Logbook final by Shelley Wu

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS ENVS10003 ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 01

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

GLOSSARY/KEY TERMS

LOAD PATHS

WEEK01 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTING

COMPRESSION a pushing force; occurs when an external load pushes on a permanent structure/material thus compacting the particles within a material

visual presentation of the direction of forces/loads of objects are distributed throughout a structure the diagram depicts the stability (or instability) of a structure forces are displayed through the use of arrows (includes reaction rd forces (Newton’s 3 Law))

Reflection of design ideas as built form through structural systems and by defining scale, proportion and interior spaces as an integrated component STATIC LOADS within the natural and built loads which are assumed to be environment. – Ching,F.D.K. (2008) applied slowly to a structure until it reaches peak value without Building Construction Illustrated, New changing in magnitude or direction Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structural Principles Materials (usage, properties, efficiency, trades, costs) Site/Construction processes Systems

MATERAL PROPERTIES 

 



 

STRENGTH compressions/tension (magnitude/direction of force able to withstand) STIFFNESS flexibility/rigidness SHAPE mono-dimensional (linear), bi-dimensional (planar), tri-dimensional (volumetric) MATERIAL BEHAVIOURS isotropic or anisotropic (characteristics are similar no matter which direction force is applied) ECONOMY SUSTAINABILITY

TENSION a pulling force which stretches and elongates the material (opposite of tension) FORCES vector quantities (have both magnitude and direction)

WIND LOADS DEAD LOADS Permanent/static loads on a Loads exerted by kinetic energy of structure – self-weight, structural moving air mass from any elements, equipment, permanent horizontal direction (reflects the attachments characteristics of a dynamic load) generally applied in one direction Positive pressure exerted (downward) with no change in horizontally on vertical and sloped magnitude or position surfaces greater than 30° LIVE LOADS Negative pressure/suction is applied/non-permanent loads exerted on the sides and sloped (moving/movable /occupied loads surfaces of less than 30° on a structure – people, weather, FLUTTER rapid oscillations of a natural forces – water pressure, flexible cable/membrane structure ground pressure) caused by rapid changes in wind forces typically acts downwards but forces can also act horizontally Structures most affected are tall, DYNAMIC LOADS slender buildings, Loads which are applied suddenly to unusual/complex shaped and a structure with rapid changes in lightweight/flexible structures magnitude and point of application Typical dynamic loads are wind and EARTHQUAKE LOADS earthquakes -

Longitudinal and transverse vibrations induced by the abrupt movements of tectonic plates at the fault lines

- COLLINEAR forces that occur along a straight line - CONCURRENT forces which have lines of action intersecting at a common point - NONCONCURRENT forces have lines of action which do not intersect at a common point

REACTION FORCES forces which are equal in magnitude but act in the opposite direction along the same line of action as original force LOAD PATH the direction of force distribution/transfer through a structure from various loads (point of application) through to the ground (exit) which also considers reaction forces -DEAD LOAD stationary loads which weight acts download onto the structure it rests on (permanent load) -LIVE LOAD loads which are applied onto a structure where there can be changes in point of application and magnitude (wind, people, non - permanent/natural forces) POINT LOAD the force/weight on the structure at a 2 specific point MASONRY construction using units (bricks related) – mass construction

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

MAJOR STRUCTUAL FORMS

MASS CONSTRUCTION masonry FRAMED CONSTRUCTION column and beam TENSILE fabric

BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATIERALS -

TENSILE STRUCTURES -

MASS CONSTRUCTION (monolithic)

Concrete Steel (Iron ore + carbon Timber

COLUMN AND BEAM   

Thin, flexible surfaces that carry loads through the development of tensile stresses supported by cables/posts Free formed without compression or bending

UC – universal column UB – universal beam PFC – parallel flange channel  CHS – circular hollow section  SHS – square hollowed section  RHS – rectangular hollow section Primarily steel building structural members Beams are laid horizontally while columns stand vertically

LARGE MODULAR MASS CONSTRUCTION -

Structured through the use of masonry (concrete, clay/mud blocks, bricks etc.) in a layering fashion – either as large modular mass construction of small modular mass construction Structures disperse forces applied downward to the foundations using the mass of the materials via compressive forces (brick bound) MASONRY Bricks: a) Oven Baked – traditional way; disadvantage being uneven heat distribution therefore may have inconsistent quality in bricks (more heat = darker which are harder and stronger b) Extruded/Pressed bricks (machine manufactured) – bricks are uniform in quality bricks are also able to be reinforced by steel to resist tension forces

Uses pre-cast concrete; large concrete panels manufactured off-site for immediate use on site ADVANTAGES  Cheaper/time saving - less labour: no scaffolding thus shorter processes; manufactured off-site thus allowing for construction processes to continue and instant use when transported to the site  Quality – uniform quality as it is machine manufactured DISADVANTAGES   

Cranes are involved, can be higher in cost in this respect Restriction in size of pre-cast concrete panels due to crane size/cost Average 10 tonnes per panel thus good for average crane/transportation but also limits again the size for larger panels

SMALL MODULAR MASS CONSTRUCTION -

Uses mud/clay blocks, bricks or concrete blocks ADVANTAGES  Fire resistant, weather resistant  Can create various patterns/finishes DIADVANTAGES 

 

Slower processes (making of material/uneven production processes thus impacting on material and structural integrity) Height limitations due to scaffolding and safety regulations Costs

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

MODULAR MASS CONSTRUCTION TOWER The objective of this tutorial activity was to build a mass construction tower as high as possible which also accommodates an object (toy dinosaur) thus in the process understanding the nature and behaviour of modular mass construction and how loads are transferred in compression structures. Similarly, to most other groups, we constructed the base of the tower in a circular form, as it is more sound in comparison with the corners involved with a square/triangular form as compression is distributed throughout a circular form. As the bricks are laid, there is an increase in friction due to the gaps with the brick bond allowing for maximum use of less material at a faster rate however, if it was laid out in a nonrounded form, it would have be rather unstable. But due to gaps between of the blocks, it was a successful outcome as increased mass = increased compression thus stability in the form of modular construction. This helped especially when it came to deconstructing one side for an entrance. As we progressed further higher up the tower, the orientation/placement of the blocks were changed as well to not only build at a faster rate but also so that the blocks would be able to support the weight downwards of the compressions above that will be built as well as the saying factor the higher the tower is â&#x20AC;&#x201C; i.e. tampered top thus less buckling.

OTHER GROUPS GROUP A) This group had a similar approach with the laying of their blocks but in a semi-circular form, which was successful in how sound the structure was as it follows the same principles of a tower in a circular form due to the gaps of the blocks and the increase in compressive mass at the same time using less blocks. The tapered top allows for less swaying and buckling and is quite stable with a lower use of blocks.

GROUP B) This group was the only group that constructed a tower on a square base which is very stable as the loads are transferred on top of a very dense structure. This however made it much harder to construct a stable structure especially when it came to making an entrance to house the toy dinosaur.

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 02

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

FACTORS TO INTERGRATE INTO THE CONSTRCUTION PROCESS/BUILDING SYSTEMS

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

WEEK02

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SOLID -

Stone, bricks, mud structures Compression (axial) and arch, vault efficient

SHELL/SURFACE -

Thin curved plated structures commonly constructed by reinforced concrete Transmit applied forces by membrane stresses (compressive, tensile and shear stresses in the plane of the surfaces) Little bending resistance due to thin surfaces thus unsuitable for concentrated loads Can create various complex forms

Old Quad - The University of Melbourne

Framework structure which is common is practically all constructions/structural Sydney Opera House systems Efficient in transferring loads (pressure http://www.telecoms.com/32676/a ustralia-sets-february-deadline-fordownwards to the ground) better-customer-service-fromtelecoms-providers/sydney-operaMEMBRANE house/

Thin, flexible surfaces which carry loads through tensile stresses Efficient coverage over large areas

Combination of structural systems (usually skeletal and planar)

Eiffel Tower http://phys.org/ne ws2581.html

Union House - The University of Melbourne

CHING, F.D.K., (2008) Building Structures in Building Construction Illustrated pp. 2.03

Stability, safety, integration Fire resistance, preventions and safety Material standards (dimensions, sizing, properties) Heat and air flow through building assemblies Control of moisture/condensation Accommodation of building movement, structural deflection, expansion/contraction with changes in climate Noise reduction/isolation and privacy Resistance/resilience to weather Maintenance

The shell or envelope of a building: roof, exterior walls, windows and doors Shelter from weather conditions and control AETHESTICS moisture, heat and air flow through the layering of construction assemblies Relationships to the greater environment Noise control/soundproofing and provides (building site, adjacent properties, privacy and security for occupants neighbourhood) Physical access to interior and exterior spaces Preferred form, colour, materials, details Light entry, air and views etc. To provide and divide interior spatial areas

REGULATIONS

Building codes Provides the essential services to the building Water supply – consumption and sanitation Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning ECONOMIC FACTORS systems for comfort Sewage system Initial costs and extended costs during Electrical system for power supply, lighting, construction processes (labour, material, security and communication systems transportation, energy consumption) Vertical Transportation System within a building (elevators) Fire-fighting systems to detect and extinguish ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

ESD – ENVIRONMENTALY SUSTAINABLE DESIGN -

MECHANICAL (SERVICES) SYSTEM

HYBRID -

Designed and constructed to support and transmit gravity ad lateral loads to the ground without exceeding the maximum stresses allowed within the members Columns, beams, and loadbearing walls support floor and roof structures Superstructure = vertical extension of building above foundation Substructure = underlying structure forming foundations of a building

ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

FRAME/SKELETAL

PERFORMANCE REQUIEMENTS

Resource conservation (energy and materials) both during the construction phase and for sustainability factors when inhabited

Structures should be a ‘filter’ to the environment; the amenities should provide comfort but at the same time energy CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES efficiency/inclusion of renewable energy harnesses or minimal use as the design Conform to the industry standards and should already have in consideration the 6 integrity climate and natural environment properties.

Safety Equipment Time and budget

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURAL JOINTS ROLLER JOINT -

Loads transferred in one direction (vertical) pushed in horizontal plane causes roller to move i.e. cannot resist horizontal load

PIN JOINT (common) -

Trust system Also known as bolt and screw Useful for engineers making calculations and assumptions for how a system would behave

FIXED JOINTS (common) -

Bending can occur it the load occurs in one member thus causing the joint to bend Resists rotation

FRAME CONSTRUCTION -

Beams are rigid structure members that carry and transfer loads across to supporting elements; the centre of the beam is most subjective to bending thus being most efficient on the smallest area. By increasing the depth this problem can be countered, as well as shortening the length meaning less work to be done. Columns support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of members; short columns are subject to failure by crushing (occurs when direct stress from axial load exceeds the compressive strength) while longer/slender columns are more subjective to failure by buckling (the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender column when the maximum stress of the material is reached) thus deflecting (bending) Secondary and tertiary spans/claddings are therefore added in a perpendicular manner to not only cut costs but are a more efficient way to brace the frame i.e. shorter the deflective length the stronger the member

Balsa Wood Tower

GLOSSARY/KEY TERMS

For this group activity, the idea of using triangulation was brought up immediately as the materials we had were not only long but extremely thin with only glue, masking tape and pins to hold in place. The triangular shape resists the deforming of the shape along with the use of longer pieces for bracing allows the overall triangular prism to stand upright with fewer pieces and as well as resisting twisting forces. The main problem was having a very proportioned triangles which greatly affected the stability and form of the end result. However, this problem was countered through the additions of bracing along the bottom triangles and revolving around on each new triangular base.

STRUCTURAL JOINT junction point of two structural members which performs effectively and efficiently at holding loads STABILITY a point where the structure is sound due to the achieving of force equilibrium (balanced forces – applied and reaction) thus resisting collapse FRAME the ‘skeleton’ of the structure – ridged and usually constructed out of steel members BRACING the support across the main structure to interconnect and hold in place COLUMN structural member which supports axial compressive loads applied to the ends of members

PRIMARY MEMBER (Floor bearer (timber); Beam (steel)

Spans over shortest distance to support The main load carrying members (columns)

SECONDARY MEMBER (Floor joist (timber); (Purlins (steel) -

Carries load to primary members

TERTIARY MEMBERS -

Transfers load to Secondary members

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 03

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

WEEK03 FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

FOUNDATIONS -

Substructure of the building which is constructed partly or entirely below the ground and the function is to support the superstructure by safely transferring all loads acting to the footing system which does not exceed the holding capacity of the soil resulting in a sinking footing SETTLEMENT: buildings compress the earth beneath them over time, structures sink a little into the earth; footings and foundations should be designed to ensure that this process occurs evenly and that the bearing capacity is not exceeded. Cracking within a building occurs with DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT (unevenness) SHALLOW FOOTINGS: used when soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequately close to the surface of the ground; commonly used on lightweight housing

PAD FOOTINGS: isolated footings; help to spread a point load over a wider area STRIP FOOTINGS: used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner RAFT FOUNDATION: raft slab; provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat DEEP FOOTINGS: used where soil conditions are unstable or where soil bearing capacity is inadequate; commonly used in high-rise and heavy buildings Can be constructed by driving long timber, steel or concrete members into the ground or by drilling into the ground and filling the hole with concrete and reinforcement END BEARING PILES: extend the foundations down to rock or soil that will provide enough support for the bearing loads FRICTION PILES: relies on the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS -

Designed based on the loads to be carried: material, form and shape

STRUT -

Compression element (column or element within a truss) Slender element designed to carry loads parallel to its long axis

TIE -

Tension element (suspension cables) Slender element designed to carry loads parallel to its long axis

BEAM -

Supported on both ends however has tendency to change shape (deflects) due to bending - as part of it is in compression(top centre) and tension on the ends (timber, steel, reinforced concrete) Horizontal element design to carry vertical load using its bending resistance Supports both compression and tension

PLATE/SLAB -

Transferring loads in two directions however there is usually a main direction to dictate span Wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams

WALLS/PANELS -

Carries and transfers loads to footings or wall slabs both vertical or horizontal Shear diaphragm Bracing system to prevent overturning

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

ON-SITE TAKE ONE

GLOSSARY/KEYTERMS

UB is used here at the Oval Pavilion for support the cantilever

BRICKS -

Were first handmade by convicts Now are made by machine moulded (pressed) and extruded/wire-cut to be reinforced Depending on iron content the colour can vary: more iron the redder the colour, if manganese dioxide is added then grey tones can be created Manufactured by clay/shale with water then hardened through a firing process (kiln) Laid in various ways to create different bond patterns and for different locations: Stretcher course, Header course, Brick-onedge course, Soldier course MORTAR JOINTS are typically 10mm (vertical joints are perpends and horizontal are called bed joints)

PROPERTIES -

Medium-high hardness can be scratched by metallic object Medium fragility can be broken with a trowel Low ductility Very low flexibility and plasticity Medium-low porosity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; absorbs water in a prolonged time Medium density Poor conductor of heat (fire resistant) Typically very durable Highly reusable as recycled aggregate Can have high embodied energies to manufacture and transport as well as recycling however very cost efficient

MOMENT the tendency of a force to make an object or a point rotate when applied at a distance from the point a long a line of action that does not pass through that point F x d = Mo RETAINING WALL vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal loads

Lot 6 CafĂŠ outside Union House, an example of a tensile structure/membrane system as it covers a wide area and is fixed to cables under tension

PAD FOOTING spread point load over larger area of the ground STRIP FOOTING support for walls/column series spreading loads in a linear manner Formwork traces are left on the drived insitu concrete panel and saturation in colour shows varied drying time

SUBSTRCUTURE foundations of a building that transfers all loads acting on superstructure to the ground SUPERSTRCUTURE the vertical extension of a building above the foundations

Sidney Myer example of precast concrete

BEARING CAPACITY maximum pressure and load the soil can sustain to uphold the superstructure

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 04

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK04 STRCTURAL MEMBERS/ELEMENTS BEAMS -

Typically a horizontal structural element Function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports  Can be supported at both ends  Supported at numerous points along the length of the beam  Supported at points away from the ends of the beam (overhang, cantilevers)  Supported at only one end of the beam ( cantilevers)

CANTILEVERS -

CONCRETE: slabs of various types used to span between structural supports – can be one way or two way -

Distance between two structural supports (measured between both vertical supports and horizontal supports)

Factors that can affect choices of span type are: function of building, floor load estimation/anticipation, cost and efficiency

STEEL framing systems take various forms – heavy gauge STRUTURAL STEEL members the other being LIGHT GAUGE steel framing however these two types are more commonly combined depending on the structural function

Created when a structural element is only supported at one end Functions to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support  Can be horizontal, vertical and angled

SPAN -

FLOOR AND FRAMING SYSTEMS

Girders are the main steel member Spanning further (heavy gauge) requires floors of higher strength as there is more work, in comparison to light weight gauge framing spanning at a shorter distance supported by web joists which can also be more material efficient Web joists are quite efficient for services to be carried along Both dead and life loads are transferred from slab to beam, then beam to column then into the foundation

SPACING -

Repeating distance between a series of/similar elements Associated with supporting elements (beams, columns) and can be measured both horizontally and vertically measured from centre-line to centreline

SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements

STEEL FRAMING in combination with concrete slab system are common – concrete very fire resistant TIMBER FLOOR FRAMING use a combination of 1Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John BEARERS (primary member) and JOISTS (secondaryWiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.4.03 12 member) -

FLOORBOARDS span from joist to joist ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

MATERIALS CONCRETE -

Like an artificial stone, created through the combination of cement and water thus binding together the sand and gravel aggregates to form concrete The process which combines these elements, is called HYDRATION: process which forms crystals that interlock the elements together Due to having a fluid form, we are able to form it to any shape desired by using FORMWORK â&#x20AC;&#x201C; temporary support/moulds used to hold the concrete in place until it sets to full strength ( can be either in-situ (onsite) or pre cast (offsite) CURING PROCESS is supported by props and bracings holding the formwork until it reaches full strength Typically, after 7 days 75% of strength is achieved Reinforcement is mandatory for concrete as it is strong in compression but weak in tension â&#x20AC;&#x201C; steel I added as mesh or bars resulting in reinforced concrete

PRE-CAST -

Manufactured off-site therefore being a time and money saving factor in comparison to in-situ concrete. Due to being manufactured off-site, the slab are ready for use as they are delivered to site however this may result in higher costs for crane and transport hire The concrete itself is more uniform in quality therefore keeping the structural integrity

GLOSSARY/KEYTERMS

JOIST parallel beams as a support systems for ceilings and/or floor system SPAN distance between two structural support members GIRDER main beam member in steel floor system CONCRETE PLANK concrete slab of plate structures that are reinforced to span ether one or both directions SPACING repetition of distance between similar structural members from centre to centre

IN-SITU -

Poured and cured on site therefore taking up much longer time and delaying other ongoing processes on site Drying could be uneven therefore strengths can be achieved in certain spots faster than others

PROPERTIES -

High in hardness, can be scratched with a metallic object Low fragility, can be chipped with a hammer Very low ductility Low flexibility and plasticity when set Medium porosity (dependant on the contents and proportions) Medium/high density Poor conductor Typically very durable but not reusable with high embodied energy

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 05

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

SAWING STRATEGIES

WEEK05 WOOD TO TIMBER

  

Quarter sawn Back sawn Radial sawn

GRAIN DIRECTION – dictates the strength and stiffness of the timber: perpendicular to grain = weak; parallel to grains = stronger DRYING PROCESSES to extract free ad bound moisture from the timber thus providing increased dimensional stability and strength as the timber hardens -

Air drying: cheap but slow 6 months to two years Kiln dry: 20 to 40 hours Solar kiln dry

SOFTWOODS (pines) -

Commercial/plantation woods (more sustainable)

HARDWOODS (native species) -

Native trees, take much longer to grow and are now protected Used as a structural member above openings (lintel)

LVL – Laminated Veneer Lumber

GLULAM – Clue Laminated Timber CLT – Cross Laminated Timber PLYWOOD – used as bracing CHIPBOARD – compressed wood shavings/chips use as cladding

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

FRAMES -

STRUCTURAL FRAMES  Concrete frames typically use a grid SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS of columns with concrete beams connecting the columns together COLUMNS are vertical structural members designed to  Steel frames typically use a grid of transfer axial compressive load steel columns connected to steel - All are slender members and are classified as either girders and beams (UC RUHS CHS) long or short  Timber frame (post and beam) again uses a grid of timber posts or poles SHORT COLUMNS: shorter in length and thicker crossconnected to timber beams; bracing section of members between bays or the corners of post/bean is required to - Structurally sound as long as the applied load does stabilise the structure not exceed the maximum compressive strength  FIXED FRAME – rigid frame - Fail by crushing (shear) when the compressive connected to its supports with FIXED strength is exceeded JOINTS; resilient to deflection but LONG COLUMNS: taller in length and slimmer crossmore sensitive to support section settlements and thermal expansion/contraction - Become unstable and fail by buckling deflects in the  HINGED FRAME – ridged frame thinnest area connected to its support with PIN WALL SYSTEMS JOINTS; prevents high bending stresses and to flex at higher - STRUCTURAL FRAMES: concrete, steel, timber (post temperatures and beam)  THREE-HINGED FRAME – structural - LOAD BEARING WALLS: Concrete, masonry assembly of two rigid sections - STUD WALLS: light gauge steel framing, timber connected to each other and to its framing 2Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John supports with pin joins; more Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.5.03 sensitive to deflection than the other two frames but is least affected by 16 support settlements and thermal 3Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. stresses pp. 2.13

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

PAVILION MODEL CONSTRCTION The component constructed is the canopy section of the roof of the Pavilion. SOFFIT JUNCTION T-SHAPE Mitre Joint Roof Flashing – However, the purlins were not constructed. The flashing is to help drain away the water that would be collected (ponding)

EXPOSED TRUSS GUTTER BRACKET STEEL ANGLE that is fixed to the concrete slab

GLOSSARY/KEYTERMS STUD – Vertical member acting as support NOGGING – Horizontal member between studs to give horizontal support LINTEL – horizontal member above opening which carries the load from above AXIAL LOAD Longitudinal force acting

BUCKLING Instability due being unable to withstand excessive compressive force – axial load SEASONED TIMBER – treated timber through the process of drying lumber which increases durability/hardness by reducing water content

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 06

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK06

SPANNING AND ENCLOSING SPACE

ROOFING SYSTEMS AND STRATEGIES

PLATES

ROOF SYSTEMS primarily function as the sheltering element of for interior spaces of a building.

PLATE structures are rigid, planar usually monolithic structures that disperse loads in a multidirectional pattern which follow the shortest route e.g. reinforced concrete slab Can be envisions as a series of adjacent beams interconnected As one load is applied it is distributed over the entire plate by vertical shear from the deflective strip to adjacent ones

TRUSSES -

TRUSSES are structural frames based on a triangular framework Composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression; prevention of bending stresses, centroidal axes of truss members and the load at a joint should pass through a common point(thus very hard to deform the triangular form) Web spaces are efficient for the passing and connecting of ductwork and piping services Members are bolted/welded with gusset plate connectors Trusses are used in various roof systems Channels or W-shape purlins span the truss spacing Lateral bracing require perpendicular to plane

Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.6.08

The form and shape can vary depending on the type of roofing Roof should also be able to control the passage of moisture vapour, infiltration of air and flow of heat as well as be structurally sound to hold up its own weight as well as the excess loads of attachments and rain/snow Design must correspond with the bearing and columns which transfer the loads to the foundation system

FLAT ROOFS (Pitch 1°~3°) -

   

Requires continuous membrane roofing material Support system is often wood or steel beam decking, wood or steel joists and sheathing timber or steel trusses or reinforcement concrete slabs If Ponding occurs, resulting in leakage and increased load - you want to drain away the water as efficiently as possibly Reinforced concrete slab Flat timber or steel trusses Timber or steel beams and decking Wood or steel joists and sheathing

PITCHED AND SLOPING ROOFS (Pitch Great than 3°) -

Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.6.03

Constructed in timber or steel rafters, purlins trusses and decking Tiles need to be at 15° or higher than sheet metal19 roofing

Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.6.03

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

METALS

STRATEGIES FOR FLAT ROOF SYSTEMS CONCRETE ROOF SLABS -

Generally flat plates of reinforced concrete Covered with a water roof membrane Can be sloped towards drainage Is able to construct various forms of roofing Can be used for roof gardens or car parks and fire rated areas

STRUCTURAL STEED FRAMED ROOFS -

STRUCTURAL STEEL -

SPACED FRAMES -

LGHT FRAMED ROOFS -

Malleable, ductile Medium/high flexibility Gold ( Hardest) Lead (softest) Generally impermeable, used for gutters and flashings Good conductivity of heat and electricity Durable (depending on type) High density Reusable and recyclable ALLOY – combination of two or more metals (ferrous alloy if it contains iron, non-ferrous if not) FERROUS (iron 4th more common element relatively cheap) NON-FERROUS – all other metals; less likely to react with oxygen, more expensive

Can support open-web steel joints, metal roof decking and precast concrete units and span for long distances with high strength FLAT structural steel roofs consist of a combination of both primary and secondary ROOF BEAMS for heavier roof finishes such as a metal deck/concrete; or roof beams and PURLINS for lighter sheet metal GALVANIC SERIES roofing By taking/giving up other metal’s ions a reaction will occur SLOPING structural steel roofs consist of roof beams and purlins and between the two metals moving towards the Cathodic end of the lighter sheet roofing of the table PORTAL FRAME series of braced rigid frames with purlins for the roof Ion transfer occurs when there is direct contact with two metals or in an environment (water – medium) that facilitates the and girts for the walls; usually finished with sheet metal transmissions of the ions (electrolysis) Tapering can be more material efficient but takes much longer to More likely to corrode when the higher the electrical difference construct potential, the faster the corrosion

3D Plate type structure that are long spanning in two directions Accommodates two way spans especially effective for large amount of glazing

STEEL (ALLOY of Iron + Carbon)

PROPERTIES

Iron + Carbon = steel Long sheets of corrugated iron and steel

To reduce risk of corrosion, materials are separated by rubber gaskets or kept away from an electrolytic environment Galvanised steel is steel with a thin coating of zinc to protect steel from corroding – as zinc corrodes differentially thus protecting the steel as it is the sacrificial metal When two metals with the same electronic configuration collide, there is no corrosion

OXIDIATION AND CORROSION -

Ions react with oxygen to form an oxide

GABLE ROOFS: characterised by a vertical triangular section of wall In some cases can protect the metal but at the same time may at one or both ends of the roof result in the corroding of metal Metal oxides form a protective layer (sacrificial metal) Less popular now due to increasing popularity of trusses Consists of common rafters, spanning ridge beams to wall plate and FERROUS METALS ceilings joists where the roof overhangs the gable and outriggers are used Contains iron; magnetic and very reactive (easily corrodes through rusting) HIP ROOF: “folds around a corner” – characterised by a vertical, Relatively cheap in relation to the strength triangular section of wall at one of both ends of the roof Used for compressive members Consists of common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters Rarely used in contemporary construction due to brittleness comparatively as well as its weight Ridge beams and ceiling joists

FRAMING: columns, beams, purlins, stud frames HOT ROLLED STEEL: elements are shaped whilst the metal is hot (PRIMARY structural elements often galvanised joints are WELDED or BOLTED More material is required for this process COLD FORMED STEEL: elements are FOLDED from SEETS that have been previously produced and cooled down (SECONDARY structure – purlins BOLTED or SCREWED joints) REINFORCING BARS: good TENSILE resistance, used in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete Deformations on bars are to assist in bonding/gripping together with the concrete

STEEL SHEETING -

CLADDING and ROOFING (must be protected from various weather exposure (to paint, galvanise or have baked enamelled finishes)

STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS (Addition of CHROMIUM at least 12%) -

Chromium is milled into coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire, and tubing High quality Used in harsh environments or where specific inert finishes are required (kitchens, hospitals etc.) Corrosion resistance if surface scratched it seals over itself

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

NON-FERROUS METALS

LEAD

ALUMINIUM -

Very light compared to other metals Easily formed, machined and cast (however high in cost and embodied energies) Non- Magnetic Pure aluminium lacks strength however adding small amounts of copper, magnesium silicon, manganese etc. (alloy) have very useful properties – structural capabilities

Use is less common as it can be toxic (lead poisoning( Previously used for roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for waterproofing Very soft, highly malleable/ductile Relatively poor electrical conductor Very resistant to corrosion of tarnishes upon exposure to air

COPPER

Very malleable and ductile Good conductor of heat and electricity (second to silver but less expensive)

USES -

ROOFING MATERIAL: natural weathering/oxidisation develops a green coloured patina over time Widely used for hot and cold domestic water and heating PIPEWORK ELECTRICAL CABLING

Creates the ZINC – COPPER ALLOY BRASS GALVANISING: plating thin layers of zinc onto steel or iron to protect from corrosion especially in roofing material CLADDING for roofs and walls BRITTLE at ambient temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C

EAVE the overhang lower edge of a roof

Like copper is corrosion resistant but much harder and used in engineering and marine applications Hard and tough: typically used for bearings clips, electrical connects and springs Prior to aluminium, it was highly used for external applications due to resistance to corrosion

CANTILEVER structure where only one end is supported by a fixed joint PORTAL FRAME supporting frame for opening ALLOY combination of two or more metals – can be ferrous (contains iron) or non-ferrous (does not contain iron) SOFFIT underside of an overhanging roof eave TOP CHORD top bean connected to truss bracing; carries tension and compression

BRASS (Copper and Zinc) -

ZINC -

Added to copper to create BRONZE

EXTRUDED SECTIONS are common for WINDOW FRAMES - Rarely used in the present day (generally only and other glazed structures such as BALUSTRADESH/RAILS decorative use) CAST door handles and catches for windows - Previously used in lining lead pipes, galvanising iron ROLLED aluminium is used for CLADDING PANELS, heating plate/gas tubing and air-conditioning systems Highly crystalline structure ALUMINIUM reacts with air creating a very fine layer of - Malleable and ductile oxide that keeps it from further oxidation giving it a natural finish Other finish treatments can also be applied, most common BRONZE (copper and tin) are POWER COATING and ANODISATION

RAFTER series of sloping parallel beams attached to ridge beam and supports roof cladding system

PURLIN secondary member, used to span truss spacing, supports roof system

TIN

USES

GLOSSARY/KEY TERMS

Used in elements where friction is required (locks, gears, screws, valves) and fittings (knobs, laps, taps etc.) Malleable and relatively low melting point, easy to cast

TITAINIUM -

Very expensive Makes an attractive and durable CLADDING system Excellent resistance to corrosion (second to platinum) Used in strong light-weight alloys Very thin

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 07

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK07

4Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.2.25

MOISTURE AND THERMAL PROTECTION

MOISTURE

ARCHES, VAULTS and DOMES ARCHES -

Curved structures For SPANNING an OPENING Designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compressions Transform the vertical forces of a supported load into inclined components and transmit them into abutments on either side of archway

DOMES -

Spherical surface structure with a circular plan Constructed of stacked blocks, continuous rigid material like reinforced concrete i.e. using linear elements to form curved edges (mass modular construction) Rotated arch except that circumferential forces are developed that are compressive near crown and tensile in lower portion Meridional forces acting along a vertical section cut through the surface of the dome are always compressive Hoop forces : compressive in the upper zone and tensile in lower Tensile ring encircles base of the dome to contain outward components

SHELLS

Thin curved plate structures (typically reinforced concrete) Shaped to transmit applied forces by membrane stresses Can sustain relatively large forces if uniformly applied Due to thinness, little bending resistance and unsuitable for concentrated loads Barrel, hyperbolic, saddle

Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.2.26

BASEMENTS- fully tanked to keep interior dry (placement of a waterproof membrane – artificial rubber around the construction) DRY GROUND – slotter plastic pipe (drainage),ground section is cut away and filled with loose aggregate thus the water is able to be carried away from the building into stormwater pipe WALLS various strategies (least successful being an impervious surface), a double skin wall (Brick cavity wall), a rain screen system (equalise forces to stop water from entering) ROOFS: eaves (help to protect water from creeping into the wall surface) gutters into downpipes; Internal draining – parapet, box gutters are used to carry water to outside of building WINDOW JOINS WALL (high risk area) FLASHING is required around chimney openings

Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.2.27

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

3 CONDITIONS OF WATER PENETRATING INTO BUILDING (all must be met) 1) an opening 2) Water present at opening 3) Force which moves water through opening STRATEGIES TO KEEP WATER FROM ENTERING -

Remove openings Keep water away from openings Neutralize forces that move water through openings (cavity construction) Drainage system Flashings (covering openings)

PLANNED OPENEINGS (windows, doors, skylights etc.) UNPLANNED OPENINGS -

Poor construction workmanship Deterioration of materials over period of time (or incorrect application)

MOISTURE DETAILING   

 

Sealants (silicone) Gaskets (artificial rubber fittings) Grading (sloping) roofs so that water is carried away then discharge into downpipes and water systems Overlapping cladding and roofing elements Gaps are filled with concrete mortar

NEUTRALIZING FORCES (gravity, surface tension, capillary action, momentum, air pressure differential) -

Slopes and overlaps to carry water away from the building using the force of gravity FLASHINGs and CAVITY to prevent water from penetrating interior walls Valley flashing: no ponding as it is on a steeper angle thus water flows faster CAPLILARY BREAK/DRIP: to break surface tension and direct water away from the building

DETAILING HEAT CONTROLLING HEAT -

GAIN AND LOSS can occur when heat is CONDUCTED through building envelope building envelope and building elements are subjected to RADIANT HEAT sources THERMAL MASS is used to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope EFFECTIVE CONTROL = saving energy therefore saving money and increasing comfort

CONDUCTION -

THERMAL INSLATION THERMAL BREAKS: low conductive materials like rubbers and plastic to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside DOUBLE or TRIPLE GLAZING so that the air spaces between glass panels reduces the flow of heat

CONTROLLING HEAT – THERMAL MASS

Masonry Concrete Waterbodies

Large areas of exposed thermal mass can be used to absorb and store heat over a period of time When temperature drops the stored heat energy is released – system works the best when there are large differences in temperatures between night and day CONTROLLING AIR LEAKAGE -

An opening Air present at the opening A force which moves air through openings

AIR will be able to move through the building and the spaces will become drafty in cold weather, it will be difficult to maintain adequate levels of heating because air is leaving out the building envelope STRATEGIES -

Eliminating any of the causes above Wrapping the building in polyethylene or refacing foil to provide an air barrier weather stripping around doors and windows/other openings Similar strategies for moisture control

RADIATION -

REFLECTIVE SURFACES SHADING SYSTEMS (verandas, eaves, solar shelves, vegetation) BLINDS/CURTAINS are more to control heat loss

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

MATERIALS

TYPES OF PLASTICS

RUBBER

THERMOPLASTICS (mouldable when heated and become solid when cooled): Polyethylyne, PVC/Vinyl (polyvinyl chloride), polycarbonate, Perspex/acrylic(*Polymethyl methacrylate)

Hardness resists ABRASION soft rubbers are better seals Generally will not shatter or break High DUCTITLITY when heater varied in cold state Highly flexible, plasticity, and elasticity All rubbers are WATERPROOF 1.5x density of water Useful insulators Very durable and highly re-useable Seals, gaskets/control joints, floor lining, insulation, housing/piping Synthetic rubbers: EPDM (gaskets and control joints), NEOPRENE (control joints0 SILICONE (seals)

PLASTICS -

Produced from a range of elements (carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride( combined through chemical reactions in monomers which then combine with each other to form polymers (long chains of molecules (monomers) = plastics Dependant on type can range medium to low Low-medium fragility (wont shatter or break but can be degraded by high temperatures and sunlight thus fragile in that state High ductility when in heated state varied in cold state Highly flexible and plasticity Poor conducts Lightweight and waterproof

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS (can only be shaped once) Laminex used for finishing surfaces (waterproof) and polystyrene is widely used for insulation panels ELASTOMERS (synthetic rubbers) PAINTS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to protect and colour particular elements Clear paints are LACQUERS or VARNISHES -

Pigment: colour and opacity Diluent: dissolves paint and adjusts it viscosity Binder: film-forming component of paint

WATER BASED -

More durable/flexible More common Tool and brushes can be washed with water

OIL BASED -

Used prior to plastic (waterbased) paints Very good high gloss finishes Not water soluble (must clean with turpentitne)

GLOSSARY/KEYTERMS

VAPOUR BARRIER material used to prevent vapour condensing structures GUTTER allow for ponding of water run-off from roof which is then carried away into down pipes PARAPET wall extending above roof level

DRIPS installed on windows for horizontal members for water to be diverted away from the wall as it breaks the surface tension that causes water to cling to/flow along the undersides of horizontal surfaces DOWN PIPE pipe connected to gutter to carry rainwater into the storm water system/drainage systems FLASHING thin waterproof membrane to prevent water from entering structure INSULATION protection against heat, drafts sound etc. SEALANT usually a rubber which is used to close gaps, joint or cracks

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 08

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK08

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

Openings and strategies Windows Ventilation and Lighting Contribute views and character

OPENINGS Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp.2.14, pp.8.04

DEFLECTION -

The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading Increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section

Provide access from the exterior to interior of a building as well as passage between interior spaces Provide lighting and ventilation

5 TYPES of door openings -

Swinging Bypass sliding Surface sliding Pocket sliding Folding

BENDING MOMENT -

External moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend Algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section

WINDOWS -

MOMENT OF INERTIA

Sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation Geometric property: indicates how cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect intrinsic physical material properties

GLOSSARY/KEYTERMS

High maintenance Moisture and heat control Aluminium windows more commonly used in commercial buildings but can also be found in domestic residential houses Using double glazed glass for thermal insulation

WINDOW SASH fixed or movable framework of window in which panes of class are set Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp8.02, pp. 8.23

DEFLECTION being of a structural member due to applied force or selfweight MOMENT OF INERTIA geometric property that indicates how the crosssectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties DOOR FURNITURE hardware STRESS combination of compressive and tensional forces developed across a cross-section to resist a transverse force (maximum value at the surface furthest from neutral axis) SHEAR FORCE force acting on a body where member will slide against itself and is subject to bending

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

MATERIALS

GLASS ANNEAL GLASS (float glass) -

Decorative however not always functional Silica: base material to produce glass through heating processes Fluxes help to melt at lower and more practical temperatures Stabilisers: combine with formers and fluxes to keep them from crumbling or dissolving For the purpose of providing light into interior spaces and shielding from various elements  Non-porous/waterproof  Medium-high density  Can transmit heat and light but not electricity  Hard but can be brittle  High fragility but can differ (tempered glass is not as prattle as flat glass)  Low ductility  High flexibility and plasticity when molten  Typically very durable  Highly reusable as it can be melted and reshaped  High embodied energies (not only to the process of producing but reusing)

The most commonly used and produced Usually 4 or 6mm rarely 10mm Can be cut on site

LAMINATED GLASS (safety glass) -

Has plastic interlayer PVB bonded together Can be cut on site Improves security and safety

TEMPERED GLASS (toughened glass) -

Heating annealed glass to approx. 650°C when it starts to melt Glass is then cooled (quenched) rapidly resulting in a state of high compression due to some tension due to bending

DOUBLE GLAZING -

Used to improve insulation Vacuum in between layers prevents sound transfer

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 09

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK09 STRESS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS -

SHORT COLUMNS are subject to failure by crushing (occurs when direct stress from axial load exceeds the compressive strength) LONG/SLENDER COLUMNS are more subjective to failure by buckling (the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender column when the maximum stress of the material is reached) thus deflecting (bending) The more slender the lower the critical stress which results in buckling

JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS -

BUTT JOINTS allow one of the elements to be continuous and usually require a third mediating element to make the connection OVERLAPPING JOINTS allow all of the connected elements to bypass each other and be continuous across the joint; joining elements can also be molded or shaped to form a structural connection MOULDED/SHAPED JOINTS various forms: bolted, interlocking, welded, precast/reinforced concrete connections

MOVEMENT JOINTS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; accommodate movement/changes within the structure while maintaining the weather tightness of the structure thus having no impact on the structural stability/systems -

HEALTH AND SAFETY -

Fitting standards and regulations Building codes/legislations Material using Fire insulations/escapes Safety exits Varying height/area Disability codes

Detailing and material selection to suit environment

EXPANSION joint are continuous unobstructed slots constructed between two parts of a building or structure that accommodates AGING GRACEFULLY thermal or moisture expansion to occur Deteriorating materials dependant on area/environments without structural damage Water staining and damage (corrosion) Provides stability across the joint - Copper can develops a green patina CONTROL joints are constructed to Matte/satin finishes age gracefully accommodate the shrinkage of concrete Timer can grey unless painted or restained Glazed/enamelled surfaces can retain the gloss masonry as it dries ISOLATION joints divide a large or DAMAGE, RESISTANCE AND REPAIRABLE SURFACES geometrically complex structure into sections Plasterboard: cheap, easy to repair and paint if damaged of different movement/settlement can occur SKIRTING can cover gaps, allow for some movement between floor Can protect non-structural elements from and wall can prevent damage from impact deflection or movement of a surrounding CLEANABLE SURFACES member

An effective seal against the passage or water/air must Hospitals/restaurants need easy to clean benches often stainless be protecting the joints: joint sealant must be durable steel and resilient under compressive, stretched and still CONSTRUCTABILITY circumstances Sealants are classified according to the amount of extension and compression they can withstand before failure Ching, D.K.F 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp. 2.30, pp7.50

1) Detail should be easy to assemble 2) Forgiving small inaccuracies/small mistakes it is adjustable 3) Efficient use of construction materials, tools and labour, accessibility and access

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

COMPOSITE MATERIAL -

MONOLITIC: single material or materials combined so that components are undisguisable (metal alloys) COMPOSITE: two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain distinguishable

COMPOSITE MATERIALS -

Combinations of materials which different in composition or form Remain bonded together Retain original properties Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristic not obtainable by an of the original components acting alone Fibrous, laminar, particulate, hybrid

FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (FRC) -

Now used instead of asbestos Made from cellulose (glass) fibres, cement, sand and water Usually in sheets/board products and shaped products (pipes/tiles) Material will not burn, are resistant to permanent water and termite damage, rotting and warping Used in claddings for exterior or interior walls and floor panels

FIBREGLASS -

Mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins Transparent/translucent wall/roof cladding and for preformed shaped products (water tanks, baths, swimming pools etc.) Fire resistant, weatherproof, relatively light weight and strong

ALUMINIUM SHEET COPOSITES -

Aluminium and plastic Feature cladding in both exterior and interior applications (roughly the thickness of glass) Weather resistant, shock resistant

GLOSSARY/KEY TERMS SANDWICH PANEL bonding of two thin aluminium sheets/faces to a thick lightweight core (non-aluminium) BENDING the effect when an external load is applied onto a structural member on the longitudinal axis I exceeding the maximum strength the material is able to withstand

SKIRTING (generally wooden) detail attached to where wall and floor meet to fix/close the gap COMPOSITE BEAM structural member which is composed of two or more materials SHADOW LINE JOINT joint where two members meet however does not appear like so creating a shadow effect CORNICE a strip of ornamented detail (usually wood/plaster) where a wall and ceiling meet to fix/cover up gap as well as for decoration

TIMBER COMPOSITES -

Joists and rafters and trusses (domestic construction) Combination of solid timber, engineered timber galvanised pressed steel Minimum amount of material is used for maximum efficiency thus very cost effective

FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS -

Plastics with timber glass/carbon fibres Decking/external cladding, structural elements such as beams and columns for public pedestrian bridges

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

ON-SITE TAKE TWO SITE ONE

RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT BUILDING

ACOUSTIC RATINGS: every direct panel/stud wall has an air cap on at least one side

- Constructed out of reinforced precast concrete panels (post tension engineer decides what reinforcement to use in the precast concrete + post tension stress cables (98 on one floor) - One drawing per panel is drawn up by draftsmen which shows props, reinforcement, dimensions, location, weight - Average 10 tonnes per panel: good weight for crane usage and transportation

FIRE RATED WALLS (pink plasterboard) lined corridors fist and interior walls that fire proofs between apartments/units SERVICE CABLES -

DUCTS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; MECHANICAL /PLUMBING SERVICES

BATHROOMS -

CONCRETE REBATES: stops water from entering building (30mm)

WHITE CABLES optic fibres (communications - NBN National Broadband Network) RED PIPE smoke detectors PURPLE PIPES Grey water (not actually used) YELLOW PIPES gas BROWN PIPES hot water ORANGE PIPES Intercom

30mm lower from ground level Waterproof floors and walls Screed Waterproof again Tiling

TIMBER MOUNTING (noggings) used as mounting points for shower/tap heads/mixer METAL STUDS

Fans/exhaust Located in-front of doors PLUMBING is covered in silver paper to soundproof flowing liquids/wastes from upper levels

MOUNTING BRACKET for switch fixtures/cables

For wastes, laundry, toilet etc. (fixing)

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

SOLDIER PILE/POLES (total of 18 metres)

POLYSTYRENE WITH REFLECTIVE FOIL COATING (polystyrene foil board) -

External use Thermal insulation Sound acoustic

Opening used for CONCRETE PUMP -

Accessibility for concrete pour where trucks and cranes have no access -

DEAD END (onion) of stress cables Exterior up from the basement: reinforcement bars extruding out from the wall which will later be cut NB. Reinforcement is used to increase strength of the concrete by making it less subjective to tensional forces

Carries weight of the building Piles are drilled from the ground surface down to the basement (3m) then basement (3m) and 12m down further CAPPING BEAM (ground level) sits onto of the piles to join the with reinforcements > Rock anchors through 12m to the roads (horizontally) with steel rods (like stress cables) filled with grout to give strength Shot-crete sprayed above the reinforcement to give cement like finish and for coating/lining and for ground support BASEMENT does have a sprinkler system and lighting system

STEEL PLATE is wields two panels (precast concrete) together and grouted underneath -

450mm dowels 2 solid fixings/props/angle brackets + 1 temporary prop

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

ON-SITE TAKE TWO SITE TWO

An 1880â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage site -

Previously a state primary school Being renovated into a library/local community centre Due to being a heritage building, proposal must go through Victorian Heritage Council

STEEL FRAMING SYSTEM (UBs are used) -

25mm plywood flooring (blue tongue) CFC (compressed fibre cement) is underneath the plywood flooring Foil board is also used for insulation (geothermal heating is used here)

100Â°C withstanding temperature rated pipes are for commercial usage (kitchen) Geothermal energy for the heating system was established through drilling deep down into the ground Three course BRICKWORK

Insulation padded between the studs/noggings in the stud wall for heat insulation and sound-proofing FINIAL is a typical characteristic/feature used at the time (lightning conductor too) 34 Example of a mansard roof

Where purloins stop a skylight is present (allow for natural lighting access) ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK 10

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

WEEK10

MATERIALS

WIND

Timber fascia Wide and thing facing a northern orientation thus resulting in warping and cracking FLAT SHEET CLADDING with PLYWOOD BACKING stuck onto STEEL STUD FRAME to achieve smooth finish with no visible fasteners However aesthetics are lost due to: Salt air exposure (steel will corrode) An adhesive (glue) which does not have enough strength to hold the plywood and steel together Plywood sheets start to expand and blister due to thermal differences as well as the de-bonding of glue and plywood sheeting (de-laminates thus results in sheets flying off the structure) Condensation due to moisture occurs to wood and metal elements

Function of the size of the exposed surface area to the wind Act on the surface Minimum value at the base Maximum value at the highest elevation

EARTHQUAKE -

Result of wind or earthquakes

COLLAPSES AND FAILURES HOIDAY BEACH HOUSE (coastal environment case study)

STATUE OF LIBERTY (case study)

LATERAL LOADS

Function of amount of mass above the foundation particularly when it is a tall arrow building Forces act at the base of a building structure and can abruptly reverse direction transmitted into the ground STRATEGIES 1) 2) 3) -

Bracing of the building Diaphragms/shear walls Moment Joints BRACED horizontal surfaces can act as a diaphragm transferring lateral loads across the structure to braced/shear walls then transmitted into the ground (works as an entity) SHEAR WALLS act to stiffen a building against lateral loads; works similarly to a cantilever (tall, slender structures) Shorter shear wall resists over-turning MOMENT JOINTS horizontal and vertical acting together (moment resisting frame) SEISMIC BASE ISOLATORS building is separated from the foundation using an seismic base isolator

CONSIDERATIONS TO BE MADE: -

Health and IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) Wastes/recycling Energy use and embodied energy Pollution Life cycle

Designed by Auguste Brtholdi The statue is made of copper As exposed with oxygen a chemical reaction occurs as it become copper oxide â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a green patina

GLOSSARY/KEY TERMS SHEAR WALL wall that resists lateral forces on the plane or parallel to the plane SOFT STOREY an opened level that does not include a brazing wall system to maintain structural integrity

Reduce volatile organic compounds (paints sealers, adhesives

Using natural cleaning products

BRACED FRAME framing system that uses diagonal members to give stability to vertical and horizontal components

Minimizing Wastes: using renewable resources material suitability for function and area

LIFECYCLE durability, reusability, embodied energies, and sustainability of a product

Energy usage: embodied energies transport, efficient appliances

DEFECT members are unable to function

Life Cycle: timeless materials, easily disassembled/assembled, local products, practicality/suitability and maintenance

FASCIA board system used on the exterior walls

Reduce particles/dust: minimum horizontal shelves, carpets

CORROSION result of exposure of metals to oxygen and/or water 36 IEQIndoor environment quality

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

OVAL PAVILION Sectional drawing - Function Room Fixed Glazing

Rectangular Hollow Section

Double glazed windows

Steel angle recessed into concrete 37

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

APPENDIX (WORKSHOP)

GROUP 3

GROUP 1 -

GROUP 2 Deflection of 35mm Maximum load 55kg before failure Design is like a bracing using pine as horizontal members and plywood strips as vertical members Plywood is good for flexing in directions/movement however very weak at holding in place a series of rigid beams especially under an increasing force on such a large surface and thinnest cross-sectional area as well as following the grain with virtually no support underneath

GROUP 4 Deflection of 50mm Maximum load 330kg Another bracing system which was constructed out of pine for both beam and column members The beams were constructed to keep the columns Due to only one beam member supporting the applied load and then transferring straight to the columns, thus bending

TASK CONSTRUCT A STRUCTURE THAT SPANS 1000MM USING VARIOUS COMMON MATERIALS, TOOLS AND FIXINGS TO TEST AND RECORD HOW MUCH LOAD THE STRUCTURE CAN WITHSTAND BEFORE FAILING

Deflection of 50mm Maximum load of 310kg and 340kg after plywood failure Our group nailed together two pieces of timber with a sheet of plywood in the middle (4 nails at either end and 2 in the centre) (fix joints) acting like one singular beam structure Failed due to excessive tension and the rigidness at the centre where there had been fixed joints as they resit bending until it exceeds the maximum strength before failure

Deflection of 55mm Maximum load withstood 470kg Three pieces of pine was nailed together to form a beam structure The lack of joints allowed for slight movements/flexibilities as loads were being distributed among the three components before the grain unevenness (weakness in timber) first failed

N.B. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; noise was the first indication that deflection has failed - breaking at the bottom of the structure is due to tensional forces - where the grain is uneven (weakness in timber) would often be the first point of failure

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168

References Ching, D.K.F 2008, The Building – Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., s Construction Overview, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHqr-PyAphw&feature=youtu.be Construction Systems, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube

Newton, C 2014, Envs10003 Constructing Environments –E-Learning, The University of Melbourne, Victoria ESD and Selecting Materials, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be Oval Pavilion Development CONSTURCTION DRAWINGS, 2013 The University of Melbourne Structural Joints, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Hunt, T., Tony Hunt’s Structures Notebook, Architectural Press, 2003 Introduction to Materials, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube

Structural Forms, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be Load Path Diagrams, 2014, video recording, Constructing Environments – The University of Melbourne, YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C 2014, Envs10003 Constructing Environments – Basic Structural Forces, The University of Melbourne, Victoria https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WE EK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf

ENVS10003 | ZIXIAO SHELLEY WU 632168