Fire Safety Level II
Internal Arrangement
Introductions
Name: Company: Occupation: Fire Experience:
Learning Objectives On completion of this basic fire awareness and safety training, you will be able to:
• Answer the question: What is fire? • Explain The Fire Tetrahedron • Give examples of the causes of fire • Explain extinguishment theory and methods • Explain classes of fire and extinguisher selection • Demonstrate safe operation of portable fire-fighting equipment. • Understand actions to be taken in the event of a fire, including methods of raising the alarm and contacting emergency services • Understand evacuation and emergency assembly points procedures.
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Aims of Fire Fighting Save lives Extinguish the fire Preservation of property
What is Fire? Definition: “Fire is a rapid chemical reaction known as combustion which occurs when fuel and oxygen are brought together with sufficient heat to cause ignition." 6
The Fire Tetrahedron
The three elements of fuel, oxygen, and heat combine in a chemical reaction to form The Fire Tetrahedron
The Fire Tetrahedron: Fuel Fuel is any combustible solid, liquid, or gaseous material Flammable solids and liquids must undergo pyrolysis (decomposition by heat) before they will release gases that burn Examples of Fuel: Wood, gasoline, propane, FUEL: Solid, Liquid, or Gaseous 8
The Fire Tetrahedron: Oxygen The right concentration of oxygen is required to sustain combustion – a minimum of 15% The air we breathe in is around 21% oxygen; our exhaled air contains 16% oxygen! Enough OXYGEN: Minimum requirement of 15% 9
The Fire Tetrahedron: Heat Sufficient heat energy must be present to raise a material to its ignition temperature or “flash point” What might be some examples of ignition sources? E.g. sparks, flames, friction, convergent refraction (through glass)
Normal day in Dubai Hotter than the sun Ouch ouch ouch A little sweat on Rather warm
HEAT: Sufficient for the flash point of the fuel 10
The Fire Tetrahedron: Chemical Reaction Definition: “A chemical change that occurs when two or more substances combine to form a new substance.” In the fire tetrahedron, when all three elements are present, a selfsustaining CHEMICAL REACTION takes place which will continue until one of the components is used up or removed The reactions in any fire are complex, however below is an example of a simple chemical reaction for the complete combustion of a common fuel, natural gas: CHEMICAL REACTION
CH4 + 02 = 2H2O + CO2
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The Fire Tetrahedron: Review Q1. What are the three elements of The Fire Tetrahedron? Q2. When all three elements Chemical Reaction are present, a ________ ________ occurs.
FUEL
HEAT
OXYGEN
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Causes of Fire
Electrical
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Causes of Fire
Cooking
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Causes of Fire Improper Storage of Chemicals and Cleaning Supplies
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Causes of Fire
Machinery
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Causes of Fire
Construction
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Causes of Fire
Arson
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Causes of Fire
Carelessness
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Causes of Fire
Smoking
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Causes of Fire
Natural Causes
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Causes of Fire: Review • Electrical • Cooking • Improper Storage • Cleaning Supplies • Machinery
• Construction • Arson • Carelessness • Smoking • Natural Causes
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Causes of Fire Questions Q1. As a group, list the ten common causes of fire • Electrical • Cooking Media • Improper Storage • Cleaning Supplies • Machinery
• Construction • Arson • Carelessness • Smoking • Natural Causes 23
He at
Ox yg en
Extinguishment Theory
Fu el Chemi cal
Reactio n 24
Using the Fire Tetrahedron to understand extinguishing fires If you remove or eliminate any one side of the Fire Tetrahedron, combustion can not continue. The chemical reactions within the fire are interrupted.
Extinguishment Theory There are four ways to extinguish a fire: • Cooling – Remove HEAT • Starvation – Remove FUEL • Smothering – Remove OXYGEN • Break the Chemical Reaction
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He at
Ox yg en
Extinguishment Theory
Fu el Chemi cal
Reactio n 26
Cooling
By removing HEAT, you interrupt the chemical reaction, cooling the fire until combustion can not continue The most effective way to reduce the temperature of a fire is to apply water to it
Starvation
He at
Ox yg en
Extinguishment Theory
Fu el Chemi cal
Reactio n 27
Removing the FUEL source effectively extinguishes any fire e.g. turning off gas supply to a fire Once the fuel source is exhausted, you starve the fire and combustion can no longer take place; the fire will go out
Smothering
He at
Ox yg en
Extinguishment Theory
Fu el Chemi cal
Reactio n 28
If the OXYGEN content of the atmosphere around the fire can be sufficiently reduced below 15%, most combustion will cease to continue One example of smothering is that a cover is placed on a pan of burning grease, starving the fire of OXYGEN and thus extinguishing it
Ox yg en
He at
Fu el
Chemi cal
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Extinguishment Theory: Break the Chemical Reaction Certain fire extinguishers expel an agent that interrupts the CHEMICAL REACTION, thus extinguishing the fire Dry powder is one such example of a substance that prevents the CHEMICAL REACTION of combustion
Extinguishment Theory: Review Q1: Name the four components of extinguishment theory: • • • •
Cooling – Remove HEAT Starvation – Remove FUEL Smothering – Remove OXYGEN Break the Chemical Reaction
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Classifications of Fire Introduction
Fires fall into one of five distinct classes. Knowing which of these classes a fire belongs enables you to choose the appropriate extinguisher. You need to be aware of the classes of fire that each extinguisher is capable of extinguishing The five classes of fire recognized within the UAE fire and life safety code of practice are A, B, C, D, and K. The classes and their approved symbols are as follows 31
Classifications of Fire Symbol Identification British / EU Classes
NFPA and UAE Classes
*Note that both systems are used in the UAE
Classifications of Fire: Class A Fuel Source: Flammable solids mostly organic in nature, i.e. wood, paper, fabrics, but do include other materials, i.e. plastic, nylon, polyester Class A fires are the most common. The most effective extinguishing agent is generally water in the form of jet or spray.
Classifications of Fire: Class B Fuel Source: Flammable liquids, i.e. petroleum, diesel, paints, etc. Flammable liquids may be divided into two groups: A. Those that mix with water (miscible) B. Those that don’t mix with water (immiscible) Class B fires are extinguished (depending on if type A or B) predominantly water spray (A), foam (A/B), dry powder (A/B), CO2 (A/B)
Classifications of Fire: Class C (British/EU) Fuel Source: Flammable gases including liquid petroleum gases (LPG) like octane, propane, butane, and natural gases like methane. These gases are usually stored under pressure as a liquid, when exposed to ambient pressure they evaporate and become gaseous. CO2 is the preferred extinguisher.
Classifications of Fire: Class C (NFPA) Fuel Source: Electrical in origin (AC or DC current) Electrical fires are unique in that there is a constant supply of energized current providing energy to the system. Only extinguished with dry powder or CO2
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Classifications of Fire: Class D Fuel Source: Metals including magnesium, titanium, sodium, lithium and potassium Limestone and dry sand are normally suitable to use on Class D fires as well as special metal powders such as graphite powder. The use of extinguishing agents that contain water (or water vapour) are ineffective and dangerous. Similarly, CO2 and the bicarbonate classes of dry chemical powder (ABC powder) may also be hazardous if applied to metal fires
Classifications of Fire: Class F / K Fuel Source: Combustible cooking materials, e.g. cooking oils, vegetable and animal fats, grease Commonly occurring in commercial kitchens using deep fat fryers, Class F fires can also occur in domestic kitchens leading to serious fire damage. Class F wet chemical extinguishers or fire blankets (if appropriate) are used on Class F fires. Other messy options include dry powder or CO2 which should be used if the above is unavailable.
Classifications of Fire Symbol Identification Review British / EU and UAE Classes
NFPA and UAE Classes
*Note that both systems are used in the UAE
Classifications of Fire: Questions Q1.
Classes of Fire
Fuel Sources
A
Flammable Solids: Wood, Paper, Plastics, Textiles, etc. Flammable Liquids: Gasoline, Diesel, Alcohol
B C (UK/EU)
Flammable Gases: LPG, Natural Gas
C (NFPA)
Energized Electrical Fires
D
Metals: Magnesium, Lithium, Potassium
F/K
Cooking Fires: Veg. & Animal Fats, Greases, Cooking Oils 40
Q2. Pick the correct Fire Class symbol
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1
4 5
3
9
7
10 6
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Parts of a Fire Extinguisher
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Types of Extinguishers
In addition to the approved symbols from the UAE Code, many fire extinguishers throughout Dubai will feature colour coding to enable easier identification. Each type of extinguisher may be found in various sizes which are appropriate for the fire hazards at their location. 44
Types of Extinguishers Colour Identification
Most commonly, a coloured band at the top of the extinguisher indicates its type.
Some extinguishers may be in one solid colour. 45
Types of Extinguishers Water • All red extinguisher • Used on ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, rubbish or textiles • Contains water pressurised with compressed air
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Types of Extinguishers Foam • Red with a cream band or all cream • Use on flammable liquid fires such as petrol, oils and paint • Can also be used on ordinary combustibles • Contains water and an aqueous film-forming foam additive pressurized with compressed air
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Types of Extinguishers CO2 • Red with a black band or all black • Used on fires involving flammable liquids or live electrical equipment
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Types of Extinguishers Dry Powder • Red with a blue band or all blue • Suitable for fires involving ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, flammable gases, and live electrical equipment • Not to be confused with “Dry Chemical Powder” extinguishers
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Types of Extinguishers Dry Chemical Powder • Red with a blue band or all blue • Dry chemical contains specialized powders to extinguish fires of different types of metals • Not to be confused with “Dry Powder” extinguishers
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Types of Extinguishers Wet Chemical • Red with a gold band or all gold • Has a liquid alkaline extinguishing agent • Used in kitchens on deep fryer fires cooking oils and other fats
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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher The P.A.S.S. Method
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PA : Pull the pin, test extinguisher SS : Aim for the base of the fire : Squeeze the lever : Sweep the nozzle as if required
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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher The P.A.S.S. Method
How to Use Fire Extinguishers Exceptions to P.A.S.S.
• Foam application should not involve sweeping from side to side. The goal when using foam is to create a blanket on the nearest side and let it flow across the burning liquid • CO2 needs to be applied in a circular motion over the fire in order to displace the oxygen. You must get closer to the fire than with other types of extinguishers • In all cases, after extinguishment, back away slowly being alert in case the fire does re-ignite 54
Fire Extinguishment with Fire Blankets 1. Remove blanket from its container by pulling cords 2. Ensure that the fire is smaller than the blanket 3. Hold the blanket in front of you by the top corners, wrap your hands in the corners to protect them 4. Smother the fire by placing the blanket over it. Make sure the blanket is covering the entire fire 5. Confirm that the fuel source has been isolated (gas turned off) 6. Do not remove the blanket for 30 minutes 7. CAUTION: If the fire is not extinguished, do not attempt to retrieve the blanket
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Types of Extinguishers Review
Classroom practical session
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Upon Discovering a Fire Emergency Numbers
Police
Ambulance
999
(DCAS)
998
Civil Defense (Fire Service)
997
Discovering a Fire • Sound the fire alarm • Inform Civil Defence (997) • If it is a small fire and you are trained, attempt to extinguish the fire and seek the assistance of others • If you are not trained in the use of fire extinguishers, close all doors and windows and leave the area • Evacuate the building • Do Not Use Elevator • Gather in assembly points for accountability
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Reporting a Fire 1. Remain calm, Call 997
997
2. State your Name 3. Give your specific location 4. Describe the emergency 5. Describe the current condition 6. Detail any special hazards or needs, such as hazardous materials stored on site 7. Stay on the line, unless told otherwise
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Making The Right Decision Fight or Flight?
Only attempt to fight a fire if: ✔You are trained ✔You know the classification of the fire ✔You have the correct type and size of fire extinguisher ✔Fire is not spreading rapidly Smoke and heat have not filled the area ✔ If you can answer NO to any of the above, do not attempt to It isfire. safe Close for youalltodoors fight the ✔the fight andfire windows and evacuate of escape immediately ✔You have a clear path 60
Smoke and Heat WARNING
• Fire creates extensive heat, and dark smoke • Heat and smoke will rise to the ceiling and begin to fill the room from the top • Smoke contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and other poisonous gases • Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in fire victims
Exposure can be lessened by escaping from a smoke filled room by crawling towards your exit as near to the floor as possible 61
Evacuation
Make sure you are familiar with your building’s fire safety procedures you should know who your fire warden is and familiarize yourself with the whereabouts of your fire extinguishers. Make sure you are aware of the different alarms within your building and note that some alarms will change their sound as they progress. 62
Evacuation Procedures
1. Remain calm and keep others calm (no running) 2. Be familiar with surroundings (Primary & Secondary Exits) 3. Close all door and windows if safe to do so (but don’t lock) 4. Proceed to the nearest safe exit 5. Do not use the elevator 6. Test doors with the back of your hand prior to opening 7. In a smoked filled room, crawl near the floor towards exit 8. If stuck in a room without an escape route, keep door closed open window if possible and hang a towel outside to indicate your location 63
Examples of Fire Signage
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Any Questions?
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Fire Mock Drill Procedures
Fire Warden Role • Two fire wardens per area of responsibility, you should be provided with Hi-visibility vests. • (Use LIST acronym) •
Likely to be the LAST to leave
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Must be easily IDENTIFIABLE
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SEARCH and sweep the area of responsibility
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Remember your TRAINING
Fire Warden General Duties •
Conduct general inspections of area of responsibility.
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Check all electrical and cables for any damage.
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Ensure escape routes, corridors and final exit routes are not blocked.
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Ensure fire extinguishers are correctly located and fit for purpose.
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Ensure call points are not obstructed and easily accessible.
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Ensure fire alarms / bell can be heard through your area / building.
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Ensure all means of escape signs are in place.
Fire Warden General Duties •
Ensure fire doors are not wedged or blocked.
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Ensure assembly point/s is clearly marked and away from the building.
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Participate in the planning and actual part of the evacuation exercise.
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Be vigilant at all times.
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Identify persons with special needs and make provision for them.
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Ensure the emergency plan diagrams are posted within the building.
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Orientate other employees on how to respond to emergencies.
Fire Warden General Duties in Case of Fire Emergency •
Identify yourself as a fire warden.
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Stop all ordinary operations.
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Assist with evacuation of building occupants.
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Check washrooms, conference rooms and meeting rooms.
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Assist those who cannot evacuate for themselves.
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Attempt to fight the fire if it is safe to do so.
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Close the windows and doors if safe to do so.
Risk Assessment “A systematic evaluation of the work place and/or other activities which identifies the hazards present and gives an estimate of the extent of the risks involved”
Hazard Anything that may cause harm
Risk The probability of harm occurring and its severity Chance of exposure to the hazard X Consequences (severity)
Task or Area Based ?
Area Based • Normally used for identifying common hazards in the workplace • Will also be used to identify TASKS to be individually risk assessed
Task Based • A specific task or job will be risk assessed • All the hazards associated with the task will be assessed by types of hazards: 1. physical-radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc. 2. biological-bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc 3. chemical-depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical, 4. ergonomics-repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc. 5. psychosocial/psychological-stress, violence, etc.
5 Steps To Risk Assessment
Step One Identify the hazards
Step Two Identify who might be harmed and How
Who Might Be At Risk 🞂Employees 🞂Contractors 🞂Visitors 🞂General public 🞂Children 🞂People who share the workplace 🞂Must be people specific Don’t forget vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, pregnant staff and those with little experience or training.
Step Three Evaluate the risks
Risk Analysis • Hazards and hazardous situations are systematically identified. • The level of risk associated with each hazard (situation) is estimated
Risk Evaluation • A judgement is made as to whether the level of risk is acceptable or tolerable • Will include a judgement on corrective or preventative measures
Step Four Record your findings
Step Five Review the assessment
Hosereel
Fire Warden General Duties: Two staged evacuation
• Staff are informed and remain on standby mode. The Security / building management will investigate. • Dependent on the Fire alarm control panel (FACP) if second alarm is activated full alarm will sound. • If fire is discovered during physical check, second alarm is to be activated and full alarm will sound. • Full building evacuation take place.
Examples of Fire Assembly Point
Fire Assembly Point Procedures •
Assigned persons to remain in charge of all assembled people.
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Never leave the assembly point without valid reason.
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Headcount to be conducted immediately on arrival at the ERT.
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Do not re-enter the building until the ‘All Clear’ message.
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All information about missing persons to be passed to Dubai Civil Defense.
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All information about those needing rescue to be passed to Dubai Civil Defense.
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First Aider to be available at the assembly point.
Examples of Fire Assembly Point
Any Questions?
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References • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)10 AND 1001, 2013 Edition; • BS/EN 3 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers; • UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice
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Practical
Live fire practical session
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