A thesis report on

A THESIS REPORT ON “MIXED USE VERTICAL FARMING COMPLEX” Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of the degree BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

Submitted By: SHIVANSH PANDEY Guided By: AR. MRIDUL KUMAR Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BIT PATNA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,MESRA RANCHI NOVEMBER,2016

MIXED USE VERTICAL FARMING COMPLEX

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Certificate THIS IS TO BE Certified that this thesis entitled “MIXED USE VERTICAL FARMING COMPLEX” being submitted by Shivansh Pandey in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of bachelor Degree in Architecture in the BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,MESRA is a bonifide work carried out under my guidance and Supervision.

Guide

Dissertation Co-ordinator

Head of the Department

External 1

External 2

SHIVANSH PANDEY, B.ARCH THESIS, BIT MESRA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Asst. professor Ar. MRIDUL KUMAR, Asst.professors, and faculty members of Birla institute of technology, Patna, whose valuable support and guidance helped to make this THESIS success.

I am also thankful to all my friends and classmates who helped me in all stages of my Thesis.

And last, but not the least, I would love to express my regards to my families and some of my special friends and my love who were there when I needed emotional support during the semester long of continuous work.

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CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I do here by declare that this thesis entitled “MIXED USE VERTICAL FARMING COMPLEX” is a bonifide record of the study done by me independently during the 9th semester B.Arch, Degree course in the BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA, and that this thesis has not previously formed the basis of B.Arch Degree course in any other institution.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge and beliefs.

Date

Shivansh Pandey

AR. MRIDUL KUMAR Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE BIT PATNA

SHIVANSH PANDEY, B.ARCH THESIS, BIT MESRA

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ABSTRACT This project is all about the vertical stacking of farming floors. Vertical farming method introduced in a high rise building that will surely benefitted the city population. For the development of the activities and space conception was done according to sun path and wind movement for maximum utilization of the ambient energy. Site is choosen in bangalore on bangalore-mysore highway. Mild slope allows surface water runoff more clear. In design development phase courtyard and faรงade surface are kept important. As development moves to the planning stage firtly rotation of floor plates is done by taking the basic shape of trapezoid which was responding to all the sides of the site. Then different slabs are stacked and rotated at some random angles tp achieve some terrace and a stablise form which would counteract the wind. After that planning is done which generally comparises office, admin, lab, residence, commercial and the most importat crop production area. The crop production and movement area covers upto 55% of the total usable floor area per floor. Floor clearence height is doubled and mostly upto the height of 5 floors just to provide the production of big crops like sugercant and some fruits. This adwance solution of conventional farming can change the scenario of the future cities and should provide healthy and joyfull life.

Abbreviations-

vertical stacking, surface water runoff, trapezoid, usable floor area,

conventional farming, vertical farming, propeller configuration, crop production area.

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1- AVAILABLE LAND FOR CROP PRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 10 Figure 1.2- VERTICAL STACKING OF FARMING AREA ............................................................................................ 11 Figure 1.3- INDOOR CROP PRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 14 Figure 2.1- HYDROPONIC SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................ 19 Figure2.2- HYDROPONIC NEUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE ....................................................................................... 19 Figure 2.3- AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2.4- AQUACULTURE SYSTEM...................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2.5- AQUAPONICS COMBINATION OF HYDRO AND AQUACULTURE ......................................................... 23 Figure 2.6- ARTIFICIAL LIGHT TECHNIQUE ............................................................................................................ 24 Figure 2.7- CROP FOR INDOOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 2.8- COOLING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 3.14- SPIRE EDGE, GURGAON .................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 3.2- EDITT TOWER SITE LOCATION ............................................................................................................ 43 Figure 3.3-DIFFERENT LANDUSE AT SITE LOCATION ............................................................................................. 44 Figure 3.4- FLOOR PLAN........................................................................................................................................ 47 Figure 3.5- BUILDNG SERVICES ............................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 4.1 SITE LOCATION EXISTING ..................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 4.2 -MASTER PLAN(BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY) ................................................................. 56 Figure 4.3- ACCUWETHER REPORT AND GRAPH ................................................................................................... 57 Figure 4.4- CONTOURS LEVELS ............................................................................................................................. 59

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION-.................................................................................................................................... 10 A POTENTIAL SOLUTION: FARM VERTICALLY-................................................................................... 11 Evolution: from 30th A.D to present day-............................................................................................. 12 Objective- .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 BENEFITS- .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Social benefit..................................................................................................................................... 15 The vertical farm would- ....................................................................................................................... 15 Waste Management Sub-System- .................................................................................................... 16 Food Processing Sub-System- ........................................................................................................... 16 Waste management and sustainability- ........................................................................................... 16 Limitations- ........................................................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER-2 HYDROPONICS- ..................................................................................................................................... 19 TYPES OF HYDROPONICS- ..................................................................................................................... 19 LIQUID HYDROPONIC SYSTEM- ......................................................................................................... 19 NEUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE-.......................................................................................................... 19 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM- ................................................................................................ 20 BAG CULTURE- .................................................................................................................................. 20 AQUACULTURE- .................................................................................................................................... 21 COMPONENTS OF AN INDOOR AQUACULTURE SYSTEM- ................................................................ 22 AQUAPONICS- ....................................................................................................................................... 22 LIGHTING SERVICE- ............................................................................................................................... 24 TEMPERTURE & PLANT GROWTH – .................................................................................................. 25 HUMIDITY & PLANT GROWTH- ......................................................................................................... 25 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM- ................................................................................................................ 26 HEATING SYSTEM-............................................................................................................................. 26 EVOPORATIVE COOLING- .................................................................................................................. 26

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CHAPTER-3 CASE STUDY-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 27 SIGNATURE TOWER, GURGAON ................................................................................................... 2726 CASE STUDY-2 ................................................................................................................................... 2734 GREEN PATH, BANGALORE ........................................................................................................... 2734 LITREATURE DATA STUDY ................................................................................................................. 2739 LITREATURE-1.................................................................................................................................... 2743 EDITT TOWER, SINGAPORE ........................................................................................................... 2743 LITREATURE-2.................................................................................................................................... 2750 THE VERTICAL FARM, SYDNEY....................................................................................................... 2750

CHAPTER-4 - SITE STUDY.................................................................................................................................. 5455 - CONCEPTION ............................................................................................................................... 5464 - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................... 5469 - PERSPECTIVE .............................................................................................................................. 5486 -CURRICULAM VITAE.................................................................................................................. 5488

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INTRODUCTIONLITREATURE REVIEW HISTORY OF VERTICAL FARMING OBJECTIVES SCOPE BENEFITS LIMITATION

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INTRODUCTIONBy the year 2050, nearly 80% of the earth's population will reside in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about 3 billion people during the interim. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% more land than is represented by the country of Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming practices continue as they are practiced today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use (sources: FAO and NASA). Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices.

Urban farming has the potential to lessen food insecurity for citizens who do not have sufficient access to fresh produce and garden space can be difficult to find in dense urban environments. An estimation of some private and government funded agencies shows that expected number of people that will live in urban areas may increase by 4 billion in next 40 years or so.

The advantages of farming are obvious enough from a human perspective, but even our earliest efforts caused irreversible damage to the land. For example, some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, the fertile, silt-laden soils of the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys were rapidly degraded below minimum food production limits due to erosion caused by intensive farming and mis-managed irrigation projects

Figure 1.1- AVAILABLE LAND FOR CROP PRODUCTION

that were often interrupted by wars and out-of-season

flooding events. Today, primitive farming practices continue to produce massive loss of topsoil, while excluding the possibility for long-term carbon sequestration in the form of trees and other permanent woods plants. Farming is an occupation fraught with a wide variety of health risks. Numerous infectious disease agents (e.g., schistosomes, malaria, geohelminths) take

advantage

of

a

wide

variety

of

traditional

agricultural

practices

(irrigation, plowing, sowing, harvesting), facilitating their transmission.

Now, the question arises whether we have enough adequate farming land to feed the population and to provide them fresh products. It could come from ways other than traditional farming “vertical farming� might be the answer.

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A POTENTIAL SOLUTION: FARM VERTICALLY-

Vertical farm is any building you can grow food inside of it which is taller than a single story.

Moreover; vertical farming could be cultivating plant life within a greenhouse or on vertically inclined surfaces or even in a high-rise building. The idea of vertical farming uses techniques similar to both traditional farming and glass houses, where natural sunlight can be amplified with artificial lighting. It is basically an agricultural technique that involves large scale and stacked, indoor agriculture in open urban areas. Vertical farms, many stories high, will be situated in the heart of the world's urban centers. If successfully implemented, they offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (yearround crop production), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.

Vertical farming practiced on a large scale in urban centers has great potential to: 1. Supply enough food in a sustainable fashion to comfortably feed all of humankind for the foreseeable future.

2. Allow large tracts of land to revert to the natural landscape restoring ecosystem functions and services.

3. Safely and efficiently use the organic portion of human and agricultural waste to produce energy through methane generation, and at the same time significantly reduces populations of vermin (e.g., rats, cockroaches).

Figure 1.2- VERTICAL STACKING OF FARMING AREA

4. Remediate black water creating a much needed new strategy for the conservation of drinking water.

5. Take advantage of abandoned and unused urban spaces; 6. break the transmission cycle of agents of disease associated with a fecally-contaminated environment.

7. Allow year-round food production without loss of yields due to climate change or weatherrelated events.

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8. Eliminate the need for large-scale use of pesticides and herbicides.

9. Provide a major new role for agrochemical industries (i.e., designing and producing safe, chemically-defined diets for a wide variety of commercially viable plant species; 10. Create an environment that encourages sustainable urban life, promoting a state of good health for all those who choose to live in cities.

Evolution: from 30th A.D to present dayIt took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.

Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural eco zones into semiarid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans are protected against the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigors of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year..

However, since glass had not yet been invented the greenhouse-like structure was fabricated from tiny translucent sheets of mica. The ancient Romans used these window coverings to hold in solar heat for their homes and bath complexes but also relied on such solar heat traps for horticulture so that plants would mature quicker, produce fruits and vegetables out of season, and allow for the cultivation at home of exotic plants from hotter climates. Centuries later, the first practical greenhouse was constructed by a French botanist, Jules Charles. It was built around 1599 and used to grow primarily medicinal tropical plants.

If we go back in history will find that there were hanging gardens of Babylon, which meant they could plant in high buildings. But as the earliest drawing for the most published drawing that can be traced to 1909, called (Vertical Homesteads), and it was an open air building that cultivated food for the purpose of consumption. This proposal can be seen in Rem Koolhaas's book; Delirious. Koolhaas wrote his 1909 theorem: "The skyscraper is a utopian device for the

unlimited

production

of

virgin

sites

on

a

metropolitan

location."

In 1915 the phrase 'Vertical Farming' was used by Gilbert Ellis Bailey in the nearly forgotten book 'Vertical Farming' where he defined the earliest meanings and methods of 'Vertical Farming. By 1950 the idea of a vertical farm has started to appear since the beginning of this century and there are building precedence's that are well documented by John Hix in his

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canonical text 'The Glass House.' A vertical farm concept was exhibited in 1964 at The Vienna International Horticulture Exhibition.

ObjectiveThe concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes, a wide variety of herbs, and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another 3 billion people. An entirely new

approach

to

indoor farming

must

be

invented,

employing

cutting

edge

technologies. 

There is historical precedent for farming indoors. The Vertical Farm Project just may be the twenty-first century’s answer of how to provide food in urban settings to a large population.



Commercial greenhouse crops currently produced include: tomatoes, lettuce, peppers, herbs, strawberries, fish species and others.



Use and research into expanding indoor cultivation of food and medicinal crops farmed is necessary.



Experimental crops to be considered, based on economic profitability, yield increases, nutritional value and genetic modifiability include: sugar cane and sugar beets, corn, wheat, rice, fish (tilapia) and others.



Indoor farming modalities proposed for the vertical farm will vary by location of the farm and the desired crop product. Systems to consider include: hydroponics systems (liquid medium and float systems), aquaponics, soilless solid systems and aeroponics.



Partnering with the pharmaceutical industry for the creation of the vertical farm makes sense both economically and environmentally. As many of our current pharmaceuticals are products of higher plants, this collaboration will help both the industry and the population offset the cost of the project and to produce a product with high market value.

Scope Today, current greenhouse producers benefit from the elimination of external natural processes, such as drought, flood, and pests, as confounding elements to food production.

Currently, greenhouses are used commercially to grow such crops as tomatoes, peppers, SHIVANSH PANDEY, B.ARCH THESIS, BIT MESRA

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cucumbers, lettuce, along with various vegetables, such as strawberries, and herbs such as basil, sage and rosemary. Worldwide, greenhouse vegetable production is led by Spain, the Netherlands, Mexico, Canada, and the United States.

Among these countries, the Netherlands, Canada, and the U.S. utilize high technology greenhouses with significantly higher yields. Whereas the production systems in Mexico and Spain range from low to high end technology greenhouses, with Spain utilizing mainly shade cloth production not

Figure 1.3- INDOOR CROP PRODUCTION

glass production. Production areas in hectares (ha) include: Spain (70,000 ha), the Netherlands (4300 ha), Mexico (1,520 ha), Canada (876 ha), and the U.S. (395 ha).

By applying these ideas in my own design I have to develop a mixed use farming complex with maximum facilities and thus promoting urban agriculture and sustainability to feed the future population of the urban core.

BENEFITSThough these techniques are not regularly used but vertical farming techniques will change the face of the farming industry and thus condition of poor man will surely upgrade and would be a reliable technique in future concern. The main advantages of vertical farming are summarized later. Currently, maximizing crop production takes place over an annual growth cycle that is wholly dependent upon what happens outside - climate and local weather conditions. It is estimated that one acre of vertical farm could be equivalent to as many as ten to twenty traditional soil-based acres, depending upon which crop species is considered. Growing food close to home will lower significantly the amount of fossil fuels needed to deliver them to the consumer, and will eliminate forever the need for fossil fuels during the act of farming (i.e., plowing, applying fertilizer, seeding, weeding, harvesting).

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Social benefit Eliminating a significant percentage of land dedicated to traditional farming has obvious health advantages regarding the restoration of ecosystem services and for the immediate improvement of biodiversity by simultaneously restoring ecosystem functions, as well. The social benefits of urban agriculture promise an equally rewarding set of achievable goals.

However, since the vertical farm is still a theoretical construct, it is difficult to predict all of the potential benefits that may arise from producing food in this manner. The first is the establishment of sustainability as an ethic for human behaviour. At present, there are no examples of a totally sustained urban community anywhere in the world. The development of this keystone ecological concept has remained identified solely with the natural world, and specifically with reference to the functioning of ecosystems. Ecological observations and studies, beginning with those of Teal, show how life behaves with regards to the sharing of limited energy resources. Tight knit assemblages of plants and animals evolve into trophic relationships that allow for the seamless flow of energy transfer from one level to the next, regardless of the type of ecosystem in question. In fact, this is the defining characteristic of all ecosystems. In contrast the humans, although participants in all terrestrial ecosystems have failed to incorporate this same behaviour into their own lives.

If vertical farming succeeds, it will establish the validity of sustainability, irrespective of location (urban vs. rural). Vertical farms could become important learning centers for generations of city-dwellers, demonstrating our intimate connectedness to the rest of the world by mimicking the nutrient cycles that once again take place in the world that has reemerged around them.

The vertical farm would1. Take up a considerably smaller footprint than conventional farms both reducing the need to deforesting large amounts of land, while also allowing existing farms to return to their natural state(promoting

the

absorption

of

more

carbon

dioxide)

2. Be far less damaging to the environment (including ourselves) by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and smartly eliminating its own waste with that of the city in which it is located. The city’s blackwater along with the excess plant material from the farm itself could be incinerated generating steam to power turbines. Other renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind, and solar energy could be used to power the farm’s production.

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3. With its location in a dense urban center, the vertical farm could eliminate the need for hauling food from long distances to the point of distribution. This would allow for a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels, the lowering of greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately more

affordable

food.

4. Finally, with the addition of a community garden component, the vertical farm could empower those who participate to become better informed about what they eat, promoting on the whole, and healthier communities.

Waste Management Sub-SystemIn the process of producing edible biomass, the Vertical Farm generates bio-waste as byproducts (e.g. leaves, stems, fibrous roots, damaged fruit and vegetables) from the crops as well waste from the aquaculture system.

Food Processing Sub-SystemWhen plants and fish are full-grown they need to be harvested and readied for delivery to supermarkets and restaurants. This is done on the food processing floor. In the process conceived above one may produce a kg of bio-mass with the composition.

Waste management and sustainabilityAll solid waste can be re-cycled (returnable cans, bottles, cardboard packages, etc.) and/or used in energy generating schemes with technologies that are currently in use. A major source of organic waste comes from the restaurant industry.

Methane generation from this single resource could contribute significantly to energy generation, and may be able to supply enough to run vertical farms without the use of electricity from the grid. For example, in New York City there are more than 21,000 food service establishments. All of which produce significant quantities of organic waste, and they have to pay to have the city cart it off. Often the garbage sits out on the curb, sometimes for hours to days, prior to collection. This allows time for vermin (cockroaches, rats, mice) the privilege of dining out at some of the finest restaurants in the western hemisphere.

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LimitationsWell, pollination is something that needs serious consideration. Insects are crucial to this process. So if this is going to be an insect-free environment, pollination will have to be done by hand, which is labour-intensive, and will this result in the produce costing more?

And talking about costs, we all know that urban land is far more expensive that farm land, and the cost of creating such a concept and powering up a farm scraper for lights, controlling ambient temperatures and the like, will not be a cheap exercise. So just how much will this produce cost the consumer? It sounds as if it would cost them far more than what they could expect to pay for conventionally grown food. Controlling the environment within these buildings with regards to lighting, temperature, pollination and the arrangement of plants will all be important factors for success.

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TECHNOLOGIES AND BUILDING SERVICEHYDROPONICS SYSTEMAEROPONICS SYSTEMAQUAPONICS SYSTEMLIGHTING-

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C H A P T E R 2

HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONINGDEHUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMVENTILLATION SYSTEM-

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HYDROPONICSDefined as growing plants without soil. This production system may use a wide variety of organic and inorganic materials. The nutrient solution, rather than

the

media

in

which

the

plants are growing, always supplies most of the plant Figure 2.1- HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

nutrient requirements. This method of growing has also been referred to as nutrient-solution culture, soil

less culture, water culture, gravel culture and nutriculture.

TYPES OF HYDROPONICSLIQUID HYDROPONIC SYSTEMIn this system, no rigid supporting medium for the plant roots is used. Liquid systems are, by their nature, closed systems; the plant roots are exposed to the nutrient solution, without any type of growing medium, and the solution is re-circulated and reused.

NEUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUEThis hydroponics system was developed during the late 1960s by Dr. Cooper at the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, Little Hampton, England. The principle of the

NFT

system is to provide a thin film of nutrient solution that flows through either black or white-on-black polyethylene film liners Figure2.2- HYDROPONIC NEUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE

supported on wooden channels or some

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form of PVC piping which contains the plant roots. The walls of the polyethylene film liners are flexible, permitting them to be drawn together around the base of each plant, which excludes light and prevents evaporation. The nutrient solution is pumped to the higher end of each channel and flows by gravity past the plant roots to catchment pipes and a sump. The solution is monitored to determine the need for replenishment of salts and water before it is recycled. A capillary mat in the channel prevents young plants from drying out, and the roots soon grow into a dense, tangled mat. A principal advantage is that a greatly reduced volume of nutrient solution is required, and this system is more easily heated during winter months or cooled during hot summers to avoid bolting and other undesirable plant responses.

The slope of the channels in NFT needs to be approximately 3 inches per 100 feet. Slopes less than that are not sufficient. Depressions in the channel must be avoided, or puddling of the solution will lead to oxygen depletion and growth retardation.

AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMAggregate systems such as vertical or flat plastic bags are “open” and the solution is not recirculated, while porous horticultural grade rock wool may be “open” or “closed.” In a “closed” rock wool system the excess solution is contained and recirculated

through

the

system.

Not

reusing the nutrient solution means there is less sensitivity to the composition of the

Figure 2.3- AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

medium used, or to the salinity of the water.

BAG CULTUREIn bag culture, the growing mix is placed in plastic bags in lines on the greenhouse floor. The bags may be used for at least two years, and are much easier and less costly to steam-sterilize than

soil.

Bags

are

typically

made

of

UV-resistant

SHIVANSH PANDEY, B.ARCH THESIS, BIT MESRA

polyethylene,

with

a

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black interior, and generally last for two years. The exterior of the bag should be white in regions of high light intensity levels, to reflect radiation and inhibit heating the growing medium. Conversely, a darker exterior colour is recommended in low-light latitudes to absorb winter heat. Growing media for bag culture may include peat, vermiculite, or a combination, with perlite is sometimes added to reduce cost. Examples of lay-flat bags are Plant-in Bags and Fertile-Bags. Bags are placed on the greenhouse floor at normal row spacing for the crop.

It is beneficial to first cover the entire floor with white polyethylene film, increasing the amount of light reflected back into the plant canopy. A covering may also reduce relative humidity

and

the

incidence

of

some

fungal

pathogens.

Paired rows of bags are usually placed flat, about 5 feet apart (from center to center), with some separation between bags. Holes are made in the upper surface of each lay-flat bag for transplants, and two small slits are made low on each side for drainage or leaching. The soil in the bag is moistened before planting.

AQUACULTUREAquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and

can

be contrasted with commercial fishing, which

is

the harvesting of wild fish.

Figure 2.4- AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

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COMPONENTS OF AN INDOOR AQUACULTURE SYSTEMHatchery Systems Nursery Systems Grow out Systems Brood Stock Live Food Systems Oxygen & Ozone Supply Systems Greenhouse/Hydroponics Automated Feed Systems Waste Treatment Systems Filtration Systems

AQUAPONICSAquaponics (pronounced: /ˈækwəˈpɒnɨks/) is a system of agriculture involving the simultaneous cultivation of plants and aquatic animals such as fish in a symbiotic environment.

In a traditional aquaculture, animal effluents accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity for the fish. This water is then led to a hydroponic system

where

the

by-products

from

the

aquaculture are filtered out by the plants as vital nutrients, after which the clean water is recirculated back to the animals. The term

aquaponics is a portmanteau of the terms aquaculture and hydroponic.

Aquaponics is a farming method inspired by ancient farming systems from the Aztecs to Egypt, based on the recycling of nutrients in nature. combines intensive aquaculture and hydroponics. Aquaponics is the ideal answer to a fish farmer's problem of disposing of nutrient rich water and a hydroponic grower's need for nutrient rich water. In aquaponics, the fish waste provides a food source for the growing plants and the plants provide a natural filter for the fish.

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They include the: Rearing tank: The tanks for raising and feeding the fish Solids removal: A unit for catching uneaten food, detached biofilms, and for settling out fine particulates.

Bio filter: A place where the nitrification bacteria can grow an convert ammonia into nitrates Hydroponics subsystem: The portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water.

Sump: The lowest point in the system where the water flows and is pumped back to the rearing tanks

Figure 2.5- AQUAPONICS COMBINATION OF HYDRO AND AQUACULTURE

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LIGHTING SERVICEOnly 37% of the energy in sunlight is within the wavelength (colours) useful for photosynthesis, while 62.4% is infrared (thermal energy) and the remaining 0.6% is ultraviolet. Photosynthesis in the plant leaf is powered by 1% of the sunlight that falls on the plant, 10% of the sunlight is reflected and 10% passes through the leaf. The leaf will retain 80% which is used for transpiration. Some of the light is re-radiated, while the fraction that remains is used for building food from the carbon dioxide, minerals and water.

Useable light energy for plant growth is measured in Micro-Einstein’s (micro-mols of photons per meter squared per second). The sunlight reaching our plant is approximately 2,200 micro-Einstein on a cloud-fewer days and 170 micro-Einstein on a very cloudy day.

For indoor growing under artificial lighting a range of 200 to 500 micro-Einstein is considered by experts at NASA to be minimal energy level for plant growth. The higher the bulb wattage the further away the plant must be from the light source to prevent environmental heat stress that can cause the plant to transpire too quickly. Excessive transpiring can dehydrate plants leading to wilting and poor growth. Likewise, the further the plant is from the light source the less available useable energy is delivered to the plant. The indoor grower most tune light energy resources as well as other environmental variables for optimal growing condition

Criteria for maximizing the artificial light energy for photosynthesisThe indoor grower has several options for maximizing the artificial light energy for photosynthesis,

they

are as follows: Use light bulbs that have the

highest

level

Micro-Einstein watt natural

per

(reproducing sunlight

conditions as much as Figure 2.6- ARTIFICIAL LIGHT TECHNIQUE

possible)

Place

the

bulb as close to the

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plant as possible to deliver the highest level Micro-Einstein per square inch (without overheating the plant) Filter out infra-red radiation (to use only the portion of the light spectrum needed by the plant and to reduce heat build-up inside of the plant cells).

TEMPERTURE & PLANT GROWTH – Each and every plant has different requirement with regards to temperature. Temperature varies from 50-100 Degree F. Some Examples (Suitable growing temperature) : Mushrooms: 50-80 F Strawberry: 35-65 F Tomato: 40-90 F Potatoes: 50-100 F Grains: 50-100 F Flowers: 35-70 F

HUMIDITY & PLANT GROWTHPlants breathe through tiny openings on the undersides of their leaves called stomata. Plants can (and do) open and close their stomata under certain conditions, for example if heat becomes excessive and causes a plant to start losing more water than it can take up, the plant will close its stomata to slow down the water loss.

The ideal humidity range for healthy plant growth is 50% humidity, plus or minus 10%. The higher RH percentages,

the

stomata

have

problems getting rid of excess water.

At a lower RH, the stoma keep releasing water until the plant dries out. At that moment, the stomata close. Then, the intake of carbon-dioxide stagnates, and plant growth is impaired.

Figure 2.7- CROP FOR INDOOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMHEATING SYSTEMGenerally used in cold countries, not applicable for Indian conditions. By using them a temperature of 70 degree can be maintained when the outside temperature is 0 degrees.

COOLINGNATURAL COOLING 1.Roof vent opens to allow hot air to escape to outside.

2. Door or other opening must be left open to provide for incoming air from outside to replace exhausted air.

3. On hot summer days temperatures can rise 20 to 30 degrees above outside temperature.

4. Recommended for mild climate areas only.

EVOPORATIVE COOLING1. Outdoor air is cooled by Evaporative Cooler (located outside) and discharged into greenhouse.

2. Hot air is exhausted through outlet shutters which operate automatically on pressure differential.

3. Temperature inside house can be as much as 10 to 15 degrees cooler than outdoor

temperature

designed

with

properly system.

4. Evaporative Cooler is controlled by thermostat.

5. System efficiency can be increased with the use of shade system. The fans will not have to work as hard to maintain the desired temperature.

Figure 2.8- COOLING SYSTEM

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C H A P T E R3

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CASE STUDY-1 SIGNATURE TOWER, GURGAON

CASE STUDY-2 GREEN PATH, BANGALORE

LITREATURE DATA STUDY

LITREATURE-1 EDITT TOWER, SINGAPORE

LITREATURE-2 THE VERTICAL FARM, SYDNEY

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Building study-1

SPIRE EDGE world trade center, Manesar, Gurgaon-

Spire Edge office tower stands as an iconic landmark on a new IT park located in Manesar, Gurgaon, India. The tower is a 21 storey building accommodating offices, auditorium, gallery and other facilities.

It is well connected through metro line and local bus services. Located in south west Delhi and falls on Delhi Gurgaon expressway.

Figure 3.14- SPIRE EDGE, GURGAON

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3

LEVEL

OF

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BASEMENT

PARKING IS PROVIDED AND THE PROVISION OF VERTICAL VEGETATION RAMP IS GIVEN IN THE BACK SIDE WHICH CONTINUES

UPTO

THE

21ST

FLOOR.

SITE PLAN SHOWING SHADOW PATTERN

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Typical

floor

plate

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showing

the

provision of office space with terrace farming area with 8 core lift provided at the back. Two service staircases are provided attached with toilets provided at the back side.

Building is placed at the site according to the sun path so that maximum sun light can be utilised and vegetation core can get high rate of natural light.

Heating effect of sun light is minimised by providing high strength reflecting glass faรงade at south and west side.

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The key design feature of the iconic tower is a continuous green Eco infrastructure at the north faรงade, ascending up the tower through green ramps from the basement, infusing it with an ecological and social terraces and garden and back down on the rear facade by a series of ramps around a meeting room.

Diversification in the use of floor and by changing its use and pattern of vegetation on every floor according to use gives the proper sense of use of space.

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The tower is designed as self-sufficient water reuse/recycling system within the building.

Both of the green ramps act as water filter/collecting device to channel rainwater collected from the roof garden to the water tank located at the basement of the building, hence being recycled and reused by the users of the building.

Double ht. provision is taken in the building floors just for placing the small size trees with the floor ht. approx. 4.5 mts. Living walls are placed just in front of the openings to ignore sunlight.

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The peak air conditioning demand has been brought down from a conventional estimate of 5,000 TR to 4,000 TR, without compromising the quality of provision, by judicious use of insulation and better glazing, thermal storage, waste heat recovery from return air, and variable air volume (VAV) systems.

In the future, with a possible connection for piped natural gas, there is a provision of increasing captive power generation and converting the waste heat to air conditioning by vapour absorption machines (VAM) which run on waste heat and not on electricity.

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Building study- 2 THE GREEN PATH, BANGALORE

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Literature study-

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Literature building study-1

Edit tower, Singapore Editt Tower is located in Singapore at the junction of waterloo road and victoria street, designed by T.R. Hamzah and Yeang developers and sponsored by urban redevelopment authority and National University of Singapore.

Surrounding site is developed in congested manner and the traffic flow is advance. Thus developing the tower at this area was beneficial for the trade and economy purpose and helps the surrounding people to get fresh air in a congested area.

Figure 3.2- EDITT TOWER SITE LOCATION

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block and thus step by step moved on the development of green area and plantation area by providing links to the amenities and adequate open space. This concept includes design according to the wind direction and sun path.

Figure 3.3-DIFFERENT LANDUSE AT SITE LOCATION

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Project descriptionArchitect: T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd URA (Urban Redevelopment Authority) Singapore (Sponsor) EDITT (Ecological Design in The Tropics) (Sponsor) NUS (National University of Singapore) (Sponsor) Location: Junction of Waterloo Road and Victoria Street, Singapore Nos. of Storeys: 26 Date Start:1998 (Competition: design) Completion Date: Pending Areas: Total gross area: 6,033 sqm Total net area: 3,567.16 sqm Total area of plantation: 3,841.34 sqm Plot Ratio: 7.1 Height: 88.46 m EDITT Tower – Project Team Principal-in-charge: Dr. Ken Yeang Project Architect: Andy Chong Design Architects: Ridzwa Fathan (PIC), Claudia Ritsch, Azman Che Mat Design Team: Azuddin Sulaiman, See Ee Ling Drafting: Sze Tho Kok Cheng C&S and M&E Engineers: Battle McCarthy (London) Embodied Energy Expert: Bill Lawson (University of Sydney) Swan & Maclaren Architects: James Leong (Architect-of-Record)

Design began with the mapping in detail of the indigenous planting within a 1 mile radius vicinity of the site to identify species to be incorporated in the design that will not compete with the indigenous species of the locality.

The vegetation areas are designed to be continuous and to ramp upwards from the ground plane to the uppermost floor in a linked landscaped ramp. The design’s planted-areas.

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Constitute 3,841 sq.m. Which is @ ratio 1 : 0.5 of gross useable area to gross

vegetated

area.

The vegetation areas are designed to be continuous and to ramp upward from the ground plane to the upper most floor in a linked landscape. The unique design feature of the scheme is in the well planted facades and vegetated- terrace which have green areas that approximate the gross usable areas.(i.e. GFA @ 6033 sq.m) of the rest of the building.

The architects have completed a study of the embodied energy and greenhouse-gas efficiency of the building materials as well, but have opted in some cases for higher energy intensity construction materials, especially the solar panels due to their payback in energy during the life of the building and recyclable building materials such as steel and aluminium. Composite timber-floor cassettes will replace the commonly used concrete floors to achieve gains in

energy-efficient construction.

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level 2: service area, food court level 3: service core, art and craft stalls. level 4: same as of level 3 level5: service core, food court. level 6: service core, cafe. level 9: service core, auditorium, seating area. level 10: service core, sky park, seating, upper link.

Figure 3.4- FLOOR PLAN

The building will have over 55% water self-sufficiency based on collection or rainwater and water reuse relying on built-in filter systems. In a country which captures less than 60% of its own fresh water needs and is currently reliant on its neighbour, Malaysia, for water, this is an SHIVANSH PANDEY, B.ARCH THESIS, BIT MESRA

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especially important feature.

The EDITT tower will achieve almost 40% energy self-sufficiency through a system of solar panels. Additionally, sewage will be reclaimed to fertilizer and built in waste hoppers will drop

separated

waste

streams

to

the

basement

to

facilitate

recycling.

Figure 3.5- BUILDNG SERVICES

Promising to explore novel concepts such as inflatable air bags as wind fins to improve ventilation and modify wind loads; natural ventilation of the toilet areas hung on the edges of the building; and water collection scallops along the sides of the building, this is one skyscraper to watch.

The project design integrates green space to human-use area in the ratio of 1:2. A particularly important point in the design of the organic components is the survey of plant life in the neighbourhood of the building to ensure that the plants incorporated in the building project do not compete with indigenous species. The organic spaces are intended also to ramp up from the street level to the top of the building, effectively integrating the sky-scraper's 26 stories into the surface landscape.

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Areas of vegetation rise in a continuous linked, landscaped spiral

Conclusionfrom the ground floor to the top floor, enabling a more diverse and more stable ecosystem.

The vegetation is intended to protect against the sun's rays, facilitating ambient cooling of the building's facades.

The flexible design means that the building, while initially conceived as a multi-use exhibition building, could be used in future as offices or residential apartments.

By positioning "wind walls" parallel to the prevailing winds, wind can be directed to internal spaces for cooling purposes.

55.1% water self-sufficiency is achieved through the re-use of collected rainwater and grey water; mains water is only used for potable purposes.

The building employs what the architect terms "loose-fit" design, featuring removable partitions and floors, and mechanical jointing of materials as opposed to the use of chemical bonding: this will aid future re-use of the building and recycling of materials.

The building's design aims to reduce the use of mechanical air-conditioning systems and artificial lighting.

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Building study-2

The vertical farm, Sydney

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C H A P T E R 4

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- SITE STUDY - CONCEPTION - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT - PERSPECTIVE

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Site analysis-

Figure 4.1 SITE LOCATION EXISTING

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Figure 4.2 -MASTER PLAN(BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)

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Figure 4.3- ACCUWETHER REPORT AND GRAPH

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Figure 4.4- CONTOURS LEVELS

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SERVICES-

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PERSPECTIVE-

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COMMENTS-

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