Hydrophyte Volume 26 Issue 4 - October 2022

President’s Message

It’s that time of the year where things finally begin to slow down for us. The vegetation isn’t growing quite as quickly as it was a few weeks ago. The algae blooms aren’t quite as frequent as they were also. This doesn’t mean our job is done. As we head into the winter it is crucial we do the necessary work to make our jobs easier next Spring when things pick up again.

We were looking forward to seeing everyone at our quarterly meeting but Ian had his own plans. We hope our friends in Southwest Florida escaped major damage and hopefully can get back to “normal” living quickly. Our meeting has been rescheduled and we can’t wait to see everyone there.

Until then, be safe and keep making our state’s natural resources as healthy as they can be.

Fuhrman - President South Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society

Cover Photo: Allstate Resource Management

Board Members - 2022

Officers 2022

Andy Fuhrman, President (954) 382-9766 afuhrman@allstatemanagement.com

Dail Laughinghouse, Ph.D., Vice President (954) 577-6382 hlaughinghouse@ufl.edu

Colleen Sullivan, Secretary/Treasurer (954) 382-9766 csullivan@allstatemanagement.com

Hughie Cucurullo, Immediate Past President (561) 845-5525 hcucurullo@avcaquatic.com

Board Members 2022

Keith Andreu (239) 694-2174 andreu@lchcd.org

Rose Bechard-Butman (954) 519-0317 rbechardbutman@broward.org

James Boggs (352) 521-3538 boggsj@helenaagri.com Norma Cassinari (334) 741-9393 ngcassinari@alligare.com

Lyn Gettys, Ph.D. (954) 577-6331 lgettys@ufl.edu

Wykle Greene (813) 416-7653 wykle.greene@syngenta.com

Wendi Nance (386) 409-1175 wendin@sepro.com Dharmen Setaram (407) 670-4094 dsetaram@landolakes.com

Steven Weinsier (954) 382-9766 sweinsier@allstatemanagement.com

The Francis E. “Chil” Rossbach Scholarship Fund

Funds from the scholarship are used to help defray costs for students taking classes related to the study of aquatic environmental sciences or related areas. The scholarship is open to anyone, and all are encouraged to apply Applications will be accepted throughout the year and the scholarship awarded when a suitable candidate is found. Money raised by the Society during the year partially goes to fund this scholarship, the intent of which is to promote the study of aquatics. For an application, please go to www.sfapms.org.

Andy

Ph.D. student fights for mangroves — not concrete seawalls on Miami's shorelines

By: Angela Nicoletti | Florida International University

Miami’s future could be one of enormous concrete seawalls stretching along the coast. Or something a little different — where mangroves become the type of infrastructure that really protects the city.

Marbelys Garriga is fighting for a future where coastal urban landscape and design is dominated by living shorelines that benefit precious water resources, protect wildlife and help ensure humans can continue to live in coastal communities.

The FIU Institute of Environment Ph.D. student is spearheading a project to gather quantifiable evidence on how traditional, more well-known shoreline infrastructure, such as seawalls or rip rap retaining walls, compare to natural forms, like mangroves and oysters. She’s focused on how these different types of infrastructures could impact an issue Miami continues to grapple with — water quality.

During my summer internship in St. Lucie County, I will be shadowing scientists at various organizations.

My first shadowing experience was with Dr. Carey Minteer and her team conducting research on biological control of invasive earleaf acacia at the UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center.

My next internship shadowing experience was learning about how Florida Atlantic University at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute is using native sea vegetables for both human consumption and coastal restoration.

I have since had the opportunity to go on a nighttime sea turtle excursion with Ecological Associates Inc. in Jensen Beach, Florida.

Garriga takes a moment with the mangroves.

“Miami Dade has been focused on rehabilitating and restoring natural coastal areas where possible, but living shoreline projects have not been significantly considered in the heavily urbanized shorelines of Miami,” Garriga said “If we quantify the water quality regulation capacity of each infrastructure type, and provide a way for policymakers to use measurable outcomes of living shorelines for water quality regulation, it becomes more difficult to still favor seawalls that provide no ecological function.”

Garriga knows that when most people think infrastructure, they probably envision manmade structures and not mangroves with their gnarled, twisted, long leggy roots stretching down into water.

But, in many ways, mangroves are infrastructure — a very complex natural type that does more for our shorelines than what we’re currently capable of building to protect ourselves.

The benefits mangroves provide to people are well-documented. They protect coastal communities from sea level rise. They defend South Florida from powerful hurricanes. And there’s another benefit that Garriga wants to explore — how they impact water quality.

Garriga — who is a part of the NSF-funded CREST Center for Aquatic Chemistry and the Environment and is also funded by the Urban Resilience to the Extremes Sustainability Research Network — would use flow-through flumes placed in artificial, hybrid, and natural shorelines to test for nutrient fluxes. Once, before the water comes into contact with the infrastructure. Then again at the point it intercepts with it. At a few of the sites, the flumes will also target stormwater outfall flow, which will allow Garriga to understand how living shorelines can intercept stormwater runoff before entering coastal waters.

These before and after comparisons will show what’s happening to certain nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorous — caused by fertilizer, sewage and other human sources.

Concrete can’t do anything to remove these nutrients from the water. Trees, though, rely on nitrogen and phosphorous to live and can filter them from the water, improving water quality.

Garriga always makes sure to capture the beauty of the mangroves while in the field.

Garriga already knows seawalls won’t be shown to do any good in terms of water quality. But, the problem is seawalls get built because they have quantifiable ways to physically stop water. Even though she knows the mangroves and other living shorelines do a lot more, the first step is to gather evidence to accurately prove these benefits.

Currently, Garriga’s speaking with city officials throughout Miami to get permission to conduct her research at sites in Biscayne Bay and Lakeworth Lagoon. These areas were selected because past water quality research has been conducted there — like the Coral Gables Water quality assess ment, which was led by FIU Director of Science for Sea Level Solutions Tiffany Troxler, as well as Miami Waterkeeper water quality sites.

Lakeworth was also selected because there’s hybrid types of living shorelines. In one example, mangroves were planted near a crumbling seawall. From a distance, the mangroves look nothing like their historic counterparts in the Everglades. They’re trimmed, maintained and resemble squat hedges. In addition to bringing some greenery to the landscape, they also have helped stabilize the seawall, so that it doesn’t need to be repaired or replaced.

“Even little mangroves provide so much good,” Garriga said. “They don’t have to be tall enough to block our coastal views, because it’s that bottom half, the root system, that’s needed for water quality regulation — and that also serves as a habitat for fish and other wildlife.”

One issue, though, that presents a challenge is that current policy in Miami controls when and where mangroves are planted, and also states they cannot be trimmed. Garriga hopes that it can be changed to reflect an important distinction — that the critically endangered habitats in the Everglades would remain protected, but the ones planted as ecological engineering infrastructure would fall under a different set of rules.

Essentially, it requires a different viewpoint, to see the mangroves in a new way. It’s a subtle difference, but an important one.

Garriga looks forward to getting out into the field. To begin this research will bring her one step closer to her dream.

When it comes down to it, a living shoreline is about choosing to allow nature to work to our human advantage. It’s about designing places that are pleasant to visit — a quiet, peaceful spot that looks out over the ocean without a wall blocking the view or perhaps a bench among some mangroves.

In the middle of a city, it can be a pocket of nature, of life, of beauty.

The mangroves in Lakeworth don't look like their historic counterparts in the Everglades. They’re trimmed and resemble hedges.

Florida oysters found to have toxic “forever chemicals”

By: Angela Nicoletti / Florida International University

Some say, the world is your oyster, but the world — especially human impacts on the environment — can actually be found inside an oyster, according to a new study.

When FIU Institute of Environment scientists sampled 156 oysters from Biscayne Bay, Marco Island and Tampa Bay, they detected contaminants — perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) and phthalate esters (PAEs) — in every single one. These contaminants pose serious health risks to people and wildlife, and the oysters prove they are in the water and have crept into the food chain. The findings were recently published in Science of the Total Environment.

As filter-feeders, oysters are among the best sentinels and can reveal a lot about the overall health of an ecosystem including levels of contamination.

Biscayne Bay oysters had the highest concentrations of contaminants compared to the other study sites. Lemos says this was somewhat surprising since they were among the smallest oysters sampled. The more time an oyster has to grow, the more time it also has to accumulate toxic chemicals.

Tampa Bay oysters were among the largest in the study, but they didn’t have nearly the amount of PFAS or PAEs as the tinier Biscayne Bay oysters. This means Biscayne Bay could be so contaminated, the oysters are bombarded with such high concentrations they accumulate contaminants more quickly, Lemos said.

An oyster analyzed in the lab for toxic chemicals.

Credit: Leila Lemos

The contaminants are likely interfering with the oysters’ growth, she said, making their small size another clue. In fact, there was a strong correlation between the amount of PFAS in the water and an oyster’s shell thickness and weight. The oysters with the highest concentrations of contaminants had the thinnest shells. The number of contaminants in the area could impair their development — which raises concerns for how chemical contaminants could threaten oyster farming in other parts of the coun try.

Findings reveal Florida’s coastlines have been exposed to PFAS and other toxic chemicals

Old St. Pete Fashioned

Recipe from Fresh From Florida Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Ingredients

2 ounces Florida whiskey (such as Old St. Pete Sunshine whiskey)

½ ounce Florida orange liqueur (such as Tippler’s Reserve bourbon blend orange liqueur)

3 dashes of bitters

1 splash simple syrup

Fresh Florida strawberries and orange peel for garnish

Preparation

In a cocktail shaker filled ⅓ of the way with ice, add whiskey, orange liqueur, bitters and simple syrup. Shake ingredients well and strain into a rocks glass filled with fresh ice. Garnish with fresh Florida strawberries and orange peel. Drink responsibly.

The study also assessed the human health risk of consuming oysters. In this study, the Tampa Bay oysters originated from an oyster farm, so Lemos examined those samples. The good news is the health risk is low. However, Lemos points out current assessments only include four PFAS and four PAEs compounds — and don’t look at the majority of compounds. The assessment also does not look at the risks of consuming other marine life that may live the same waters with the oysters with high contamination.

“It’s important to also remember that there’s so many other exposure paths for both PFAS and PAEs compounds, like drinking water,” Lemos said.

In fact, a previous FIU study, led by FIU chemistry Assistant Professor Natalia Quinete, found around 30 different PFAS in Miami, Broward and Palm Beach tap water, as well as in Biscayne Bay and nearby tributary canals.

PAEs are widely used in consumer products, including phar maceuticals, cosmetics, personal care products, food pack ing, detergents, children’s toys and more.

Exposure can happen from ingestion, inhalation, and through contact with dirt or soil, and studies have found association between PAE exposure and diabetes, obesity, allergies and asthma, as well as impacts to reproductive health, immune function and more.

PFAS include thousands of man-made chemicals, primarily used in industrial and consumer products. They are found in everything from fast food packaging, non-stick cookware, waterproof makeup, clothing, adhesives, firefighting foams and more.

PFAS are problematic because they accumulate over time in the water, air, soil and have even been found in human blood.

FIU scientists sampled oysters from Biscayne Bay, Marco Island and Tampa Bay.

These chemicals are known to impact reproduction and human development, immune system functioning, intefere with the effectiveness of vaccines, as well as cause liver and kidney damage.

In June 2022, the Environmental Protect Agency (EPA) warned PFAS are more dangerous than previously thought, even at undetectable levels. To date, PFAS have not been widely studied in Florida. New data will help inform possible solutions and new regulations to start to remove them from the environment

“The biggest dream is that the government can see these results and create new ways to clean our water and protect our environment,” Lemos said.

L-R: Biscayne Bay oyster compared to the oysters sampled from Tampa Bay.

Florida Sweet Corn and Ricotta Fritters

Recipe from Fresh From Florida Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Ingredients

2 ears Florida sweet corn, kernels removed

4 ounces ricotta cheese

2 large eggs, beaten

½ bunch fresh cilantro, chopped fine

Preparation

⅓ cup self-rising unbleached or whole wheat flour

Oil for deep frying (neutral oil such as vegetable)

Sea salt and fresh ground pepper, to taste

Add oil to a large (and heavy bottomed) pot and preheat on medium-high. *Do not overfill as oil will rise during frying. The oil temperature should reach 350-375 for proper frying, check temperature with food safe thermometer.

In a medium bowl combine the corn, cilantro, ricotta, eggs, flour, and a pinch of sea salt and pepper. Allow batter to rest for 5 minutes before frying. Carefully add spoonfuls of the batter to the oil and fry for 2-3 minutes or until cooked all the way through. When done, remove from oil with slotted spoon allowing any excess oil to drain. Place on paper towel lined pan to cool. Season with sea salt and pepper, to taste. Serve with low-fat sour cream if desired.

Heat, Hydration, and Dehydration: Tips to drink more water

By: Brenda Marty-Jimenez , Extension Agent UF/IFAS Extension, Broward County

Over the past 20 years, I have heard many program participants and clientele state that they don’t like to drink water, or they never drink water. This attitude always surprises me because water is so important to our body and bodily functions. I have taught and written a lot about dehydration prevention, and I think these tips and ideas are worth repeating.

Water is essential to life and good health. Water helps hydrate tissues and cells in the body. It helps regulate body temperature and can help to aid respiration, digestion, and other processes.

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-scho ol/science/water-you-water-and-human-body

Certain populations need to pay special attention to their fluid needs. These groups include small children, senior adults, and very active people. Workers in construction, the military, landscaping, sanitation, or restaurant settings, often experience hot working environments year-round. These physically stressful conditions can increase the risk of developing heat-related illnesses including dehydration.

How much water do I need?

https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/plain-wate r-the-healthier-choice.html

Drink plenty of water if you are very active, live or work outside in Broward County or have special needs.

Tips to drink more water and increase water intake

7. Keep a large water bottle at your desk, workspace, and/or bedside. By keeping a water source, like a gallon jug of water nearby, it is easy to remember to drink water when the source is visible. You can also see how much you drink in a day as the water level decreases. I use one of those gal lon-size motivational water bottles that encourages intake throughout the day.

1. Bring water with you when on the go. Plain water is calorie, sugar, fat, and caffeine-free and it can be cost-free too. Water is convenient. Fill and carry a reusable water bottle that you can refill to quench your thirst throughout the day. Add ice to keep the water cool. Reusable bottles are popular, easy to use, and good for the environment. If you prefer bottled water, the cost goes up. Remember to recycle your empty, plastic, disposable water bottles.

2. Start your day with a cup of water.

3. Use water intake trackers or downloaded apps to help you monitor your daily fluid intake.

4. If you have trouble drinking water throughout the day, aim to drink one or two cups of water with each meal.

5. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.

6. Soup, juice, gelatin, popsicles, sparkling or seltzer water, flavored water, coffee, and tea also count as liquids.

8. Drink a full glass (8 ounces) of water when you take your medication(s).

9. Drink at least 1–2 cups of water, during and after time spent outdoors.

10. Rehydrate. Rehydrate. Rehydrate after exercising, gardening, working and spend ing time outdoors doing other activities.

You can live for weeks without food. You can only survive a few days without water. Be cautious of the effects of heat on your health. Everything you eat, and drink does matter. Focus on variety, portion control, nutrition, and hydration. Make wise food choices and drink plenty of water! Enjoy the days of summer. Stay healthy and stay hydrated.

RESEARCH GUIDE

Water Hyacinth Spray Techniques

Sperry, B.P., & Ferrell, J.A.

Introduction

Water hyacinth management relies on chemical solutions; however, the public is very concerned with herbicide use. This plant has been a management challenge for over 130 years because it impedes navigation, irrigation, and recreation while reducing water quality and sheltering mosquitos.

Current Conditions

Traditional high carrier volumes can provide excellent spray coverage, yet spray droplet retention and spray solution concentration are often low. High carrier volume applications are oftentimes conducted on public waterways in full view of recreational users.

This application technique is accomplished with high-pressure hand-guns that will commonly deliver su cient volume for plant control at distances over 10 meters. However, this technique can appear to be excessive and imprecise to stakeholders.

Carrier volume and nozzle selection a ect aquatic plant management.

With that in mind, UF/IFAS CAIP researchers explored e ective management solutions.

So What?

The results of this experiment suggest applicators and scientists can manage invasive, aquatic floating plants with reduced spray coverage and reduced carrier volumes with greater e ciency.

MANAGING WATER HYACINTH IS CRITICAL FOR PROTECTING FLORIDA’S WATERWAYS.

Carrier volumes

The illustrations below show the general visual di erences between three common carrier volumes used in aqautic plant management. UF/IFAS CAIP researchers tested these treatements in this study.

Experiment

CAIP researchers conducted trials in 2020 to evaluate the e ects of carrier volume and application method on water hyacinth.

Researchers documented carrier volume and spray pattern e ects on glyphosate, 2,4-D, and diquat e cacy on water hyacinth.

Objectives

Evaluate alternative spray patterns for floating plant control.

Evaluate reduced carrier volumes for floating plant control.

Results

Overall, these data suggest lower carrier volume herbicide applications made to water hyacinth provided high levels of e cacy with reduced spray coverage.

Reducing carrier volumes appear to be more precise while providing greater e cacy. This will result in less herbicide in the water, less drift, and likely great acceptance by the general public.

CONTACT US 352-392-9613 caip@ifas.ufl.edu plants.ifas.ufl. edu

Application methods

glyphosate

Carrier Volume (gallons per acre) 100

Carrier volume and herbicide active ingredient a ects on Water hyacinth biomass reduction. 50

100

*Adapted from: Sperry, B. & Ferrell, J. (2021) E ect of carrier volume and application method on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) response to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and diquat. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 14, 29-34. Doi:10.1017/inp.2021.1

RESEARCH GUIDE

Selective Torpedograss Control in Aquatic Systems

Enloe, S.F., Netherland, M.D., & Lauer, D.K.

GRASSES

Introduction Current Conditions

Invasive grasses are consistently problematic for aquatic and wetland managers. Torpedograss ( repens) is especially problematic in Florida where it infests thousands of hectares of wetlands, reduces wildlife habitat quality, and creates poor sportfishing habitat as it grows into dense tangled mats.

Current management strategies almost exclusively use glyphosate and imazapyr to control these invasive grasses. These herbicide solutions provide control of many aggressive grasses, however they are both nonselective and may injure or kill non target species.

This can result in a reset of treated areas and delay restoration of native habitats. Selective herbicide strategies to preserve native habitats and conserve nontarget species is a critical management goal.

Sethoxydim is a grass-active herbicide solution that has been used for control of many weedy grasses and its selectivity has been well established.

So What?

The UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants evaluated the selectivity and e ectiveness of sethoxydim for aquatic torpedograss control in four field studies.

ARE ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT ASPECTS OF VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN MANY AQUATIC

AND WETLAND SYSTEMS.

Graminicides

Chemical herbicide solutions that selectively target the cell tissues of grass leaves. Graminicdes, or “grass-active herbicides” are well established in terrestrial, or ground, systems like weed control in row crops.

There is significant potential for incorporating grassspecific herbicide into aquatic management and restoration projects. Sethoxydim is a graminicide with such potential.

Native Species Examined

UF/IFAS CAIP researchers investigated the performance of a selective herbicide for invasive torpedograss control.

Four field studies were conducted in South Florida from 2015 to 2017. All sites were naturally infested with torpedograss and treatments varied

Objectives

Percentage of biomass reduction for one nongrass, native species: pickerelweed. Each bar represents an average from three replications. Asterisks indicate a significant di erence between herbicide biomass and control. Negative values indicate a positive growth response.

Results

The lack of e ect on nongrass, native plants (Figure 1) suggests that early and multiple treatments (Table 1) for invasive grasses without harming native populations is possible. However, native grass species such as Egyptian panicgrass, are sensitive to sethoxydim.

Table 1

Torpedograss control with single or sequential late spring ground-based broadcast application at Bonita Springs, FL. Sequential or repeated sequential sethoxydim applications resulted in significantly better torpedograss control than the single application at all evaluation dates, except for 30 DAIT.

*Adapted from the following studies: Enloe, S.F., Netherland, M.D., & Lauer, D.K. (2018). Evaluation of sethoxydim for torpedograss control in aquatic and wetland sites. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 56, 93-100. Enloe, S.F., Netherland, M.D. (2017). Evaluation of three grass-specific herbicides on torpedograss (Panicum repens) and seven nontarget, native aquatic plants. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 56, 65-70.

Feeding the Future

An interview about aquaculture with Atlantic Sapphire

What is aquaculture?

According to the National Ocean Service, "aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments." Specifically, in the case of Atlantic Sapphire, we utilize a land-based system, the first of its kind, much like a greenhouse for fish, to raise salmon on land in South Florida.

What does the farmed fish eat?

Our salmon eat an all-natural, antibiotic-free diet rich in vitamins, minerals, soy, and wheat. Our feed includes algae oil, fish meal and oils and other proteins sourced from trimmings and by-products that would otherwise become food waste. Our use of by-products minimizes pressure on scarce marine resources and furthers conservation e orts. We’re always striving for more sustainable methods, including working with our feed suppliers to incorporate alternative protein options.

What impact does aquaculture have on tourism and other coastal uses?

Because Bluehouse Salmon are raised on land and rely on the Florida aquifer system for its supply of fresh and salt water, our land-based Bluehouse releases zero contaminants into our oceans, o ers zero escapee risk, put no pressure on wild fish populations, and causes no harm to sea lions or other adjacent species. This type of operation ensures popular coastal destinations are not polluted and remain available for tourism and general enjoyment.

Bluehouse Salmon farming is part of the solution to bridge the gap between an increasing demand for healthy Atlantic salmon and a stagnant supply, which is due to regulatory, geographical, and environmental limitations. Bluehouse Salmon is not wild-caught, but it's not traditionally farmed, either.

Is farmed fish as healthy as wild? Does aquaculture hurt the fish or have any negative effects regarding welfare?

Our fish are raised in an innovative, land-based Bluehouse in Florida providing ideal conditions to thrive with a 95 percent water-to-fish ratio and a simulated environment allowing the salmon to swim against strong currents as they would in the wild. The Bluehouse is a safe, sustainable, fish-friendly, fully controlled environment where our salmon swim healthy, happy, and stress-free. Also, Bluehouse Salmon is slightly higher in saturated fats than wild salmon and has more Omega 3’s fatty-acids and protein than wild salmon and is much lower in mercury content (all stats per same size portion).

Atlantic Sapphire's system utilizes Florida's unique geology giving us the ability to dispose of our treated wastewater to the boulder zone 3,000 feet underground where mother nature will filter it back to pure salt water before it goes back into the Atlantic Ocean in thousands of years.

Florida's aquifer system allows us ample freshwater, saltwater, and safe return of treated wastewater to be slowly recycled by nature. Raising our fish on land means no antibiotics, no pesticides, no hormones, no risk of escapes, and no contamination of coastal areas, and using untapped water from the aquifer means zero microplastics or other harmful particles found in ocean-farmed fish. Because we use around 95% salt water, we also conserve fresh water that can be used for drinking water and irrigation.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) have framed our global environmental, social, and economic challenges and have urged businesses to step up with solutions that tackle the problems – fast and at scale. Salmon farming emerged four decades ago in Norway, and later in other areas with similar oceanographic conditions, as a consistent and reliable source of healthy seafood. Salmon farming soon became one of the main sources of income and employment in many small communities, contributing to the economic development of remote parts of these countries. Today, Atlantic Sapphire, as a leading player in aquaculture space, strongly supports the UN SDG’s as they related to its business strategy, day to day operations, organizational culture and influence. Atlantic Sapphire identified the following eight SDGs as targets for the group with the highest priority: Zero hunger, good health and wellbeing, Gender equality, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, Responsible consumption and production, climate action and life below water. For instance, zero hunger is a ected directly by optimizing the use of natural resources and eliminating barriers such as geographical production limitations.

What impact does water quality have on the aquaculture industry? What are the types of water sources for an aquaculture facility and operation?

How is water treated and discharged to prevent any negative impact on the environment?

What role does aquaculture play in supporting high-level goals, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, when it comes to food availability?

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

January 26, 2023

Zoom Presentation with AJ Reisinger Assistant Professor of Urban Soil and Water Quality on Stormwater Management

February 23, 2023 General Meeting (Location: TBD)

June 29, 2023

General Meeting

Lee County Hyacinth Control District O ce

September 28, 2023 General Meeting (Location: TBD)

November 16, 2023 Zoom Presentation TBD