Chapter 7 / Interactions 2 Language and Communication to determine
decide
communicate
to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body or using other signals
closely
very carefully - to watch someone closely
recent
happening or starting from a short time ago
to shape
to make something have a particular shape or form
to wonder
to ask yourself questions or express a desire to know about something
finding
the information that someone has discovered as a result of their study, work etc
to shed light on
to make something easier to understand, by providing new or better information, explain
species
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
pheromone
a chemical that is produced by people's and animals' bodies and is thought to influence the behavior of other people or animals
odor
smell
attract
to make someone or something move towards another thing: Leftover food attracts flies.
mate
the sexual partner of an animal, someone you work with, do an activity with, or share something with
warning
something that makes you aware of a possible danger or problem
warn
to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may happen
territory
the area that an animal, bird etc regards as its own and will defend against other animals
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bit
a small piece of something
wipe
to rub a surface with something in order to remove dirt, liquid etc
trail
a long line or a series of marks that have been left by someone or something
gesture
a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel
to wag
(especially of a tail or finger) to move from side to side or up and down, especially quickly and repeatedly
rear
at or near the back of something, especially a vehicle [≠front]
in the wild
in natural and free conditions, not kept or controlled by people
primate
a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys and apes
upright
straight up or vertical
swagger
to walk proudly, swinging your shoulders in a way that shows you are very confident
swing
to move forward and backward
grin
a wide smile
tension
a nervous worried feeling that makes it impossible for you to relax, the feeling that exists when people or countries do not trust each other
tense
feeling worried, uncomfortable, and unable to relax
stressful
worrying
reassure
to make someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem or situation
vocalize
to make a sound or sounds with your voice
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rebound
to bounce back after hitting a hard surface
bounce
to move up or away after hitting a surface
echo
a sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface such as a wall
click
to make a short hard sound, or make something produce this sound whales make clicking noises
encounter
meet • bump into/run into, experience
prey
an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal - predator
identify
to recognize someone or something
pod
a group of sea animals, such as whales or dolphins, that swim together
population
all the people or animals of a particular type or group who live in one country, area or place
prairie
a wide open area of fairly flat land in North America
chatter
a series of short high sounds made by some birds or monkeys, informal talk
colony
a group of animals, insects or plants of the same type that live together
to record
write down, register
observe
to watch carefully
event
anything that happens, especially something important or unusual
utilize
to use something for a particular purpose
claim
to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved
to alert
to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it
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to spot
to notice someone or something, especially when they are difficult to see or recognize
creature
a living thing
coyote
a small wild dog that lives in North West America and Mexico
distinguish
differentiate
gender
the physical and/or social condition of being male or female
symbol
a letter, number, or sign that represents a sound, an amount, a chemical substance etc, signal ability
capacity mammal
any animal of which the female gives birth to babies, not eggs, and feeds them on milk from her own body
prove
to show that something is true by providing facts, information etc
command
order
evidence
facts, information, documents etc that prove something is true, proof
demonstrate
to show that you have a particular ability, quality, or feeling
organ
a part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular job
subject
a person or animal that is used in a test or experiment
deaf
unable to hear, either completely or partly
pick something up to learn something by watching or listening to other people outdoors
outside, not in a building (+ outdoors)
to coin
to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use
argue
to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true
acquire
to gain knowledge or learn a skill
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monster
any imaginary frightening creature
to focus
concentrate
journal
a serious magazine about a specialist subject
identical
exactly the same, or very similar
linguist
someone who studies foreign languages
pregnancy
having a baby developing inside the womb
continuum
a scale of related things on which each one is only slightly different from the one before
memorize
to learn something so that you will remember it exactly
previously
before now, formerly
obtain
to get something, acquire
to fit
to suit
category
a group of people or things that are all of the same type
stereotype
a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like
verbal
spoken rather than written
to exchange
to give something to someone and receive something from him
gain
to obtain something that is useful
status
an official position, especially in a social group
root
the cause or origin
startling
surprising
conclusion
the final part of something
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alert
quick to see, understand and act in a particular situation, watchful, vigilant
character
personality
behavior
conduct, how one behaves
nurture
the education and care that you are given as a child, and the way it affects your later development and attitudes
context
the situation within which something exists or happens
take apart
to separate something into its different parts
involve
include
task
job
task oriented
giving a lot of time, effort, or attention to a certain task
interactive
involving talking and working together
self-fulfilling prophecy something that you cause to happen by saying and expecting that it will fulfill
to do something that expected or hoped for
prophecy
a statement that something will happen in the future, prediction, forecast
conclude
to reach a conclusion
assume
to accept something to be true without question or proof, believe
assumption
something that you think is true although you have no definite proof
proven
tested and shown to be true or good, or shown to exist
accurate
correct and true in every detail
converse
to have a conversation with someone
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hug
embrace
tend
to be likely to behave in a particular way
fearful
frightened, scared
apparent
clear, obvious
simplify
to make something less complicated and therefore easier to do or understand
responsive
reacting quickly, in a positive way
willingly
voluntarily
keep in mind
remember
to morph
change, to develop a new appearance or change into something else, or to make something do this begins to develop
to germinate purist
someone who believes that something should be done in the correct or traditional way
bemoan
to complain or say that you are disappointed about something
degrade
to make a situation or the condition of something worse
degradation
the process by which something changes to a worse condition
meanwhile
while something else is happening
commit
to do something wrong or illegal
genocide
the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people, ethnic cleansing
take somewhere by storm merge
to take a sudden and complete control
to combine, or to join things together to form one thing
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hybrid
something that consists of or comes from a mixture of two or more other things
keep somebody on their toes
to make sure that someone is ready for anything that might happen, stay alert
maintain
to make something continue in the same way
to creep
to move in a quiet, careful way, especially to
lash out
to suddenly speak angrily to someone or criticize someone angrily
launch
to start something, usually something big or important
effort
physical or mental activity needed to achieve something
preserve
to keep something as it is
a mess
a situation that is full of problems:
to conduct
carry out
to cut a deal
make a business deal
accelerate
speed up, go faster
assimilate
take into, absorb
eradicate
get rid of, abolish
to halt
stop, prevent something from continuing
unavoidable
impossible to avoid, inevitable