THURSDAY 11th AUGUST 2016
WEEKLY TRANSMISSION N°32 FAMILY OF MAN:
TWELVE EARLY PHOTO IDs IN TSARIST RUSSIA
n°5, detail
PWT 32-2016 CONTENTS : About an History of Photo IDs About the History of the Jews in Russia Twelve Early Photo IDs Next PWT will be organized in seven categories
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n°1, detail Louis Convers at the French Academy in Rome. He was the 1888 first prize winner in the Sculpture category.
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N°32 : TWELVE TSARISTS IDS
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About an History of Photo IDs A version of the passport — safe conduct — considered to be the earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by King Henry V of England (1386-1422) with the Safe Conducts Act, 1414. For the next 500 years and before World War I, most people did not have or need an identity document, as they were not travelling. Photographic identification appeared in 1876 (created by Canadian Photographer William Notman at the Philadelphia Exposition) but it did not become widely used until the early 20th century when photographs became part of passports and other ID documents such as driver's licenses, all of which came to be referred to as "photo IDs". Both Australia and Great Britain, for example, introduced the requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after the socalled Lody spy scandal. The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by ISO/IEC 7810. Some modern identity documents are smart cards including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit, that were standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC 7816. New technologies allow identity cards to contain biometric information, such as photographs, face, hand or iris measurements, or fingerprints. Electronic identity cards (or e-IDs) are already available in countries including Belgium, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Morocco, Portugal and Spain. Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized the process. In the US, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency began using these on wanted posters in the United States by the early 1870s. The paired arrangement may have been inspired by the 1865 prison portraits taken by Alexander Gardner of accused conspirators in the Lincoln assassination trial, though Gardner's photographs were full-body portraits with only the heads turned for the profile shots. After the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Prefecture of Police of Paris hired a photographer, Eugène Appert, to take portraits of convicted prisoners. In 1888, Alphonse Bertillon invented the modern mug shot featuring full face and profile views, standardizing the lighting and angles. This system was soon adopted throughout Europe, and in the United States and Russia. Despite their association with accused criminals, mug shots are also taken often in a non-criminal context. In Russia, photo IDs were introduced for the Jewish travelers, students, professors and and businessmen. (from various articles)
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About the History of the Jews in Russia The vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of antisemitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. Russian Jewry consists predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews but also comprises a number of other Diasporan Jewish groups, such as Mountain Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews, and Georgian Jews. The assassination in 1881 of Russian Tsar Alexander II by young members of the Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will") movement, Nikolai Rysakovin and Ignacy Hryniewiecki provocated a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish pogroms swept Ukraine and the Pale of Settlement. Temporary regulations regarding the Jews were published in May 1882, banning Jewish people from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people, even within the Pale. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Russian Empire had not only the largest Jewish population in the world, but actually had a majority of the world's Jews living within its borders. In 1897, according to Russian census of 1897 total Jewish population of Russia was 5,189,401 persons of both sexes (4.13% of total population). Of this total 93,9% lived in the 25 provinces of the Pale of Settlement. The total population of the Pale of Settlement amounted to 42,338,367—of these, 4,805,354 (11.5%) were Jews. Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917. Many Jews were prominent in Russian revolutionary parties. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish intelligentsia because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-Orthodox Christians within the Russian Empire. For much the same reason, many non-Russians, notably Latvians or Poles, were disproportionately represented in the party leaderships. The Okhrana (The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order), the Tsarist police was formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity.
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n°4, detail
New organization of the transmissions in 7 categories : 1. Changing Places 2. Family of Man 3. Photographers vs Non Photographers 4. CSI 5. Chemical Nightmares 6. Before Selfies 7. Imaging Old Ideas Number Thirty-Second, 2016, of the Weekly Transmission has been uploaded on Thursday 11th August 2016 at 15:15 (Paris time). Forthcoming uploads and transmissions on Thursdays : Thursday 18th August, Thursday 25th August, 15:15 (Paris time). serge@plantureux.fr
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