Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
03
thesis statement
Urban metabolism
is the conservation and expansion process of a specific system through the evaluation of energy intake and the waste generated within an environment. The analysis that is derived from this evaluation will demonstrate and suggest methods in which urban sustainability can be approached. Sustainable development is an ever-growing notion that is challenged in Nairobi by rapidly increasing population rates, the illegal construction of infrastructure, and consequently the deterioration of natural resources. By controlling the urban expansion and implementing a modular, responsive
eco-tourism network
on top of the existing city plan, we can begin to limit and manipulate the transition zone between the built and the natural environment. The scale and application of the network will be a direct response to the energy intake and outtake of specific sites in Nairobi, which is turn will stimulate a more sustainable urban growth model/system.
By strategically establishing active nodes based on sensory and experiential parameters that respond to land regeneration rates, the improved eco-tourism network can address issues of conservation and localize the tourism job market. Consequently, the goal is not necessarily to increase the number of tourists, but to maximize the tourist experience, while at the same time minimizing its footprint.
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
05
table of contents
UNDER CONSTRUCTION... • Thesis Statement • Table of Contents
p.04 p.05
INTRODUCTION:
p.06 p.06 p. p. p. p. p.
p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.
p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION NAIROBI, KENYA The chosen site is Kenya’s capital and most developed metropolitan city, Nairobi, which was established about a century ago during the construction of the Uganda railway. The railway is the main connecting system between Kampala, the largest city and capital of Uganda, and Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city and major port. The central location of Nairobi between these major cities transformed the region from swampland to a main transportation hub. The Uganda Railway and a major international airport have made Kenya very accessible and because of that, the city has become a central hub for a lot of businesses, international corporations and international conferences. This caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years.
09
demographics airport / train station train station railroad
UGANDA
Arua
Torore
KENYA
Kampala Kisumu Kasese
Nanyuki Nakuru
Nairobi Magadi Mwanza
Arusha
Moshi
Mombasa
Kigoma Tabora Tanga Mpanda Dar es Salaam
TANZANIA Kidatu
References: 1. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107678.html 2. http://kenya.rcbowen.com/cities/nairobi.html
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION Population Density
>600
300-600 100-300 20-100
built
natural
<20
What stands out about Kenya is not only its diversity, but also the stark contrast that exists within various regions and landscapes.
Poverty Rate
>65
55-65 45-55 34-45
rural
urban
<35
11
demographics Major Ecosystem Types
forest bush/woodland cropland savanna/grassland
tropical
bare areas
arid
This notion is most evident in central and south-western Kenya, where the land is most developed due to the number of rivers that are accumulated in this region.
Predicted Diversity of Mammal Species
69-79 63-68 56-62 48-55
community
wildlife
37-47
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION NAIROBI FACTS
Rift Valley
Nairobi is located within a 100km radius of the Great Rift Valley (lowland between mountains created by a geologic rift), which is a 6,000 km trench running from northern Syria to central Mozambique. Due to its location right on the equator, Nairobi has a moderate subtropical highland climate. The city is located 1,795 above sea level, therefore the evenings can be fairly chilly. Besides the difference between the wet and dry seasons, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very little difference between the seasons. The city houses over 100 major international companies, the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the United Nations Environment Program and UN headquarters, which have all made Nairobi a financially, politically and socially prominent city. The major exports include coffee, rice, fruit, flowers, sugar and tea, which amounts to approximately $5 billion worth of goods exported.
6,000 km valley from Southwest Asia to South East Africa
Climate 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59
10 8 6 4 2
c De
v No
Oc t
g
l
p Se
Au
Ju
n Ju
b Ma r Ap r Ma y
Fe
Ja
n
0
13
demographics Economy
Major international companies and organizations based in Nairobi
Kenyatta Intl. Conference Center
Nairobi Stock Exchange
Exports
References: 1. http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/rvalley.htm 2. http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=546&cid=4939 3. http://daniel-workman.suite101.com/top-kenyan-exports-imports-a40454 4. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu26ue/uu26ue0o.htm
Coffee
Rice
Fruit
Flowers
Sugar
Tea
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION NAIROBI GROWTH
rural Kenya
With a population of 3,318,369 people, Nairobi is the largest city in Kenya and the 4th largest African city. The city is growing at a rate of 3.8% annually, which amounts to over 127,000 people per year. As one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overpopulated cities, its condition creates a conflicts between the human population and its environment. All the development caused a mass migration to the city from surrounding villages and towns, in hope of better opportunities, and ultimately, a better life. This is also the reason why Nairobi has a fairly young population. What actually ends up happening when people move to the city is that they end up in a dense region and are unable to find jobs.
hope for a better life
The city also doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have the resources to sustain the growing population, which results in massive pollution as one consequence and also the displacement of the local poor to the boundaries, ultimately resulting in informal settlements. dense urban fabric
inability to sustain (/metabolize)
consequence: informal sprawl
15
demographics
da
y!
Urban Growth
ev
er
y
3,000,000 2,500,000
n Ke
2,000,000
ya
in 1,500,000
urb
1,000,000
people
rural
from
move
as
Population
5,000+
500,000
to
areas
an
are
0
Density (people/km2)
1000 2000 3000 5000
09 20
05 20
99 19
89 19
79 19
69 19
62 19
44 19
36 19
31
28
19
19
19
06
6000
References: 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tpabRBrjWY 2. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf 3. http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&d=HASH36d6 40644c86b4ce92061b.7.5.np&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p. s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION ACCESSIBILITY Nairobiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major airport is Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. As the largest airport of East and Central Africa, it handles millions of passengers on a yearly basis.
Lon
don
Par
Located within 20 km from downtown Nairobi, it serves passengers ranging from Europe to Asia. Plans for the expansion of the airport will allow for direct flights from other far destinations, such as the United States, therefore accomodating growing number of visitors and air traffic.
Ams
is
This airport is also considered the main transportation hub for visiting Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safari lands, serving not only Kenya, but also other cities in East and Central Africa.
terd
am
Dak
ar
Fre
etow Mon n rovi a Abid jan
Bam a Con ko tono u Lag
os
Cair
o
Dou
ala
Yao
und
e Dub
Kins
ai
has
a Lub
Djib
umb
outi
Har
ash
Lus
are
Dar
i
aka
Lilo
es S
alaa
m
Nai
robi
Zan
ziba
ngw
e
r
May Joh
otte
ann
Map
uto
esb
urg
Mah
e-S
eych
elle
s
17
demographics
Mum
bai
Gua Ban
ngz
gko
Hon k
gko
hou
ng
References: 1. http://www.kenyaairports.com/jkia/IndexJkia.php 2. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/jomo-kenyatta/
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION CITY GROWTH [1]
NAIROBI GROWTH Currently, Nairobi has a population of over 3 million people, and it is predicted that it will reach 4 million by 2015.
Population: 827,775 Area: 25.4 km2 Density: 1,210 people/km2
6x
Its convenient location caused an increase in it development, and therefore, the city has been growing rapidly over the years. That presents a problem because the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master plan has not been updated since 1948 [2], so they city is not in the condition to sustain its growing population. Nairobi has been growing in a very contained manner, meaning that the center which was also the most developed region has remained intact. The city center started growing towards the flat lands, away from the protected lands, and around the main roads and high ways that branched off of the railway.
1976 Population: 1,324,570 Area: 684 km2 Density: 1,937 people/km2
10 x
1988 Population: 2,751,860 Area: 696 km2 Density: 3,954 people/km2
20 x
2005
19
demographics airport city train station railroad highway main road boundary
Kahawa
Kasarani Dandora
Kabete Kangemi Nairobi City
Riruta Dangoretti
JKIA Wilson Airport
Embakasi Mbagathi
References: 1. http://unepatlas.blogspot.com/ 2. http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/2022.pdf
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION DENSITY VS. POVERTY
Density per km2
Most of the activity in Nairobi is established within its core, but whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interesting is that the most impoverished settlement in Nairobi, Kibera, is attached to that core, demonstrating the disparity in economic levels within the same region.[1]
34,668-75,471
This creates a dilemma of rich vs. poor, where the poor are not benefiting from the economic sector. The economic sector is mainly driven by the service industry, where 63% of the annual revenue is generated from tourism.[2]
154-5,273
23,161-34,667 11,811-23160 5,274-11,810
This contrast has also been the cause of the displacement of the indigenous and local communities, where theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re being pushed to the outskirts and are forced to settle on open lands. Pages 24-27 demonstrate the scattered urban fabric that emerges within city districts.[3] Pages 28-29 display the large gap that exists between the economy and community in Nairobi.
Transportation and Ecotourism Eco-tourism Airport Bus stop
Poverty >70% 60-70% 50-60% 40-50% 30-40% 20-30% <20%
21
density
References: 1. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/NCEO_Report_FF_New_Text.pdf 2. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf 3. http://csud.ei.columbia.edu/?id=projects_nairobi_maps
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
LANDUSE AGRICULTURAL
INDUSTRIAL
23
landuse RESIDENTIAL
TRANSPORTATION
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
LANDUSE FOREST
RECREATIONAL
25
landuse EDUCATIONAL
UNDEVELOPED
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
EMPLOYMENT Source of Income INDUSTRY - 16%
AGRICULTURE - 22%
Land Distribution
OTHER - 22.06% national park gazetted forest
RESIDENTIAL - 25.22%
RECREATION - 1.72% parks/gardens golf course play grounds race course drive-ins
INDUSTRIAL - 4.57%
OPEN LANDS - 28.55%
industrial concentration quarry
WATER BODIES - 1.69% dams riverine areas
ADMIN./COMMERCIAL - 0.40% research centers learning institutions hospitals
URBAN AGRICULTURE - 13.90% INFRASTRUCTURE - 2.28% airport railway station sewage plants roads
crops plantations rangelands
27
employment
SERVICE/TOURISM - 62%
Employment Distribution
Mining & Quarrying - 0.3%
Informal Sector - 77%
Electricity & Water - 0.6% Community, Social & Personal Services - 9.6%
Building & Construction - 1% Agriculture & Forestry - 4.1% Fincance, Insurance & Real Estate 1.1%
Transport & Communications - 1.3%
Manufacturing - 3.1%
Trade, Restaurant & Hotels - 2.2% Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION NATIONAL PARKS IN KENYA
total of 55 National parks and reserves
Kenya has a total of 55 national parks and reserves, totalling to 580,367 km2 of protected land.[1] Land-based tourism is a major economic activity in Africa, drawing millions of visitors to different sites across the region every year and generating millions of dollars in foreign exchange earnings. Tourism not only generates revenue to support conservation and management of natural environments but also generates many jobs.
Northern 21.6%
Western 1.1% Central 9.6%
Coast 10.1% Southern 57.6%
total of 580,367 km2 of protected areas protected 12.3%
Approximately 180,000 people in Kenya are employed by the tourism industry, however only about 15% of the tourism money reaches Kenya.[2] With over 1,810,700 visitors to Parks yearly, the tourism earnings total to about $73 million.[3]
unprotected 87.7%
total of 435,275 km2 of rangelands
Nairobi is located within a 100 km radius of some of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most popular national parks.
built land 25% rangelands 75%
total of 363,454 km2 of unprotected rangelands protected 16.5%
unprotected 83.5%
90 km
29
context
80 km Lake Naivasha National Park
70 km 60 km
Mwea National Reserve
Longonot National Park Hellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gate
50 km
Gatamaiyo Forest Nature Reserve
30 km
Oldonyio Sapuk National Park
Suswa
Downtown Nairobi
References: 1. http://www.kws.org/parks/ 2. http://castinet.castilleja.org/private/faculty/peggy_mckee/africaweb/betsyandmeagan/TourisminKenya.htm 3. http://allafrica.com/stories/201110240181.html
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION TOURISM IN KENYA
WALKING RADIUS = 400m
Safari
Tourism in Nairobi mainly consists of wildlife and safari. The city offers the big 5, which are elephants, black rhinos, buffalos, lions and leopards. Of course the main draw in the interaction between humans and wildlife. Within city boundaries, there are numerous tourist attractions within walking distance from the city core. It is also within a 10 min driving radius of forests, parks and national reserves.
1/4 mile = 400 m
1 mile = 1.6 km
The Big Five
Nairobi National Park, the largest park within the city limits, was the first established National Park in Kenya, established in 1946. [1] The park offers more than 400 species of animals and covers an area of 117 km2.
Interaction with humans
31
tourism ecotourism sites museums/shops/parks restaurants lodging
Karura Forest Gigiri Forest Ngong Forest Ngong Road Forest Ngong Hills National Reserve Nairobi National Park
References: 1. http://kws.go.ke/parks/parks_reserves/NANP.html
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION TRANSPORTATION
Tourist Transportation
Modes of Transportation
The main mode of transportation in Nairobi is the Matatu, which is a minibus. [1] While other modes of transportation do exist, due to the lack of infrastructure and proper roads, the vehicles cause trail damage, ultimately leading to erosion, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, most people in Nairobi cannot afford public transportation.
Bus
[2]
Taxi
http://www.foldabikes.com/CurrentEvents/Story/EastAfrica.html
Matatu
Rental Car
http://lovingthebigisland.wordpress.com/tag/best-snorkeling/
Tuk Tuk
33
layers
wat
er b
asin
s
About 1.9 percent of Kenya is covered by water. Kenya’s network of perennial rivers is most dense in the central and western parts of the country, leading to uneven supplies of surface water.
roa
ds
bou
nda
ries
con
Road transport in Kenya consists a total of 63,265 kilometres of interurban roads, 8,933 km of which are paved. Kenya has one of the best paved highway networks and some of the busiest roads south of the Sahara, but maintenance is often neglected.
Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. While it is also the most populous city in East Africa with a population of over 3 million people, it is also the most developed within its surroundings.
tou
rs
The lowest point on Kenya is at sea level on the Indian Ocean. The highest point on Kenya is 5,199 meters above sea level at Mount Kenya. Nairobi lies at 1,661m above sea level.
terr
ain
Kenya’s landscape ranges from deserts to snow capped mountains, sandy coastlines to freshwater lakes, savannah grasslands to fertile agricultural plantations, extinct volcanoes to coral reefs. 8.01% of the land is arable. Permanent crops occupy 0.97% of the land. 1030 km² of Kenya’ land is irrigated.
References: 1. http://www.thedaysnew.com/Transport_Nairobi.html 2. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/526 3. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9506#ch3
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION ECO-TOURISM IN KENYA Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world. This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions. Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress. The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1] While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.
35
demographics Ca
na
da
Be
lize
Tu
rks
Ire
lan
&C
aic
d
os
Gre
ece
Br
azi
Du
l Ga
bai
bo
n
Ke
nya La
os
References: 1. http://ngadventure.typepad.com/blog/2008/03/beyond-green--2.html
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF ECO-TOURISM The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer. Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2]
1910 first form of eco-tourism
1946
establishment of first National Park (Nairobi National Park)
1950
A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countriesâ&#x20AC;?. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]
legalization of hunting in Africa creation of recreational hunting zones creation of protected lands
awareness of biodiversity decline
1970
hunting became illegal change in safari & start of new ecotourism with more ideals
1980
eco-tourism became more widely known & studied more education = growth of eco-tourism
1990
more awareness of traveling alternatives less mass-market tourism -> more environmentally sensitive, intimate & integrative
2000
â&#x20AC;&#x153;green movementâ&#x20AC;? becomes mainstream institutionalization of info & teaching to public
37
demographics
After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, coastal communities in Thailand, Southern India and Sri Lanka were permanently relocated inland while their traditional lands were earmarked for tourism development.
In Kenya, the Endorois were expelled from their lands to make way for a conservation area in 1973.
http://www.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/scap/SCAP25-Tsunami2.pdf
http://www.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/hrc/projects/Endorois_case. References: 1. http://www.keralaforest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=159&Itemid=201 2. http://www.medindia.net/news/Eco-tourism-can-Have-Negative-Impact-onWildlife-40587-1.htm 3. Kamauro, O. (1996). Ecotourism: Suicide or Development? Voices from Africa #6: Sustainable Development, UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service. United Nations News Service.
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION Threats Human-Wildlife Conflicts
Displacement of wildlife through snaring and fencing can cause crop raiding by herbivores, livestock depredation by large carnivores, transmission of wildlife diseases to livestock, human injury and death, and destruction to other property. Human Encroachment
Increasing human settlements and associated infrastructure in the vicinity of protected area boundaries can cause Illegal grazing of livestock in protected areas. Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources
Illegal extraction of medicinal plants, timber, firewood, wood carving, thatching and construction materials causes land depletion, degradation and deforestation.
Pollutants
Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural activities outside protected areas, and industrial and domestic effluents infiltrate into aquatic habitats, such as wetlands, streams and rivers .
Tourism Impacts
Off road driving and associated destruction of fragile habitats, harassment of wildlife, feeding of wildlife, construction of tourist accommodation facilities, and poor enforcement of park rules.
Causes
Effects
39
demographics Effects
Construction of Infrastructure & Facilities
Unmanagable Waste
Disposal of Campsite Sewage in Rivers
Exploitation of Non-Renewable Energy sources
Deforestation
Contamination of Wildlife
Tourism Life-Cycle discovery
launch
discovery
increasing accomodation
launch
increasing # of tourists
displacement of locals
stagnation
environmental degradation
decline
?
decline
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION TOURISM IN KENYA
Wildebeest Population Trends
Kenya has been recognized as one of the top 10 eco-tourism destinations in the world. This title is based on the effects that eco-tourism has in these regions. Whereas the larger dots on the map (including Kenya) have been successfull at promoting sustainable tourism, destinations such as Gabon, Laos and Ireland are making progress. The islands of Turks & Caicos and Greece on the other hand are facing challenges that years of eco-tourism have presented.[1] While eco-tourism has been promoted as low-impact travel, over the years, it has presented more challenges than benefits.
1978 = 29,000
1999 = 1,500
Wildlife Density 1977
Wildlife Density 1999
>125
45-125 15-45 0-15
>125
45-125 15-45 0-15
41
wildebeest migration wildebeest migration pattern
average climate and rainfall
annual rainfall
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Ja
n
Fe
b
Ma
r February
Ap
r
Ma
y
Ju
n
April
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
July
No
v
De
c
0
2
4
6
8
10
November
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION THREATS Since independence in 1963, Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human population has dramatically increased putting a lot of pressure and demand on the available land and associated resources. This has led to an increased demand for agricultural land and settlement both in rural areas and urban centres. From the mid-1970s, human encroachment by agricultural communities in the less productive and semi-arid rangelands, which now supports most wildlife, has skyrocketed. This has precipitated multiple problems such as environmental degradation, humanâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;wildlife conflicts, competition forwater and forage resources and a serious general hatred and negative altitude towards wildlife, tourism and conservation areas.
Example of Deforestation near Nairobi (Mumoni Hill Forest Reserve)
43
desertification factors Historical, socio-economic & political factors of lowpotential areas
insuffiecient education for nomadic life
basin drain through urban drift
sedentary education fac.
insufficient security against raiding
traditional land tenure communal ownership of land private ownership of animals
government & quasigovernment services
insufficient range management & grazing control
insufficient livestock marketing fac.
modification of microclimates
overgrazing
herb layer destruction
soil erosion
desertification
low sale price of animal products
veterinary facilities
reduced infant mortality
increased sedentarization of nomads
concentration of human & animal impact around settlements
drought
boreholes & dams
increasing livestock herds for subsistence & fora herds for insurance against drought mortality
more livestock night enclosures
more fuel & building materials
tree & shrub destruction
soil compaction
medical care
famine relief
increased adult survival
intrinsic capacity for increase
expanding human populations
increased run-off & less water penetration References: 1.http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=about&c=hdl
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
INTRODUCTION CONSEQUENCES & RISKS
Displacement of local communities
There exists a broad consensus that biological diversity is critically threatened and that large-scale interventions are necessary for its protection. Since nature protection by definition is a social and political process, it stands to reason that responses to the biodiversity crisis will have to focus on questions of human organization.[1] The indigenous peoples’ movement and conservation organizations have a vital common goal--to protect biological diversity--and could work effectively and powerfully together to protect the planet and preserve biological diversity. Yet for more than a hundred years, these two forces have been at odds. The result: thousands of unmanageable protected areas and native peoples reduced to poaching and trespassing on their ancestral lands or “assimilated” but permanently indentured on the lowest rungs of the money economy.[2]
http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7289.pdf
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/how-vulnerable-are-kenyas-internally-displaced/
45
demographics landnessness
land-based re-establishment
joblessness
re-employment
homelessness
house reconstruction
food insecurity
adequate nutrition
alternate land or new job opportunities
new means of livelihood
continuous, long-term health monitoring increased morbidity
improved health care
marginalization
social inclusion
loss of access to common property resources
restoration of community assets
community disarticulation
networks & community rebuilding
rebirth of community institutions
require institution building & concurrence from host area population
References: 1. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/pwilshus/scholarship/snr_sqwh2.pdf 2. Dowie, Mark, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conservation Refugeesâ&#x20AC;?, The MIT Press, 2009.
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
EXAMPLES SUCCESSFUL TOURISM
EcoCamp Patagonia
The current eco-tourism industry has become a mass market, where the offering of predefined packages are the norm.[1] As a consequence, there is a lack of understanding and exploration of other landscapes, settlements and communities that have a lot to offer.
http://goglamping.net/americas/ecocamp-patagonia/
Eco-tourism really started booming in the past 30 years, however at the same time, we are now realizing that even the most miniscule impact has negative effects on the environment.[2] A definition eco-tourism is the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countriesâ&#x20AC;?. Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing other negative impacts.[3]
Torres del Paine National Park, Chile
The domes have semi-spherical structures, which minimize external surface area and temperature exchange through walls, as well as giving maximum internal space and ensuring a uniform distribution of wind stress. The dome exteriors are green and of limited height so they blend harmoniously into the natural environment. All walls have an outer canvas layer and thick insulation cushion, ensuring warmth and protection from strong winds. Skylight windows allow guests to follow natural light patterns, star gaze at night, and utilize natural heat and light resources. Recycled materials are used for amenities and wooden dome structures, and fallen dead wood is used in fireplaces. Walkways connecting domes are raised so as not to damage the terrain, and to allow animals to roam around freely without structures blocking their path. As they walk between domes on these walkways, guests can responsibly connect with their outside surroundings.
Fincube
Dolomite Mountains, Italy http://www.fincube.eu/en
The 506 sq ft Fincube is designed to coexist with, not to trample Mother Nature. Designed as a high-tech, lowenergy, small footprint resident offering magnificent views of Italyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Dolomite Mountains, the one-bedroom residence is built on a pedestal, with minor damange to the ground below it and also a portability factor of a small house that is easy to move. The Fincube is oriented in a helical pattern, so when visitors enter up through the pedestal, they travel in a circle through the kitchen, living area, then the bedroom and finally the bathroom. Triple-glazed windows cover the entire facade of the home, offering 360 degree views of the surrounding landscape, and an exterior shade screen with walkway cages in the house. The shade screen provides shading and ventilation for the house without impinging on the stunning views
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demographics Ilngwesi tourism bandas in LAIKIPIA
Lumo wildlife sanctuary in TSAVO
http://www.africaodyssey.com/kenya/il-ngwesi
http://www.kenya-safari.tv/lumo-sanctuary.html
The area welcomes about 86,000 visitors every year and its tourism demonstrates the economic viability of wildlife conservation by providing employment and income for many residents. The staff involved in the construction and subsequent running of the lodge are all group ranch members and the project therefore provides an increase in local employment. It is constructed with materials from the local area, and water heating and electricity are powered by solar systems.
Communities who depend on plant and wildlife resources for their livelihood often contribute to stresses on vulnerable natural resources. An approach known as communitybased natural resource management (CBNRM) sees management of human and natural resources as part of the same equation: when communities are able to increase their incomes through improved agricultural practices and alternative economic activity, precious natural resources are sustained.
Mwaluganje Elephant sanctuary in SHIMBA HILLS
Kimana wildlife sanctuary in AMBOSELI
The Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary is a community-based organization that works to alleviate human-wildlife conflicts arising from the large population of elephants in Mwaluganje and the conflicting land use practices of local farmers. It aims to resolve human-elephant conflicts in the Golini-Mwaluganje area, encourage communities to support wildlife conservation by funding social projects and enterprise development related to wildlife conservation, and ensure that community and individual landowners within the Mwaluganje â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Shimba Hills National Reserve corridor benefit from wildlife conservation and Eco-tourism development.
Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wildlife Sanctuary has established conservation areas on communally owned land in the hope that small scale sustainable tourism will generate income for the community. The Kimana community has been able to recognize ways to coexist with wildlife as a key partner in sustainable wildlife conservation.
http://www.elephantmwaluganje.com/ ABOUT%20US/aboutus/Aboutus.htm
http://www.naturalhighsafaris.com/explore/ kenya/kimana-wildlife-sanctuary
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL NEW TOURISM NETWORK Community
The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure. The reinforcement of new tourism â&#x20AC;&#x153;hubsâ&#x20AC;? outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth. The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions.
Economy
Environment
By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities. The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.
Current Condition
Community
Economy
Proposed Condition
Environment
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surrounding settlements urban
rural
Thika
Ruiru
Sabuk
Kiambu
Limuru
Kikuyu
Downtown Nairobi
Kagundo
Industry Core
Current Tourism Condition Ngong
Mlolongo Mitaboni Athi River
Kitengela
Isinya
Salama
Kajiado
Proposed Network of Tourism
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL LOOKING FORWARD Environment connections
For this proposal to be able to function properly, threats to biodiversity and their implications need to be addressed early on to lessen the negative impact.
Economic connections Community connections
The diagram on the right shows a 100 year plan that focuses on these issues and presents specific events that can take place in order to address them.
community amenities
The diagram shows the synthesis between community, environment and economy and how they can potentially work together.
leisure activities community events
From top to bottom, you can predict revenue streams, infrastructure development, and ecological strategies.
Transformation of Kibera
1. consultants hired 2. education in local facilities 3. scientific research 4. experimental processing facilities 5. processing facilities development 6. industry at optimum proficiency 7. peak intensity 8. focus towards leisure & national park maintenance 9. conversion of former plants to new usage
A. establishment /reorganization of community events B. networked economy allows events to take place all over the region C.communities move away from forest land and require indoor space for community events D.community events dispersed over the entire region
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communal, economical & environmental development 0 years
10 years
20 years
30 years
40 years
50 years
60 years
70 years
80 years
90 years
LOCAL JOB MARKET
REVIVED ECONOMY
existing roads personal mobility infrastructure elevated transport non-renewable energy
micro-renewable energy
water management communications safari
food growing program
community eateries hiking
hiking
5
bird watching B
crop harvesting
EVENTS feasts community celebrations education 2
1
urban pantry
picnics
“Pioneer species are species which colonizes previously uncolonized land, usually leading to ecological succession.”
new revenue
safari observatory
8
C
hiking 9
wild food walks pioneering secondary plant species succession
safari
safari
A
7
safari
6
tertiary succession
crop harvesting
recolonization = regeneration if ecosystem is destroyed/ altered
D pioneering secondary plant species succession
tertiary succession
“Secondary succession “Tertiarry species pave occurs when an the way for a stable established eco state eco-system system has been where there is disturbed by man or optimum balance nature” between diversity and sustenance.”
m myceliu spread
ecological & biodiversity increase
natural soil buildup
nature trails
bird watching
remediated soil
recycling center
4
bird food growing watching program
compost waste
3
food growing program
food growing program
m myceliu spread m myceliu spread
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL CLEANING ARTERIES As the current tourism hubs are set up in near proximity to Nairobi, the main footprint is implemented on Nairobi. By revitalizing these regions and bringing the main economic driver, which is the tourism industry to the existing settlements in the region, we have the opportunity to create a more integrated network of communication, transportation, infrastructure, and tourism. This will eventually improve and clean up the cities arteries.
Existing Urban Settlements vs. Current Poles of Attraction: while most tourists visit Nairobi solely for the safari experience, many are unaware of other settlements and areas in close proximity to the city.
Green Corridors & Open Space: by revitalizing the existing settlements, the population of Nairobi can decentralize to other regions for better opportunities. The new infrastructure will link towns across the existing network of roads, river and rail lines by improving and cleaning up the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arteries.
Limuru
Kikuyu
Kiambu
Thika
Ngong Ruiru
Downtown Nairobi
Mlolongo
Sabuk
Kitengela
Isinya
Kajiado
Industry Core
Athi River
Kagundo Mitaboni
Salama
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demographics
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL WASTE ECONOMY
10 years
By introducing a new waste economy system. the process of land regenaration can potentially be accelerated, and eventually optimized. The system operates within the restoration strategy, providing jobs and livelihoods for communities. The proposal involves localized renewable energy production, which can be developed by using re-processed waste products. This recycling process makes use of existing transportation paths, but also proposes the rehabilitation of new transportation infrastructure. Infrastructure changes as vegetation grows and biological diversification increases, thus transforming the types of activities that take place in a particular area. This waste economy system ultimately creates a regenerative loop that enables self-sustainability of nature and community.
2 years
0 years
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waste processing input
general public
output systems/facilities needed for regeneration
inorganic and organic waste
transfer area bio-gas accumulation
energy generator
mycelium added
biodegradable pellets
conversion
remediated organic matter with various plants
biodegradable food/drink/ perishable packaging
educate
food waste collected
edible plants sorted
compost waste collected
injection moulding machines
composting toilets
rain
system is integrated with safari/eco-tourism microfiltration of graywater for purification help global waste economy
rainwater harvest
community restaurant seeds absorbed/eaten by birds
composting facilities rainwater/ graywater system
birds spread seeds across country
packaging degrades into soil
biodegradable packaging can be composed
plants
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT In order to start regenerating land, it is important to take the exisiting biodiversity into account. The new strategy proposes to accomodate wildlife habitat and habits in order to avoid scaring off the animals or encroaching onto their territories. Instead of having the animals be the objects on display, perhaps the humans in turn can be viewed by the animals in a non-threatening matter. By reversing the roles, we start questioning the relationship between humans and wildlife, which can ultimately spark an investigation into animal lifestyles and needs.
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demographics spur summit crest
pass
peak
cliff
ridge
mountain slope
mountain torrent
plateau
forest valley hill
drumlin lake
kettle
solar radiation condensation
cliff
percipitation
action of wind evaporation
transpiration
percipitation
evaporation
surface runoff infiltration river underground flow
mountain range water level
volcano intrusive rocks
river bed sedimentary rocks basaltic layer granitic layer metamorphic rocks igneous rocks
References: 1. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/geology/mountain.php
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai
PROPOSAL VISION OF FUTURE
Current state of Kibera
The new eco-tourism network proposes to redefine the boundaries by constructing new and improved transport infrastructure. The reinforcement of new tourism â&#x20AC;&#x153;hubsâ&#x20AC;? outside the capital will create wealth and promote sustainable development versus uncontrolled growth. The scheme will provide an integrated environmental plan that provides for an ecological balance while at the same time supporting new technologies and energy initiatives throughout the regions. By improving the quality of life for both the residents and the visitors, the new network will strengthen the identiy of the existing towns and communities. The new network proposes to integrate community, economy and environment. Currently, these sectors are functioning separately, without benefiting from one another. The new network will create a synthesis amongst the three sectors in order to create a more efficient settlements.
Vision of Kibera in the future
59
demographics
Final Project F11 [ARCH 6990-01]_Prof. Ted Ngai