Microbial Cellulose _ A New Material Created By Waste To Metabolize The Urban System

[ MICROBIAL CELLULOSE ] metabolizing urban waste into layered morphologies

URBAN MORPHOGENESIS LAB MArch URBAN DESIGN BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Lipeng LI, Peng LI, Wenjuan HUANG, Xue XIAO CLAUDIA PASQUERO, MAJ PLEMENITAS

ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 Urban metabolism 1.1 London urban issue 1.2 London organic waste

CHAPTER 2 Material experiment 2.1 EXP 1.1 Original bacterial cellulose cultivation 2.2 EXP 1.2 Organic waste production 2.3 EXP 2 Characteristics 2.4 EXP 3 Reacting with other materials

CHAPTER 3 Material system 3.1 TECH 1 Drying control 3.2 TECH 2 Sewing control 3.3 THECH 3 Folding control 3.4 THECH 4 Stretching control

CHAPTER 4 Design proposal 4.1 Concept urban organ 4.2 Territory Canary Wharf 4.3 Structure apparatus and morphlogy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

To our supervisors, Dr. Claudia Pasquero, Maj Plemenitas, Sara Franceschelli and Emmanouil Zaroukas, we would like to express our deep appreciation, for their patient guidance and mentorship.They are always inspiring and encouraging us with design projects and academic research, and we have overcome many issues during this one-year study.

Urbanisation is the process by which large numbers of people become concentrated in relatively small areas to form cities. During this process, the urban population increases, industries are developed, and the city expands quickly. Urbanisation stimulated the industrial revolution and has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues.

In addition, we would also like to thank the digtal technological skill support from EcoLogic Studio.

In a sense, urbanisation is anti-nature and is a result of people’s intervention in nature. The city, a political, economic and cultural center of a country, is the main gathering place for its people. “The process of urbanization to date exhibits more and more anti-nature features. These, on one hand, increase the human being’s ability for surviving; but on another hand, damage in different degree of normal relationships between man and nature and between components (the biotic and/or abiotic) of the nature.”

With time, the process of urbanisation is accelerating. The efficiency of resources consumption is low and the life cycle of the city is basically linear, so the residue cannot be fully digested or reused. As a result, large quantities of energy and resources are wasted, which leads to energy loss and environmental pollution. Meanwhile, natural resources are over-used during the high speed of urban development, and because they are limited, a series of ecological problems are caused, which has an extremely negative ecological cost in the long-term which will in turn hinder the process of urbanisation.

For London, as a leading world economic city. From an energy and ecology aspect, Girardet(1999) asserts that London’s footprint is vast. It is about 19,700,000 ha, and nearly 41% that is waste, which also equals a large quantity of energy. Meanwhile, every year around seven million tonnes of food is wasted by UK households, accounting one third of all the food purchased. Only some of the wasted food is recycled, and most goes to landfills where it is inclined to create one of greenhouse effect gases, methane.How to address thewaste and environment issues while creating sustainable development has become a pivotal challenge.

According to the view of ecological urbanism and urban metabolism, energetic flow generates spatial form and this form changes flow. Urban design can be used as an ecological and biological intervention in nature and can help to achieve urban sustainability. By forming and controlling the space of different scales, it can change the urban ecological flow. This is the main methodology of ecological urbanism. During ecological urban design, the designer takes the flow of energy, material, hydrology, living organisms and even human beings into account, decides upon the project form according to the flow and, finally, uses the form to change the flow.

In order to address urban energy and waste issues, we find a material, microbial cellulose. some scientists and designers have already applied this into medical and fashion area. It is created by tea, sugar, vinegar and a group of microorganisms. It is a symbiotic mix of bacteria, yeasts and other microorganisms, which spin cellulose in a fermentation process. Additionally, it is an organic and eco-friendly process that this material can be cultivate by organic waste. Therefore, we intended to manipulate this material and apply it in urban level.

Then, by experimenting with different ways of growing and dehydrating, its characteristics could be commanded. By employing technology to manipulate this organic material, we are also thinking about maximizing its value and putting it into use.

This bio-cellulose project aims to propose a long-term urban waste recycle strategy and to reorganise the network of urban landscapes with the methodology of bio-ecological urbanism. In this project, organic wastes are sources; they are used to produce a bio-ecological material: microbial cellulose, and finally an urban apparatus will be constructed from this material which will benefit the urban texture and landscape.

Generally, in an urban metabolism system, most waste produced by people is channelled away to various industries and is untraceable. The waste process is invisible. In this waste strategy, organic waste is collected and reused and finally becomes a visible construction which gives feedback. With time, more and more waste is used, thus more and more apparatus is built, which is a self-proliferation urban system.

London

Urban metabolism

Material experiment

Acetobacter Xylinum

Material system

Bacterial cellulose

Design proposal

Urban apparatus

glucose + polyphenol + vinegar

[ London ] Urban issues

[ STAGE 1 ] Growth

[ Urban energy ] Energy consumption and crisis

[ EXP 1 ] Original production

[ Human activity ]

[ Self supporting system ]

[ hard & soft ]

[ shape memory ] [ EXP 2 ] Characteristics

[ Urban waste ] Waste disposal

[ urban organs & growth process ]

[ territory ] Canary Wharf [ territory ] Canary Wharf [ Natural resources Wind analysis

]

[ Techniques ] [ EXP 3 ] Reacting with other materials

[ London ] Organic waste

[ concept ]

[ TECH 1 ] dehydration

[ Waste resources ] Waste quantity and density

[ Organic waste ] boroughs distribution

[ STAGE 2 ] Dehydration [ TECH 2 ] stitching

[ waste flow ] input & output

[ EXP 4 ] Dehydration

[ waste disposal process ]

[ EXP 5 ] Stitching & Folding

[ strucuture ] material prototype and strucutre

[ Digestive organs ] [ TECH 3 ] folding

[ case study ] organic waste collection

[ EXP 6 ] Stretching

[ TECH 4 ] stretching

[ Final morphology ] Self-proliferated Waste digester

chapter 1.1

Urban Metabolism London a model for urban waste and ecological energy footprint

//energy consumption and flow //Human activity //waste distribution

1

Urban metabolism /London/

//London waste & energy: A MODEL FOR SELF-ORGANZING CITY/NEIBORHOOD In This chapter, the basic issue we try to address is urban waste. The project aims to analyze data of London resource usage. The analysis of resource flow and ecological footprint serves to provide information on which to make evidence-based policy. Based on the results, we think changes are necessary to make London is a more sustainable city.

We started with London population growth, and did research on the London waste distribution in boroughs.

Then, we digged into local food energy flow and ecological footprint about the waste issue. Then we tried to visualize the data of waste, and mapped diagrams about waste accumulation along times, which gave us a brief view of the quantity, quality,and density of London organic waste.

[ Urban energy ] Energy consumption and crisis

[ London ] Urban issues

[ Human activity ]

[ Urban waste ] Waste disposal

[ Organic waste ] Accumulation

[ Organic waste ] boroughs distribution

2

3

URBAN ENERGY FLOW

2000

2010

2020

Population

7.10

//London waste & energy: THE DATA MAP OF LONDON ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Greater London, situated in south-east England, is the largest and most populated city in the European Union. It has a population of more than 7.4 million (ONS, 2001c), 12% of the United Kingdom's (UK) total, which distributed in 33 unitary boroughs. The Corporation of London, which oversees the historic City of London (Square Mile), makes up the 34th borough. London's boroughs are covered by the Greater London Authority (GLA), which is a strategic citywide government.

9.20

million

million

3,400

4,535

5,672

Waste (household waste)

kt

On the other hand, each year London consumes thousands of GigaWatt hours of energy and millions of tonnes of materials and food, a lot of which is discarded as waste.

Despite London has noted prominence as a 'progressive' city, no-one has comprehensively documented London's natural resource accounts.

According to the research, Londoners consumed 154,400 GigaWatt hours of energy, wich produced 41 million toones of CO2. We collect the data of carbon and energy flow from government documents to visualize London ecological footprint.

8.17

million

kt

kt

9%

30%

Recycling rate (household waste)

36%

In the future, in order to achive urban circular urban metabolism, people should aim to keep their ecological footprint relatively low. There are two ways to maintain sustainability – one is exploring more sustainable consumption patterns, the other is about waste reuse and recycling.

Energy consumption

48,868,000 Gha

4

44% Waste

20% Burn 50% Recycle

5

6

7

POPULATION INFORMATION

Total population Greater London, 2011-2041

11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0

//London waste & energy: THE DATA MAP OF LONDON HUMAN ACTIVITY

8.5 8.0 2011

2016

2021

London is the capital as well as the most crowded city of England and the UK. According to the Office for National Statistics’ (ONS) latest population predictions, there will be by 9.7 million residents in the city by the middle of 2026 and the rate shows no sign of slowing.

However, with the increase of population and urbanism which will lead to a series waste and energy issues.

In this part, the data diagrams show the London population basic information (occupations, age, and transportation). This analysis will help us to meet the demands of different people in the design proposal. Then we drew a data map to illustrate the human activity of 24hours. According to this map, we can know the people gathering spot and human activity tracing.

2031

Short term 2015 Long term 2015

2036

2011

2041

Source: GLA 2014 round popultaion projections, GLA 2015 round projections

London population basic information

Occupations

Age

Transportation

City of London

City of London

City of London

Homeless

1%

Professional

30%

Entertainment

20%

Public admin manufacturing

8

2026

18% 9%

0-15/Years

16%

Others

7%

15-35/Years

42%

Walking

62%

35-55/Year

22%

Running

2%

65+/Year

7%

Transport

22%

55-65/Year

15%

Biking

6%

9

10

11

LONDON ORGANIC WASTE DISTRIBUTION

120 800

1500 2400 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 (Tonnes/year)

//London waste & energy: THE DATA MAP OF WASTE DISTRIBUTION IN BOROUGHS The City of London, also known as The Square Mile, is an historic landmark within Greater London. Today it is home to one of the world's largest financial and business sectors, and makes a substantial input into the UK economy. In 1998, the financial sector contributed 5.8% of the UK's GNP, and overseas earnings. In 1996, 7 commercial properties generated 93% of the 59,000 tonnes of waste generated in the City. 57% of this waste was paper and paper products and 19% glass bottles. The City has an estimated resident population of 11,000. However, the weekday population can exceed 250,000 and 90% use public transport to commute into the City. More than 250,000 vehicles enter the City daily, with one in twenty City workers arriving by car or taxi. Of the four main bridges in the City, Blackfriars is the busiest, with a crossing on average of 54,000 vehicles per day. The City is renowned for its markets. Billingsgate is the largest UK inland fish market, covering an area of just over 5 hectares (ha), with an average of 35,000 tonnes of fish and fish products sold each year. An estimated 25% of the fish is imported from abroad. Meat is sold in the 800 year old Smithfield Market, with approximately 85,000 tonnes of produce being sold each year. Fruit, vegetables and flowers can be purchased at New Spitalfields, the UK's leading horticultural market. It covers an area of 12.5 hectares. The Corporation of London owns and manages over 10,000 acres of open spaces in and around London.

The City is also home to approximately 1,000 trees with an annual planting of around 250,000 bedding plants.

12

City of London

0.12 kt

Havering

3.57 kt

Barking

2.94 kt

Hillingdon

4.28 kt

Barnet

5.50 kt

Hounslow

3.92 kt

Bexley

3.46 kt

Islington

3.24 kt

Brent

4.69 kt

Kensington

2.25 kt

Bromley

4.68 kt

Kensington upon Thames

2.46 kt

Camden

3.42 kt

Lambeth

4.64 kt

Croydon

5.49 kt

Lewisham

4.24 kt

Ealing

5.04 kt

Merton

3.01 kt

Enfield

4.74 kt

Newham

4.80 kt

Greenwhich

3.93 kt

Redbridge

4.29 kt

Hackney

3.82 kt

Richmond upon Thames

2.83 kt

Hammersmith

2.62 kt

Southwark

4.42 kt

Haringey

3.90 kt

Sutton

2.90 kt

Harrow

3.60 kt

Tower hamlets

4.14 kt

Wandsworth

4.59 kt

Waltham forest

3.95 kt

13

14

15

chapter 1.2

London a research for London organic urban waste

//waste flow //waste disposal process //case study pret &tesco

16

17

Urban waste /London/

//London organic waste system: THE RESEARCH OF WASTE FLOW PROCESS In this chapter, we use London as an example, referring to London Waste Authority, there are four main kinds of organic waste – expired vegetables, fruit, degradable carbon such as paper, and animal plant based material such as leaf and lawn. In general, these organic wastes are disposed of by five methods – reuse/recycle, compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator, and landfill. Most importantly, when organic wastes are reused to produce cellulose, they can then be utilised in many areas as bacterial cellulose can become a type of material and also a type of food.

Meanwhile, collecting organic waste has its difficulties.

London has a huge and complex organic waste disposal system so it is not possible to collect waste from London directly. Therefore, this project carries out two case studies in order to calculate the quantity of the available organic waste and the best collection points – Pret café and Tesco supermarket.

18

[ waste flow ] input & output

[ London ] Organic waste

[ waste disposal process ]

[ case study ] Pret & Tesco waste simulation & calculation

[ case study ] organic waste collection

[ material_cellulose ] input & output model

19

//London waste disposal stages

Household waste Fig.1

20

Waste collection Fig.2

21

Waste transfer Fig.3

22

Waste compost Fig.4

23

// London waste flow // Organic waste--disposal methods--application

[Organic waste] animal plant based material

fruit

vegetable

degradable carbon

[Disposal methods]

reuse/recycle

compost

anaerobic digestion

incinerator

landfill

[Application]

household farming

products

food production

industry industrial building

products material

health

cellulose

eco-pharmaceutical medical material

electricity

urban landscape

biochemistry material

emergency food farm

pro-environmental material

material factory

// London waste flow // Quantity of the waste flow // Legend

degradable carbon

24

vegetable

fruit

animal plant based material

25

//Waste disposal process: In this part, the four map show that these organic wastes are disposed of by five methods and location in London – reuse/recycle, compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator, and landfill. Finally, all the organic waste filtered off to different areas, for instance, some organic waste is made into farming products, industrial products and even medical materials.

26

27

// Waste disposal process // Location of each station // Transfer--Reuse/recycle--Compost--Anaerobic digestion

// Location of each station // Transfer

28

// Location of each station // Anaerobic digestion

// Location of each station

// Location of each station

// Reuse/recycle

// Compost

29

30

// Digital model of waste energy flow

// Digital model of waste energy flow

// Original flow

// Flow with apparatus

There is a huge energy flow between each stage of waste disposal, With locations of waste disposal station, we build a digital model to show the energy flow. Because most of the disposal stations are far from central urban, the energy network is not equipotent. It cost energy to transport waste to each stage.

But apparatus can be built in central urban. It doesn't need much space, it doesn't cause pollution, it can use waste to produce something which is good for city. It can be cellulose food farm, cellulose material factory or cellulose Regulator. By using waste energy, these apparatus can make waste energy flow equipotently, which can save much energy.

31

//Two case study for urban organic waste In this chapter, in order to figure out the available organic waste for our material production, we choose two case, Pret cafe and Tesco market. The reason why we choose these two institutions is that most of the waste this two produced are food waste. For pret, they guarantee all the food resources are organic, which means all the waste are organic. Therefore, these waste are perfect for our material production.

At the first step, we tried to figure out the operating method and waste management of these two institution and found some basic data.

Finally, we estimated the quantity of organic waste we can collect and we obtained the main collection places in London. All of these are a good preparation of the urban organic waste production of bacterial cellulose in the future.

[ Organic waste ]

[ Cafe Pret ]

[ Market Tesco ]

[ Food flow Energy flow ]

32

33

34

35

//Two case study for urban organic wasteďźš Tesco There are a lot of tesco branches in London, and they displayed into four different types, tesco express, tesco metro, tesco express and tesco local. All the branches work together to share their food sources and dispost the waste. In every small area, there is a tesco metro which is the central tesco of this area. It collects the food sources and then transfers to other smaller tesco. And also, waste from other branches are sent to this metro tesco to be disposed together. So we choose one tesco metro in each area as to collect organic waste.

Based on investigation, we found that all the food of tesco come from one farm which serves for tesco only, and all the waste of tesco finally go to one fareshare. Since we know the operating method and food flow of the tesco, we could get our waste resources directly.

[ Organic waste ]

[ Cafe Pret ]

[ Market Tesco ]

[ Food flow Energy flow ]

36

37

38

39

//food flow The ecological footprint for food consumed by Londoners was 20,685,000 gha (2.80 gha per capita). The food composition accounted for all consumed foods. The ecological footprint of harvesting, production and transport was included, as well as the management of recycling food waste .

40

//Frame: 10

//Frame: 50

//Frame: 100

//Frame: 150

The largest part in the food ecological footprint was meat consumption, which accounted for 5,876,000 gha (28%). The second largest part was pet food, which accounted for 3,118,000 gha (15%). Milk accounted for 2,466,000 gha (12%).

41

// Input and Output model Since we found that we could dispose organic waste and transfer it into microbial cellulose, we build a mathematic model in order to control the input and output. we start to calculate the quality and quantity of the waste we can use. Firstly, we divided organic waste into four part – fruit, vegetable, degradable carbon and plant and animal-based material. Then we exact the nutrition as ingredient of microbial cellulose (water, sugar, tea and vinegar) from these waste. According to different waste’s characteristics, the conversion also differs. And finally we chose the most typical and highconversion waste to be our resource.

42

43

chapter 2 - Microbial Cellulose

material experiment

//EXP 1 Original production //EXP 2 Characteristics //EXP 3 Reacting with other material

44

45

MATERIAL METHODOLOGY

[ fiber

plant cellulose

]

cellulose

10µm

1µm

main component

[ macrobial cellulose ]

0.1µm

0.01µm //Growing and dehydreation process: CULTIATING MATERIAL AS CULTIVATING PLANTS [ acetobacter xylinum ]

In this chapter, We divide the whole system of Microbial Cellulose into several systematic steps. Cultivation of bacteria ensured the material manipulation of microbial cellulose.

Start with the growing process, find out the optimal recipe and different properties of microbial cellulose.

Additionally, react microbial cellulose with other material in order to create a new material and make up for the weakness.

STAGE 1 Growth

The second stage is hydration process, we can use different ways of dehydration and sewing to control the morphology and build a 3D structure.Material experiments can help us to understand the merits and drawbacks of microbial cellulose.

[ EXP 1 ] Original production

[ EXP 2 ] Characteristics

[ EXP 3 ] Reacting with other materials

STAGE 2 Dehydration

[ EXP 4 ] Dehydration

[ EXP 5 ] Stitching & Folding

[ EXP 6 ] Stretching

[ EXP 7 ] Synthesis

46

47

Acetobacter xylinum

Black tea+Sugar+Vinegar

//EXP 1.1 //Original bacterial cellulose cultibution: We start by brewing the tea with sugar and vinegar. And then add the living organism. After several days, we could get microbial cellulose on the surface of the mixed liquid.

Additionally, it is an organic and eco-friendly process that we can recycle previous fermented liquid to grow new one.

Incubator 28°C

MICROBIAL CELLULOSE

48

49

tank

50

red tea

sugar

add sugar into the liquid

vinegar

add vinegar into the liquid

acetobacter xylinum

add acetobacter xylinum into liquid

wait for its growth

Bacterial cellulose

51

Acetobacter xylinum

Black tea+Sugar+Vinegar

//EXP 2 //Characteristics: To manipulate this material, we need to control its growth to test its characteristics. By using different nutrition and different ways of feeding. We used one experiment group and five control groups. The experiment group was made up of an original material (as with the last experiment). In the other five groups we changed the nutrition from black tea to white tea, green tea, and ink mixed with sugar. At the same time, we changed the feeding method.When we examined the microscope photos, we found that the 3D structure and organisation of the cellulose nanofibers were completely different. So through controlling bacterial behaviours, we could manipulate this material and its process.

Incubator 28°C

MICROBIAL CELLULOSE

52

53

54

petri dish

dye

sugar with water

acetobacter xylinum

apparatus

put microorganisms into petri dish

stew

add sugar water into petri dish

add dye into petri dish

55

original BC

56

pattern1

pattern2

density

dyed

transparent

4x

4x

4x

4x

4x

4x

10x

10x

10x

10x

10x

10x

40x

40x

40x

40x

40x

40x

57

//EXP 1.2 //Organic production experiment: We used purple cabbage, kiwi and pineapple' s waste instead of sugar to cultivate microbial cellulose and got different sample of organic waste production. Based on these, we could imagine recycling the waste and growing consumable products.

58

experinment material

pineapple

liquid of pineapple

add pineapple into water

add acetobacter xylinum into liquid

purple cabbage

liquid of cabbage

add purple cabbage into water

add acetobacter xylinum into liquid

59

red cabbage Start

kiwi

after 10 days

pineapple purple cabbage cellulose

60

61

//EXP 3 //Reacting with other materials: Concerning the characteristics and weaving principles of microbial cellulose, we thought about reacting microbial cellulose with other material to create a new material which could make up for the shortages.

By filling up the space between the fiber with another material, we can step by step got a very hard material. In this way we can control the strenghth and the flexibility of microbial cellulose directly.

//Reacting with cotton //Part 1 drop the cotton strings During the growing process of microbial cellulose, we use cotton fiber and hang some single lines into the liquid to test whether this two material would grow together.

62

63

tank

64

red tea

sugar

add sugar into the liquid

vinegar

add vinegar into the liquid

acetobacter xylinum

hanging cotton into tank

wait for its growth

65

high density

66

low density

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synthetic fiber

4X

10X After 10 days, we brought this composite layer out and found this two fiber have been woven together. It’s not physically stick together and the natural structure has been changed and the cellulose spined along the cotton.

We create a new synthetic fiber.

40X 68

69

//EXP 3.1 //Reacting with cotton //Part 2 control the texture of the synthetic fiber Having created a new fiber, we tried to controll the cotton’s placement so as to controll the texture of the synthenic fiber.

Additionally, we place the cotton on different sides of the microbial cellulose and therefore got different results. According to the experiment, we found microbial cellulose grow on the top side of the surface.

placement 1

70

placement 2

71

result of placement 1

72

result of placement 2

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chapter 3 - Microbial Cellulose

material system

//Techinique 1 Dehydration //Techinique 2 Stiching //Techinique 3 Folding //Techinique 4 Stretching

74

75

SELF-SUPPORTING SYSTEM

10µm

[ hard & soft ] fiber

cellulose

1µm

main component

[ shape memory ]

0.1µm

0.01µm //Material system: //BUILDING SELF-SUPPORTING SYSTEM OF CELLULOSE [ Thin film in liquid ] In this chapter we try to transfer the cellulose from two-dimensional film to self-support material by developing four different technologies. As a layer of thin film, microbial cellulose is soft and fragile so it is almost impossible for us to use this material to construct an urban apparatus which offers space for people. Therefore, we explore two characteristics for a material to be able to support itself and be constructed into 3D structures: it should be hard; and it should be able to remain in a specific shape that we choose. So the self-supporting system can be achieved as long as this material becomes hard and can retain its shape.

Questions

[ QUE 1 ] from flat to wrinkled

[ QUE 2 ] control wrinkled formation

[ QUE 3 ] memory the shape precisely

[ QUE 4 ] bigger structure

Techniques

[ TECH 1 ] dehydration

[ TECH 2 ] stitching

[ TECH 3 ] folding

[ TECH 4 ] stretching

urban apparatus

76

77

//Question 1 From flat to wrinkled //Techique 1 //Dehydration method After controlling its growing process, we thought about different ways to dehydrate microbial cellulose. Therefore, we dehydrate microbial cellulose in the normal temperature, by cold-blast air and by hot-blast air. Then we got three completly different forms and we found this material has the character of both flat and wrinkled. when it is flat, it looks like just a 2D layer, however, when it is wrinkled, it becomes 3d.

microbial cellulose

microbial cellulose and blower

dehydration-cold blast air

put cellulose into petri dish

dehydration-hot blast air

dehydration-normal dry

normal dry sample

cold-blast air sample

soft

hot-blast air sample

hard

78

79

normal dry

80

cold-blast air

hot-blast air

normal dry

cold-blast air

hot-blast air

4X

4X

4X

10X

10X

10X

40X

40X

40X

81

//Synthesis experiment: We made all characteristics into one piece of microbial cellulose, which had both flat and wrinkled part. Through this, we could control its synthesis structure directly.

82

83

hard part

soft part

84

85

//Process //Question 2 Control wrinkled formation //Technique 2 //Sewing: Knots control In the second part of material system, We develop the sewing experiment, to create more patterns and structures by knots.

One knots is not a simple point, in fact, a knot come from a link between two point of sewing, so a knot joint two eges together, that is why knots can create hard part.

86

microbial cellulose

needle and cotton thread

sewing cellulose

sewing

sewing one point

sewing another point

tensioning two point together

tie a knot

sewing several knots

87

pattern 1

pattern 2

pattern 3

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//Technique 2 //Sewing: Knots control //Pattern 1 In this pattern, we develop the A1 in the module, and control the gradient from top to bottom.

// sewing pattern

// proposal diagram

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//Development 2 From top to side view //Sewing: Knots control After the A1 pattern design, we find it is not enough to just develop the pattern.

Urban is more about space experience and 3D structure. So we change the view from top to side, we find, the pattern we design, can create some interesting space between, that is a interesting part of pattern.

Bigger span

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//Question 3 Memory the shape precisely //Technique 3 //Folding control //Robot arm In this part, we try to use hi-tech way to fold bacterial cellulose which is more efficient and precise. So we design a folding end effect, in the first step, we test it by paper, we plan to use it by the real material in the next few months.

Robot arm need some space when it is working, because of this limitation, we can not let it to fold a very large piece. So in this part, we design a unit as a component, let robot arm to fold it, and then integrete the units together by different joint ways to make a bigger model.

//End effector material

acrylic board

end effector

94

M6 screws

card paper

95

//End effector design

96

//Tool path design

97

// unit

// openning angle control

// joint way

bacterial cellulose model

98

99

100

101

//Stretching mold

//Question 4 Bigger structure //Material system 4 //Stretching control We made a simple unit from one piece of bacterial cellulose. we cut it in the sides and folding it in the middle thus to have wrinkled part in the middle.Finally we can get a unit which can support itself. But one unit is too soft, so we overlap three pieces together to get a 3d unit. Because of the hard wrinkled part in the middle, it is easy to joint them together.

//Stretching process

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plastic unit

two units connection

four units connection

six units connection

eight units connection

units finished

microbial cellulose

put microbial cellulose on units

microbiall cellulose units

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//Prototype

//Prototype 1

Height 1

Height 2

Height 3

Extrusion 1

Extrusion 2

Extrusion 3

Extrusion 4

Extrusion 5

Extrusion 6

//Prototype 2

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//EXP 6 //Synthesis experiment: We made all characteristics into one piece of microbial cellulose, which had both flat and wrinkled part.

Through this, we could control its synthesis structure directly.

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//Material system 4 //Development: Assembling & Connection We design a joint which can connect different units and creat assembling model.

Meanwhile, we develop unit catalogue.

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//catalogue

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//Material system 4 //Development: Assembling & Connection After we explored the stretching tech, catalogue and joint. We change the parameters to development different domes, such as change height, radius and extrude. Then we assemble a more complicated structure by connecting different domes together to achieve self-support system.

A1

A2

A3

A4

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B1

A5

A6

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chapter 4 - Microbial Cellulose

design proposal

//concept //territory analysis //structure design

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Urban apparatus /Proposal/

//Urban apparatus: //DEVELOPING CELLULOSE APPARATUS AS URBAN ORGAN

The idea of this project is related to the urban metabolism theory, Urban resembles a huge organism which produces a lot of waste during metabolism and also presents a serious environmental issue. However, microbial cellulose is like an urban organ, which can accumulate waste and transfer it into a sustainable material. Thus, the design proposal is constructing a microbial cellulose energy infrastructure on an urban scale. This infrastructure consists of a lot of waste digestions. With this waste digestion apparatus, the citizens not only can utilize the organic waste to cultivate microbial cellulose, but also is an efficient method to shift London waste metabolism from a linear to circular model.

[ concept ] urban organs & growth process

[ territory ] Canary Wharf [ Proposal ] Urban apparatus

[ Natural resources Wind analysis

]

[ Waste resources ] Waste quantity and density [ Organic waste ] boroughs distribution

[ strucuture ] material prototype and strucutre

[ Digestive organs ]

[ Final morphology ] Self-proliferated Waste digester

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//Concept The city is assumed as an organism in this project. This idea comes from Herbert Giardet who believes that “the cities are like other assemblies of organisms having a definable metabolism�.

According to the material experiment in Chapter 2, microbial cellulose can be produced from urban organic waste. This is to say that, if the city is an organism, microbial cellulose is a digester which helps purify this organism. Therefore, we get the first definition for the design proposal: urban digestive organs. So a material factory would be the first stage. It would be the base for microbial cellulose production and would enable further production and expansion over time. It is like cell division and proliferation. Thus we get the second definition: self-proliferated community.

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// Available Sites In London Prototype 1 - [ Microbial Cellulose Regulator] [ Evalution Parameters ] Social Life Intensity Global Cultivation Potential Rain Water Potential Air Pollution Concentration Vegetation Density

// Application and urban prototype Based on the waste flow diagram, we found that if we dispose organic waste and transfer it into microbial cellulose, we could apply it widely into three extra aspects. The first is for domestic use. We could use microbial cellulose to produce farming products which could supply food. The second aspects is for industrial use. Microbial cellulose could be used as building material, electricity, biochemistry material and pro-environmental material. The third aspects is for medicinal use. Microbial cellulose could be used as eco-pharmaceutical material and medical material. According to these three application, we did investigations in London and found available sites to set our prototypes – microbial cellulose farm, microbial cellulose factory, microbial cellulose regulator.

//Microbial cellulose regulator contribution: Based on the investigation, we figured out the green spaces in London and marked them on the map, where are the available sites we would put our apparatus. Therefore, we created a new prototype called Microbial Cellulose Regulator, which is a landscape could create a semi-space for residence as well as purify the polluted air.

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// Available Sites In London

// Available Sites In London

Prototype 2 - [ Microbial Cellulose Farm]

Prototype 3 - [ Microbial Cellulose Factory]

[ Evalution Parameters ]

[ Evalution Parameters ]

Social Life Intensity

Social Life Intensity

Global Cultivation Potential

Global Cultivation Potential

Rain Water Potential

Rain Water Potential

Air Pollution Concentration

Air Pollution Concentration

Vegetation Density

Vegetation Density

//Microbial cellulose farm contribution:

//Microbial cellulose factory contribution:

Based on the investigation, we found that there are many poor region in London. We figured out these places and marked them on the map, where are the available sites we would put our apparatus. Therefore, we created a new prototype called Microbial Cellulose Farm, which could produce emergency nutrition and food by our material.

Based on the investigation, we found that there are some discarded plants in London. We figured out these places and marked them on the map, where are the available sites we would put our apparatus. Therefore, we created a new prototype called Microbial Cellulose Factory, which could produce our material - microbial cellulose.

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//Territory //Canary wharf The site of our project located at Canary Wharf, which is one of most flourishing business centers in London.

There are now over 90,000 people working in the area .

However, according to the investigation, with business development, a large number of people are located in this area. This also presents a series of problems such as air pollution and a lot of commercial and household waste.

Based on this situation, this project could collect a large amount of food waste (apples and oranges) from Tesco and Pret which are located onsite. The waste, after sterilization treatment, can be used to cultivate the microbial cellulose.

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// Waste disposal in Canary Wharf

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// Northumberland Wharf Waste Transfer Station Fig.5

// Tower Hamlets Reuse & Recycling Centre Fig.6

Cory Environmental provides and operates infrastructure for waste transfer, materials recovery, waste disposal and energy generation, particularly at our Riverside Energy from Waste facility, one of the largest, cleanest and most efficient in the UK.

A large fleet of tugs and barges sustainably transfer over 740,000 tonnes of London’s municipal and commercial waste every year, producing electricity and recycled products.

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// Organic waste life in Canary Wharf

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// Household waste Fig.7

// Organic waste Fig.8

Currently food waste is recycled using in Vessel Composting. The method varies dependent on wether the waste includes meat.

According to the Canary Wharf waste management report 2015, they collect 156.48T waste at Jubilee place in 2015, there are 20.98% from food waste.

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//Natural sources diagram //Wind and air pollution analysis According to the London wind and co2 emission data, we drew two natural resources maps, because it is an outdoor structure, the shape of the urban apparatus will be influenced by natural resources such as wind. Besides, wind direction and level wil affect the diffusion of pollutant.

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//Waste sources diagram //Waste sources and quantity analysis Waste resources are significant for the material production, as we demonstrated above, and we took the organic waste from Tesco and Pret in Canary Wharf: collecting the expired food from these two companies. The quantity of organic waste and the shortest collection methods have been illustrated in the map.

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//Human activity diagram //One day human activity analysis The human activity is the key factor that we should think about. The reason why urban apparatus can influence urban metabolism is that it changes human’s activities and behaviours. These maps illustrates people’s flow into the business center at the peak time in the morning, lunch time and evening. This series of maps give us a better understanding of the urban space use in the real time, which can help tackle the urban issues.

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0.00-6.00

13.00-18.00

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7.00-12.00

19.00-24.00

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//Material prototype & fabrication Based on the research TECH of material system, we design a cellulose prototype, it divided in three parts. In the first part, we use stretching TECH and cellulose to build the extrude surface which consist of same size cup.

Then, cellulose growth tank is placed in the bottom which can provide material for prototype.

The third part is pipe in the middle, providing nutrition to the cellulose tank. `

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// Apparatus physical model frame

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// Apparatus physical model

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// People spatial demand analysis // Prototype funtion catalogue In this part, we drew a diagram about human metabolism rate of six group people. According to analysis the trend of metabolism rate, we not only know the human activity frequency and accurate time period, but also design different functional prototypes to meet people demand.

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// People spatial demand analysis

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// Human demand evaluation interface

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//Function prototype system

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// Urban waste digestion we chose Jubilee Park as project specific site to redefine our apparatus design. According to the site investigation, the park is located north of Canary Wharf.

Then, we designed a waste digestion whose structure is a pavilion. The building materials of pavilion are using microbial cellulose as film surface with strong frame together. We use some colymns of pavilion as cellulose machine wherein people can discard their food waste into a machine to cultivate the material or collect the organic waste from commercial intuitions (Tesco and Pret); meanwhile, the pavilion entrance design is according to the human activity route. This method offers effective separation of people to avoid congestion, but also provides space for activities and rest.

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//Plane graph and vertical view

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// Proposal structure diagram

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// Morphology growth Achieving circular urban metabolism is a dynamic and continuous process, so the morphology growth of waste digestion apparatus is always unfinished. All waste digestion can use organic waste to produce the material, and then that material can be used to build the next structure of waste digestion In the future, a lot of waste digestions will spread from Canary Wharf to London, which consists of a new city waste energy infrastructure system. It is a more logical and scientific energy infrastructure. It not only improves energy efficiency, but also reduces material waste and pollution. From an urban designer’s perspective, this is an efficient and innovative approach which is interaction with bio-material to support urban sustainable metabolism.

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GROWTH PROCESS

STAGE 1

GROWTH PROCESS

STAGE 2

GROWTH PROCESS

STAGE 3

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Conclusion

The bio-cellulose project is a material-oriented bio-ecological urban design project, which aims to propose a long-term urban waste cycle strategy and to reorganise the urban landscape network. It is conducted from micro-scale to macro-scale: from microorganisms, Acetobacter xylinum; to the city, London.

During the process of urbanisation, the urban population increases, industries are developed, and the city expands. This causes many environmental problems. From the perspective of ecological urbanism, the essence of city growth is about material cycle and energy flow. Almost every environmental problem is caused through energy flow. In order to achieve urban sustainability, this project focuses on the urban energy flow and an attempt to reduce urban energy loss.

Theoretically, this project discusses the proposition of ecological urbanism and its influence on urban design. So, for the project, an ecological urbanism methodology system is used. Specifically, during the procedure of the bio-cellulose project, five methods are applied, including: theoretical research; data manipulation; case study; material experiments; and modelling. There are also five design dimensions throughout the project: scale; flow; material; form; and time.

Because the bio-cellulose project is a material-oriented project, the microbial cellulose is regarded as a biological design tool for the city. Therefore, a material system is of great significance. Taking into account the properties of this material and the needs for construction, we deem the biggest challenge will be using this soft material to build a 3D structure without any other material assistance. After conducting a series of experiments, we arrived at four conclusions and successfully build a self-supporting system. Firstly, we could produce this material in a laboratory and manipulate its growth. Secondly, we could engineer the bacteria to produce something we desired. Thirdly, we could use organic waste to cultivate it. Finally, we could build 3D structures with it.

After the material experimentation, we applied microbial cellulose to London accordingly.

Considering its properties, we came up with two definitions for the design. To sum up, the bio-cellulose project proposes a self-proliferated community which is an urban waste digestive organs system. With time, more and more waste will be digested by the community, thus more and more cellulose will be produced to be used for new constructs.

The community grows and expands, influencing the nearby environment and people’s behaviours with the use of different spatial forms. In the long term, this community will consist of real-time feedback that the microorganisms give to the city.

In summary, the urban ecological theoretical background and the materials system are solid throughout the project. However, there are still some unfinished and weak sections in this project because of the insufficient timeframe. For instance, in the final proposal, we still haven’t built a detailed community model and the relationship between the material prototype and the final proposal is still not clear. Therefore the final proposal and the material prototype are the main targets for development during the next stage.

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References

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Best Foot Forward Ltd. (2002). City Limits: A resources flow and ecological footprint analysis of Greater London. [online] Available at: http://www. citylimitslondon.com Chambers, N., Simmons, C. and Wackernagel, M. (2000) Sharing nature’s interest: Ecological footprints as an indicator of sustainability. London: Earthscan Publications. In-line Citation: (Chambers, Simmons, and Wackernagel, 2000)

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Castán,V.B., Adriana,A., Elizabeth,R., 2012. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Metabolism, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(6), pp.851-861.

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Jyoti Vasant,K., Jyutika Milind, R., Kishore Madhukar, P., 2015.Fruit peels support higher yield and superior quality bacterial cellulose production. Applied microbiology and biotechnology,99(16), pp.6677-91.

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A part of Rhino and Grasshopper digtal technological skills support from EcoLogic Studio.

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1 Reacting with designed structure

APPENDIX 2 Air condition detect system

APPENDIX 3 Urban apparatus

APPENDIX 4 Analogue & digtal morphology

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APPENDIX 1 //Reacting with designed structure Besides the created texture fibrous morphology, we also designed a lot of structure and then put it into the liquid. After several days, the surface would be spined by microbial cellulose.

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designed wire structure

cellulose spined surface on the wire structure

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Structure 1

Structure 2

Structure 3

Structure5 Shoulder

Structure 4 188

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APPENDIX 2 //Air condition detect system //London air condition //Output detecting robot //smart robot component //output testing diagram In this section, we design a smart robot which can detects air quality and give the data information. Then, according to the data and official data, we drew the air pollution map of London.

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//Airquality detecting robot Function 1: Test air quality and collect air condition data in a space.The main gases detectedare carbon monoxide, alcohol, acetone,thinner, formaldehyde and other slightly toxic gases.

Function 2: Mapping the air condition in a space by Marking on the paper on specific air condition

//INTPUT(excerpt): void setup () { myservo.attach(servopin); myservo.write(90); delay(700); myservo3.attach(servopin2); myservo3.write(90); delay(700); Serial.begin(9600); myservo1.attach(6); myservo2.attach(7); Serial.begin(9600); airqualitysensor.init(14);

void loop() { dist = analogRead(sensorpin); Serial.println(dist);

Uncertain Robots

}

void find() { stop(); Pen (); goBack(); lookL(); lookR();

1

2

}

if(dist < object) { goForward(); } if(dist >= object) { find(); } if(Air >= object2) { Pen(); }

NO2 Value1 200-300 NO2 Value2 300-400 NO2 Value3 Over400

void goForward() { // use combination which works for you myservo1.write(120); myservo2.write(10); return; }

if ( leftdist < rightdist ) { turnleft(); } else { turnright (); } }

3

void goBack() { myservo1.write(10); myservo2.write(10); delay(500); stop(); return; }

//OUTPUT(excerpt):

Distance sensor

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Air quality sensor

Arduino

Servo

Sensor_value:202 Fresh air Sensor_value:221 Fresh air Sensor_value:250 Fresh air Sensor_value:265 Fresh air Sensor_value:324 Low pollution!

Air fresh

High High High High High High High

signal signal signal signal signal signal signal

// NO2 Value1 // 356

Air fresh 1.PC 2.Arduino 3.Robot 4.sensor

Air fresh

// NO2 Value1 // 206

Air fresh // NO2 Value1 // 237

pollution! pollution! pollution! pollution! pollution! pollution! pollution!

Low pollution!

Sensor_value:489 High pollution!

Sensor_value:355 Low pollution!

Sensor_value:221 Fresh air Sensor_value:204 Fresh air Sensor_value:243 Fresh air

Force Force Force Force Force Force Force

active. active. active. active. active. active. active.

High pollution!

// NO2 Value1 // 202

// NO2 Value1 // 218

// NO2 Value1 // 200

// NO2 Value1 // 256

4

// NO2 Value1 // 376

// NO2 Value1 // 213 // NO2 Value1 // 247

// NO2 Value1 // 289

1

Low pollution!

Air fresh

// NO2 Value1 // 291 // NO2 Value1 // 338

Air fresh Air fresh

// NO2 Value1 // 273

// NO2 Value1 // 292

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APPENDIX 3 Urban apparatus //machine part //Unit size control //unit openning angle control we want more people to engage in this process.

So we intended to create a device for public to recycle the organic urban waste and grow microbial cellulose.

That would be really interesting if we build an apparatus by our own material in urban, and use it to collect waste so that it can cultivate this material by itself. It is like an urban sculpture, and because it is made from cellulose, it can purify the air, more importantly, it can collect waste from people and let more people participate in this process. We choose unit in the material system with 3 sizes By changing the opening angle, we use 100 units to create a semisphere shape In the center, we put the tank and machine part.

In the future, we could not only engineer this microbes as we desire, but also use our waste to create this sythenic material and put it into use!

The appratus has two part: 1.machine part in the center 2.sztructure part. Here is the work flow of the appratus.

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//Urban organic waste collection appratus //machine part

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physical model 1:20

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APPENDIX 4

//ANALOGUE & DIGITAL MORPHOLOGY //Bacteria behavior analogue //micro simulation //macro sumulation //morphology evolution In this chapter, we focused on the morphology of microbial cellulose and city. We went back to explore the relationship between bacterial behavior and material morphology, and we found that through different ways of working, the bacteria would create different types of cellulose, which caused different natrual structure. So we started from bacteria, used processing to simulate bacterial working, and then built the model of digital simulation.

Based on that, we found a new way to design more structure.

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// Bacterial cellulose prototype // R.Malcolm Brown,Jr.Laboratory

// Bacteria behavior & different working ways

a

(a) A typical view of A. xylinum cells aggregated by intertwining ribbons. (X7000.) Bar is 1 ,um.

c

(b) High resolution negative staining of a single ribbon. Note the twisting of the ribbon and the 30-A microfibril which is pulled away (arrow). (X153,000.) Bar is 0.1 tim. (c) A negatively min in Calcofluor-free glucose. Note the sequential conversion from band to ribbon and the intimate association of the ribbon with the cell surface. (X17,800.) Bar is 1 ,um. (d) Two cells, each with bands of altered cellulose produced after 10 min in the presence of 0.25 mM Calcofluor. (X14,520.) Bar is 1 unm. (e) High-resolution negative staining of Calcofluor-induced band material. A small part of the cell surface is visible in the lower left corner. Note the 15-A fibrils (arrows).

(X236,160.) Bar is 0.05 ,um.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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single ribbon multi-cabled parallel robbons assembled by repeated reversal twisting cellulose ribbons multiple ribbon synthesis from a giant un-divided cell

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// Different type of cellulose texture (microscope 40x)

// cellulose prototype1

Wrinkled

Semi-wet

b

Cellulose Twined with cotton

Density

d

Dried

Leaf

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//digital simulation //digital modeling //cellulose prototype1 //cellulose prototype1

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// Frame 10

// Frame 50

// Frame 100

// Frame 150

// Frame 200

// Frame 250

// Frame 300

// Frame 350

// Frame 400

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//digital simulation //Knots control

//digital modeling //cellulose prototype1

// Frame 10

// Frame 150

// Frame 300

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// Frame 50

// Frame 200

// Frame 350

// Frame 100

// Frame 250

// Frame 400

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//digital modeling //Knots control

//digital simulation //Knots control

//Physical model //Knots control

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