Serena Ye Thesis Book Draft by Serena Ye

the syn t h e s i s o f the built environment & t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t reimagining the living facade

Serena Ye

Syracuse University

School of Architecture

Thesis Book Draft

Advisor: Julia Czerniak December 10th, 2015

The Synthesis of the Built Environment and the Natural Environment Reimagining the Living Facade

SERENA YE

The living façade can be more than just a surface of a building; it can occupy and engage with spaces and programs of it to become more integrated with the building as an organism.

solar reflectance to mitigate the greenhouse effect, recycle rain water or grey water, decrease air pollution, and provide greenery without occupying space on the street level. This is important because today, as cities develop and become denser, they lose space This thesis envisions a new building envelope for green spaces. Integrating living facades in for an office building that integrates the living the urban environment can “green cities vertifaçade effectively in the architecture of the cally without occupying any space at street building, instead of just the surface, to improve level”1 while transforming them into healthy the sustainability and health of the interior and sustainable environments. office and exterior urban environments. In addition to these sustainable benefits, living Today, many green façade and living wall facades provide visual connection with nature, structures act only as a surface of either the which according to the biophilia theory, is interior or exterior and are not integrated with necessary for humans’ well-being and health. the architecture of the buildings. However, This is because biophilia states that humans there is much potential in designing them are “innately attracted to nature and other lifeto provide all of the sustainable and healthy like forms.”2 There is empirical evidence that benefits for the built and urban environment. visual connection to nature “provides greater emotional restoration, with lower instances of Incorporating the living façade is now more tension, anxiety, anger, fatigue, confusion and significant than ever before because current total mood.”3 buildings still do not perform as they should. They are not sustainable and comfortable This project will focus on the office building enough because of over-glazing, over-heating, because “commercial buildings take up 20% polluted and poorly ventilated air, poor sound of U.S. energy consumption”4, “people spend most of their time in an office working on an insulation, and poor thermal insulation. By integrating living facades in building design, average day (8.6 hours)”5, and “work is a top they will provide sustainable benefits, such cause for stress and health problems.”6 as, increasing air humidity, decreasing air __________________________________ temperature, improving air quality by cleaning 1. “Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitation”, http://www.wseas. us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf it, providing natural cooling, sound absorp(accessed 1 Nov. 2015) 2. Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia, (Harvard University Press, 1984), 5-10. tion, and additional insulation for the built 3. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. environment. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014) In terms of the urban environment, living facades can provide habitats for biodiversity,

4. “Chapter 3: Commercial Sector,” http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ ChapterIntro3.aspx (accessed 30 Oct. 2015) 5. “Time use on an average work day for employed persons ages 25 to 54 with children,” chart, 2014, http://www.thoughtcatalog.com. 6. R.A. Clay, “Stressed in America,” chart, 2015, Apa.org, http://www.apa. org/monitor/2011/01/stressed-america.aspx.

Advisor: Julia Czerniak

table of contents contention

background separation of city and nature separation of building and nature

commerical office building

living facade benefits

types of vertical greenery green facade living wall

case studies at a glimpse in depth

types of office spaces

design method operation strategy program

site selection san francisco, ca embarcadero center

iterations of design building scale

sources

107

contention

The living façade can be more than just a surface of a building; it can occupy and engage with spaces and programs of it to become more integrated with the building as an organism. It can act as a spatial ribbon that flows between facades and into the building to connect views, spaces, and improve building performance. This thesis envisions a new building envelope for an office building that integrates the living façade effectively in the architecture of the building, instead of just the surface, to improve the sustainability and health of the interior office and exterior urban environments. Today, many green façade and living wall structures act only as a surface of either the interior or exterior and are not integrated with the architecture of the buildings. However, there is much potential in designing them to provide all of the sustainable and healthy benefits for the built and urban environment. Incorporating the living façade is now more significant than ever before because current buildings still do not perform as they should. They are not sustainable and comfortable enough because of over-glazing, over-heating, polluted and poorly ventilated air, poor sound insulation, and poor thermal insulation. By integrating living facades in building design, they will provide sustainable benefits, such as, increasing air humidity, decreasing air temperature, improving air quality by cleaning it, providing natural cooling, sound absorption, and additional insulation for the built environment. In terms of the urban environment, living facades can provide habitats for biodiversity, solar reflectance to mitigate the greenhouse effect, recycle rain water or grey water, decrease air pollution, and provide greenery without occupying space on the street level. This is important because today, as cities develop and become denser, they lose space for green spaces. Integrating living facades in the urban environment can “green cities vertically without occupying any space at street level”1 while transforming them into healthy and sustainable environments.

In addition to these sustainable benefits, living facades provide visual connection with nature, which according to the biophilia theory, is necessary for humans’ well-being and health. This is because biophilia states that humans are “innately attracted to nature and other life-like forms.”2 There is empirical evidence that visual connection to nature “provides greater emotional restoration, with lower instances of tension, anxiety, anger, fatigue, confusion and total mood.”3 This project will focus on the office building because “commercial buildings take up 20% of U.S. energy consumption”4, “people spend most of their time in an office working on an average day (8.6 hours)”5, and “work is a top cause for stress and health problems.”6 ______________________________________________________ 1. “Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitation”, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf (accessed 1 Nov. 2015) 2. Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia, (Harvard University Press, 1984), 5-10. 3. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014) 4. “Chapter 3: Commercial Sector,” http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ChapterIntro3.aspx (accessed 30 Oct. 2015) 5. “Time use on an average work day for employed persons ages 25 to 54 with children,” chart, 2014, http://www.thoughtcatalog.com. 6. R.A. Clay, “Stressed in America,” chart, 2015, Apa.org, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/ stressed-america.aspx. Left Figure. “Living Facade Hydroponics”, photo, http://www.flickr.com

background

living facades should be more than just surfaces of greenery

separation of building and nature

separation of city and nature

Today, many green façade and living wall structures act only as a surface of either the interior or exterior and are not integrated with the architecture of the buildings. However, there is much potential in designing them to provide all of the sustainable and healthy benefits for the built and urban environment.

Buildings today still do not perform as they should. They are not sustainable and comfortable enough because of over-glazing, over-heating, polluted and poorly ventilated air, poor sound insulation, and poor thermal insulation. All of these factors are influenced into the building envelope, since it is one of the most crucial and interdisciplinary aspects of a building.

In the premodern times, “human settlements either integrated or co-existed peacefully with nature”1. Examples of this city-nature relationship are apparent in ancient Rome and The Garden Cities of Sir Ebenezer Howard in England. During modernism, the growth in urbanism, fast growing populations, and changes in lifestyle contributed to the destruction of the natural environment. The idea of a home was “a safe place against wild and cruel nature of [the] outside”1. Humans “feared natural disasters, wild uncontrollable animals, and untamed growth of forest and woodland areas”1. Today, we neglect the natural environment due to the focus of “making life more convenient with drive through services and large shopping malls”1. “Nature has been seen as superficial embellishment, as a luxury encountered only in parks and gardens”1 while urban form is seen as a meaningful “essential force that permeates the city”1. However, “disregard of natural processes in the city has been costly, dangerous”1, and leads to problems like congestion and pollution. It also “extends to the quality of life”1 as seen in deteriorating cities like Detroit. Ecosystems provide peoples’ “basic human and social needs”1 because “humans require contact with a biodiverse world to stimulate the development of their emotional, cognitive, and social potential”1. In addition, the biophilia hypothesis suggests that humans have an innate tendency to love nature and other lifelike forms. Therefore, cities need to be an extension of the natural environment. There needs to be a balanced relationship between nature and city.

By integrating the living facade in the building envelope, a building will perform more sustainably and provide thermal comfort while improving the health and well-being of the building occupants. It will provide sustainable benefits, such as, increasing air humidity, decreasing air temperature, improving air quality by cleaning it, providing natural cooling, sound absorption, and additional insulation for the built environment.

The densifying of cities led to loss of space for green spaces. By integrating the living facade in the building envelope, vertical greenery can be incorporated into buildings without compromising space on the street-level. It can also provide habitats for biodiversity, solar reflectance to mitigate the greenhouse effect, recycle rain water or grey water, and decrease air pollution. _____________________________________________________________________________ “Architecture and Urban Ecosystems: From Segregation to Integration”, http://www.thenatureofcities.com /2013/05/26/architecture-and-urban-ecosystems-from-segregation-to-integration/ (accessed 30 Oct. 2015)

concept of living facade

horizontal green spaces

vertical green spaces

commercial office building

This thesis will focus on the commercial office building because people spend most of their time working in the office and commercial office buildings represent “one fifth of the U.S. energy consumption”. Office buildings are not performing as they should, which cause workers to develop health problems like stress and sickness. They are not sustainable and comfortable enough because of over-glazing, over-heating, polluted and poorly ventilated air, poor sound insulation, and poor thermal insulation. In addition, the lack of sustainability causes the high precentage of energy consumption. Office buildings need to provide sustainability to conserve the environment and thermal comfort and well-being for workers. By integrating the living facade in the office building envelope, the building will perform more sustainably and provide thermal comfort while improving the health and well-being of the office workers.

overglazing/overheating

bad air quality/ventilation

poor thermal insulation

_______________________________________________________________ “Chapter 3: Commercial sector”, http://www.buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ChapterIntro3.aspx (accessed 30 Oct. 2015)

poor sound insulation

time used on an average work day for employees

causes of stress (2010)

hours activities

money

7.6 sleeping

1.8 other

70% 66%

family responsibilities

58%

relationships

55%

personal health concerns

52%

housing costs

52%

job stability

49%

health problems affecting family

47%

2.6 leisure and sports

8.6 working and related activities

personal safety

24 total Data from: “Time use on an average work day for employed persons ages 25 to 54 with children,” chart, 2014, http://www.thoughtcatalog.com.

U.S. energy consumption

20% other

30% Data from: R.A. Clay, “Stressed in America,” chart, 2015, Apa.org, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/stressed-america.aspx.

reasons for early retirement had personal health problem

37%

lost job

27%

had sufficient financial resources

20% commercial buildings

76%

the economy

1.2 caring for others 1.1 eating and drinking 1.1 household activities

$$$$$$$$$$$$$

work

$$$ $$$

24%

wanted to spend more time with family

16%

wanted to have more fun

13%

needed to look after a loved one

11% Data from: R.A. Clay, “Stressed in America,” chart, 2015, Apa. org, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/stressed-america.aspx.

10% of office space, retail space, the 20% and educational facilities Data from: “Chapter 3: Commercial Sector,” http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ChapterIntro3.aspx (accessed 30 Oct. 2015)

retirees retire...

earlier

55%

on schedule

38%

later

7% Data from: R.A. Clay, “Stressed in America,” chart, 2015, Apa. org, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/stressed-america.aspx.

living facade environmental benefits

A living facade is a vertical surface on the building envelope that incorporates vegetation into its structure. It can facilitate environmental in the interactive, building, and urban environment scales.

interactive scale thermal comfort for building occupants: - “increases air humidity” - “decreases air temperature” - “provides additional insulation” - “provides natural cooling” health and well-being for building occupants: - “improves air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and heavy metals, and retaining dust particles” - absorbs sound - provides visual connection to nature _______________________________________________________________ “Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitation”, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/ STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf (accessed 1 Nov. 2015)

oxygen carbon dioxide

solar reflectance

biophilic visual connection with nature

sound absorption

additional insulation

building scale

urban scale

energy efficiency and sustainability: - “reduces solar reflectance” - “reduces urban heat island effect” - “mitigates greenhouse effect” - “minimizes the consumption of tap water” by utilizing “rainwater for irrigation” - “increases air humidity” - “decreases air temperature” - “provides additional insulation” - “provides natural cooling”

environmental: -”inserts vegetation in the urban context, which is scarce in dense urban areas” - “improves air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and heavy metals, and retaining dust particles” - provides habitat for biodiversity - “reduces solar reflectance” - “reduces urban heat island effect” - “mitigates greenhouse effect” - “minimizes the consumption of tap water” by utilizing “rainwater for irrigation” - “increases air humidity” - “decreases air temperature” - “provide natural cooling”

_______________________________________________________________ “Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitation”, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/ STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf (accessed 1 Nov. 2015)

health and well-being (biophilic and therapeutic) for citizens: - provides visual connection to nature _______________________________________________________________ “Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitation”, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/ STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf (accessed 1 Nov. 2015)

office building environment increase air humidity decrease air temperature improve air quality natural cooling sound absorption

urban environment provide vegetation without occupying space on street level

additional insulation visual connection with nature

habitat for biodiversity in urban environment mitigate green house effect recycle rain water solar reflectance improve air quality visual connection with nature

The temperature of a living facade is cooler than a facade without vegetation “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, infrared photo, http://www.greenscreen.com

living facade biophilic benefits

The living facade can also provide therapeutic visual connection with nature. Based on the theory of biophilia, which states that humans are innately attracted to nature and other life-like forms, connections with nature are necessary for health and well-being. Consequently, this improves the work environment by increasing workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; productivity, reducing health problems, and providing comfort.

office

unproductive operation costs that biophilia can reduce

+ nature

energy 0.8%

productive salaries & benefits

biophilic workplace

86.3%

rent 8.9% absenteeism 2.7% presenteeism 1.3%

sustainable

healthy

comfortable

Data from: Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014) productive

economical

$ $ $ happiness

having plants present near desks reduced... neuropsychological symptoms

23%

fatigue

30%

mucous membrane symptoms

24%

cough

37%

Data from: Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014)

co gn

stre ss r edu cti on

e anc orm erf ep itiv

visual connection with nature non-visual connection with nature non-rhythmic sensory stimuli thermal and airflow variability presence of water dynamic and diffuse light connection with natural systems biomorphic forms and patterns material connection with nature complexity and order prospect refuge mystery risk and peril

14 biophilic design elements

mood, and performance tion, emo Data from: Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014)

nature in space natural analogues nature of the space

Cognitive Fuctionality and Performance “Cognitive functioning encompasses our mental agility and memory, and our ability to think, learn and output either logically or creatively. For instance, directed attention is required for many repetitve tasks, such as routine paperwork, reading and performing calculations or analysis, as well as for operating in highly stimulating environments, as well as crossing busy streets. Directed attention is energy intensive, and over time can result in mental fatigue and depleted cognitive resources.” Psychological Health and Well-being “Psychological responses encompass our adaptability, alertness, attention, concentration, and emotion and mood. This includes responses to nature that impact restoration and stress management. For instance, empirical studies have reported that experiences of natural environments provide greater emotional restoration, with lower instances of tension, anxiety, anger, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance than urban environments with limited characteristics of nature.” Physiological Health and Well-being “Physiological responses encompass our aural, musuloskeletal, respiratory, circadian systems and overall physical comfort. Physiological respones triggered by connections with nature include relaxation of muscles, as well as lowering of diastolic blood pressure and stress hormone [like cortisol] levels in the blood stream. Short term stress that increases heart rate and stress hormone levels, such as from encountering an unknown but a complex and information-rich space, or looking over a banister to 8 stories below, are suggested to be beneficial to regulating physiological health. The physiological system needs to be tested regularly, but only enough for the body to remain resilient and adaptive. Physiological responses to environmental stressors can be buffered through design, allowing for the restoration of bodily resources before system damage occurs.” Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014)

types of vertical greenery

The two types of vertical greenery are:

the green facade -“created by vines and climbing plants that are rooted in soil or containers, growing upwards or cascading down, and require a structure to maintain their position, develop growth, and survive through seasonal exposures.” -“easily scalable and rely on the adaptable characteristics of a board range of plant species”

the living wall -“Because the roots are growing on the surface, [rather than into the ground], all of the micro-organisms associated with the roots are totally in contact with the air, [which is important] for de-pollution” -provides “benefits of insulation” -loses a lot of water through percolation in the soil with horizontal garden -utilizes water collected from the roof _______________________________________________________________ “Green Wall Pioneer Patrick Blanc: ‘Now Everybody is doing Vertical Gardens’”, http://www.dezeen.com/2014/01/08/ patrick-blanc-herzog-and-de-meuron-perez-art-museum-miami-vertical-gardens/ (accessed 3 Nov. 2015)

two-dimensional system green facade three-dimensional system

framed modular boxes

panel system

types of vertical greenery

wire modular cage

perforated modular boxes

hanging pockets living wall tray system

trough planters

slanted modular cell boxes

free-standing system

vegetated mat

the green facade

two-dimensional system

three-dimensional system

-vertical cables -horizontal cables -rods -grids or nets -variety of materials: -rigid 2D system components from materials like steel or wood -flexible 2D system components from materials like cables, rods, cable nets, or woven wire fabrics -systems for assembly and attachment to a building facade or vertical plane -require being held in tension -loading of connectors at the attachment points is a critical factor -design and placement of the connectors is related to the span of the facade and may require specific engineering and structure to ensure performance under increasing loads -cable systems and their attachment components are most often made from stainless steel (durability, strength, expensive) -generally installed in a simple plane and require additional structure to create shapes, turn a corner, or modulate a surface -attachments for cable are shallow in depth and unless there are additional support connection methods, the green facade withh be close to a building surface -vertical two dimensional cable facade can be attached at top and bottom but cannot be used for a cantilevered configuration -rigid 2D system components from materials like steel or wood are dimensionally larger than flexible 2D system components from materials like cables, rods, cable nets, or woven wire fabrics -must consider how the plants inhabit and connect to the facade structure and how the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design might influence the plant growth and infill of the facade -vines that use tendrils that can twine or curl around another plant or a component of a facade trellis

-have unique design capabilities compare to two-dimensional systems -consist of panels that have length, width, depth -created specifically to enhance the growth and maintenance of green facade plants -thin gauge steel wire in different ways: -two wire grids held apart by intermittent wires and welded to a perimenter steel frame for strength in mounting (wire grids are either woven or welded at various spacing) -structural panel with an integral truss that does not require a surrounding frame for mounting or strength (modular panel that had reduced material weight and creates some unique opportunities to cover large surfaces without perimeter frames and for creating shapes) (rigid, can span openings, can be mounted vertically, horizontally, or between structural elements as freestanding facades) (connect at the perimeter frame, or when using the truss panel, can alternately be located at the edge or within the panel field) (panel mounting details are available to create variable spacing off of a building surface, creating additional flexibility) (rigid, attachment design does not require resisting the same tension forces as 2D cable systems) (primarily engineered to resist weight loads and wind forces, and in some cases can be designed for limited cantilevers) -vine-type plants require a host to attach to for vertical growth and support, and use a variety of evolutionary characteristics to attach to the host support (some are main-stem twiners, others use tendrils that can twine or curl around another plant or a component of a facade trellis) -aerial root system that is strong to hold the plant to a building without any additional support (ivy or wisteria, can do significant damage to a building facade -leaf hooking that involves the leaf pattern and plant strength hooking partially around a host structure until its growth advances to surround the support elements (bougainvillea) -should take into consideration the growing characteristics of different plant growth habits (vertical or scramble) (aerial root plants in close proximity will migrate to the building and abondon the facade structure) (runners and scramblers require additional maintenance) -advantages: -panel depth that provides additional structure for plant material support and long-term maintenance _______________________________________________________________ â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Walls applications in Urban Rehabilitationâ&#x20AC;?, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUK/ STUPEME/STUPEME-23.pdf (accessed 1 Nov. 2015)

Brackets to keep plants of wall “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, photo, http://www.greenscreen.com

Two-dimensional system “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, photo, http://www.greenscreen.com

Three-dimensional system “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, photo, http://www.greenscreen.com

Vine tendril attached “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, photo, http://www.greenscreen.com

the living wall

panel system “have plants pre-grown into the panels and can be used inside or out, and in any climate”

tray system “is popular for indoor displays. plants are pre-grown off-site and inserted into the wall, which offers a great degree of versatility that can be exploited to cover entire surfaces or designed as living art” “Panel system green wall”, photograph, www.downtownhburg.wordpress.com

freestanding wall is “most commonly used indoors and is most easily changed, either by changing the location or changing the plants”

glass

_______________________________________________________________

modular grass cubes for easy installation

“Green Wall Pioneer Patrick Blanc: ‘Now Everybody is doing Vertical Gardens’”, http://www.dezeen.com/2014/01/08/ patrick-blanc-herzog-and-de-meuron-perez-art-museum-miami-vertical-gardens/ (accessed 3 Nov. 2015)

water irrigation pipes running through facade

“Green wall facade assemby detail”, computer model image, www.dddmodel.com

“Tray system green wall”, photograph, www.tournesolsiteworks.com

“Freestanding green wall”, photograph, www.verla.com

building tubular steel frame separates the vegetated surface from the building plastic panel

versa wall top trim versa wall drip line

woven material water nutrient drips from irrigation tubes at top edge of the wall selected plants versa wall base cabinet with removable front cover

two felt layers act as a growing medium for the roots plants are inserted between two layers felt

versa wall drainage pipe versa wall irrigation system

“Green wall”, drawing, www.gsky.com

gutter along the bottom of the wall catches water that can be recycled

“Living wall”, computer model image, www.treehugger.com

living facade issues

-attracts unwanted pests, insects, and birds -excessive growth -high maintenance -“difficulty with consistent survivability of plant material over large surfaces for an extended period of time” -“costs for producing a living wall are easily three to five times the cost of a green facade installation” -“significant ongoing maintenance and plant replacement operating costs”

_______________________________________________________________ “Considerations For Advanced Green Facade Design”, http://www.greenscreen.com (accessed 1 Nov. 2015)

“Green Facade maintenance”, photograph, www.growinggreenguide.org

“Living wall maintenance”, photograph, www.greenroofs.com

case studies at a glimpse projects with vertical greenery that focus on improving thermal performance

case studies at a glimpse projects with vertical greenery that focus on improving ventilation

case studies at a glimpse projects with vertical greenery that focus on improving sun-shading

case studies at a glimpse projects with vertical greenery that focus on building identity

museum

residential tower D: 263 ft tower E: 368 ft tower D: 17 tower E: 27

residential

residential Ashton: 440 ft Skyle: 203 ft Ashton: 32 Skyle: 10

acros fukuoka hall

green cast

hotel intercontinental

edgeland residence

consorcio santiago

school of the arts

pasona urban farm

stacking green

ideo morph 38 tower

house horta

bosco verticale

new taipei museum program

residential

office

school

office

residential

hotel

residential & commercial

commercial

N/A

112 ft

184 ft

190 ft

N/A

171 ft

49 ft

197 ft

1,400 sq ft

39,797 sq ft

681 sq ft

304,800 sq ft

building ht.

N/A

#of stories

gross flr. area

N/A

61,408 sq ft

N/A

37,043 sq ft

820 sq ft

65,617 sq ft

173,707 sq ft

90,944 sq ft

location

New Taipei City, Taiwan

Milan, Italy

Barcelona, Spain

Bangkok, Thailand

Saigon, Vietnam

Tokyo, Japan

Singapore, Singapore

Concepcion, Chile

Austin, Texas

Santiago, Chile

Tokyo, Japan

Fukuoka, Japan

biome

Tropical Forest

Temperate Forest

Tropical Forest

Temperate Forest

Temperate Grassland

Mediterranean Forest

Temperate Forest

climate

subtropical monsoon, wet & humid summers, short & mild winters

mediterranean, hot & dry summers, cool & rainy winters

humid subtropical, hot & humid summers, mild winters

tropical, high humidity, abundant rainfall

temperate, dry & warm summers, short & mild winters

subtropical, hot summers, mild winters

mediterranean, dry & warm summers, short & mild winters

humid subtropical, hot & humid summers, mild winters

71.4 ºF

53.2 ºF

62 ºF

83.3 ºF

82 ºF

60.8 ºF

81.5 ºF

58 ºF

69.4 ºF

58 ºF

60.8 ºF

62.2 ºF

81.6 %

76.8%

70.1 %

79.9 %

78.3%

63.7 %

80.4%

81.6 %

81.8 %

71.8 %

63.7 %

70.5 %

7 inches

3 inches

2 inches

5 inches

7 inches

3 inches

5 inches

1 inch

3 inches

1 inch

3 inches

6 inch

13 mph

3 mph

8 mph

6 mph

11 mph

5 mph

9 mph

6 mph

8 mph

11 mph

14 mph

maximum solar radiation

N/A

249 Btu/(h*ft2) (July 21)

N/A

237 Btu/(h*ft2) (December 21)

N/A

266 Btu/(h*ft2) (January 21)

265 Btu/(h*ft2) (December 21)

309 Btu/(h*ft2) (December 21)

N/A

309 Btu/(h*ft2) (December 21)

266 Btu/(h*ft2) (January 21)

247 Btu/(h*ft2) (October 21)

minimum solar radiation

N/A

209 Btu/(h*ft2) (October 21)

N/A

187 Btu/(h*ft2) (March 21)

N/A

216 Btu/(h*ft2) (May 21)

234 Btu/(h*ft2) (September 21)

258 Btu/(h*ft2) (June 21)

N/A

258 Btu/(h*ft2) (June 21)

216 Btu/(h*ft2) (May 21)

205 Btu/(h*ft2) (June 21)

annual average daily sunshine

5 hours

5.1 hours

7 hours

7.2 hours

5 hours

5.2 hours

5.6 hours

6.6 hours

5.2 hours

6.6 hours

5.2 hours

5 hours

facade-integrated living wall (modular panels), plants in building envelope cavity

tree planters on balconies

interior living wall (modular living wall)

facade-supported green wall (metal mesh), tree planters on balconies

facade-integrated planters

facade-supported green wall (metal mesh), vertical farm

facadesupported green wall (metal mesh)

facade-supported green wall (horizontal aluminum slats), plants in cavity

stepped terrace garden (walls and terraces)

facade-integrated living wall (modular living wall)

facade-integrated planters (modular cell boxes)

stepped terrace garden (walls and terraces)

surface area of total green coverage

N/A

33,274 sq ft

148 sq ft

19,193 sq ft

N/A

4,016 sq ft

21,148 sq ft

7,523 sq ft

N/A

5,217 sq ft

N/A

17,473 sq ft

largest green coverage on a single facade

N/A

5,692 sq ft Tower D north and south facades

82 sq ft

4,186 sq ft Ashton Tower east facade

N/A

2,362 sq ft east facade

4,803 sq ft south facade

6,778 sq ft west facade

N/A

4,272 sq ft west facade

N/A

17,473 sq ft south facade

largest % of green coverage on a single facade

N/A

42%

55%

23%

N/A

20%

26%

N/A

29%

N/A

28%

mean annual temperature annual average relative humidity average monthly precipitation average wind speed

vertical greenery type

N/A N/A

Mediterranean Forest Mediterranean Forest

mediterranean, hot & dry summers, cool & rainy winters

subtropical subtropical monsoon, monsoon, wet & humid wet & humid summers, short & summers, short & mild winters mild winters

22%

natural ventilation sun-shading reduce glare reduce overheating reduce pollution increase air humidity decrease air temperature thermal insulation recycle rain water reduce noise pollution biodiversity

in numbers

acros fukuoka hall

green cast

hotel intercontinental

edgeland residence

consorcio santiago

school of the arts

pasona urban farm

stacking green

ideo morph 38 tower

house horta

bosco verticale

new taipei museum

id ti l &

sustainability benefits: Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

No No

Yes Yes

No No

Yes Yes

No No

Yes

Yes 12% productivity gains and 23% ailent reduction in employees, provides alternative food production method; reduces food mileage

Yes

N/A

temperature difference of up to 59 ยบF between the surface temperature of greenery area and adjacent concrete

N/A

700 trees, 2,500 bushes, and 9,000 herbaceous plants

N/A

water flow rate: 0.16 ft3/h, water consumption per day 5L per dispenser

N/A

reduced solar radiation by 60%; reintroduced uses 48% less over 40 native energy than 10 species of comparable buildings; green wildflowers and grass wall floors use 35% less energy than other floors

750 MWh per year total building energy consumption

case studies in depth All of the following five case studies integrate living facades in the projects sustainably but donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t integrate them with the interior spaces and programs architecturally. The living facades are just surfaces of vertical greenery with little architectural connection to the buildings. These case studies aim to analyze the projects as a whole, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages, and critique the livings facades. The living facades are critiqued based on the success of their sustainable functions and how they integrate with the building architecturally. ranking of the case studies that most successfully integrate sustainable living facades into the project architecturally: 1. new taipei museum 2. ideo 38 morph tower 3. bosco verticale 4. hotel intercontinental 5. green cast

site in yingge district, new taipei city, taiwan

New Taipei City

Ying Yingg gge ge distr str trict ict ict

new taipei museum | kengo kuma “green cell” living building envelope

The New Taipei Museum is an iconic museum with open and versatile spaces enveloped under a mountain-shaped building skin that provides thermal insulation, natural ventilation, sun-shading, solar energy, cleansed air, and a landmark for New Taipei City. “green cell” living building envelope The “green cell” living building envelope uses the “green cell” technology to provide the undulating envelope with many features, such as, EFTE cushions, LEDs, ventilation louvers, solar panels, and vegetated panels. This allows the envelope to perform as a device for thermal insulation, natural ventilation, sun-shading, capturing solar energy, and improving air quality. The iconic form is a fusion of the local New Taipei City mountainous natural environment and the buiding. It allows the envelope to change from canopies to building skin depending on the spaces. The envelope succeeds at being sustainable, versatile, and adaptive to the buildind spaces and programs. However, it is fragmented and not as connected to the city and urbanscape. This is mainly because of its location outside the city center. pros -form of the building is shaped with the environment -sustainable, natural, versatile, adaptive building envelope -“green cell” building envelope adjusts depending on the space and progarm (is more than just a surface of greenery) cons

“New Taipei City Museum of Art Competition Winners”, http://www.archdaily.com/177169/ new-taipei-city-museum-of-art-competitionwinners/01_panel/ (accessed 19 Nov. 2015)

-prefer to be in the center of the city within the density; location of the project is far and isolated -still seems fragmented; simply creating bridges and expanding the green cells isn’t the solution

in-between spaces

“Kengo Kuma + Associates: New Taipei City Museum of Art”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/kengo-kuma-associates-new-taipei-city-museum-of-art/ (accessed 20 Nov. 2015)

plan showing in-between spaces

in-between spaces

in-between spaces images

“Kengo Kuma + Associates: New Taipei City Museum of Art”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/kengo-kuma-associates-new-taipei-city-museum-of-art/ (accessed 20 Nov. 2015)

passive and mechanical systems

sun light

evaporation outer skin inner skin cavity

ventilation

â&#x20AC;&#x153;New Taipei City Museum of Art Competition Winnersâ&#x20AC;?, http://www.archdaily.com/177169/new-taipei-citymuseum-of-art-competition-winners/01_panel/ (accessed 19 Nov. 2015)

site plan

floor plan level

the green cells integrate into the landscape and city center

“New Taipei City Museum of Art by Kengo Kuma & Associates”, http://architecturelinked.com/profiles/blogs/new-taipei-city-museum-of-art-by-kengo-kuma-associates (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

“New Taipei City Museum of Art by Kengo Kuma & Associates”, http://architecturelinked.com/ profiles/blogs/new-taipei-city-museum-of-art-by-kengo-kuma-associates (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

“Kengo Kuma + Associates: New Taipei City Museum of Art”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/kengo-kumaassociates-new-taipei-city-museum-of-art/ (accessed 20 Nov. 2015)

“Kengo Kuma + Associates: New Taipei City Museum of Art”, http://www.designboom.com/ architecture/kengo-kuma-associates-new-taipei-city-museum-of-art/ (accessed 20 Nov. 2015)

continuous “tree bark” green facade is only a surface

green facade

“IDEO Morph 38”, http://www.archdaily.com/432139/ideo-morph-38-somdoon-architects (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

“IDEO Morph 38”, http://www.archdaily. com/432139/ideo-morph-38-somdoonarchitects (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

Antony Wood, Payam Bahrami, and Daniel Safarik, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings (Australia: The Images Publishing Group, 2014)

ideo 38 morph tower semi-outdoor balconies

The IDEO Morph 38 towers are high-rise residential towers that incorporate a green facade as a “tree bark” that unifies the towers’ architectural design and the landscape. The green facade represents the towers’ symbiotic relationship with the environment and provides a natural landmark in contrast to the low-rise residential context. “tree bark” green facade The “tree bark” green facade acts as natural ventilation, protection against strong winds and robust weather conditions, a sun-shading device, a coverage for the air condensing units, and a porous skin to cool in between the “skins”. It provides a natural aesthetic and a symbiotic relationship with the environment, both which give the residences and neighbors a comfortable visual and natural environment. In addition, it successfully unifies the towers and connect them to the surrounding landscape. However, it doesn’t have a connection with the interior spaces and appears to just be a vertical surface of greenery. semi-outdoor balconies The semi-outdoor balconies act as extensions to the indoor living areas and also as skygardens that extend the natural environment to the indoor environment. They provide a relationship between the “seeing out” and “being seen”. pros -climber plants with adhesion roots, vines, and searcher shoots provide longevity of the green facade, durable growth bases, ability to grow in any direction reduce operational costs from watering and feeding, maximum of height with a minimum of horizontal connections (more coverage of green facade)(compared to facade-integrated system) -safety rail for planter service allows for easier and potentially safer maintenance than systems that can be accessed only from an exterior moving platform (in airspace between “skins”) -addition of planter-based trees on cantilevered skygarden balconies adds the option of standing at height outdoors under a canopy (gives good aesthetic variation) -connection of greenery on ground plane and vertical plane cons Antony Wood, Payam Bahrami, and Daniel Safarik, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings (Australia: The Images Publishing Group, 2014)

-maintenance of frequent pruning and directional training of the climbers is required -plants located on the interior side of green facade may not receive adequate light (may have different appearance) -no recycling of water -green facade as no architectural connection the the interior spaces

photos of the exterior

“IDEO Morph 38”, http://www.archdaily.com/432139/ideo-morph-38-somdoon-architects (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

photos of the interior

“IDEO Morph 38”, http://www.archdaily.com/432139/ideo-morph-38-somdoon-architects (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

vertical forest facade is only an envelope

“Bosco Verticale by Stefano Boeri Greens Milan’s Skyline”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-stefano-boeristudio-milan-10-20-2014/ http://www.designboom.com/architecture/stefano-boeri-vertical-forest/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

bosco verticale | stefano boeri Bosco Verticale is a high-rise residential towers that incorporates trees and vegetation onto the facade to emphasize the idea of vertical densification of nature and to regenerate of lost forests and biodiversity.

the vertical forest facade isn’t integrated in the interior spaces

vertical forest facade The living facade is designed with protruding balconies that integrate over 1,000 different species of trees, shrubs and plants. It aims to regenerate the site’s biodiversity, prevent urban sprawl, and provide residents with a private landscape while offering the advantages of living in a city. In addition, it performs as a natural filter between the inside and the outside environment by providing sun-shading, reducing pollution, reducing noise pollution, recycling water, providing natural cooling, and increasing air humidity. It is a unique icon in the skyline and sends a positive message about urban greenery. The facade is dynamic and successfully integrates vegetation on all parts of the building envelope. However, it doesn’t integrate greenery in the interior spaces and programs. pros -sends positive message about urban greenery -regenerates the lost of forests on the ground -sustainable benefits (sun-shading, reducing pollution, reducing noise pollution, water recycling, natural cooling, biodiversity, increase air humidity) -biodiversity cons “Bosco Verticale by Stefano Boeri Greens Milan’s Skyline”, http://www. designboom.com/architecture/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-stefanoboeri-studio-milan-10-20-2014/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

-might be dangerous in storm because trees can uproot and damage people and property -defecating birds -pests -maintenance inconvenience access through each unit -removal of plants in case of disease or death -more concrete was used in order to support roots and soil of mature trees at height -vertical greenery isn’t integrated in the interior spaces and programs

facade changes as the vegetation change through the seasons

“In Progress: Bosco Verticale”, http://www.archdaily.com/195866/in-progress-bosco-verticale-boeri-studio (accessed 29 Nov. 2015)

bioenergy system

irrigation

vegetation

bosco verticale

“Stefano Boeri: Bosco Verticale/Vertical Forest in Milan”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/stefano-boeri-verticalforest/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

vegetation

“Stefano Boeri: Bosco Verticale/Vertical Forest in Milan”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/stefano-boeri-vertical-forest/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

“Stefano Boeri: Bosco Verticale/Vertical Forest in Milan”, http://www.designboom.com/ architecture/stefano-boeri-vertical-forest/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

plans showing the protruding balconies with vegetation

interior spaces with a glimpse of the vertical greenery

protruding balcony with vegetation

“Bosco Verticale by Stefano Boeri Greens Milan’s Skyline”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-stefano-boeri-studio-milan-10-20-2014/ (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

the roof also has vegetation

green facade is only a surface

Antony Wood, Payam Bahrami, and Daniel Safarik, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings (Australia: The Images Publishing Group, 2014)

bosco verticale | stefano boeri Hotel InterContinental implements a living facade to introduce greenery to the city and provide a cultural landmark. It also acts as “living billboard” to market InterContinental Santiago as an environmentally-friendly company. “billboard” green facade The green facade performs as a unique corporate image to market InterContinental Santiago as a company that cares and respects the environment. The project utilizes the green facade as a branding tool, cultural landmark, thermal insulator, device for passive cooling, device for reducing air pollution, and natural sound insulator to provide sustainable benefits and reduce the building’s energy consumption. However, it is doesn’t connect to the interior spaces and programs architecturally and is only visible to some indoor spaces like the deck and restuarant. It appears as a flat surface of vertical greenery. pros -sends environmental message from the InterContinental Santiago company (“living billboard”) -increases public exposure -sustainable benefits (thermal insulation, passive cooling, reduce air pollution, natural sound insulation, reduce building energy consumption) cons -why not the north facade (where the harshest sun is for south hemisphere) (maybe because of branding) -green facade doesn’t connect with the project architecturally, especially in the interior spaces and programs. Antony Wood, Payam Bahrami, and Daniel Safarik, Green Walls in High-Rise Buildings (Australia: The Images Publishing Group, 2014)

green facade only apparent in selected interior spaces

interior part of green facade in deck

interior part of green facade in restaurant

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Intercontinental Santiagoâ&#x20AC;?, http://www.walmer.com.uy/lib/ajax/show_content.php?id=330 (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

photos of the panels and the exterior

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hotel Intercontinentalâ&#x20AC;?, http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/02-57267/en-construccion-nuevo-edificio-hotel-intercontinental-alemparte-barreda-y-asociados-arquitectos/59285 (accessed 28 Nov. 2015)

“Green Cast Kengo Kuma”, http://www.evolo.us/architecture/green-cast-kengo-kuma/ (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

“Green Cast Kengo Kuma & Associates”, http://www.archdaily.com/245156/green-cast-kengo-kuma-associates (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

“Green Building Ideas, Green Cast Design by Kengo Kuma”, http://www.lushome.com/green-building-ideas-green-castdesign-kengo-kuma/72043 (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

green cast | kengo kuma the facade is only a surface

Green Cast is a multi-purposed residence with an innovative facade that combines artificial materials, like aluminum die-cast panels, and natural materials, like living vegetation and biodegradable styrene foam, to emphasize the idea of time and the blend of nature and modern architecture. The resulting effect is a visually-stunning building that looks old and in a state of biodegradation as though the plants are taking over. The harmonious blend of modern architecture and the natural environment gives a unique identity on the street. In addition, it acts as a sun-shading device and a porous building skin for natural ventilation. The facade successfully creates a unique identity on the block; however, it is not architecturally integrated with the rest of the building. It doesn’t connect with the interior spaces and programs. pros -great idea of facade - versatile, natural, theme of time and reconnection with nature -amazing materiality/aesthetic effect up close cons -no relationship between exterior facade and interior, like two different projects -living wall isn’t integrated in the interior spaces and programs -looks clunky from afar

the interior spaces only have a glimpse of the facade from the window

“Green Cast Kengo Kuma & Associates”, http://www.archdaily.com/245156/green-cast-kengokuma-associates (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

ventilation

sun light

photos of the interior

“Kengo Kuma’s Green Cast”, http://inhabitat.com/kengo-kumas-green-cast-has-a-living-facade-of-pixelated-aluminum-planters/green-cast-kengo-kuma-10/ (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

“Green Cast Kengo Kuma & Associates”, http://www.archdaily.com/245156/green-cast-kengo-kuma-associates (accessed 22 Nov. 2015)

types of office spaces

open office

an open work space for more than ten people, suitable for activities which demand frequent communication or routine activities which need relatively little concentration

touchdown office

an open work space for one person, suitable for short-term activities which require little concentration and low interaction

team space

a semi-enclosed work space for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level of concentration

study booth

an enclosed work space for one person, suitable for short-term activities which demand concentration or confidentiality

team room

an enclosed work space for four to ten people, suitable for teamwork which may be confidential and demands frequent internal communication

work lounge

a lounge-like work space for two to six people, suitable for short-term activities which demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction

shared office

an enclosed work space for two or three people, suitable for semi-concentrated work and collaborative work in small groups

cubicle

a semi-enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which demand medium concentration and medium interaction

private office

an enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which are confidential, demand a lot of concentration or include many small meetings

cellular office -sequential arrangement of one- and multi- person offices along the facade -accessible shared hallway -autonomous, focused work -confidential meetings -status -privacy -individuality -communication with other employees

combination office -combination of standardized one- and multi-person offices for focused work, with significantly reduced floorspace -multi-functional shared area -focused work -communication in the central zone -transparency -standardized configuration -frequent shifts between focused individual work and more communicative project or team work

team office -different office types within one office building or floor -open and transparent -high flexibility -mix of office types -team building and organization -project work -concentration -communication

open office -advantages of several office forms in open-plan application scenarios -efficient use of space -flexibility in open-plan application scenarios -mix of open-plan, group and combination offices -openness and exchange of knowledge -concentration -communications -quality of interaction

evolution of the office

4000 BC

1500

1600

4000BC-800BC First Indoor Workplaces

1560 The Uffizi in Florence, Italy started

These workspaces were sheltered to provide protection throughout all seasons. Examples of such workplaces include: monasteries, city centers, halls of government, and trade spaces (such as blacksmithing and spinning spaces).

1700

It was built to house the administrative offices of the government when the Palazzo Vecchio became too small. It displays both efficiency and easy public acess. Surveilance of workers and the need for enlarged space due to growth remain issues within the workplace today.

early 1500s The De Medici family develops the first office

These were spaces where clerical workers could gather for better efficiency and supervision. As the clerical workers provided services to the public, gathering in an office made them more accessible.

1780 1760 industrial revolution 1840 1800

machine ag

1760-1840 Manufacturing processes move indoors

The invention of electric candles and light bulbs empowered work to move indoors. It resulted in rooms that could be lit without any windows or relation to time of day. Trade and guild work were the first industries to move indoors, soon after manufacturing followed. The working conditions within these manufacturing buildings were poor. Unhealthy workplaces were the norm due to the lack of personal hygiene. During the late 1800s, the capacity for twenty-four hour workdays were possible. Office spaces at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution were generally separated areas on the factory floor. For surveilance purposes, managers or supervisors usually had offices with a window looking out onto the machine area.

1880s The fi 12 sto

This wa (such a and tec building mid-20 availab and tele

connection with nature

life expectancy technology

manuscript book

uffizi

typical factory floor in the early 1800s

johnson-wax administra

1940

electronic age post world war II

1945

digital age

1980

1900

2000

Early 1900s The Taylorist office was created

It consisted of the serial repetition of desks in open plan areas. It advocated impersonal working conditions, epitomized by standardization and the desire for the economic use of space. Buildings were designed around natural ventilation and were narrow to allow natural light to access the floor plates throughout. Limited structural spans and the fact that vertical transportation was not yet developed also greatly influenced the building typology. It emphasized natural systems for lighting, ventilation, heating, and cooling.

1930s Advancements in electricity enabled lighting of spaces around the clock. Longer work days became the norm.

s rst high-rise buildings (exceeding ories) were constructed

as possible due to developments in materials as steel suitable for high-rise construction) chnolgy (such as elevators and cranes). These gs were rare outside of dense cities until the 0th century. Offices developed in response to le supporting technologies (the typewriter ephone).

1960s and 1970s The Burolandschaft/Office Landscape was created

Late 1990s The Green Building movement started

It cultivated open collaborative spaces. It was developed to break the disconnection of the interior and exterior of the building. Building cores were 1950s Buildings were built without concern for typically distributed across the floor plate to provide uniform services. Alternatively, the building core site or climate influences was located on the periphery to minimize visual and Artificial lighting and ventilation were the rule. physical obstruction within the interior. Subvisions The office remained a dehumanized and isolated and walls were eliminated within this paradigm. The place with no or limited consideration for the workstations evolved from the common rectangular workers. This did not change until the late 1960s. shape to a corner typology. Research conducted at the time indicated that improving social networks enhanced staff morale. 1967 This was found to directly increase movtivation and productivity of employees. Glass office were The Action Office was created introduced to offer continuous visual contact It ultimately aimed to provide higher privacy for within the workplace. individuals. It was intended as an alternative to the open plan concept. It later developed into the cubicle system, maximizing floor area economy, defying the original concept of interconnected spaces that also offer privacy.

Late 1970s to early 1990s Economic Efficiency was enforced

Buildings were predominantly rectangular or square to allow for optimal standardization. A shallower depth from the core to the outer walls was preferred. Due to development in building materials, larger spans were made possible, leading to column-free office spaces. Workplaces were populated by a combination of private offices and cubicles. Offices of partners and managers typically lined the periphery of the building, leaving dark, artificially lit corridors and central areas for other offices and cubicle layouts. Cubicles are often found in endless mazes to optimize economic efficiency.

End of 1800s Maintaining healthy buildings became a priority Aspects such as clean air, navigable stairwalls for wheelchairs and natural lighting (that enabled detail work to be performed indoors) became the focus.

overwork deaths

tion building

typical office floor in the 1940s

jacques tati playtime

2014

action office

Research indicated a relationship between office worker productivity and environmental design. This launched investigations into sustainability and green design principles.

21st century Collaborative office spaces started

The humanization of the workplace started and workplaces begun to respond in various degrees to the employeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs for child-care, exervise, health care, and relaxation. Technological advancements altered the way that knowledge work could be performed. The shift away from supervision to performance changes the way that workplaces need to operate and what they need to offer. Office spaces for most have become less hierarchical. An increase in social and interactive spaces is becoming the norm. Deep floor plates and large column spans provide continuous spaces that, by extension, maximize interaction between various areas. Atriums and broad, central stairways provide vertically interconnected spaces, linking various floors visually and psychologically. There is a return of the office landscape to maximize the use of the flexible and open floor plate. There is also a shift from purpose-built workplaces to buildings recycled into offices.

mental disorder brain/heart diseases

darling quarter

design method

design a new office building with relation to site and urban context focus on the building envelope design and its architectural relationship with the building utilize Revit for building envelope studies and facade simulations

operation strategy: design living facade based on the: -urban scale -building scale -interactive scale

program: -office spaces -office rental spaces -retail spaces -open spaces

office building

garden

living facade

green roof

living wall

urban context

living facade

green space

site selection

San Francisco, California - small city in terms of space (49 square miles) - dense city surrounded by water (except south part) - no more additional space for expansion - conserving space is crucial - adding vertical greenery is necessary _______________________________________________________________ Left Figure. â&#x20AC;&#x153;San Francisco, CA.â&#x20AC;? Map. Google Earth.

San Francisco, California average high temperature average low temperature average relative humidity average precipitation days with precipitation average wind speed wind direction

january

february

march

april

may

june

july

august

september

october

november

december

57 °F

60 °F

62 °F

63 °F

64 °F

66 °F

67 °F

68 °F

70 °F

69 °F

63 °F

57 °F

46 °F

47 °F

49 °F

51 °F

53 °F

54 °F

55 °F

54 °F

50 °F

46 °F

76%

74%

70%

71%

72%

70%

73%

71%

72%

73%

78%

4.5 inches

3.3 inches

1.5 inches

0.7 inches

0.2 inches

0 inches

0.1 inches

0.2 inches

1.1 inches

3.2 inches

4.6 inches

11 days

10 days

6 days

4 days

2 days

1 day

4 days

7 days

10 days

5 mph

7 mph

11 mph

10 mph

14 mph

12 mph

10 mph

8 mph

6 mph

8 mph

300°

270°

290°

280°

300°

290°

300°

10°

291 Btu/(h*ft2)

302 Btu/(h*ft2)

299 Btu/(h*ft2)

301 Btu/(h*ft2)

295 Btu/(h*ft2)

294 Btu/(h*ft2)

182 hours

251 hours

281 hours

314 hours

330 hours

300 hours

maximum solar radiation (direct 288 Btu/(h*ft2) normal radiation)

average daily sunshine biome

climate

165 hours Mediterranean Forest mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation, foggy summers

297 Btu/(h*ft2) 294 Btu/(h*ft2) 272 hours

267 hours

284 Btu/(h*ft2) 243 hours

289 Btu/(h*ft2) 291 Btu/(h*ft2) 189 hours

156 hours

vegetation low maintenance

native to san francisco

effective at filtering out formaldehyde and VOC’s

oxalis oregana redwood sorrel

epipremnum aureum golden pothos

philodendron brazil philodendron

philodendron cordatum heart leaf philodendron

heuchera maxima alum root

epipremnum aureum neon pothos

ficus elastica burgundy rubber plant

geranium cantabrigiense biokovo

heuchera sanguinea coral bell

schefflera arboricola “luseanne” (dwarf scheff)

kalanchoe blossfeldiana kalanchoe

asplenium bulbiferum mother fern

heuchera santa ana cardinal santa ana cardinal coral bells

dracaena deremensis dwarf janet craig

begonia rex-cultorum rex begonia

heuchera rubescens pink alum root

epipremnum aureum marbel queen pothos

fittonia argyroneura nerve plant

satureja douglasii yerba buena

epipremnum aureum n-joy pothos

euphorbia pulcherrima dwarf poinsettia

festuca idahoensis idaho fescue

syngonium podophyllum pink nephthytis

bromeliaceae bromeliads

aster dumosus dwarf asters

syngonium podophyllum white butterfly nephthytis

alocasia/colocasia elephant’s ear

dudleya pulverulenta chalk dudleya

aeschynanthus spp. lipstick plant

calathea spp. calathea

sedum spathulifolium broadleaf stonecrop

relative humidity

cloud cover

direct solar radiation

wind speed

Diagrams from: â&#x20AC;&#x153;San Francisco, CA.â&#x20AC;? Diagram. Climate Consultant 5.3.

south beach district site

neighborhoods

density (people per square mile) >5,000 >5,000 to 10,000 >10,000 to 15,000 >15,000 to 25,000 >25,000 to 35,000 >35,000 to 60,000 >60,000 south beach district site

density

open spaces (parks and beaches) natural green spaces water (lakes, ponds, ocean) freeways highways south beach district site

open spaces

south beach district site

topography

temperature (°F) < 32 °F 32 - 70 °F 70 - 75 °F 75 °F - 100 °F > 100 °F relative humidity (%) < 30% 30 - 70% > 70% south beach district site

wind rose

fog south beach district site

fog

coldest areas warmest areas south beach district site

microclimates

4.1 kWh/m2 4.2 kWh/m2 4.5 kWh/m2 4.6 kWh/m2 south beach district site

solar map

sunrise, 8:49 am summer solstice time, 3:35 pm sunset, 11:36 pm variation of sun trajectories south beach district site

sun path on summer solstice June 20, 2016 at 3:35 pm PDT

temperature (°F) < 32 °F 32 - 70 °F 70 - 75 °F 75 °F - 100 °F > 100 °F relative humidity (%) < 30% 30 - 70% > 70%

temperature (°F)

sunrise, 8:49 am

< 32 °F

summer solstice time, 3:35 pm

32 - 70 °F 70 - 75 °F 75 °F - 100 °F > 100 °F relative humidity (%)

sunset, 11:36 pm variation of sun trajectories south beach district site

solar path and windrose at site

et tre tS rke Ma

Market Street, San Francisco, California - significant street in San Francisco - major transit street - one of longest streets in the city (3 miles) - one of widest streets in the city (120 feet) - directed towards twin peaks, one of the largest landmarks in the city - where parades, strikes, and other public events are hosted - separates different grids - major connection to the city

embarcadero center

Financial District, San Francisco, California embarcadero center 1 569 ft 45 floors

office tower

embarcadero center 2 413 ft 30 floors

embarcadero center 3 413 ft 31 floors

embarcadero center 4 571 ft 45 floors

- complex of four connected towers - stitched by overhead walkways - each tower is an office tower with a retail plaza below on street level - city within city concept - largest mixed-use complex in Western US - brutalist style - precast concrete - built in 1970s - integrates fine architecture with a collection of fine art - cold, sober design of towers - the complex turns its back on the city and creates a self-contained city within a city

overhead walkway

retail plaza

- center 4 will be the focus of the project as a prototype for the other towers - center 4 has direct access to the nearby ferry building, sue bierman park, the hyatt regency hotel, and the prominent market street

â&#x20AC;&#x153;San Francisco, CA.â&#x20AC;? Aerial Photo. Google Maps

Street Level Retail Plan

Lobby Level Retail Plan

break room reception area supply room copy room office conference room restroom storage room service

Promenade Level Retail Plan

Office Plan (Floors 4 - 45)

shopping

a shine & co. chiro-medical group express comerica bank comerica bank atm cosmetic dentistry associates embarcadero center cinema first republic bank ilsc education group spargo, a place for men united states postal service wheel house world custom trailors

embarcadero center 2 2 shopping ambassador toys banana republic godiva chocolatier hbf|hbf textiles|gunlocke jos. a. bank l’occitane en provence papyrus sallumeh boutique sikara & co.

dining

fuzio universal bistro gambino’s new york subs gaylord india restaurant the melt prima cosa caffe thrive juicery

embarcadero center retail programs

2 dining anderson bakery batter bakery blanc et rouge blue hawaii acai cafe the patriot house peet’s coffee & tea pizza orgasmica

services & medical

allen admonds amadeus flowers beckett & robb ritz jewelers t-mobile

2 services & medical active sports clubs chase bank chase bank atm embarcadero cleaners embarcadero dentistry escobar brothers custom tailors one medical group

4 services & medical bank of america atm conference center dentistry with a woman’s touch eye carumba optometry oasis convenience one medical group peninsula beauty & salon

shopping

4 dining giants dugout store gnc loft lydia’s flowers peninsula beauty & salon

3 shopping ann taylor & ann taylor petites black tie tuxedos & couture menswear bridal galleria edwards everything travel gap|gapfit|gap kids hyegraph invitations & calligraphy jest jewels lucy women’s activewear naturalizer see’s candies shoe wiz

dining

4 shopping boudin sourdough bakery & cafe breaking bread sandwiches buckhorn grill the coffee bean & tea leaf crepe & curry crystal jade ladle & leaf oasis convenience onigilly osha thai restaurant over the moon creamery paramo coffee company posh bagel rubio’s fresh mexican grill saigon deli express sens restaurant stone korean kitchen sushi kinta

3 dining green bar kara’s cupcakes kirimachi ramen pressed see’s candies

services & medical

embarcadero center 3

dining

embarcadero center 4

services & medical

shopping

services & medical

dining

shopping

embarcadero center 1

3 services & medical the bar method dr. brion hu, dds fedex kinko’s hyegraphy invitations & calligraphy pro-style travel document systems the ups store vanity beauty lounge

law

Comerica Bank Financial News America

Boston Consulting Group

JAMS Arbitration and Mediation Time Publishing Ventures

Greenberg Traurig, LLP Greene Radovsky Malone & Share LLP Harvey Siskind LLP K&L Gates LLP Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP

Allen Matkins Leck Gamble Mallory & Natsis LLP Arnold & Porter LLP Dergosits & Noah Keller & Heckman Polsinelli Schubert Jonckheer Kolbe & Kralowec LLP

Lazard Freres & Co. Marcato Capital Matthews International PCAP Managers Rabobank

other

Mercer Human Resources Consulting

Chemoil Prudential Insurance Company of America

other financial

law

embarcadero center 3

consulting

embarcadero center 4

law

Bain & Company

Falcon Point Capital Macquarie Holdings Rockwood Capital Tennenbaum Capital Partners Wellington Management

financial

consulting

Alta Partners EverBank Golden Gate Private Equity Monitise Americas Raymond James & Associates, Inc.

Baker & McKenzie Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell LLP Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton, LLP Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Melveny & Myers LLP

financial

Archer Norris Hawkins, Delafield & Wood, LLP Manatt, Phelps & Phillips Nixon Peabody LLP Ropes & Gray LLP Severson & Wersen Sideman & Bancroft Zuckerman & McQuiller

consulting

embarcadero center 2

other

embarcadero center 1

other

financial

law

embarcadero center office programs

Devereaux, Kuhner & Chin Evercore Partners Lombard Investments PricewaterhouseCoopers Ironshore Insurance

april may

february

embarcadero day & night activities

january

day

june

july

december

august

november

september october

night day & night

march

work shopping ferry building and ferry plaza farmers market (tue,thur,sat lunch times) fine art collection self-guided tour photos with santa - nov -dec holiday band/orchestra performances - dec hyatt regency hotel dining cinema holiday ice skating rink - nov - dec building lighting ceremony & carnival - nov hawaiian night at the ice rink - dec

Site Montage

Site in Comparison to Slocum Hall

Office Plans in the Site Plan

Retail Plans in the Site Plan

iterations of design

1. Interactive Scale 2. Building Scale 3. Urban Scale 2. Building Scale conceptual diagrams, sketches, and models exploring the form of a new living facade as an building envelope that improves building performance and a spatial ribbon that connects and creates new spaces in embarcadero center 4 a. iteration based on analysis of site views and diagonal grid geometry b. iteration based on wind analysis c. iteration based on sun analysis

Axis and Views Analysis

one maritime one maritim mar mariti i ime pplaza itime lazaa

ttransamerica an m pyramid ansamerica america ppyra pyraamid mid id id

ssue bierman park

vaillancou vaillancour vaillancourt urt rrtt

hhyatt yattt regency cyy hhotell

ferry buildingg

Axes and Views Analysis translated into Form of new Living Facade

diagonal geometry reference market street angle/grid view to sue bierman park view to one maritime plaza

view to transamerica pyramid

view to ferry building & vaillancourt fountain

view to hyatt regency hotel

wind velocity & pressure

wind velocity & pressure analysis

+ wind pressure

wind velocity & pressure influenced form adjustments

zone of decreased speed

- wind pressure

+ wind speed

at 540 ft high

+ wind speed

+ wind pressure

- wind pressure

at 370 ft high

zone of decreased speed

at 370 ft high

+ wind speed + wind pressure

- wind pressure

at 200 ft high

zone of decreased speed

at 200 ft high

zone of decreased speed + wind pressure

+ wind speed

- wind pressure

at 30 ft high

Wind Analysis translated into Form of new Living Facade

at 540 ft at 370 ft

- wind pressure against building

at 200 ft at 30 ft

Sunlight Analysis

sunlight analysis

less sunlight access

most sunlight access

most sunlight access less sunlight access

Sunlight Analysis translated into Form of new Living Facade

more sunlight; thus, dense vegetation

less sunlight; thus, less vegetation

Living Facade as a Spatial Ribbon

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