys 1898 Bow Window
Har Par Ward 1935 Modest Size
Spade House 1899
Haw Par Ward 1935 Desire to Simplicity
Architecture Style By
Hon Yi Hang & Masoud Rmdn Early Modernism Prairie style o Welfare Ward
Welfare Ward Welfare Ward was built in 1961. It was where Chinese medical departments, pharmacy and wards were placed, but now it consists of only library and mainly office used. Welfare Ward is rectangular in shape and it’s symmetrically balance.
Principle • Symmetrically Balance • The shape of the building is symmetrically balance in both sides. • Harmony • The building is made up of many different sizes of regtangles such as the middle tower, the entrance and windows, this shapes harmonizs togetherperfectly in this building.
Rectangular in shape
Symmetrical
The central tower is higher than both its wings, forms hierarchy which attract attentions by the people, and guide the guide to walk to its entrance. There is a parking area at the centre of the building, surrounded by 3 block of 2 storeys building. Elements • Lines • The lines of the building are formed by looking at the vertical columns and horizontal windows and roof lines.
Lines
• Texture • The used of glasses, concrete and blocks with the plants on the pergola give the building different textures.
Texture
Welfare Ward Floor Plan
Architecture Characteristics of Welfare Ward
• Low horizontal lines • The Welfare Ward consists on 2 storeys, which is the shortest among the modern buildings consist in Tung Shin Hospital. • Broad open spaces instead of strictly defined forms • The forms in Welfare Ward is U-shape with simple and obvious which consists only rectangular in both its elevations and plans. There is a large area at the center of the building , 3 sides of the open area is enclosed by 2 storeys offices and rooms, and the ctre open spcae connects the Welfare Ward With the New Chinese Medical Department which is located behind. • Distinction between the interior spaces and the surrounding terrains. • The semi-private and private areas in the welfare Ward is clearly separated by boundaries such as walls and rooms . • Unornamented exterior. • There is not much ornaments and decoration on the building. The decorative elements only the pergola, glasses and hollow blocks as ventilation medium and decorative element. Not carvings decorations are on the building. • Ribboned Window • There are a continuous row of windows located at the second floor of the building, give the building maximum sunlight to penetrate in.
By concluding all the research on the features of the architecture in the Welfare Building, Welfare Ward is a modern architecture influenced by the Prairie Style (Late 19th – Early 20th) from Early Modernism. The examples are as below:
Falling Water 1935
Welfare Ward 1961
Heurtley House 1902
Low Horizontal Line
Welfare Ward 1961 Ribboned Window
Welfare Ward 1961
Robie House 1910 Distinction between interior space and surrounding terrains
Architecture Style By
Sen Yih Yiing & Masoud Rmdn Mid 19th Century Modernism Brutalism ďƒ˜ New Lee Yan Lian Ward
New Lee Yan Lian Building The New Lee Yan Lian Building is where the western medical department placed now. It was used to replaced the old Lee Yan Lian Building to placed he department as it constructed in 1986.
The New Lee Yan Lian Building is also rectangular in shape because of the shape is easy to
function and it can be full utilized especially for hospitals. And It also symmetrically balanced. Principle • Hierarchy • The middle building is the highest of all the buildings in Tung Shin, and from side, it looks pop up and attentian cathching • Emphasis • The colour of the middle tower is darker than the side wings’ walls, makes the middle tower to be the focus point of the building
Rectangular in shape
Symmetrically Balance
The New Lee Yan Lian Ward Is the highest ward in Tung Shin Hospital. This building consists of elevators and it is enclosed into an opaque rectangular shape building. Elements • Colour • The colour used on the middle tower and on the side wings are different which makes the middle building to be more stand out. • Lines
Colours and Lines
• This building consists of 11 floors with distinctive balcony and floor lines
New Lee Yan Lian Ward Floor Plan
Architecture characteristics in New Lee Yan Lian Ward
•
Lack of ornament
•
There are no carvings and decoration applied on the building, just the usage of different wall materials to for the texture of the building,
•
Emphasis on rectangular forms and horizontal and vertical lines •
As we can see, the shape of new Lee Lian Yan Ward was straight to the point, as it is an edgy rectangle and to be detailed, there a smaller rectangle in between 2 longer rectangles that formed the building.
•
Flat roofs •
The roof used is flat on the side wings but at the middle tower, the roof is slightly tilted to make some difference between the middle tower and the side wins.
•
Generous used of glass •
Glass is a main element in this building, from the ceiling to the ground floor, there are a lot of glass had been used to make as the gazing. The glass makes the building
to look modernistic and less opaque. •
Use of modern materials and systems •
The materials used in constructing the building are all factory manufactured, such as steels, glass, alumnium composite and bricks.
•
Emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations
The appearance of Lee Yan Lian is simple but elegant as the used of mainly glass, low toned colour and a very distinctive shapes of rectangular. Therefore, we concluded that this building is influenced by Brutalism architecture(1950s – 1970s) which was from mid – century modernism.
Unite d’Habitation 1952
Western City Gate 1980
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986
Emphasis of rectangular forms
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986 Generous used of glaa
Hubert H. Humphrey Building 1977
New Lee Yan Lian Ward 1986
Use of modern materials and systems
Building Materials By
Cheah Eugene Stained Glass Mosaic Ceramic Tiles Terracotta Glass Block & Iron Grill Concrete Paver Block Wire Mesh and Metal Grill Sliding Door Aluminium Composite Panel Cladding
Building Materials Building Material STAINED GLASS
Haw Par Building was built as a hall in 1935, it was converted into Chinese medical out-patient clinic, office, hostel and western specialist center. Materials were still in partially good condition but still need some maintenance in the future.
Buildings materials were used during neoclassical and pre-war era. Most of the buildings designed differently because were construct in a limited period of time due to pre-war. Because of this, it was mostly focus on simple Arts and Craft materials that are found locally. The previous paint of the building was pale white and undergo renovation once before. The main construction for the building are bricks and concrete. The Welfare Building is constructed in 1959 and completed 3 years later. The main construction materials for the building are bricks, concrete and terracotta roof tiles with Prairie style. Lee Yan Lian Ward was completed in July 2005. The old ward was demolished in 2002 for the new building. The main construction for the building are bricks, cement, concrete.
During the Gothic period and the Renaissance period, stained glass was one of the foremost techniques of painting practiced in Europe especially on church and cathedral and even decorated the windows of private houses. Usually the glass was fired, the silver stain turned a yellow color that could range from lemon to gold. Stained glass was usually used to make windows, so that the light would shine through the painting, its one of the most widespread forms of painting. Stained glass was usually used to make windows, so that the light would shine through the exterior colours to create lights inside. The stained glass is very strong and long lasting if well maintained. The building use a very simple plain stained glass window and its still in a very good condition.
Building Material MOSAIC CERAMIC TILES
Mosaic ceramic tile has been using since before Renaissance period. ceramic tiles have been seen using in the pyramids, the ruins of babylon, and ancient ruins of greek cities. Decorative tilework was invented in the near east, where it has enjoyed a longer popularity and assumed a greater variety of design than anywhere in the world. During the islamic period, all methods of ceramic tile decoration were also used in mosque. Mosaic ceramic tiles are used on the floor and stairs of the building. It have advantages compare with other materials. It is harder and stiffer than steel, more heat and corrosion resistant than metals, and also less dense than most metals and alloys. There are plenty of their raw materials and not costly. Ceramic tiles display a wide range of properties which facilitate their use in many different product areas.
On the left: Ceramic tiles in Haw Par
Building Material TERRACOTTA
Terracotta is a ceramic material that has been used for building construction and decorative arts since ancient times in cultures around the world till now. The material is made from natural clay, which gives it a characteristic reddishbrown color. The color of the material varies slightly depending on the clay used. Terracotta may be glazed for extra durability or to provide color. It is a waterproof and very sturdy material there are also many ancient sculptures and decorative items made
from it are still in excellent shape. Terracotta roof tiles is one of the quality and beauty tiles and is a very old materials till modern days. Clay has long been the traditional roof tile material, as terracotta provides both strength and insulation against temperature and weather. The Gothic revival style of architecture in the 19th century has been using terracotta, and the material became increasingly used for structural elements such as walls and decoration. It is also lighter than stone, and modern methods allow it to be glazed in a wide variety of colors, including finishes that resemble stone or metal patina. Terracotta is not costly and glazing increases its durability and helps it retain its original look. The material is also resistance to water and fire. Its also popular that can preserve a very long material life if well taken care. Terracotta roof tiles used for the building is a barrel shape roof tiles that gives the roof line a look off texture and flow. Its one of the refinement and classical style for the building.
Building Material GLASS BLOCK & IRON GRILL
Glass block was widely use in American Art Deco Movement period. There are various type of design especially for tall buildings or private use. is a versatile material that can be used for a variety of purposes. Thus allowing a limited amount of light to enter the space. The material were normally used to produce both walls and floors because of its thickness. It has a very strong resistance to fire and thickness. Its also can last many years as a building material.
Iron grille come from the medieval period, use of ironwork for decorative purposes became more common. Iron was used to protect doors and windows of valuable places from attack from raiders and was also used for decoration as can be seen at Cathedral and buildings. Armour also was decorated, often simply but occasionally elaborately. From the 16th century onwards, iron became highly ornate especially in the Baroque and Rococo periods. However, till modern time, iron are less focus on decorative instead of protection. It has less maintenance but will rust easily if were not paint properly or in contact with water several times.
Building Material Concrete Paver Block
Concrete paver block is first established in Central and South America in the mid 1960s. Soon, the material were introduced to other ocuntry such as Britain, Canada, Australia and etc for the great demand of growth. Part of the benefit of the material is to reduce the flood overflow during rainy days and erosion problem. Commonly use in exterior flooring. Made from concrete and colouring and mold into shape. Does not damage easily and fire resistance.
Building Materials WIREMESH & METAL GRILLE SLIDING DOOR
mall wire mesh added to the top of the small window to prevent insects from entering the room. Its also part of the materials to allow warm air to escape the room.
Metal grille sliding door are used for the entrance to the second floor of the Welfare Building provides a strong security and not easy to break in. Its also have fire resistance and easy to maintain, even easier to use. Commonly use for shops entrance during post-war time in Malaysia. Material itself includes aluminium, metal, steel, and etc depends the range of budget for the structure.
Building Materials ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL CLADDING
Aluminium composite panel cladding are one of the cladding that added for the building's decoration and also protect the building from harsh weather and temperature. During pre-war period, cladding on building are starting to expand after seeing how paint bonds to aluminum fuselages on World War II, But the material only apply for the front elevation of the building.
Architecture Elements & Components By
Hon Yi Hang Ribbon Window Casement Window Jalousie Window Circular Bay Window Floor To Ceiling Window
Architecture Elements and Components
Architecture Elements and Components WINDOW Ribbon Window
Vertical ribbon window can only be found at the front elevation of the Welfare Building. Vertical ribbon windows is a long row of vertical windows. Vertical ribbon windows are used to enhance the connection between the interior and the exterior. It also serves the same purpose as the horizontal ribbon window. Stained glass was applied on the circular bay window and ribbon window in order to enlarge the function of the window.
Stained Glass Horizontal ribbon window is applied around the Welfare Building. Horizontal ribbon window is a long row of windows separated by vertical posts, called mullions. Horizontal ribbon windows can be used up high on a wall. It often used to bring in the natural lights to brighten up the interior. Windows installed near the ceiling are called clerestory windows. In the row of windows, some
Horizontal Ribbon WIndow
are fixed whereas some of them are movable.
Stained glass was applied on the circular bay window and ribbon window in order to enlarge the function of the window.
Vertical Ribbon Window
Casement Window
A casement window usually referred to window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges. Hinge at the top part of the window is referred as awning window and the hinge at the bottom is called hoppers.
They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame. Casement windows are used at the central of the welfare building. It is often used to promote good air entry and ventilation.
Single Casement Window
Casement and transom window is the combination Of few casement windows. Casement and transom window has the function same as casement window but it is stronger compare to the single casement window.
Paired Casement Window
Casement and Transom Window
Jalousie Window
Jalousie window covered the whole Har Par building and part of the Welfare Building. Jalousie window, also known as louvre window which is formed by parallel glasses or wooden set in a window frame. The louvers are linked together in a track in order to be open or shut in the same order. It allows ventilation through the entire window and maximizing the cooling and natural ventilation.
The jalousie window of the Har Par Building
Jalousie window also can remain open during heavy rain.
As the glass louvers are protruding outwards, rain water are refrain from entering through the windows. Hence, ventilation still can be maintained during heavy downpour.
The jalousie window of the Welfare Building
Circular Bay Window
Circular bay window is built in semicircular shape which can be found at the front and back elevation of the Har Par building.
At the front elevation, the circular bay window is divided into three parts; each part is formed by a combination of three vertical windows. As the front elevation of Har Par building was facing the entire hospital and the main road, provides a good panoramic view of the surrounding and a source of natural lightning to brighten the
Back Elevation
interior.
Whereas, the semicircular part at the back elevation is fully covered up with seven rows of horizontal circular bay window. Circular bay window is applied to maximize the penetration of sunlight. At the same time, it can also provide a spacious interior .
Front Elevation
Floor-to-Ceiling Window
Floor-to-ceiling windows are applied on the whole New Lee Yan Lian Ward. It is a type of large window which can allow the light enter the interior from multiple angles. Meanwhile this window is used to linked the interior with the external surrounding by providing a good visualization from the Inside.
Floor-to-ceiling window of the New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Architecture Elements & Components by
Ling Yuan Ming Metal Grille Sliding Doors Louvered Doors Steel Doors With Grid Form Doors with Glass Panels Aluminium Glass Doors Stairs
Architecture Elements and Components DOORS Metal Grille Sliding Doors Also known as retractable steel doors,
Louvered Doors Additional design on a normal door,
they have existed since the early 20th
louvered doors have diagonal pieces that
century and have been widely used from
create openings. The diagonal strips are
within spaces to the main door of shop lots.
meant for ventilation, especially for places
This type of door provide maximum
which have limited spaces while
ventilation, vision and also lighting, not
maintaining privacy and security, not
forgetting protection. The skeletal structure
forgetting a little bit of natural lighting.
enables people from within to see what is on the outside. They come in various sizes and can fit to almost all openings. Retractable metal door used to separate the hallway and the main area. Doors semi closed (Bottom third from the left).. Doors shut entirely when the higher floor is not in service or at night (Bottom second from the left). The main entrance of Haw Par Ward – After opening hours, these doors will close from both sides. Doors are fully opened in the
image above.
The metal louvered door is usually used for mechanical storages such as pumps,
generators and others. The wooden ones are more often used for individual spaces such as rooms. In this hospital, a small clinic.
Doors with Glass Panels Steel Doors with Grid Form
A classic solid wooden door with additional glass panel. Started
Available and started using
using since the very early 20th
from the late 19th century to
century to not only increase
the early 20th century. The
visibility but also enhances the
main use of grid form barriers
door aesthetically. It also helps in
is for safety purposes. They
natural lighting of the spaces
are installed both on ground
inside.
and also high rise balcony and usually seals the entire opening, leaving an usable door space. They play their role well by preventing breakins. It is the first line of
Above : Wooden door with a Haw Par Ward – Hallway Doors
single glass panel opening to a
defense that doesn’t require
clinic
power supply or regular maintenance. This type of door is widely used for these purposes as steel is widely used and is easy to obtain at that era. Both the Welfare Ward and
Above :
Haw Par Ward uses this type
Wooden door with two glass panels,
of door despite their construction gap.
above and below each other On the left :
On the left: Use of grid form
Welfare Ward – Hallway Door
grills from the door to ceiling
On the right :
and also fully-grilled door
Main entrance into the recreation
with a padlock.
club, Welfare Ward
Aluminum Glass Doors Glass was discovered very early but the production was too dearly. In 1959, Pilkington Brothers made float glass, a much cheaper and stronger glass. However, the combination of glass and aluminum for making doors and also windows has begun since the 1890s.
Glass and aluminum combined doors are used as they look classy, the silver colour of aluminum and
the reflection from the glass. The glass allows full penetration of sunlight and vision. It used in many places such as doors, windows and balustrades. This type of doors are usually used at places which Aluminum is founded in the 19th century but is not widely used as it is too expensive and is hard
are welcoming and wanting people to know what is inside.
to obtain until WWII. During that time, there was
Above : Brown aluminum giving a different
mass usage of aluminum. After WWII, new and
feeling, looking secure.
faster methods are found to obtain aluminum
Most left : An entrance to the receptionist
and it is widely used after that as it is light but
counter, double door with handles - Haw Par
very strong and durable. Besides, its clean look
Ward
does not require additional refurbishment.
Middle : Side entrance to the ward
Architecture Elements and Components STAIRS
The entrance to the Haw Par Ward is located slightly above the ground with three flight of stairs (Image 1). Build in 1935, the step stairs has existed for more than 3000 years since the 18th Dynasty (1320BC). Even though step stairs are considered old, they are implemented here in this building. The stairs in the Welfare Ward belongs to the half landing type of stairs. One is present at each side of the building. The interior can Stairs is one of the oldest building in the
be seen on the panoramic picture above.
architectural history. It is believed that the first The stairs is covered by a block of hollow
appearance of stairs is 6000BC. From that
core concrete bricks, providing vision,
moment, stairs has evolved tremendously from
ventilation and also natural lighting during the
carved wooden trunk to cantilevered glass stairs
day, not forgetting privacy.
In the Modern Era, reinforced concrete stairs now. has started being used since the late 19th century
Stainless steel is also present to provide
and can be seen in both Haw Par and Welfare walking support for the elderly and also the
Ward. The surface is covered with ceramic tiles to enhance the stairs aesthetically.
Image 1
patients.
Architecture Elements & Components by
Sen Yih Yiing Wood Pergola Awning Columns Roofing Air Vents Fencings
Architecture Elements and Components SHADING Pergola For centuries, pergolas had been served as shade and shelter for the people during inclement weather. The pergola is the earliest open-air lattices with supporting pillars and it is covered with climbing vines and fruit bearing tress. Their popularity rose during the Renaissance.
Egypt Ancient Egyptian built pergolas from fruit trees such as fig. The pergolas were cooled by northern breezes and still provided aesthetic views of surrounding countryside. Garden
ponds were oftenly surrounded by pergolas for Egyptians to escape the heat. Ancient Egypt Pergola
Italy In Italy, pergolas were used in Florence’s Villa Quaracchi for the growth of white
roses. Italians were the first to develop lavish gardens and include pergolas as people from Renaissance sought inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome. In Italian, pergola means “a close walk of boughs”. Renaissance Italy Pergola
France France people were introduced to the artistic styles of the Italians as Charles VIII of France and his troops invaded Italy. Renee of France, daughter of King Louis XII had pergolas built in her gardens at Montargis. As well as Italian-born Catherine de’ Medici, a later Queen of France did the same at the Jardin de la Reine at Chateau of Fontainebleau. Renaissance France Pergola
Pergola in Modernist Architecture – Ancher House by Sydney Ancher (1955) “roof dissolves into a pergola at the southern side of the building, which becomes an architectural feature of the garden. The original drawings show pergolas bridging the space between the house and the northern courtyard wall and extending from the verandah roof to the garden”
Wooden Pergola Pergola is a garden feature which forms a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area or
vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and sturdy open lattice.
The material of the cross beam above the pergola are wood beams painted with white paint for weather protection, as n insulator and also to prevent corrosion.
Wood is used in pergola because it adds aesthetic natural material to the concrete building, and fits perfectly for the environment of the garden-like passageway, gives walkers a fresh feeling when then walk through it. Welfare Ward
The complicated arrangement of vines grew on the pergola forms a natural shading element which blocks the penetration of sunlight, allows the temperature of the passageway to be lower and the environment can
be more comfortable
The irregular shapes of the shadows formed add virtual texture to the environment, make the pathway to has a patterns of natural lightings that can lightened up the pathway.
Architecture Elements and Components AWNINGS
The usage of awning was most well known in the colosseum during ancient Rome. Awning was also called the Velarium which was a Latin name given for the retractable, panelled, awning, its purpose was to provide shade for the spectators who watched the gladiatorial games in the blistering sun and heat of Ancient Rome.
Awnings in Colosseum
Awnings in Modernist Architecture – LNEC Building (1946) by P. Pardal Monteiro An example of usage of awnings in modern architecture can be seen in the LNEC main building in Lisbon, Portugal.
The LNEC main building was built in 1950, it is one of the most representative examples of the extension of Portuguese Modernism. Its modernist features include the long symmetric façade, high doors and ceilings.
The picture on the most right shows eight of the seventy two tilted yellow awnings on the south façade of the building. The awnings are used during the summer season and removed in winter. LNEC Main Building
Awnings at the south facade
Concrete Awning Concrete awning is used at the entrance of Welfare Ward. Because patients are delivered in front of the entrance, the awning can protect the patients from rain and sun.
The advantage of concrete awning is that it is weatherproof and long-lasting. It required less maintenance and it can efficiently provides weather protections to the people. Concrete Awning Welfare Ward
Aluminium Awning The sidewalk and each levels of French windows at the new Lee Yan Lian Ward used aluminium awning as shading.
Aluminiums are light in weight and corrosion resistance. Alumium awning is used as it is hard wearing for external covering, it is used to control light penetration, radiant heat that enable the temperature of the interior to be lower and cool. Aluminum Awning New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Architecture Elements and Components COLUMNS
Exterior Columns The exterior columns are in rectangular and circular in shapes, the material of the columns are also concrete, as concrete is good in strength, enable to withstand higher pressure and durable.
The exterior columns act as a safety element as they form a boundary to guide people to walk within the safe area and lead them to their destinations.
The exterior columns also make the building to look less solid as them form an open public space and promotes ventilation and penetration of natural sunlight. Welfare Building
Interior Columns The buildings commonly used open plan as their design, which is one of the characteristic of modern architecture. Concrete columns are shown in the interiors of the buildings that shows the open plan, provides the flexibility for the spaces arrangement. It also allows larger open space for the high circulation of people in the hospital.
New Chinese Medical Ward
New Loke Yim Ward
Architecture Elements and Components ROOFING & AIR VENTS Polycarbonate Roofing Polycarbonate roofing is high performance rooflighting, it has high impact strength, lightweight, thermal and weather insulation. The semi-transparent polycarbonate roofing used at the patio allows moderate sunlight to penetrate in, lightened up the building so the open space in the interior will not seem humid and dark. The polycarbonate roofing prevent rain water from entering the interior of the building, so water will not accumulate at the grooves on the floor, eliminate the risk of slippery and mosquitoes growing. The fans installed allows ventilation in the closed patio.
Haw Par Ward
Air Vents Ventilation and efficient air circulation is important for a hospital to keep the air constantly fresh and prevent contagion of bacteria. The air vents used in Welfare Ward are the pierce blockwall, which are made of hollow bricks, while Har Paw Ward used the less decorative ventilation openings.
Haw Par Ward
The concrete air vents not only ensure the hospital to stay hygienic, but they also act as ornaments for the building. They make the building to look more aesthetic and less opaque.
Welfare Ward
Types of Roof
Flat Roof Flat roof is widely used in the buildings of Tung Shin Hospital. Flat roof is easier to construct and generally more accessible.
But this type of roof requires constant maintenance because debris will gather on it with nowhere to go. Flat Roof
Arched Roof
Arched Roof
Haw Par Ward
Arched roof prevents rainwaters and debris from accumulating on it, less maintenance needed, and it is typically only used on a portion of the building, as seen in Haw Par Ward, it is used only at the balcony area. It definitely adds a great aesthetic touch to the architecture.
Hip Roof Hip roof is similar to the pyramid roof, but the difference is that the four sides of hip roof meet at a ridge or a flat spot.
Hip Roof
Flat Roof
Hip roof is architecturally more practical as there is virtually no change for water
Welfare Ward
accumulation as the four sides are angled. Moreover, it is less vulnerable to high winds and can be used in all types of climates.
Skillion Roof This type of roof is a single sloping roof surface. The skillion roof used in the New Lee Yan Lian Ward makes the building in the middle stands out from it’s side wings which are made of flat roof, adds a slight visual effect to the building. Skillion Roof
Flat Roof New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Architecture Elements and Components FENCINGS
Concrete Fencing Concrete fencing is used at the New Lee Yan Lian Ward for safety purpose. Concrete has long durability, corrosion resistance and it is chemical resistance too.
Green plants are planted on the concrete fencing to provide safety to the people on the sidewalk. It also add up the variation of colours and textures to the environment so the
surrounding will not be only covered by manufactured materials but also has a taste of natural elements. Concrete and Plants Fencing New Lee Yan Lian Ward
Plants Fencing As the Welfare Ward is located on a small slope, the plants fencing functions the same, as it ensure people safety and form borders that guide people to walk on the correct path. The plants fencing makes the environment to be peaceful and fresh and the mood of the people walking by can also be enlightened.
Plants Fencing Welfare Ward
Conclusion Tung Shin Hospital had been standing at Kuala Lumpur from 1881 until today. It watches the changes of Kula Lumpur’s environment, surrounding and also the transformation of Kuala Lumpur’s architectures. Tung Shin Hospital been through countless of renovation, demolition and rebuild, most of the buildings remained in Tung Shin Hospital are influenced by modern architectures. Tung Shin Hospital didn’t abandoned the important history and special features of their architectures, in fact, they renewed it, maintained the historical building as well as make them functionable until today so that people can actually experience the unique charm that spread out naturally from the remaining historical modern architectures.
These buildings are what our ancestors left to us, now, it’s our responsibility to keep these buildings in shape so the people in the future can learn visually and physically about
modern architecture in Kuala Lumpur by them selves.
References Gullick, J.M. 1955 Kuala Lumpur, 1880-1895, JOURNAL OF THE MALAYAN BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY Singapore, Malaya Publishing House Ltd. 28 (172).
Gullick J.M. 1978, Syers and the Selangor Police 1875 – 1897, Kuala Lumpur, The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Hingga 1981, thesis for the Department of History, National University of Malaysia.
Lee Huey Shih 1991, 100 Tahun Perkembangan Hospital Tung Shin Dari Tahan 1881
Tung Shin Hospital 1962, “Tung Shin Magazine”, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.
Tung Shin Hospital 1982, “Tung Shin Hundred Years Magazine”, Kuala Lumpur, Tung Shin Hospital.