LUMINESCE SL 7.2W LED
INVENTING GREEN Faculty: Ravi Mani, Sudipto Dasgupta
Shivangi Gurjer PDP 402
IADP (Industrial Art and Design Practises) Srishti Institute of Art, Design and Technology
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to express my gratitude towards all the people who made this project possible; by providing guidance, assistance and constructive criticism that helped shape this project. Above all i would like to thanks my parents and peers who have been a great deal of support. I would like to thank Ravi Mani and Sudipto Dasgupta for guiding us through this project and SELCO for offering Srishti Institute this collaboration. Janak Mistry, Vijay Kumar Menon for their guidance and help. My thanks and appreciation go to the people instrumental in helping this project fall through. Venugopal and Praveen were kind enough to help me out with their abilities.
CONTENTs
5
Project Brief
15
Product Analysis
Initial Directions
Business Model Canvas
Research Tools
Introduction to SELCO
14
17
10
8
19
Field Visits
27
Products for Redesign
46
45
Embodied Energy: Comparative Study
Initial Concepts
48
73
49
Street Light Standards
Validation
Concepts
87
Bibliography
89 The End
PROJECT BRIEF The aim of the project is to adopt the “Inventing Green� curriculum, to prototype solutions for decentralized renewable energy (DRE) lighting products with low embodied energy materials. Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) will help close the energy access gap and enable poverty alleviation by facilitating the access to education, health and livelihood opportunities in the un-served and under-served segments of the society.
CONTEXT The concept of sustainability in materials has often been neglected in the present design world, which is more consumptive in nature and thus is unsustainable in the long run. Therefore “Inventing Green� is proposed as a new and engaging English language, academic and hands-on curriculum model for students of design, engineering, and manufacturing departments that will experiment with materials and develop ways to reduce the embodied energy of DRE lighting components such as solar lights, battery packs, their packaging by adhering to the principles of cradle-to-cradle philosophy. It will explore future possibilities for the use of sustainable materials in design to demonstrate new possibilities for green manufacturing in the renewable energy industry in India (current focus Karnataka, but replicable elsewhere)
PROJ ECT PRO POSA L To re-design an already existing solar lighting product by replacing it with natural materials thus reducing the embodied energy of the product. The aim is to empower the rural communities by using local materials and crafts that fit within the cradle to cradle framework.
INTRODUCTION TO S E L C O F O U N D AT I O N Since 2010, SELCO Foundation has expanded to create a holistic ecosystem to provide reliable energy services, for the benefit of impoverished segments in society. The Foundation works to link the benefits of sustainable energy to poverty eradication by collaborating with NGOs, local financial institutions, education institutions and social enterprises.
S E L C O E C O SYS T E M
MANUFACTURERS
PARTNERS
Good Energies Reeep Menda Foundation The Lemelson Foundation Stitchin Doen Usaid India Halloran Philanthropies
Ananya Engineering Works Kotak Solar Anand Electronics
1995
FINANCIAL PARTNERS
October 5 2010
COMPETITORS
Kerosene Lamps Diesel GenSets (On/Off Grid) TERI Research Centre (light a billion lives) Chinese Products Rechargable lanterns
INCUBATEES Boond ONERGY Mangaal Pushan
Karnataka Vikas Grameen Bank Syndicate Bank SEWA Bank Central Bank of India
END USERS
Alternative Education
Rural Communities
Socially Excluded Eg: Mahesh Foundation
AREA OF FOCUS
Education
Livelihood
• Provide employment opportunities • Use of local crafts and materials • Provide services that improve the living conditions
Healthcare
R ES EA RC H TO O LS OKHALA PRACTIONER’S BOOK Evaluation Matrix
RETHINK MAP
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT FORM CRADLE TO CRADLE FRAMEWORK Cradle to cradle is a holistic economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially waste free.
A survey form that asseses the living conditions of the community
RETHINK MAP
KEY VALUE Empowering the artisans Reducing the embodied energy
END USER Community IEC
KEY RESOURCES Skilled labour Easily available material Infrastructure
KEY STAKEHOLDERS Active: Community Passive: IEC holder
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Informal Conversations
DELIVERY MECHANISMS Collaborating with financial institutions
KEY ACTIVITIES Assembling Need Assessment Facilitating End User Financing Installation After Sales Services
COST STRUCTURE Product Unit Cost Base Costs Profit Margin
IMPACT Imrpove the standard of living Providing access to lighting
Cradle to cradle framework selco products
1. It is not native to it’s environment 2. Uses the sun as its source of income 3. Does not use waste as an input 4. The air, soil and water are not healthy 5. The design does not provide enjoyment to fututre generations 6. Inclusive design- It caters to the needs of individuals that do not have access to basic power 7. The materials and processes used are not frugal
INITIAL DIRECTIONS
Storage: Solar deep freezer for storage of medicines
Lighting for portable toilets
Solar UV lighting: A solar UV light torch (headband, cap or mop) to clean toilets
Fixtures: The use of Areca Sheath or banana fiber in lighting fixtures
The clear plastic cover screws on to the main enclosure with 4 small screws. The outer shell of the enclosure consists of a pushbutton (to switch on the lamp) and a power connector (to connect the battery-pack.
P R O D U C T A N A LYS I S : L E D TA S K L A M P BPL SLR101: 1,550 (Inclusive VAT)
The enclosure houses a rechargable 7.4V, 2200 mAh Li-ion battery.
The circuitry includes an LED Panel (circular PCB with 24 SMD LEDs 0.2W) and an LED Driver circuit.
Street Lamp Aluminium clamps
LED Strip (3W) with a bulge that houses the circuit
The dicasted aluminium acts as a heat sink situated at the back of the street light
Screws to attach to the mounting structure
MMS: R s 650 Street Light: Rs 3,400 10A DDCR SSR: Rs 1,250 (Including VAT)
Wire that connects to the battery Mounting structures for the panels and lights
Outer casing with plastic and acryllic
B U S I N E S S M O D E L C A N VA S - S E L C O
KEY PARTNERS
KEY RESOURCES
Banks and microfinance organizations
System cost at a low rate but high reliability Bank finance for the marginalized Staff who can work in rural areas
Companies and foundations Government policies
CHANNELS Local outlets Word of mouth Maintenance reports (after delivery) Transportation
KEY ACTIVITIES
COST STRUCTURE
Market and customer identification
Product components
Product customization System Integrators Linkage to finance institutions Delivery, installation and service
Delivery, installation and service Marketing costs and taxes
CUSTOMER SEGMENT Type 1 Low Income Groups Vulnerable communities (Daily wage workers, domestic help, taxi drivers, fruit/ vegetable venders, factory workers) VALUE PROPOSITION
Type 2 Above Low Income Groups
Create soutions for the energy requirements for the marginalized
REVENUE STREAM Daily sales IEC daily charge Post warranty services After sales service
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP Local executives Business asscociates
LO CA L FI ELD V I S ITS Shivajinagar
Horamavu Community
Bamboo bazaar
Solar powered projectors used in the school
Bangalore
Redundant material sold in bulk.
Industree Crafts Narayanapura village
Banana rope and bark baskets
Terracotta diyas and pots
Kenchenahalli Village
N A R AYA N A P U R A VILLAGE
Village: Narayanapura Number of Potters: 60 Products: Mostly diyas and some earthen pots(black pots are taken out in 24 hours while the red ones are taken out in three days) Each house produces 20,000 diyas a month Types of clay used: There are 4 varieties of clay that are used. They are as follows: Brown clay- soft texture, has a better finish Yellow clayRed clay- smooth and has a better finish therefore is used for crafts Black clay- rough and strong and therefore used to make garden pots
Red soil that is used in products with a smooth finish
Black soil that is used to make black clay
Process: The soil is obtained from a lake 20 kilometers away which is then dried in the sun for three to four days Water is added to the soil and after kneading it to a very thick, mushy texture it is then allowed to dry for a few days until the soil absorbs all the water.
This clay is further used to make diyas and earthen pots on either the manual or the electric wheel
FIELD VISIT Belgaum
Solar powered sewing machines
Dharwad
Solar panels in use at Kalkeri Sangeet Vidyalaya
Hubli
Packaging and transportation
Powder coated aluminium mounting structures (Shree Lakshmi Engineering Works)
Mangalore Saralebettu, Manipal
A charge regulator in use at Anand Electronics
Batttery packs being charged at the IEC
INFERENCES
Dharwad (Kalkeri Sangeet Vidyalaya) The installed street lights were angled differently(standard streey lights: 40-60degrees), according to the preferences of the locals
Narayanapura Village The culture is dying out due to the difficulty while procuring the material
I S S U E S FA C E D BY T H E COMMUNITY Breakage:
The hardware keeps breaking (keychains, Mounting structures)
Design:
-It is not suited for its usage. The lamps are designed to be used on flat surfaces however, it is usually mounted on walls.
Weight:
The battery packs are too heavy for their usage
Unsure residents:
Most of the residents are sometimes hesitant and do not bother contacting anyone in case of problems
Theft:
Some of the communities have temporary residents, which may lead to theft of panels, battery packs, etc.
Hacking:
Some of the residents hack into the battery packs so that they are able to charge their phones.
Insects and Pests:
Sometimes the insects find their way into the lights.
PRODUCTS FOR POTENTIAL REDESIGNING R e d e s i g n i n g t h e L E D Ta s k L a m p
PCB board diameter: 69mm Diameter: 100mm
Height: 400mm
Biocomposite materials such as banana fiber/jute with natural resin casing diameter: 105mm
Power socket diameter: 14mm Use of cotton thread, fabric or banana rope with GI wire
Button diameter: 6mm
Length of wire: 1000mm
Using a banana fiber casing
Banana stem
Caustic soda
Banana pulp flattened out onto a mesh
Banana moulded in plastic bowls
Circuit attached to the banana fiber mould (coated with resin)
Pros
Cons
1. Easy access 2. Can be moulded in a heat press 3. Waterproof and shatterproof 4. Biodegradable 5. Can be mass produced
1. Does not neccessarily reduce the embodied energy of the product
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200 MJ/kg
150 100
50 Polystyrene Banana paper Material
Epoxy/ natural resin
The use of jute with resin for the outer casing
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study 200 MJ/kg
150 100 50 Polystyrene
Jute Material
Epoxy/ natural resin
Pros
Cons
1. Easy access 2. Can be moulded in a heat press 3. Waterproof and shatterproof 4. Biodegradable 5. Can be mass produced
1. Does not neccessarily reduce the embodied energy of the product 2. Jute absorbs too much resin
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200 MJ/kg
150 100 50 Polystyrene
Jute
Epoxy/ natural resin
Material
Polyethylene high density
Redesigning the stand/mounting structure
The use of flexible GI wire(3mm) with cotton thread or banana rope as opposed to the existing metal stand that is powder coated
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200 MJ/kg
150 100 50 Aluminium
GI wire Cotton thread Material
Banana rope
Powder coating
Outer casing: Using terracotta
A potter using the wheel to make diyas and pots in Narayanapura
Terracotta bowls used to house the circuit
Pros
Cons
1. Use of natural material 2. Terracotta is heat resistant and waterproof 3. Available in abundance 4. Using local crafts
1. Prone to breakage 2. Makes the product heavier
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200
MJ/kg
150 100 50 Polystyrene
Terracotta
Material
Portable structure for the lamp that makes it easy to hang and remove. Height 40mm
Height: 400mm
Cotton fabric wrapped around
Redesigning the battery packs
MDF board with a diameterof 40mm
Port for attaching the plug with a 14mm diameter
46mm outer diameter thickness 2mm
4mm diameter
8mm diameter for the screw 90mm height
Bamboo of a thinner diameter 40mm Padding for the battery (Foam)
IEC Center
Redesigning the battery pack with bamboo and MDF
Pros
Cons
1. Easy access 2. Biodegradable 3. Can be mass produced 4. Light in weight 5. Durable material
1. There might be wastage due to specific size
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200 MJ/kg 150 100 50 Polystyrene
MDF Material
Bamboo
Redesigning the Charge Regulator
Slip casted Terracotta outer casing
80mm
134mm Thickness: 42mm 60 degree slope
Exploratory Process: Sandwiching the POP between two plastic boxes to create a mould after which the clay was poured in
Exploration with medical POP
Slip Casting of the charge regulator (sunboard prototypes)
Terracotta fused with plastic (high density polyethylene)
Cons
Pros 1. Natural heat sink 2. Durable material 3. Sturdy: It can withstand extreme conditions 4. Can be made insect proof
1. Weight: Terracotta is very heavy and therefore might prove to be a hindrance during installation 2. Not shatterproof: Fired/Burnished/glazed, terracotta is not breakproof
5. Can be mass produced
Embodied energy Graph: Comparative study
200 MJ/kg
150 100 50 Polycarbonate plastic
Terracotta Material
Die casted Aluminium
Redesigning the Street Lamps 143mm
6 LED’s 310mm
70mm 385mm Slip casted terracotta outer casing
60mm
Sunboard prototype
A slight slope instead of a heat sink 60 degrees
50mm
Initial concept
To integrate the solar panel, along with the street light, thereby reducing the components and manufaturing costs Disadvantages: The manufacturer of the light and the panels are different. Easier to maintain when there are two separate components
E m b o d i e d e n e r gy : C o m pa r at i v e s t u dy MJ/kg Product Street Light
Materials
0
50
150
200
Die casted aluminium
227
Toughened glass
26.2
Terracotta (glazed)
7.2
Wood Plastic Composite
Mounting structure
100
45
MDF
11.9
Plywood
10.4
Coir Ply
0.55
Recycled Aluminium (Extruded, Anodised)
42.9
HDF
42.9 227
Powder coated aluminium Bamboo Fiberglass
1.5 30.3
Alternative Material Existing Material used
DESIGN DIRECTION The ‘Inventing Green’ curriculum was introduced as a project to rethink and revisit the existing industrial processes. The curriculum proposes new ways to design products with a more different outlook, thus addressing the question of sustainability and ‘How Green are the products that claim to be Eco Friendly?’. The consumers that these products cater to are either urban-rural or from a rural-rural background, some of which have no access to electricity. These products provide direct benefits to these individuals, by improving their living conditions due to the lighting systems that have been installed. Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) will help close the energy access gap and enable poverty alleviation by facilitating the access to education, health and livelihood opportunities in the un-served and under-served segments of the society in addition to having a positive bearing on climate change. The existing products have created a huge impact on their lives by providing basic lighting facilities. However, there are a few concerns with respect to the form, material and access. Although the material used for the street lights (die casted Aluminium) is very durable, it has a very high embodied energy. A few other gaps observed, pertaining to the design was the surface area covered by the street light. Each LED onlt covers an angle of about 120 degrees. The proposed design concept consists of a luminaire designed with the same features but made out of WPC (Wood Plastic Composite) and terracotta which are low embodied energy materials. The design includes increasing the throw of light so that it would cover a larger surface area. By providing th option of a fixture attached to th solar panel, the light can also be directly placed under the panel, thus eliminating the extra material used for another mounting pole. The processes incolves in producing the lights can be carried out on an industrial level and be mass produced. Changing the form and size, reduces the amount of material used to produce the product, thereby reducing the weight and the embodied energy of the entire product. The design of the product would further cater to the environmental factors such as dust, rain, insects and heavy winds without compromising on quality. The materials used are known to be very durable and can tolerate harsh conditions. While designing the products, the aesthetic appeal and semantics have been looked into in order to facilitate easy manitenance as well as appeal to the community in terms of the form and design.
S T R E E T L I G H T S TA N D A R D S Angle: 40-60° Minimum Height: 4m above the ground Voltage: Should not exceed 1000v Protection against environmental factors: Dustproof Withstand harsh storms and winds Insectproof Heatproof Watertight Tests: Lumin test Heat Test Material Testing Load Test
CONCEPT 1 Material Alternatives To redesign the Street light with Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) which is a low embodied energy material. Design Strategy: The product aims at increasing the throw of light of the LED’s by changing the placement and form of the components.
Porch decks built out of Wood plastic Comsposite
WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials made of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) (includes PE, PP, PVC etc.). Main component: PE, wood powder ,Cotton Straw and etc. Surface processing: grain stamping Installation method: Clip and fastener Properties: Looks and feels like natural wood Durable Anti-impact W earproof with high density High capacity of UV-resistance Highly resistant to moisture and termites Easy to be installed and low labor cost Requires no painting ,no glue,low maintenance
D E S I G N I T E R AT I O N S and sketches
Heat vents as an outlet due to absence of a heat sink at the back
115mm
180mm
Using a 3W LED circuit 65mm Placing the circuit in front 50mm
260mm
Using the existing 7W LED strip
Adding a bulge to the circuit housing to make it easier to mould with terracotta
Prototyping
Intitial MDF Model
Street light with the assembled LED’s (10W) and circuit
Plywood Prototype with a bent acryllic sheet and a 7W SM LED driver circuit
User Testing
Final 3D model for the Wood Plastic Composite Model using the 7W LED
Slots for the 3W waterproof LED strips
Each LED strip is placed at an angle of 40° thus increasing the throw of light Half a solid cylinder used as the base on which the LED’s are placed with a height of 40mm
Etched glass casing
Assembly of the different components
Prototype using WPC
CONCEPT 2 Material Alternatives To redesign the Street light with Terracotta/Ceramic which is a low embodied energy material. Design Strategy: The aim is to redesign the product, by maintaning the same form, keeping in mind the properties of the material being used.
TERRACOTTA CLAY Types of clay: Earthenware: 1000-1180° Lightweight clay that is abundantly available. The different colors are red, orange, yellow, buff, brown Red clay: Secondary clay that is found near the surface of he ground. Usually plastic therefore used for modelling, throwing or building Paper Clay: Clay that contains fibers that provide stability. Easy to mend or repair Stoneware: 1200-1300° Has a water absorption rate of 3 per cent or less Porcelain: 1240- 1350° Similar to the waulities of glass Paper clay structure
Bone China: 1240-1250° Coloured clay: 1040-1220°
Sroneware mugs
Earthenware block
T E R R A C O T TA M O D E L L I N G T E C H N I Q U E S
Slip casting
Slab buildoing method
Pinch pot method
D E S I G N I T E R AT I O N S and sketches
Glass sheet to be placed with a rubber stopper to avoid water seepage Slight angle for LED placement
Terracotta casing using slab method/slip casting
Power source connected to the pole
Using a 4mm radius with a total height of 70mm
Circuit Housing
Using the slab method
C L AY S H R I N K A G E Clays shrink at an approximate rate of 10-13 per cent for their raw to fired state. A higher shrinkage rate can be difficult to work with so a fine particle desne clay can be ‘opened up’ by adding materials such as sand or grog. Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material. It has high percentage of silica and alumina. It can be produced by firing selected fire clays to high temperature before grinding and screening to specific particle sizes. It can also be produced from pitchers. The particle size distribution is generally coarser in size than the other raw materials used to prepare clay bodies. It tends to be porous and have low density. It is normally available as a powder or chippings. Calculating Percentage Linear Shrinkage % DRY SHRINKAGE (plastic to dry)
=
% FIRE SHRINKAGE (Dry to fired)
=
% Total Shrinkage (Plastic to fired)
Plastic Length - Dry Length
X 100
Plastic Length Dry Length - Fired Length
X 100
Dry Length =
Plastic Length - Fired Length Plastic length
X 100
CONCEPT 3 Material Alternatives To redesign the Street light with Terracotta which is a low embodied energy material. Design Strategy: The aim is to redesign the product, keeping in mind the form of the mounting structure which aids in mass production
10W LED bulb plasced on an aluminium heat sink
Terracotta cylindrical casing that is pushed into the circuit casing and tightened with screws
Circuit housing with angular slits that act as a heat sink
Glass casing, fitted into the terracotta casing for the light
Cylindrical shape on the wheel
VA L I D AT I O N
s w o t a n a lys i s STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
WPC(Wood plastic
Manually made Industrial processes require a lot of embodied energy Terracotta might break in case of an accident
-Empowering the artisans -Can be manufactured industrially or manually -Local supply chain
-Transportation accidents -Might overheat (The LED emits heat of about 60°C which may cause problems with the mould
Composite) Cost: Rs. 60/sq ft Durable material Waterproof Insect Proof Easy to assemble Acces Points Fireproof Can be recycled Low embodied energy Utilizes wastes
Packaging: -Waste material can be compressed into casings Eg: egg trays
Terracotta
Durable Waterproof Natural heat sink Sturdy material Access points Abundance of material
S
W
O
T
CRADLE TO CRADLE FRAMEWORK
FRAMEWORK We are native to our place Sun as a source of income Use waste as an input O u r a i r, s o i l d a n d water are healthy We provide enjoyment to all Inclusive design
Frugal Design
CONCEPT 1
CONCEPT 2
CONCEPT 3
E VA L U AT I O N M AT R I X Rethink how to provide the benefit
Create opportunity for local supply chain
Minimize quantity of materials
Share among multiple users
Use recycled or reclaimed materials
Use renewable materials
Provide ability to biodegrade
Reduce Product and Packaging volume
Source or use local materials and production
Minimize manufacturing waste
Design for maintenance and easy repair
Use recyclable nontoxic materials
Design for durability
Design for manual or automated disassembly
Terracotta Model WPC Model
PRODUCT COST
Product Unit Cost =
Raw Materials + Direct Labour + Variable Manufacturing Overhead costs + Fixed manufacturing overhead costs
Cost of Goods Sold =
Total Units sold X Product Cost per Unit
Selling Price =
Product Unit Cost + Assembling Costs + Packagaing + Transportation + Profit
E m b o d i e d e n e r gy : R E V I S E D
Embodied Energy Assembly (EE)
Weight of material
X Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)
Weight of material
X Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)
Total weight of all materials Embodied Energy (EE) of existing Design
1kg X 227MJ/kg + 0.27kg X 22.6MJ/kg + 0.1kg X 201MJ/kg
= 244.3 MJ/kg
1.8kg
Embodied Energy (EE) of proposed Design (Terracotta)
1kg X 7.2MJ/kg + 0.24kg X 22.6MJ/kg
= 11.23 MJ/kg
1.24kg
Embodied Energy (EE) of proposed Design (WPC)
0.7kg X 45MJ/kg + 0.24kg X 22.6MJ/kg + 0.25kg X 42.9MJ/kg 1.19kg
= 46 MJ/kg
P R O D U C T A N D S E RV I C E A N A LYS I S 1. Significant reduction in the embodied energy 2. The product can be easily assembled with perfect dimensions 3. The throw of light increases due to the placement of the LED’s 4. The use of local crafts empowers the rural community by providing a market for their products. 5. The acces points are in the front, which makes it easier during maintenance. 6. The cylindrical shape is a very basic shape that can be mass produced through extrusion or even hand crafted by artisans.
CUSTOMER PRODUCT INTERACTION
Usage: 8-12 hours
One time installation by the locals
Users (Community)
Product
5 Year Warranty (2 scheduled and 1 unscheduled visit for maintenance)
SELCO Foundation
S U P P LY C H A I N
MANUFACTURER
Moulds for extruded pipes MAKE
DESIGN
Production of each component CNC designs PROCUREMENT Hardware (Anand Electronics) Material: TerracottaNarayanapura Village WPC- Greenwood’s Inc
Secondary Packaging
ASSEMBLING
PACKAGING
SELCO GODOWN
END USER
B U S I N E S S M O D E L C A N VA S - S E L C O
KEY PARTNERS
KEY RESOURCES
Kotak Solar
SELCO services Infrastructure SELCO Products Financial Assistance
Anand Electronics Agni
CHANNELS Local outlets Word of mouth Maintenance reports (after delivery) Transportation
Narayanapura Village Greenwood’s Inc. Shree Lakshmi Engineering Works SELCO India SELCO Foundation Financial Partners (Banks, Investors)
KEY ACTIVITIES
COST STRUCTURE
Need Assessment Facilitating End User Financing Installation After Sales Services
Initial Investment: Moulds Infrastructure
Assembling
Recurring Costs: -Raw material -Packaging -Maintenance -Labour
CUSTOMER SEGMENT
VALUE PROPOSITION Pain Relievers - Insectproof - Increasing the throw of light (Qualitative benefit) Gain creators - Use of durable materials - Biodegradable materials - Cost effective - Reduction of material and size (Quantitative benefits) Aesthetics and Semantics: - Changing the form that caters to the contemporary look
Type 1 Low Income Groups Vulnerable communities (Daily wage workers, domestic help, taxi drivers, fruit/ vegetable venders, factory workers) Type 2 Above Low Income Groups
REVENUE STREAM Daily sales Post warranty services
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP Adaptable Semantics Social Upliftment Empowering the artisans by creating a market for their products User friendly benefits
R A DA R C H A RT SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Embodied energy
Education
Health
Cradle to Cradle
Livelihood
1
2 3 4 5
Okala Practitioner’s Guide
Cost
Lead Time Scale: 1= lowest 5 = highest
ENVIRONMENTAL
WPC Terracotta
Quality ECONOMIC
bibliography WEBSITES: 1. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.10322.1.1982.pdf 2. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.1944.5.1981.pdf 3. https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/ctools/Energy%20Efficient%20Street%20Lighting%20Guidelines.pdf 4. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S05/is.10322.5.3.2012.pdf 5. http://www.core77.com/posts/20279/core77-design-award-2011-solar-puff-runner-up-for-diyhackmod-20279 6. http://inhabitat.com/tag/sustainable-design/ 7. http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/consultancy-services/94029-banana-paper-paper-making-process-technology-patent-info-cd.html 8. http://www.core77.com/posts/17896/the-increasingly-green-designs-of-jeff-casper-part-1-17896 9. http://www.ijser.org/paper/Handmade-paper-from-banana-stem.html 10. http://www.victoria.ac.nz/architecture/centres/cbpr/resources/pdfs/ee-coefficients.pdf 11. http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=486&Itemid=190 12. http://www.doyouyoga.com/10-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-styrofoam/ 13. http://www.naturaindia.com/biowood.html 14. http://www.networx.com/article/10-materials-that-could-replace-wood-one 15. http://www.hpcorporategroup.com/sustainable-packaging-alternatives-to-styrofoam-materials.html 16. http://theconstructor.org/building/buildings/eco-friendly-building-materials/720/ 17. http://coirkeralafair.com/coir-products/ 18. http://www.karnatakacoir.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6 19. http://www.globalsources.com/wholesale/Aluminum-Can-Recycling.html 20. http://recycling.world-aluminium.org/review/quality-value.html 21. http://metalworld.co.in/feature20206.pdf 22. http://wpcproductmanufacturer.com/wpc-deck/2081.html 23. http://www.industrytap.com/aluminum-recycling-aluminum-die-casting-companies-produce-aluminum-partsstronger-sustainable-greener/19028 24. http://rucca.gmc.globalmarket.com/products/details/wpc-decorative-fireproof-suspended-ceiling-for-interiordesign-891037.html
VIDEOS: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdXZYYWxjMc 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gvp1OhKeVk&feature=youtu.be 3. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmhCdDyNzyg> Circular Economy: Marcel Wubbolts at TEDxMaastricht, Published on Sep 7, 2013 4. BOOKS: 1. Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of India Handicrafts Hardcover – Import, 5 Nov 2009by Aditi Ranjan (Editor), M. P. Ranjan (Editor), in Srishti library 2. Introduction to Pottery A Step by step Project Book, Linde Wllner (Handicrafts) 3.Paperclay (Art and Practise), Rosette Gault 4. Hand built Pottery, Mavis Surdivall 5. The complete potter’s handbook, Josie Warshaw