FP1_Book

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

03

thesis statement

Urban metabolism

is the conservation and expansion process of a specific system through the evaluation of energy intake and the waste generated within an environment. The analysis that is derived from this evaluation will demonstrate and suggest methods in which urban sustainability can be approached.

Sustainable development is an ever-growing notion that is challenged in Nairobi by rapidly increasing population rates, the illegal construction of infrastructure, and consequently the deterioration of natural resources.

By controlling the urban expansion and implementing a modular, responsive

eco-tourism network

on top of the existing city plan, we can begin to limit and manipulate the transition zone between the built and the natural environment. The scale and application of the network will be a direct response to the energy intake and outtake of specific sites in Nairobi, which is turn will stimulate a more sustainable urban growth model/system.

By strategically establishing active nodes based on sensory and experiential parameters that respond to land regeneration rates, the improved eco-tourism network can address issues of conservation and localize the tourism job market.

Consequently, the goal is not necessarily to increase the number of tourists, but to maximize the tourist experience, while at the same time minimizing its footprint.

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

05

table of contents

UNDER CONSTRUCTION...

• Thesis Statement • Table of Contents

p.04 p.05

INTRODUCTION:

p.06 p.06 p. p. p. p. p.

p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.

p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION NAIROBI, KENYA The chosen site is Kenya’s capital and most developed metropolitan city, Nairobi, which was established about a century ago during the construction of the Uganda railway. The railway is the main connecting system between Kampala, the largest city and capital of Uganda, and Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city and major port.

The central location of Nairobi between these major cities transformed the region from swampland to a main transportation hub. The Uganda Railway and a major international airport have made Kenya very accessible and because of that, the city has become a central hub for a lot of businesses, international corporations and international conferences.

This caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years.

09

demographics airport / train station train station railroad

UGANDA

Arua

Torore

KENYA

Kampala Kisumu Kasese

Nanyuki Nakuru

Nairobi Magadi Mwanza

Arusha

Moshi

Mombasa

Kigoma Tabora Tanga Mpanda Dar es Salaam

TANZANIA Kidatu

References: 1. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107678.html 2. http://kenya.rcbowen.com/cities/nairobi.html

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION Population Density

>600

300-600 100-300 20-100

built

natural

<20

What stands out about Kenya is not only its diversity, but also the stark contrast that exists within various regions and landscapes.

Poverty Rate

>65

55-65 45-55 34-45

rural

urban

<35

11

demographics Major Ecosystem Types

forest bush/woodland cropland savanna/grassland

tropical

bare areas

arid

This notion is most evident in central and south-western Kenya, where the land is most developed due to the number of rivers that are accumulated in this region.

Predicted Diversity of Mammal Species

69-79 63-68 56-62 48-55

community

wildlife

37-47

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION NAIROBI FACTS

Rift Valley

Nairobi is located within a 100km radius of the Great Rift Valley (lowland between mountains created by a geologic rift), which is a 6,000 km trench running from northern Syria to central Mozambique.

Due to its location right on the equator, Nairobi has a moderate subtropical highland climate. The city is located 1,795 above sea level, therefore the evenings can be fairly chilly. Besides the difference between the wet and dry seasons, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very little difference between the seasons.

The city houses over 100 major international companies, the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the United Nations Environment Program and UN headquarters, which have all made Nairobi a financially, politically and socially prominent city.

The major exports include coffee, rice, fruit, flowers, sugar and tea, which amounts to approximately $5 billion worth of goods exported.

6,000 km valley from Southwest Asia to South East Africa

Climate 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59

10 8 6 4 2

c De

v No

Oc t

g

l

p Se

Au

Ju

n Ju

b Ma r Ap r Ma y

Fe

Ja

n

0

13

demographics Economy

Major international companies and organizations based in Nairobi

Kenyatta Intl. Conference Center

Nairobi Stock Exchange

Exports

References: 1. http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/rvalley.htm 2. http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=546&cid=4939 3. http://daniel-workman.suite101.com/top-kenyan-exports-imports-a40454 4. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu26ue/uu26ue0o.htm

Coffee

Rice

Fruit

Flowers

Sugar

Tea

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION NAIROBI GROWTH

rural Kenya

With a population of 3,318,369 people, Nairobi is the largest city in Kenya and the 4th largest African city.

The city is growing at a rate of 3.8% annually, which amounts to over 127,000 people per year.

As one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overpopulated cities, its condition creates a conflicts between the human population and its environment.

All the development caused a mass migration to the city from surrounding villages and towns, in hope of better opportunities, and ultimately, a better life. This is also the reason why Nairobi has a fairly young population. What actually ends up happening when people move to the city is that they end up in a dense region and are unable to find jobs.

hope for a better life

The city also doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have the resources to sustain the growing population, which results in massive pollution as one consequence and also the displacement of the local poor to the boundaries, ultimately resulting in informal settlements. dense urban fabric

inability to sustain (/metabolize)

consequence: informal sprawl

15

demographics

da

y!

Urban Growth

ev

er

y

3,000,000 2,500,000

n Ke

2,000,000

ya

in 1,500,000

urb

1,000,000

people

rural

from

move

as

Population

5,000+

500,000

to

areas

an

are

0

Density (people/km2)

1000 2000 3000 5000

09 20

05 20

99 19

89 19

79 19

69 19

62 19

44 19

36 19

31

28

19

19

19

06

6000

References: 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tpabRBrjWY 2. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf 3. http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&d=HASH36d6 40644c86b4ce92061b.7.5.np&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p. s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION ACCESSIBILITY Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major airport is Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. As the largest airport of East and Central Africa, it handles millions of passengers on a yearly basis.

Lon

don

Par

Located within 20 km from downtown Nairobi, it serves passengers ranging from Europe to Asia.

Plans for the expansion of the airport will allow for direct flights from other far destinations, such as the United States, therefore accomodating growing number of visitors and air traffic.

Ams

is

This airport is also considered the main transportation hub for visiting Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safari lands, serving not only Kenya, but also other cities in East and Central Africa.

terd

am

Dak

ar

Fre

etow Mon n rovi a Abid jan

Bam a Con ko tono u Lag

os

Cair

o

Dou

ala

Yao

und

e Dub

Kins

ai

has

a Lub

Djib

umb

outi

Har

ash

Lus

are

Dar

i

aka

Lilo

es S

alaa

m

Nai

robi

Zan

ziba

ngw

e

r

May Joh

otte

ann

Map

uto

esb

urg

Mah

e-S

eych

elle

s

17

demographics

Mum

bai

Gua Ban

ngz

gko

Hon k

gko

hou

ng

References: 1. http://www.kenyaairports.com/jkia/IndexJkia.php 2. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/jomo-kenyatta/

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION CITY GROWTH [1]

NAIROBI GROWTH Currently, Nairobi has a population of over 3 million people, and it is predicted that it will reach 4 million by 2015.

Population: 827,775 Area: 25.4 km2 Density: 1,210 people/km2

6x

Its convenient location caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years. That presents a problem because the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master plan has not been updated since 1948 [2], so they city is not in the condition to sustain its growing population.

Nairobi has been growing in a very contained manner, meaning that the center which was also the most developed region has remained intact.

The city center started growing towards the flat lands, away from the protected lands, and around the main roads and high ways that branched off of the railway.

1976 Population: 1,324,570 Area: 684 km2 Density: 1,937 people/km2

10 x

1988 Population: 2,751,860 Area: 696 km2 Density: 3,954 people/km2

20 x

2005

19

demographics airport city train station railroad highway main road boundary

Kahawa

Kasarani Dandora

Kabete Kangemi Nairobi City

Riruta Dangoretti

JKIA Wilson Airport

Embakasi Mbagathi

References: 1. http://unepatlas.blogspot.com/ 2. http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/2022.pdf

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION DENSITY VS. POVERTY

Density per km2

Most of the activity in Nairobi is established within its core, but whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interesting is that the most impoverished settlement in Nairobi, Kibera, is attached to that core, demonstrating the disparity in economic levels within the same region.[1]

34,668-75,471

This creates a dilemma of rich vs. poor, where the poor are not benefiting from the economic sector. The economic sector is mainly driven by the service industry, where 63% of the annual revenue is generated from tourism.[2]

154-5,273

23,161-34,667 11,811-23160 5,274-11,810

This contrast has also been the cause of the displacement of the indigenous and local communities, where theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re being pushed to the outskirts and are forced to settle on open lands.

Pages 24-27 demonstrate the scattered urban fabric that emerges within city districts.[3] Pages 28-29 display the large gap that exists between the economy and community in Nairobi.

Transportation and Ecotourism Eco-tourism Airport Bus stop

Poverty >70% 60-70% 50-60% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% <20%

21

density

References: 1. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf 2. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf 3. http://csud.ei.columbia.edu/?id=projects_nairobi_maps

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

LANDUSE AGRICULTURAL

INDUSTRIAL

23

landuse RESIDENTIAL

TRANSPORTATION

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

LANDUSE FOREST

RECREATIONAL

25

landuse EDUCATIONAL

UNDEVELOPED

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

EMPLOYMENT Source of Income INDUSTRY - 16%

AGRICULTURE - 22%

Land Distribution

OTHER - 22.06% national park gazetted forest

RESIDENTIAL - 25.22%

RECREATION - 1.72% parks/gardens golf course play grounds race course drive-ins

INDUSTRIAL - 4.57%

OPEN LANDS - 28.55%

industrial concentration quarry

WATER BODIES - 1.69% dams riverine areas

ADMIN./COMMERCIAL - 0.40% research centers learning institutions hospitals

URBAN AGRICULTURE - 13.90% INFRASTRUCTURE - 2.28% airport railway station sewage plants roads

crops plantations rangelands

27

employment

SERVICE/TOURISM - 62%

Employment Distribution

Mining & Quarrying - 0.3%

Informal Sector - 77%

Electricity & Water - 0.6% Community, Social & Personal Services - 9.6%

Building & Construction - 1% Agriculture & Forestry - 4.1% Fincance, Insurance & Real Estate 1.1%

Transport & Communications - 1.3%

Manufacturing - 3.1%

Trade, Restaurant & Hotels - 2.2% Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION NATIONAL PARKS IN KENYA

total of 55 National parks and reserves

Kenya has a total of 55 national parks and reserves, totalling to 580,367 km2 of protected land.[1] Land-based tourism is a major economic activity in Africa, drawing millions of visitors to different sites across the region every year and generating millions of dollars in foreign exchange earnings. Tourism not only generates revenue to support conservation and management of natural environments but also generates many jobs.

Northern 21.6%

Western 1.1% Central 9.6%

Coast 10.1% Southern 57.6%

total of 580,367 km2 of protected areas protected 12.3%

Approximately 180,000 people in Kenya are employed by the tourism industry, however only about 15% of the tourism money reaches Kenya.[2] With over 1,810,700 visitors to Parks yearly, the tourism earnings total to about $73 million.[3]

unprotected 87.7%

total of 435,275 km2 of rangelands

Nairobi is located within a 100 km radius of some of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most popular national parks.

built land 25% rangelands 75%

total of 363,454 km2 of unprotected rangelands protected 16.5%

unprotected 83.5%

90 km

29

context

80 km Lake Naivasha National Park

70 km 60 km

Mwea National Reserve

Longonot National Park Hellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gate

50 km

Gatamaiyo Forest Nature Reserve

30 km

Oldonyio Sapuk National Park

Suswa

Downtown Nairobi

References: 1. http://www.kws.org/parks/ 2. http://castinet.castilleja.org/private/faculty/peggy_mckee/africaweb/betsyandmeagan/TourisminKenya.htm 3. http://allafrica.com/stories/201110240181.html

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION TOURISM IN KENYA

WALKING RADIUS = 400m

Safari

Tourism in Nairobi mainly consists of wildlife and safari.

The city offers the big 5, which are elephants, black rhinos, buffalos, lions and leopards. Of course the main draw in the interaction between humans and wildlife.

Within city boundaries, there are numerous tourist attractions within walking distance from the city core. It is also within a 10 min driving radius of forests, parks and national reserves.

1/4 mile = 400 m

1 mile = 1.6 km

The Big Five

Nairobi National Park, the largest park within the city limits, was the first established National Park in Kenya, established in 1946. [1] The park offers more than 400 species of animals and covers an area of 117 km2.

Interaction with humans

31

tourism ecotourism sites museums/shops/parks restaurants lodging

Karura Forest Gigiri Forest Ngong Forest Ngong Road Forest Ngong Hills National Reserve Nairobi National Park

References: 1. http://kws.go.ke/parks/parks_reserves/NANP.html

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION TRANSPORTATION

Tourist Transportation

Modes of Transportation

The main mode of transportation in Nairobi is the Matatu, which is a minibus. [1] While other modes of transportation do exist, due to the lack of infrastructure and proper roads, the vehicles cause trail damage, ultimately leading to erosion, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity.

Furthermore, most people in Nairobi cannot afford public transportation.

Bus

[2]

Taxi

http://www.foldabikes.com/CurrentEvents/Story/EastAfrica.html

Matatu

Rental Car

http://lovingthebigisland.wordpress.com/tag/best-snorkeling/

Tuk Tuk

33

layers

wat

er b

asin

s

About 1.9 percent of Kenya is covered by water. Kenya’s network of perennial rivers is most dense in the central and western parts of the country, leading to uneven supplies of surface water.

roa

ds

bou

nda

ries

con

Road transport in Kenya consists a total of 63,265 kilometres of interurban roads, 8,933 km of which are paved. Kenya has one of the best paved highway networks and some of the busiest roads south of the Sahara, but maintenance is often neglected.

Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. While it is also the most populous city in East Africa with a population of over 3 million people, it is also the most developed within its surroundings.

tou

rs

The lowest point on Kenya is at sea level on the Indian Ocean. The highest point on Kenya is 5,199 meters above sea level at Mount Kenya. Nairobi lies at 1,661m above sea level.

terr

ain

Kenya’s landscape ranges from deserts to snow capped mountains, sandy coastlines to freshwater lakes, savannah grasslands to fertile agricultural plantations, extinct volcanoes to coral reefs. 8.01% of the land is arable. Permanent crops occupy 0.97% of the land. 1030 km² of Kenya’ land is irrigated.

References: 1. http://www.thedaysnew.com/Transport_Nairobi.html 2. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/526 3. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9506#ch3

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION ECO-TOURISM IN KENYA Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world.

This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions.

Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress. The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1] While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.

35

demographics Ca

na

da

Be

lize

Tu

rks

Ire

lan

&C

aic

d

os

Gre

ece

Br

azi

Du

l Ga

bai

bo

n

Ke

nya La

os

References: 1. http://ngadventure.typepad.com/blog/2008/03/beyond-green--2.html

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF ECO-TOURISM The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer.

Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2]

1910 first form of eco-tourism

1946

establishment of first National Park (Nairobi National Park)

1950

A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countriesâ&#x20AC;?. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]

legalization of hunting in Africa creation of recreational hunting zones creation of protected lands

awareness of biodiversity decline

1970

hunting became illegal change in safari & start of new ecotourism with more ideals

1980

eco-tourism became more widely known & studied more education = growth of eco-tourism

1990

more awareness of traveling alternatives less mass-market tourism -> more environmentally sensitive, intimate & integrative

2000

â&#x20AC;&#x153;green movementâ&#x20AC;? becomes mainstream institutionalization of info & teaching to public

37

demographics

After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, coastal communities in Thailand, Southern India and Sri Lanka were permanently relocated inland while their traditional lands were earmarked for tourism development.

In Kenya, the Endorois were expelled from their lands to make way for a conservation area in 1973.

http://www.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/scap/SCAP25-Tsunami2.pdf

http://www.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/hrc/projects/Endorois_case.

References: 1. http://www.keralaforest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=159&Itemid=201 2. http://www.medindia.net/news/Eco-tourism-can-Have-Negative-Impact-onWildlife-40587-1.htm 3. Kamauro, O. (1996). Ecotourism: Suicide or Development? Voices from Africa #6: Sustainable Development, UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service. United Nations News Service.

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION Threats Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Displacement of wildlife through snaring and fencing can cause crop raiding by herbivores, livestock depredation by large carnivores, transmission of wildlife diseases to livestock, human injury and death, and destruction to other property.

Human Encroachment

Increasing human settlements and associated infrastructure in the vicinity of protected area boundaries can cause Illegal grazing of livestock in protected areas.

Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources

Illegal extraction of medicinal plants, timber, firewood, wood carving, thatching and construction materials causes land depletion, degradation and deforestation.

Pollutants

Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural activities outside protected areas, and industrial and domestic effluents infiltrate into aquatic habitats, such as wetlands, streams and rivers .

Tourism Impacts

Off road driving and associated destruction of fragile habitats, harassment of wildlife, feeding of wildlife, construction of tourist accommodation facilities, and poor enforcement of park rules.

Causes

Effects

39

demographics Effects

Construction of Infrastructure & Facilities

Unmanagable Waste

Disposal of Campsite Sewage in Rivers

Exploitation of Non-Renewable Energy sources

Deforestation

Contamination of Wildlife

Tourism Life-Cycle discovery

launch

discovery

increasing accomodation

launch

increasing # of tourists

displacement of locals

stagnation

environmental degradation

decline

?

decline

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION TOURISM IN KENYA

Wildebeest Population Trends

Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world.

This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions.

Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress.

The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1] While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.

1978 = 29,000

1999 = 1,500

Wildlife Density 1977

Wildlife Density 1999

>125

45-125 15-45 0-15

>125

45-125 15-45 0-15

41

wildebeest migration wildebeest migration pattern

average climate and rainfall

annual rainfall

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Ja

n

Fe

b

Ma

r February

Ap

r

Ma

y

Ju

n

April

Ju

l

Au

g

Se

p

Oc

t

July

No

v

De

c

0

2

4

6

8

10

November

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION THREATS Since independence in 1963, Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human population has dramatically increased putting a lot of pressure and demand on the available land and associated resources. This has led to an increased demand for agricultural land and settlement both in rural areas and urban centres.

From the mid-1970s, human encroachment by agricultural communities in the less productive and semi-arid rangelands, which now supports most wildlife, has skyrocketed.

This has precipitated multiple problems such as environmental degradation, humanâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;wildlife conflicts, competition forwater and forage resources and a serious general hatred and negative altitude towards wildlife, tourism and conservation areas.

Example of Deforestation near Nairobi (Mumoni Hill Forest Reserve)

43

desertification factors Historical, socio-economic & political factors of lowpotential areas

insuffiecient education for nomadic life

basin drain through urban drift

sedentary education fac.

insufficient security against raiding

traditional land tenure communal ownership of land private ownership of animals

government & quasigovernment services

insufficient range management & grazing control

insufficient livestock marketing fac.

modification of microclimates

overgrazing

herb layer destruction

soil erosion

desertification

low sale price of animal products

veterinary facilities

reduced infant mortality

increased sedentarization of nomads

concentration of human & animal impact around settlements

drought

boreholes & dams

increasing livestock herds for subsistence & fora herds for insurance against drought mortality

more livestock night enclosures

more fuel & building materials

tree & shrub destruction

soil compaction

medical care

famine relief

increased adult survival

intrinsic capacity for increase

expanding human populations

increased run-off & less water penetration References: 1.http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=about&c=hdl

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

INTRODUCTION CONSEQUENCES & RISKS

Displacement of local communities

There exists a broad consensus that biological diversity is critically threatened and that large-scale interventions are necessary for its protection. Since nature protection by definition is a social and political process, it stands to reason that responses to the biodiversity crisis will have to focus on questions of human organization.[1] The indigenous peoples’ movement and conservation organizations have a vital common goal--to protect biological diversity--and could work effectively and powerfully together to protect the planet and preserve biological diversity.

Yet for more than a hundred years, these two forces have been at odds.

The result: thousands of unmanageable protected areas and native peoples reduced to poaching and trespassing on their ancestral lands or “assimilated” but permanently indentured on the lowest rungs of the money economy.[2]

http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7289.pdf

http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/how-vulnerable-are-kenyas-internally-displaced/

45

demographics landnessness

land-based re-establishment

joblessness

re-employment

homelessness

house reconstruction

food insecurity

adequate nutrition

alternate land or new job opportunities

new means of livelihood

continuous, long-term health monitoring increased morbidity

improved health care

marginalization

social inclusion

loss of access to common property resources

restoration of community assets

community disarticulation

networks & community rebuilding

rebirth of community institutions

require institution building & concurrence from host area population

References: 1. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/pwilshus/scholarship/snr_sqwh2.pdf 2. Dowie, Mark, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conservation Refugeesâ&#x20AC;?, The MIT Press, 2009.

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

EXAMPLES SUCCESSFUL TOURISM

EcoCamp Patagonia

The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer.

http://goglamping.net/americas/ecocamp-patagonia/

Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2] A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countriesâ&#x20AC;?. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]

Torres del Paine National Park, Chile

The domes have semi-spherical structures, which minimize external surface area and temperature exchange through walls, as well as giving maximum internal space and ensuring a uniform distribution of wind stress. The dome exteriors are green and of limited height so they blend harmoniously into the natural environment. All walls have an outer canvas layer and thick insulation cushion, ensuring warmth and protection from strong winds. Skylight windows allow guests to follow natural light patterns, star gaze at night, and utilize natural heat and light resources.

Recycled materials are used for amenities and wooden dome structures, and fallen dead wood is used in fireplaces. Walkways connecting domes are raised so as not to damage the terrain, and to allow animals to roam around freely without structures blocking their path. As they walk between domes on these walkways, guests can responsibly connect with their outside surroundings.

Fincube

Dolomite Mountains, Italy http://www.fincube.eu/en

The 506 sq ft Fincube is designed to coexist with, not to trample Mother Nature. Designed as a high-tech, lowenergy, small footprint resident offering magnificent views of Italyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Dolomite Mountains, the one-bedroom residence is built on a pedestal, with minor damange to the ground below it and also a portability factor of a small house that is easy to move.

The Fincube is oriented in a helical pattern, so when visitors enter up through the pedestal, they travel in a circle through the kitchen, living area, then the bedroom and finally the bathroom. Triple-glazed windows cover the entire facade of the home, offering 360 degree views of the surrounding landscape, and an exterior shade screen with walkway cages in the house. The shade screen provides shading and ventilation for the house without impinging on the stunning views

47

demographics Ilngwesi tourism bandas in LAIKIPIA

Lumo wildlife sanctuary in TSAVO

http://www.africaodyssey.com/kenya/il-ngwesi

http://www.kenya-safari.tv/lumo-sanctuary.html

The area welcomes about 86,000 visitors every year and its tourism demonstrates the economic viability of wildlife conservation by providing employment and income for many residents.

The staff involved in the construction and subsequent running of the lodge are all group ranch members and the project therefore provides an increase in local employment.

It is constructed with materials from the local area, and water heating and electricity are powered by solar systems.

Communities who depend on plant and wildlife resources for their livelihood often contribute to stresses on vulnerable natural resources.

An approach known as communitybased natural resource management (CBNRM) sees management of human and natural resources as part of the same equation: when communities are able to increase their incomes through improved agricultural practices and alternative economic activity, precious natural resources are sustained.

Mwaluganje Elephant sanctuary in SHIMBA HILLS

Kimana wildlife sanctuary in AMBOSELI

The Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary is a community-based organization that works to alleviate human-wildlife conflicts arising from the large population of elephants in Mwaluganje and the conflicting land use practices of local farmers. It aims to resolve human-elephant conflicts in the Golini-Mwaluganje area, encourage communities to support wildlife conservation by funding social projects and enterprise development related to wildlife conservation, and ensure that community and individual landowners within the Mwaluganje â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Shimba Hills National Reserve corridor benefit from wildlife conservation and Eco-tourism development.

Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wildlife Sanctuary has established conservation areas on communally owned land in the hope that small scale sustainable tourism will generate income for the community.

The Kimana community has been able to recognize ways to coexist with wildlife as a key partner in sustainable wildlife conservation.

http://www.elephantmwaluganje.com/ ABOUT%20US/aboutus/Aboutus.htm

http://www.naturalhighsafaris.com/explore/ kenya/kimana-wildlife-sanctuary

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL NEW TOURISM NETWORK Community

The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure.

The reinforcement of new tourism â&#x20AC;&#x153;hubsâ&#x20AC;? outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth.

The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions.

Economy

Environment

By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities.

The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.

Current Condition

Community

Economy

Proposed Condition

Environment

49

surrounding settlements urban

rural

Thika

Ruiru

Sabuk

Kiambu

Limuru

Kikuyu

Downtown Nairobi

Kagundo

Industry Core

Current Tourism Condition Ngong

Mlolongo Mitaboni Athi River

Kitengela

Isinya

Salama

Kajiado

Proposed Network of Tourism

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL LOOKING FORWARD Environment connections

For this proposal to be able to function properly, threats to biodiversity and their implications need to be addressed early on to lessen the negative impact.

Economic connections Community connections

The diagram on the right shows a 100 year plan that focuses on these issues and presents specific events that can take place in order to address them.

community amenities

The diagram shows the synthesis between community, environment and economy and how they can potentially work together.

leisure activities community events

From top to bottom, you can predict revenue streams, infrastructure development, and ecological strategies.

Transformation of Kibera

1. consultants hired 2. education in local facilities 3. scientific research 4. experimental processing facilities 5. processing facilities development 6. industry at optimum proficiency 7. peak intensity 8. focus towards leisure & national park maintenance 9. conversion of former plants to new usage

A. establishment /reorganization of community events B. networked economy allows events to take place all over the region C.communities move away from forest land and require indoor space for community events D.community events dispersed over the entire region

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communal, economical & environmental development 0 years

10 years

20 years

30 years

40 years

50 years

60 years

70 years

80 years

90 years

LOCAL JOB MARKET

REVIVED ECONOMY

existing roads personal mobility infrastructure elevated transport non-renewable energy

micro-renewable energy

water management communications safari

food growing program

community eateries hiking

hiking

5

bird watching B

crop harvesting

EVENTS feasts community celebrations education 2

1

urban pantry

picnics

“Pioneer species are species which colonizes previously uncolonized land, usually leading to ecological succession.”

new revenue

safari observatory

8

C

hiking 9

wild food walks pioneering secondary plant species succession

safari

safari

A

7

safari

6

tertiary succession

crop harvesting

recolonization = regeneration if ecosystem is destroyed/ altered

D pioneering secondary plant species succession

tertiary succession

“Secondary succession “Tertiarry species pave occurs when an the way for a stable established eco state eco-system system has been where there is disturbed by man or optimum balance nature” between diversity and sustenance.”

m myceliu spread

ecological & biodiversity increase

natural soil buildup

nature trails

bird watching

remediated soil

recycling center

4

bird food growing watching program

compost waste

3

food growing program

food growing program

m myceliu spread m myceliu spread

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL CLEANING ARTERIES As the current tourism hubs are set up in near proximity to Nairobi, the main footprint is implemented on Nairobi.

By revitalizing these regions and bringing the main economic driver, which is the tourism industry to the existing settlements in the region, we have the opportunity to create a more integrated network of communication, transportation, infrastructure, and tourism. This will eventually improve and clean up the cities arteries.

Existing Urban Settlements vs. Current Poles of Attraction: while most tourists visit Nairobi solely for the safari experience, many are unaware of other settlements and areas in close proximity to the city.

Green Corridors & Open Space: by revitalizing the existing settlements, the population of Nairobi can decentralize to other regions for better opportunities. The new infrastructure will link towns across the existing network of roads, river and rail lines by improving and cleaning up the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arteries.

Limuru

Kikuyu

Kiambu

Thika

Ngong Ruiru

Downtown Nairobi

Mlolongo

Sabuk

Kitengela

Isinya

Kajiado

Industry Core

Athi River

Kagundo Mitaboni

Salama

53

demographics

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL WASTE ECONOMY

10 years

By introducing a new waste economy system. the process of land regenaration can potentially be accelerated, and eventually optimized.

The system operates within the restoration strategy, providing jobs and livelihoods for communities.

The proposal involves localized renewable energy production, which can be developed by using re-processed waste products.

This recycling process makes use of existing transportation paths, but also proposes the rehabilitation of new transportation infrastructure.

Infrastructure changes as vegetation grows and biological diversification increases, thus transforming the types of activities that take place in a particular area.

This waste economy system ultimately creates a regenerative loop that enables self-sustainability of nature and community.

2 years

0 years

55

waste processing input

general public

output systems/facilities needed for regeneration

inorganic and organic waste

transfer area bio-gas accumulation

energy generator

mycelium added

biodegradable pellets

conversion

remediated organic matter with various plants

biodegradable food/drink/ perishable packaging

educate

food waste collected

edible plants sorted

compost waste collected

injection moulding machines

composting toilets

rain

system is integrated with safari/eco-tourism microfiltration of graywater for purification help global waste economy

rainwater harvest

community restaurant seeds absorbed/eaten by birds

composting facilities rainwater/ graywater system

birds spread seeds across country

packaging degrades into soil

biodegradable packaging can be composed

plants

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT In order to start regenerating land, it is important to take the exisiting biodiversity into account.

The new strategy proposes to accomodate wildlife habitat and habits in order to avoid scaring off the animals or encroaching onto their territories.

Instead of having the animals be the objects on display, perhaps the humans in turn can be viewed by the animals in a non-threatening matter.

By reversing the roles, we start questioning the relationship between humans and wildlife, which can ultimately spark an investigation into animal lifestyles and needs.

57

demographics spur summit crest

pass

peak

cliff

ridge

mountain slope

mountain torrent

plateau

forest valley hill

drumlin lake

kettle

solar radiation condensation

cliff

percipitation

action of wind evaporation

transpiration

percipitation

evaporation

surface runoff infiltration river underground flow

mountain range water level

volcano intrusive rocks

river bed sedimentary rocks basaltic layer granitic layer metamorphic rocks igneous rocks

References: 1. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/geology/mountain.php

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai

PROPOSAL VISION OF FUTURE

Current state of Kibera

The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure.

The reinforcement of new tourism â&#x20AC;&#x153;hubsâ&#x20AC;? outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth.

The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions.

By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities.

The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.

Vision of Kibera in the future

59

demographics

Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai