Chapter 3 Understanding Pressure

Page 1

Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

Arah Mata Angin 3.12.1 Understanding Pressure

ITeach – Physics Form 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure Pressure

Pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area. Force, F Pressure, p = -------------Area, A p = F/A The unit for pressure is Newton metre square (Nm-2) or Pascal (Pa). Contoh An elephant weighing 40,000 N stand on area of 0.1 m2 exert 40,000 / 0.1 = 400 kPa pressure on the ground.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Tekanan

Tekanan ditakrifkan sebagai daya yang bertindak seunit luas. Daya, F Tekanan, p = -------------Luas, A p = F/A Unit bagi tekanan ialah Newton per meter kuasa dua (Nm -2) atau Pascal (Pa). Contoh Seekor gajah dengan berat 40,000 N berdiri pada suatu tempat seluas 0.1 m2 memberikan tekanan 40,000 / 0.1 = 400 kPa pada tanah.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure Applications Of High Pressure

Running shoes spikes on base of shoe exerts high pressure to increase grip on the ground.

Scissors high pressure enables a scissors to cut easily

Ice skates high pressure melts ice enabling skater to move easily

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Aplikasi Tekanan Tinggi

Kasut lari Tumit kasut memberikan tekanan tinggi untuk menambah genggaman pada permukaan

Gunting Tekanan tinggi membolehkan gunting memotong dengan mudah Kasut luncur Tekanan tinggi mencairkan ais, ais yang cair memudahkan peluncur bergerak

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure Applications Of Low Pressure

Large wheels of tank low pressure on ground so that tank will not sink.

Snow shoe prevents Eskimo from sinking into the show Large feet of camel exerts low pressure on sand so that camel will not sink into the sand.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Gerakan

Memahami Tekanan Aplikasi Tekanan Rendah

Roda tangki yang besar Tekanan rendah menghalang tangki daripada terbenam Kaki unta yang besar Memberikan tekanan rendah pada pasir supaya unta tidak terbenam ke dalam pasir

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Kasut salji Menghalang Eskimo daripada tenggelam ke dalam salji


Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

2.1 Arah Mata Angin In Liquid 3.2 Understanding Pressure

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid

Pressure In Liquid

An object immersed in a liquid experienced pressure due to the weight of the liquid acting on it. Pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directions.

water tin Holes

Water jet

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Dalam Cecair

Tekanan Dalam Cecair

Suatu objek yang direndam ke dalam cecair akan mengalami tekanan disebabkan oleh berat cecair yang bertindak ke atas objek. Tekanan dalam cecair bertindak sama rata dalam semua arah.

Air Tin Lubang

Air terpancut keluar

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid Pressure In Liquid And Depth

Pressure in liquid increases with depth.

Strongest jet of water comes out of the lowest hole. The deeper the hole, pressure ďƒ˜ Bubbles in carbonated increases in volume as it rises to the top as pressure increases with depth.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Dalam Cecair Tekanan Dalam Cecair dan Kedalaman Cecair

Tekanan dalam cecair bertambah dengan kedalaman cecair.

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Air terpancut keluar paling kuat pada lubang yang paling rendah. Semakin dalam lubang, tekanan ďƒ˜ Semakin tinggi isipadu gelembung udara dalam minuman berkarbonat, semakin banyak gelembung udara naik ke atas permukaan minuman kerana tekanan bertambah dengan kedalaman cecair.


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid Pressure In Liquid And Density At the same depth, pressure exerted by a denser liquid is greater than pressure exerted by a less dense liquid.

water

Water : density = 1000 kg m-3 Distance of water jet from can - far

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Cooking oil

Cooking oil : density = 800 kg m-3 Distance of oil jet from can - near


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Dalam Cecair Tekanan dalam Cecair dan Ketumpatan Pada kedalaman yang sama, tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh cecair yang lebih tumpat adalah lebih tinggi berbanding tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh cecair yang berketumpatan rendah.

Air

Air : Ketumpatan = 1000 kg m-3 Jarak pancutan air daripada bekas - jauh

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Minyak masak

Minyak masak : Ketumpatan = 800 kg m-3 Jarak pancutan air daripada bekas - dekat


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid Pressure In Liquid, p = hρ g

weight of liquid Pressure = -------------------area mg = ----A

h

Liquid density = ρ •x Area = A

(ρV)g = -------A ρ(Ah)g = ---------A = hρg

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Dalam Cecair Tekanan dalam Cecair, p = hρ g

Berat cecair Tekanan = -------------------Luas mg = ----A

h

Ketumpatan cecair = ρ •x Luas = A

(ρV)g = -------A ρ(Ah)g = ---------A = hρg

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid Applications Of Pressure In Liquids

Dams hold water to store or generate electricity.

The base of a dam is thicker than the upper part to withstand the higher water pressure at the base of the dam as pressure in water increases with depth.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan dalam Cecair Aplikasi Tekanan dalam Cecair Empangan hidroelektrik

•

Empangan menyimpan air untuk menjana tenaga elektrik

•

Bahagian bawah empangan mestilah lebih tebal daripada bahagian atas untuk menahan tekanan air yang tinggi pada bahagian bawah empangan kerana tekanan bertambah dengan kedalaman.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid Application Of Pressure In Liquids – Water Tank

Water tank in a house is placed below the roof.

Water pressure forces water to flow out from the taps.

Water flowing out from tap Q on the first floor is stronger than water flowing out from tap P on the third floor. Explanation The distance of tap Q on the first floor from the surface of the water in the tank is bigger.

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P

Q


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan dalam Cecair Aplikasi Tekanan dalam Cecair – Tangki Air

Tangki air dalam rumah diletakkan dibawah bumbung.

Tekanan air memaksa air keluar daripada paip. P Air yang mengalir keluar daripada paip Q di tingkat satu adalah lebih kuat daripada air yang mengalir keluar daripda paip P di tingkat tiga. Penerangan Jarak antara paip Q dengan permukaan air di dalam tangki adalah lebih tinggi.

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Q


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Pressure In Liquid

Infusion – the transfer of saline solution to a patient.

Applications Of Pressure In Liquids

h

The saline solution is hung at an elevated position so that the pressure of the saline solution can flow into the veins of the patient, overcoming the blood pressure of the patient.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan dalam Cecair

Infusi – Pemindahan larutan bergaram kepada pesakit.

Aplikasi Tekanan dalam Cecair

h

Larutan bergaram digantung pada kedudukan menegak supaya tekanan daripada larutan bergaram dapat mengalir ke dalam pesakit, mengatasi tekanan darah pesakit.

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Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

Mata Angin 3.3 Understanding 2.1 GasArah Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Gas Pressure   Gas Gasmolecules moleculesare areconstantly constantlyin inmotion. motion.   These These molecules molecules collide collide with with each each other other and and with with the the walls walls of of the the container container containing containingthe thegas. gas.   AA pressure pressure (gas (gas pressure) pressure) isis exerted exerted by by the the molecules molecules of of the the gas gas colliding colliding with with the the sides sidesof ofthe the container. container.   The The more more energy energy aa gas gas has, has, the the more more energy energy its its molecules molecules will will have, have, and and the the more more pressure pressurewill will therefore therefore be be exerted. exerted.   IfIf there there isis more more gas gas inside inside aa given given container, container, there there will will be be aa higher higher number number of of average average collisions collisions with with the the sides sides of of the the container, container, and and more more pressure pressure will will therefore thereforebe beexerted. exerted.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Tekanan Gas   Molekul-molekul Molekul-molekulgas gassentiasa sentiasabergerak bergerak dengan denganrawak. rawak.   Molekul-molekul Molekul-molekul gas gas berlanggar berlanggar antara antara satu satu sama sama lain lain dan dan juga juga dengan dengan dinding dindingbekas. bekas.   Tekanan Tekanan (tekanan (tekanan gas) gas) yang yang dihasilkan dihasilkan oleh oleh molekul molekul gas gas adalah adalah disebabkan disebabkan pelanggaran molekul-molekul gas pelanggaran molekul-molekul gas dengan dengan dinding dindingbekas. bekas.   Semakin Semakin banyak banyak tenaga tenaga yang yang diperolehi diperolehi molekul gas, semakin banyak molekul gas, semakin banyak pelanggaran pelanggaran molekul molekul gas gas dengan dengan dinding dinding bekas, bekas, maka maka semakin semakin tinggi tinggi tekanan tekananyang yangdikenakan. dikenakan.   Jika Jika terdapat terdapat lebih lebih banyak banyak gas gas didalam didalam suatu suatu bekas, bekas, semakin semakin tinggi tinggi purata purata pelanggaran pelanggaran antara antara molekul molekul dengan dengan dinding dinding bekas, bekas, maka maka semakin semakin tinggi tinggi tekanan tekanandikenakan. dikenakan. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Our Earth is surrounded by a thick layer of air. Atmospheric Pressure

The air molecules are constantly on the move. All objects will experience a pressure (called atmospheric pressure) due to these air molecules colliding with them.

Air pressure is all around us

The magnitude of the Earth’s atmospheric pressure is 1.01 x 105 Nm-2 at sea level. Atmospheric pressure decreases with height above sea level as the density of air decreases. This causes air molecules colliding with the object.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Permukaan Bumi diselaputi selapis tebal udara. Tekanan Atmosfera

Molekuk-molekul udara sentiasa bergerak dengan rawak. Semua objek akan mengalami tekanan (tekanan atmosfera) disebabkan oleh molekul-molekul udara sentiasa berlanggar dengan objek.

Tekanan udara di sekeliling kita

Magnitud tekanan atmosfera Bumi ialah 1.01 x 105 Nm-2 pada paras laut. Tekanan atmosfera berkurang dengan ketinggian pada paras laut. Ini kerana ketumpatan udara berkurang pada ketinggian yang tinggi. Ini menyebabkan molekul udara berlanggar dengan objek.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Existence Of Atmospheric Pressure The Magdeburg Sphere

Vacuum

18 horses were required to pull apart the sphere.

Amospheric pressure Can is sealed

Water vapour

Low pressure

Metal can Atmospheric pressure

water

Heat

Metal can is cooled by pouring cold water

The metal is crushed because of the atmospheric pressure is greater than the air pressure inside the metal can. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Kewujudan Tekanan Atmosfera Hemisfera Magdeburg

Vakum

18 ekor kuda digunakan untuk menarik kembali sfera itu

Tekanan atmosfera Tin dibungkus

Wap air

Tekanan rendah

Tin besi Tekanan atmosfera

Air

Tin besi disejukkan dengan menuang air sejuk ke atas tin Tin itu remuk kerana tekanan atmosfera lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di dalam tin. Haba

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure

Applications Of Atmospheric Pressure

Rubber Sucker For Hanging Objects

Drinking Straw

Siphon

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera

Aplikasi Tekanan Atmosfera

Penyedut plastik digunakan sebagai pemegang untuk menggantung objek

Straw minuman

Sifon

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Applications Of Atmospheric Pressure

Rubber Sucker For Hanging Objects

Partially vacuumed (low pressure)

hook Atmospheric pressure

The atmospheric pressure outside which is higher than the air pressure inside causes a force to press the rubber sucker securely against the wall.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Aplikasi Tekanan Atmosfera Penyedut Plastik Sebagai Pemegang untum Menggantung Objek Ringan

Separa vakum (tekanan rendah)

Cangkuk

Tekanan atmosfera Tekanan atmosfera di luar penyedut plastik adalah lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di dalam penyedut plastik. Tekanan atmosfera yang bertindak di luar penyedut menekan penyedut plastik dengan ketat pada dinding.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Applications Of Atmospheric Pressure

Drinking Straw

The higher atmospheric pressure forces the liquid to flow up the straw into the mouth (region of low pressure).

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Aplikasi Tekanan Atmosfera

Penyedut Minuman

Tekanan atmosfera yang bertindak ke atas permukaan cecair menjadi lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di dalam penyedut apabila udara disedut keluar daripada penyedut minuman. Tekanan atmosfera pada cecair yang tinggi mombolehkan cecair dipaksa naik ke dalam penyedut dan memasuku mulut.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Applications Of Atmospheric Pressure

Siphon

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Aplikasi Tekanan Atmosfera

Sifon

Tekanan atmosfera Tiub getah Air

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Instruments Used To Measure Gas Pressure And Atmospheric Pressure Instrument used to measure gas pressure

Bourdon gauge

Instruments used to measure atmospheric pressure

mercury barometer ITeach – Physics From 4

Aneroid barometer

Fortin barometer


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Alatan untuk Menyukat Tekanan Gas dan Tekanan Atmosfera Alatan untuk menyukat tekanan gas

Tolok Bourdon

Alatan untuk menyukat tekanan atmosfera

Barometer Merkuri ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Barometer Aneroid

Barometer Fortin


Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

2.1 Arah Mata Angin 3.4 Applying Pascal’s Principle

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Pascal’s Principle Transfer Of Pressure In Water, Pascal’s Principle

Push in

Piston

Glass flask

Water

When the piston is pushed in, water will shoot out of the holes in the flask in all directions and with equal speeds. This shows that pressure in water is transferred uniformly throughout the water. Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to every part of the fluid, as well as to the walls of the container.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal Pemindahan Tekanan dalam Air, Prinsip Pascal

Ditolak ke dalam

Omboh

Kelalang kaca

Air

Apabila omboh ditolak ke dalam, air akan keluar daripada lubanglubang yang terdapat pada kelalang dalam semua arah dengan laju yang sama. Ini menunjukkan tekanan dalam air dipindahkan secara seragam ke setiap bahagian cecair. Prinsip Pascal menyatakan bahawa tekanan yang dikenakan ke atas suatu cecair yang tertutup akan dipindahkan secara seragam ke setiap bahagian cecair.

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Pascal’s Principle Applications of Pascal’s Principle – Hydraulic Jack

A hydraulic system can produce a large force by using a small force. F2

F1

Area = A2

Area = A1 Liquid

According to Pascal’s Principle

That is

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the pressure acting on the small piston is the same as the pressure acting on the big piston.

F1 = F2 A1 A2


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal – Sistem Hidraulik Ringkas

Sistem hidraulik boleh menghasilkan daya yang besar dengan menggunakan daya yang kecil. F2 F1 Luas = A2

Luas= A1 Cecair

Mengikut Prinsip Pascal

Maka

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Tekanan yang bertindak pada omboh kecil adalah sama dengan tekanan yang bertindak pada omboh besar.

F1 = F2 A1 A2


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Pascal’s Principle Applications of Pascal’s Principle – Hydraulic Jack

Example of the use of hydraulic system in a mechanic’s workshop

Air compressor

Ground

F1 Oil

Small cylinder

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F2

Large cylinder


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal – Jek Hidraulik

Contoh penggunaan sistem hidraulik di dalam bengkel kereta.

Pemampat udara

Tanah

F1 Minyak

Silinder kecil

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F2

Silinder besar


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Pascal’s Principle Applications Applications of of Pascal’s Pascal’s Principle Principle –– Hydraulic Hydraulic system system in in car car brake brake Break pedals

Small cylinder

Force

Break drum Break pedals

Break pedals

When a small force is directed onto the brake pedal, the pressure produced will be transmitted via the brake fluid to the car’s tyres. This produces a large force on the brake pedals which slows down the rotation of the wheels. ITeach – Physics Form 5


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal Aplikasi Aplikasi Prinsip Prinsip Pascal Pascal –– Sistem Sistem Hidraulik Hidraulik dalam dalam Brek Brek Kereta Kereta Pedal brek

Silinder kecil

Daya

Gelendung brek Pedal brek

Pedal brek

Apabila daya yang kecil dikenakan kepada pedal brek, tekanan yang dihasilkan akan dipindahkan melalui cecair brek kepada tayar kereta. Ini menghasilkan daya yang lebih besar pada pedal brek dan menyebabkan putaran roda kereta menjadi semakin perlahan. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 5


Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

2.1 Arah Mata AnginPrinciple 3.5 Applying Archimedes’

ITeach – Physics Form 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Pascal’s Principle Buoyant Force

Archimedes discovered that an object that is partially or fully immersed in a fluid experiences an upwards force on it. This force is known as buoyant force. This buoyant force is caused by the higher fluid pressure acting on the base of an object compared to the fluid pressure acting on the top surface.

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Daya Keapungan

Archimedes mendapati objek yang tenggelam penuh atau tenggelam separuh penuh di dalam cecair akan mengalami daya ke atas. Daya ini dipanggil daya keapungan. Daya keapungan disebabkan oleh tekanan cecair yang tinggi bertindak pada bahagian bawah objek berbanding tekanan cecair yang bertindak pada bahagian atas objek. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Archimedes’ Principle Buoyant force – Example Of Buoyant Force Acting On Objects. Buoyant force cork weight

A piece of cork, pushed below the surface of the water and released, will immediately rise to the surface. The cork is buoyant because the cork is acted on by buoyant force.

A ship made of iron can float on the surface of the sea due to the buoyant force F which is balanced by its weight mg.

Air bubbles released rise to the sea surface due to the buoyant force acting on them.

A hot-air balloon rises from the surface of the Earth due to buoyant force acting on it. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Daya Keapungan – Contoh Daya Keapungan Bertindak Pada Objek Daya keapungan Gabus Berat

Sebiji gabus ditolak ke bawah permukaan air dan segera dilepaskan, gabus itu segera naik ke permukaan air selepas dilepaskan. Gabus itu terapung kerana daya keapungan bertindak pada gabus itu. Kapal yang diperbuat daripada besi boleh terapung dipermukaan laut kerana daya keapungan F yang bertindak pada kapal adalah sama dengan berat kapal mg.

Gelembung udara yang dibebaskan di dalam laut naik ke permukaan laut disebabkan oleh daya keapungan bertindak pada gelembung udara itu.

Belon udara panas naik ke atas udara disebabkan daya keapungan bertindak pada belon itu. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Daya Keapungan dan Berat Cecair Tersesar, Prinsip Archimedes

Penimbang spring

Tali

W2 N

W2 N

= W1N

Berat batu dalam air

= W2N

Berat bikar kosong

= W3N

Berat bikar dan air Kehilangan berat batu Air keluar

Bikar Eureka

Berat air yang tersesar

= W4N = (W1 – W2)N = W4– W3)N

Bikar Air tersesar

Batu

Kehilangan berat batu

Berat batu di udara

=

Daya keapungan

=

Berat air tersesar

(W1 – W2) = (W4 – W3) Prinsip Archimedes menyatakan bahawa daya keapungan yang bertindak pada objek yang tenggelam adalah sama dengan berat cecair yang disesarkan oleh objek. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Archimedes’ Principle Buoyant Force And Weight Of Liquid Displaced, Archimedes’ Principle Weight of the stone in air Spring balance Thread

W2 N Eureka beaker

Stone

Loss in weight of the stone

= W1N

Weight of the stone in water = W2N

W2 N

Weight of the empty beaker = W3N Side mouth

Weight of beaker and water = W4N Loss in weight of the stone = (W1 – W2)N Weight of water displaced

= W4– W3)N

Beaker Water displaced

= buoyant force =

weight of water displaced

(W1 – W2) = (W4 – W3) Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. ITeach – Physics Form 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Archimedes’ Principle Applications of Archimedes’ Principle – The ship

Ship Sea water Buoyancy force

Weight Plimsoll line

A ship floats because it displaces sea water with a weight equals to its own weight. When more loads are put into the ship, the ship will sink further. The ship will sink when the ship is overloaded. To prevent ships from sinking, a plimsoll line is marked on the hull of all ships to show the limit which are safe for the ship. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes – Kapal

Kapal Air laut Daya keapungan

Berat Garis Plimsoll

Sebuah kapal terapung kerana berat kapal adalah sama dengan berat air yang tersesar. Apabila lebih banyak beban dimasukkan ke dalam kapal, kapal itu akan tenggelam dengan lebih dalam. Kapal akan tenggelam apabila kapal itu terlebih muatan. Garis plimsoll ditanda pada sisi kapal untuk menunjukkan aras di mana ia boleh dibebankan. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Archimedes’ Principle Sea surface Buoyant force = weight of submarine Buoyant force = weight of submarine

Buoyant force < weight of submarine

Applications of Archimedes’ Principle – The Submarine Empty tank

Tank partially filled with water

Tank fully-filled with water

To stay afloat on sea surface, the ballast tank is emptied of water.

Buoyant force = Weight of the submarine

To stay stationary below the surface of the sea, the ballast tank is partially filled with water.

Buoyant force = Weight of the submarine

To sink into the sea, more water is pumped into the ballast tank.

Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine

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Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Permukaan laut Daya keapungan = Berat kapal selam Daya keapungan = Berat kapal selam

Daya keapungan < Berat kapal selam

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes – Kapal Selam Tangki kosong

Separuh daripada tangki dipenuhi air

Tangki dipenuhi air

Untuk terapung di permukaan laut, tangki-tangki ballast mestilah kosong.

Daya keapungan = Berat kapal selam

Untuk berada dibawah permukaan laut, separuh daripada tangki ballast dipenuhi air.

Daya keapungan = Berat kapal selam

Untuk tanggelam ke dalam laut, lebih banyak air dipam ke dalam tangki ballast.

Daya keapungan < Berat kapal selam

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Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Applying Archimedes’ Principle Application of Archimedes’ Principle – The hydrometer

hydrometer hydrometer Asid

Lead shots Lead shots

The hydrometer is used to measure the relative density of a liquid. It is used to check the condition of a car battery by determining the relative density of the acid in the battery which is not supposed to fall below 1.20 ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes – Hidrometer

Hidrometer Hidrometer Asid

Butir-butir plumbum

Butir-butir plumbum

Hidrometer digunakan untuk mengukur ketumpatan cecair. Ia digunakan untuk memeriksa keadaan bateri kereta dengan menghitung ketumpatan asid di dalam bateri di mana nilainya tidak boleh kurang daripada1.20 ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

2.1 Arah Mata Angin Principle 3.6 Understanding Bernoulli’s

ITeach – Physics From 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as the velocity of the flow of the fluid increases and vice versa.

pressure of a fluid

velocity of the flow of the fluid

pressure of a fluid

velocity of the flow of the fluid

ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Prinsip Bernoulli

Prinsip Bernoulli menyatakan bahawa tekanan bendalir berkurang apabila halaju bendalir bertambah.

Tekanan bendalir

Halaju bendalir

Tekanan bendalir

Halaju bendalir

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle - Example

 A sheet of paper is held in a horizontal plane in front of the lips.  Air is blown across the top of the paper.  The free end of the paper is seen to rise.  The flow of air at high speed creates a region of low pressure across the top of the paper.  The still air beneath the paper is at a higher pressure and a net upward force lifts up the paper

ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Prinsip Bernoulli - Contoh

 Sehelai kertas diletakkan pada satah mengufuk dihadapan mulut.  Udara ditiup merentasi bahagian atas kertas itu.  Bahagian kertas yang dihujung kelihatan terjongket ke atas.  Apabila udara bergerak melalui bahagian atas kertas, tekanan di atasnya menjadi lebih rendah daripada tekanan atmsofera di bahagian bawah kertas  Tekanan atmosfera di bahagian bawah kertas menolak kertas ke atas.

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle

 A filter funnel is inverted and ping-pong ball is held under it.  When air is blown through the funnel, the pingpong ball does not drop when released, but is held up beneath the funnel.

blowing Filter funnel

 The air flows around the ping-pong ball at high speed and creates a region of low pressure.

Ping-pong ball  The air beneath the ball is at atmospheric and a net upward force holds up the ping-pong ball. Atmospheric pressure

ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Prinsip Bernoulli

 Corong turas diterbalikkan dan bola ping-pong diletakkan di bawahnya.

Udara ditiup

 Bola ping-pong tidak jatuh ke bawah semasa dilepaskan apabila udara ditiup melalui corong turas.

 Udara yang ditiup melalui corong turas menyebabkan tekanan udara di atas bola pingpong menjadi lebih rendah daripada tekanan atmosfera normal. Bola ping-pong  Ini membolehkan tekanan atmosfera di bahagian bawah bola ping-pong menolaknya ke atas. Takanan atmosfera Corong turas

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Lift Due To The Difference In Pressure LIFT

WING

Air flows faster causes low pressure on top of the wing AIR

 The diagram shows the cross section of the wing of an aeroplane.  This shape is called an aerofoil.  The shape of the wing causes air to flow faster over the top of the wing compared to the lower part of the wing.  Hence a region of high pressure exist below the wing and a region of low pressure exist above the wing.  This difference in pressure causes a resultant force to act on the wing in an upward direction.  This force is called “lift” .  This lift enables an aeroplane to ascend. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Daya Angkat Disebabkan Perbezaan Tekanan DAYA ANGKAT

SAYAP

Aliran udara yang lebih laju di atas sayap menyebabkan tekanan udara di atas sayap menjadi lebih rendah daripada tekanan di bawahnya. UDARA

 Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas sayap kapal terbang.  Bentuk ini dipanggil aerofoil.  Sayap kapal terbang yang berbentuk aerofoil menyebabkan udara mengalir lebih laju pada bahagian atas sayap berbanding bahagian bawah sayap.  Maka, kawasan yang mempunyai tekanan tinggi terhasil di bahagian bawah sayap manakala kawasan yang bertekanan rendah terhasil di bahagian atas sayap.  Perbezaan tekanan menyebakan satu daya ke atas atau daya angkat ke atas sayap-sayap.  Daya yang terhasil dipanggil daya angkat.  Daya angkat membolehkan kapal terbang bergerak di udara. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Applications Of Bernoulli’s Principle – Insecticide Spray Fine nozzle

Atmospheric pressure Insect poison liquid

Narrow metallic tube

When the piston is pushed, air flows out from the nozzle at very high speed. According to Bernoulli’s Principle, a region of low pressure is created at the nozzle. The higher atmospheric pressure then pushes the insect poison liquid up through the narrow tube towards the nozzle. The liquid insecticide mixes with the air is then ejected as a spray of fine droplets of insecticide. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Aplikasi Prinsip Bernoulli – Penyembur Racun Serangga Jet

Tekanan atmosfera Racun serangga

Tiub logam

Apabila omboh ditolak, udara keluar daripada jet pada kelajuan yang tinggi. Mengikut prinsip Bernoulli, kawasan yang mempunyai tekanan rendah terhasil di jet. Tekanan atmosfera yang tinggi menolak cecair racun serangga melalui tiub logam ke jet. Campuran racun serangga dan udara di keluarkan dalam bentuk titisan-titisan halus cecair. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Applications Of Bernoulli’s Principle – Bunsen Burner When the gas supply is turned on, the gas rushes out of the jet at high speed. This creates a region of low pressure in the Bunsen burner. The higher atmospheric pressure outside pushes air into the Bunsen burner through the air hole. The mixture of air which contains oxygen and the gas is then burnt to produce flame.

Mixture of gas and air

Air is sucked in Jet To the gas supply ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Aplikasi Prinsip Bernoulli – Penunu Bunsen Apabila bekalan gas dihidupkan, gas bergerak melaui jet pada halaju yang tinggi. Ini menghasilkan kawasan bertekanan rendah di sekitar jet. Tekanan atmosfera yang tinggi di luar penunu memaksa udara masuk ke dalam penunu melalui lubang udara. Campuran udara yang mengandungi oksigen dan gas akan terbakar dan menghasilkan asap.

Campuran udara dan gas

Udara dipaksa masuk

Jet Ke bekalan gas

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure

Understanding Bernoulli’s Principle Applications Of Of Bernoulli’s Bernoulli’s Principle Principle -- Carburettor Carburettor Applications From the petrol tank Jet Valve needle

Air in

Petrol

Float

Throttle

x

Mixture of petrol and air

 The carburettor produces a mixture of air and petrol which then flows into the engine cylinder of a car for combustion.  Air flows fast through the narrow section X producing a region of low pressure.  The higher atmospheric pressure in the petrol tank pushes the petrol through the jet into region X where the petrol is mixed with air. ITeach – Physics From 4


Bab 3 Daya dan Tekanan

Memahami Prinsip Bernoulli Aplikasi Prinsip Prinsip Bernoulli Bernoulli -- Karburetor Karburetor Aplikasi Daripada tangki petrol Jet Injap jarum

Udara masuk

x

Pendikit

Campuran petrol dan udara Petrol

Terapung

 Karburetor menghasilkan campuran udara dan petrol yang akan mengalir ke dalam silinder enjin kereta untuk pembakaran.  Udara mengalir dengan laju malalui bahagian sempit x. Aliran udara yang laju menghasilkan kawasan yang mempunyai tekanan rendah..  Tekanan atmosfera yang tinggi di dalam tangki petrol menolak petrol melalui jet masuk ke dalam kawasan X di mana petrol bercampur dengan udara. ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4


The End

i - Teach


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