TERM
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SHREYA SAVE
LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2015/2017 Architectural Association School of Architecture London, UK
LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2015/2017 Architectural Association School of Architecture London, UK
Directors Jose Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Studio Master Clara Oloriz Seminar Staff Douglas Spencer Tom Smith Technical Tutors Gustavo Romanillos Giancarlo Torpiano Vincenzo Reale 2
ABSTARCT Landscape urbanism has a vast scope of influencing the future problems related to landform. Earth is mass that has been intervened by man at multiple levels in various ways. As landscape-Urbanist, we are expecting to study these interventions and resolvev the conflicts. The three workshops have given us an insight of the overall program. We have learnt how to study processes and use them as parameters for design. We have learnt how to analyze the change and development of a landform under the human influence. And lastly, we have gained the understanding of studying human behavior and grasp the reasons for certain formations and collaborations. The knowledge from these workshops will be beneficial for the coming year. 3
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CONTENTS WORKSHOP 1 : LANFILL REMEDIATION; LANDFILL; MANUFACTURED GROUNDS page 6 -page 25 WORKSHOP 2 :ROTATIONAL LOGGIN; FORESTS; LANDSCRIPTS page 26 -page 45 WORKSHOP 3 : FURNITURE MARKET CITY; PRODUCT TEACEABILITY; SOCIAL FORMATIONS page 46 -page 63 REFRENCE page 64 BIBLIOGRPHY page 65 5
HORSEA ISLAND Fig. 1.1
OBJECTIVE Develop knowledge and principles of a range of landscape and engineering construction techniques. Address, understand and consider the complexity of the relations among contemporary territorial dynamics. Adapt a ‘machine’ ethos to technical practice. Generate connective, scalar and temporal operations. Emphasis on how things work rather than how they look.
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L A N D F I L L R E M E D I AT I O N LANDFILL
MANUFACTURED GROUNDS
Nataly Nemkova . Shiqi Deng . Shreya Save
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PORT SOLENT Apartment buildings with landfill in background Fig. 1.2
THE ROYAL NAVY FLEET Diving Squadron launched the special edition release Fig. 1.3
HORSEA ISLAND
LINE MAP
HORSEA LAKE
showing Chariot shed
Fig. 1.4
HORSEA ISLAND Horsea Island was an island located off the northern shore of Portsmouth Harbor, England; gradually subsumed by reclamation, it is now connected to the mainland. Horsea falls within the city of Portsmouth and was wholly owned by the Ministry of Defense as part of the HMS Excellent shore establishment, which maintains its headquarters on Whale Island.
HORSEA LAKE in Early 1920s
Fig. 1.5
L O C AT I O N 8
However, in 2013 the southeastern corner was acquired by Portsmouth City Council for housing development. Most of the area to the southwest of the lake is part of the Portsmouth Harbor SSSI, the remainder was declared a SINC in 2011. Horsea was originally two islands, Great and Little Horsea.
The islands were joined to form a torpedo testing lake in 1889, using chalk excavated from Portsdown Hill. After closure of the telegraphy station in the 1960s, the northern part of the island became home to HMS Phoenix, the naval school of firefighting and damage control. The school comprised a number of steel structures called trainers, simulating three decks within a warship. Fires were set in the trainers for the purposes of instruction in various types of firefighting.The kerosene and water mix burned in the trainers, known as sullage caused significant water and air pollution and created a health hazard for the staff exposed to the fumes for protracted periods.
HORSEA ISLAND
City of Porthmouth council South UK
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Fig. 1.9
Fig.1. 8
1930s
1910s
Fig.1. 7
1890s
Fig. 1.6
1870s
The topography of the island changing over a period of years, its not difficult to imagine that the site has been reclaimed and hence had a potential to become a landfill site.
1804-49
1889
1909
Royal Powder Works was carried out under Gunpowder Magazine on Lilttle Horsea Island
Great Horsea and Little Horsea merged as one island to form a torpedo testing lake by reclaiming using chalk excavated from Portsdown Hill
High Power Shore wireless station was established for the navy
TIMELINE MAPS 10
2000s
Fig. 1.13
Fig. 12
Fig. 1.11
1990s
1980s
Fig. 1.10
1960s 1960s
Early1970’s
2006
2011-13
HMS Phoenix, the naval school of firefighting and damage control This lead to air and water pollution cause health hazards to the worker
Mudflats between the island and the mainland at Pulsgrove to the north were reclaimed forming landfill site and Port Solent
The landfill site was closed and Port Solent was developed as aleisure housing and mixed use zone
The landfill site to be converted to recreational park
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FLORA AND FAUNA
LANDFILL WASTE LAYER BRENT GEESE Protected site Fig. 1.14
CHALK LAYER EXPORTED FROM PORTS DOWN
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LAYER COMPOSITION currently at horsea
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illustration by Shiqi Deng
GEOLOGY
2 FAUNA 1.Small Heath butterfly Fig. 15 2. White-letter Hairstreak moth Fig. 16 3. Brent Geese Fig. 17
SITE SELECTION 12
The solid geology of the site is Upper Chalk, covered by post-glacial drift deposits comprising mostly brickearth, a loess from the west of England eroded and deposited downstream by the river system which once occupied the area now known as the Solent and its margins before inundation by the sea. Much of these deposits were covered by the chalk fill imported from Ports Down to create the torpedo lake. Where still exposed, beyond the lake at the eastern end of the site, the brick earth comprises fairly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay, with occasional flints. Owing to the high clay content, the rock is of low permeability, occasioning flooding after prolonged rainfall during winter. In the extreme southeast corner of the site, brick and concrete rubble has been used to construct the bunding to enhance protection from the rising sea.
All of the undeveloped area to the southwest of the lake, with the exception of the helipad, forms one of the few terrestrial parts of the Portsmouth Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on account of its calicle flora and fauna which have flourished on the imported chalk. Notable fauna includes the Small Heath butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus, designated BAP Priority Species by DEFRA on account of its increasing scarcity. Horsea is also the only known habitat in Hampshire of the micromoth Eulamprotes immaculatella. Most of the larger remainder of the ‘island’ was declared a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC) by Hampshire County Council in 2011.
The elm thicket at the south-eastern extremity of the site, beyond the SSSI, is a habitat of the White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album, and the adjacent grassland has been used since 2001 as a trials site by Butterfly Conservation for the evaluation of new disease-resistant elm cultivars and exotic species in support of its conservation. The site currently accommodates 30 trees comprising 14 cultivars and exotic species. JUSTIFICATION Over the years the old landfill site is under neglect. The chalk, rich in clay and sand, sits beneath the dump. But yet this area is under protection for the Brent Geese. Hence the cleaning and treatment of the site is essential to regain its ecological value and create a healthy landfill.
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HISTORIC LANDFILL
LITTLE HORSEA ISLAND
HISTORIC LANDFILL ORIGINAL ISLAND BOUNDARIES
GREATER HORSEA ISLAND
CHALK RECLAIMED LAND HORSEA ISLAND
Landfill and original boundaries
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SITE SELECTION
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OTHERS
NATURAL BACTERIAL CLEANING BY EXCAVATING LANDFILL
PYROLYSES GASIFICATION COMPOSTNG
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
TYPES OF WASTE DISPOSAL FLOW CHART
work by Shreya Save
SANITARY LANDFILL
INCENIRATION SANITARY WASTE LANDFILL LANDFILL
METHANE PRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLISION WASTE
INDUSTRIAL WASTE LANDFILL
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Fig. 1.18
LANDFILL Fig. 1.19
INCENIRATION Fig. 1.20
D I S P O S A L T Y P E S A N D R E M E D I AT I O N T E C H N I Q U E S 14
GASIFICATION Fig. 1.21
Fig. 1.22
Fig. 1.23
Fig. 1.25
Fig. 1.24
Fig. 1.26
Fig. 1.27
Fig. 1.28
Fig. 1.29
TYPES AND TREATMENT Types of waste and treatment chart work by Shiqi Deng
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DAY 1
The excavation process is dependent on the movement of trucks involved and the volume of soil to be dug.
DAY 2
The volume of the soil to be excavated is dependent on the time required for cleaning a particular volume of soil.
The compartment shape is dependent on the time required to excavate a particular volume and the shortest distance from the treatment plant. With the above parameters in mind, we studied the working of the layer system in a landfill, the leachante collection and pipe netwrok system and movements of the trucks involved in the process.
Dumper movement
DAY 4
DUMP HEAP
TRUFF LAYER BUND COMPRESSED DUMP LAYER GEOMEMBRANE
DAY 5
While doing so a dumper truck would make rounds to collect the excavated soil waste and drive it up to the treatment plant. The excavation outreach of the excavator can be adjusted to the depth of the digging point; this is required, as we have to maintain the volume of every compartment.
DAY 3
The most optimal method of excavation is when the excavator would dig a circle around it and moves backwards. This ensure lest movement of the excavator resulting in optimization of time.
Excavator movement CONSTRUCTION OF A LANDFILL Layers by day
work by Shreya Save
work by Shreya Save
MOBILE REMEDIATION MACHINE On site cleaning Fig. 1.30
R E M E D I AT I O N P R O C E S S A N D E X C AVAT I O N PAT T E R N 16
MACHINERY MOVEMENT
LEACHATE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT Types and Working work by Shiqi Deng
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DUMPER TRUCK MOVEMENT
EXCAVATOR MOVEMENT
EXCAVATOR OUTREACH COMPARTMENTS
VARIATIONS IN PROCESS
MACHINERY MOVEMENT Excavtion process work by Shreya Save
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74.20 M
53.40 M
39.40 M
MAXIMUM LENGTH
ROAD WAY
SECTION-A Defining minimum slope for bund work by Shreya Save
MINIMUM LENGTH
We started by considering the basic parameter that is slope. The appropriate slope for walking would be 1.0%, for driving would be 10% and for climbing steps would be 50% Combining this knowledge with use of geocells to build the bunds for the regenerated landfills we derived a section that helped use calculate the minimum size of a single landfill module, our proto type.
14.60 M STEP 50%
DRIVE 10%
WALK 1.0% STEPPING LENGTH
WALKING LENGTH
After defining the parameters for the smallest module we can create modules on a days scale.
DRIVING LENTH
SINGLE MODULE PLAN As we have studies the construction of the Generated with slope restraint landfill and know for a fact that not more than work by Shreya Save
2.4M of soil should be filled in a day. This is done so that the compaction of soil is augmented. Hence we have several modules to work with.
SECTION-B Defining minimum slope for extractor movement
R E B I L D I N G M O D U L E A N D PA R A M E T E R S 18
work by Shreya Save
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CAPACITY OF EX-SITU CLEANING PLANT = 1334 CUBIC METERS PER DAY HEIGHT OF COMPACTION PER DAY = 2.4 METERS SMALLEST MODULE CAPACITY = 2668 CUBIC METERS
REBUILDING MODULE
Day and Volume proportion work by Nataly Nemkova
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PATTERN work by Nataly Namkova
BEHAVIOR work by Nataly Namkova ALIGNMENT OF MODULES
BEHAVIOR AT BOUNDARIES
INTRODUCING THE CREEK
TRUCK MOVEMENT
LECHANTE PIPE LAYOUT
RADIAL
UNIDIRECTIONAL LINEAR
DUAL DIRECTIONAL LINEAR
FREEFORM
After we have the modules, we need to place them on site. For that we study various behaviors of the modules. How to align the modules, how they would behave at the site boundaries, and how the creek would flow through between two modules.
Different patterns formed by combination of modules create different truck movements and different layouts of the leachate pipes.
P E R M U TAT I O N S A N D C O M B I N AT I O N S 20
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The aim of this exercise was to create landfills that would retain the natural geology of the site. For this reason we decided to excavate and bring to surface the chalk soil that was used to reclaim Horsea Island. The most crucial part of the project is to treat the landfill waste. To decide on the location of the plant we followed the following criteria: 1.Minimizing the truck rounds 2.Minimum time required for the establishing the plant 3.Least volume to be dug to place the plant. So we decided the location of our plant. Along with that the introduction of a creek within the site was essential to retain the character of the mudflats. This would in turn form a favorable environment for the Brent geese. To do so we had to work backwards, the creek would first be a truck path during construction. We divided the site in 2.4meters contours. The centroid of these contours then became the nodes for the shortest truck movement from the treatment plant. Thus the creek was defined within our site.
CENTROID LOCATION HEIGHT OF AREA
TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION
CREEK AND TREATMENT
Introducting the ceek and locating the treatment plant work by Nataly Nemkova
INTRODUCING THE CREEK
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THE SLIDEPUZZLE THEORY Procedure on site work by Shreya Save
PUZZLE THEORY on site adaptation
work by Nataly Nemkova
T H E S L I D E P U Z Z L E A N D C O M PA R T M E N T S 22
The Slide Puzzle theory: First we excavate the first compartment, which is calculated in volume, and take the soil to the treatment plant. As the soil is being clean, the second compartment is dug. The soil from the compartment 1 is stored while the shell of the module is built on the site of first excavation. Crucial point to consider is that after the soil is gone through cleaning process some recyclable volume will be reduced. This process will continue in rotation and various compartments will soon convert into the module derived but slope parameters of various sizes and will be fit into the site considering the behaviors and leachante pipe networks.
v After adapting the slide puzzle on site the landfill starts to change face. Step by step our modules fill the site along the network of water. At some points water ponds are formed. As we move away from the sea front of the site the size of module will increase, as the volume extracted will be more. This is cause originally the old landfill was sloping down towards the sea front. Once all the modules are built the water will be let to flow in the site. Now the historic landfill will not only be a sanitary landfill but also habitat the moths butterflies and geese as some of the chalk soil will be exposed and the land will server as an over flow of the mudflats.
HORSEA ISLAND Transformed landfill
work by Nataly Nemkova
T H E WAT E R N E T W R O K S
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FINAL IMAGE OF LANDFILL
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GALLOWAY NATIONAL PARK
Fig. 2.1
OBJECTIVE LANDFORMS RESEARCH TIME SCALES LANDFORMS AS INTERVENED BY HUMANS CODING AND MODELLING SITE SELECTION
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R O TAT I O N A L L O G G I N G
FOREST
LANDSCRIPTS
Shreya Save . Patrick Li . Peichin Lin
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PEACEFUL FOREST Man admiring nature
FOREST AS RESOURCE Human Intervention
Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.3
Forest is ‘a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth’. It took 4 billion years to make trees. They support life. They provide habitat for three forth of the world’s bio diversity. Man uses forest as a resource, deplting it slowly.
W H AT I S A F O R E S T ? 28
As a team we carried out a samall exercise. We asked four questions; •What is your idea of a forest? •How does a forest grow? •How does a forest affect the world or man? •What are the effects of ma on forest? For each question we made an illustration to express our thoughts. After each question we swaped our drawing sheet. That way we had to continue on our team mates idea of the previous question and illustarte the next question. Above art work are the results of the exercise
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Each year 13million hectares of forest is lost. Deforestation being the major cause. Deforestation is the clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land. As you can see in the images, deforestation creates various patterns. DEFORESTATION PATTER Bolivia Fig. 2.4
DEFORESTATION PATTERN Brazil
Fig. 2.5
“Which way does the tree fall? The tree falls the way it leans. Be careful which way you lean.” –The Lorax
DESTRUCTION OF FOREST
DEFORESTATION PATTERN Brazil
Fig. 2.6
DEFORESTATION PATTERN Quebec
Fig. 2.7 29
STIKA PLANTATION Galloway National Park Fig. 2.8
Article from BBC
est.: 1947 area= 300 square miles (780 km2) conifer plantation in britan: 1,516,000ha (7%) conifer plantation in scotland: 993,000ha conifer plantation in dumfries and galloway: 145,000ha (23% of the region), almost 10% of all uk planting Galloway Forest Park produces 500,000 tons of timber per year Galloway Forest Park is a woodland park, operated by Forestry Commission Scotland, principally covering woodland in Dumfries and Galloway. The park, established in 1947, covers around 780 km2.
L O C AT I O N 30
BSW was founded in 1848 Company turnover of 220 million pounds a year Location: Dalbeattie, South-West Scotland Length capacity: 2.4M-4.8M Total output: 300,000M3 of sawn timber
Dumfries & Galloway habitat approximately 145,000ha (23% of the region) planted conifers, almost 10% of all UK planting. Given the extent of conifer plantations in the region, their existing and potential value for biodiversity is of high importance.
According to an article in the BBC radio titled ‘Business Scotland program’ BSW, a timber group, aims to hike its production of timber to double by 2020. Currently, the branch operating in Dalbeattie, south-west Scotland produces 300,000 cubic meters of sawn timber. The major contributor to the sawn timber at Dalbeattie is Galloway Forest Park.
DALBEATTIE Saw Mill Site Fig. 2.9
But the question is, are the woodland really a forest or a farm for timber industries? Galloway Forest Park produces 500,000 tons of timber per year. It is the main source of income of the region. The primary sawn timber is the Stika Spruce. Stika is originally from the northwest coast of Alaska. Stika was introduced in Great Britain in 1831. The quality of timber obtained from this species is excellent and is used to produce various things like violins, guitars, for furniture. The scales are used for making paper. The root stub is used to produce fuel.
STIKA SPRUCE (PICEASITCHENIS) CONE BEARING AT 20-40 YRS REACHES TIMBER POTENTIAL AT 40 YRS GROWTH RATE : 1.5M/YR YEILD CLASS: 14M3/HA/YR SEED DISPERSION APPROCHING: 100M
Plantation Forest
AVERAGE HEIGHT = 70M LOG LENGTH AVERAGE STALK HEIGHT = 30M
STIKA SPRUCE Log length Fig. 2.10
AVERAGE CANOPY WIDTH = 20M AVERAGE STALK WIDTH = 2M
STIKA SPRUCE Specificaions Fig. 2.11
Logging is the cutting of trees, and moving it to sawmills. It’s an agriculture industry. Forest diversity is replaced by a single species, planted over and over again until it depletes the soil of all its value. Soil value is vital for the growth of new tress, logged or natural. The main objective of our project is to fight the depletion of soil value. After studying the various logging patterns we have realized that logging unintentionally also leads to fragmentation of forest. Fragments of forest cannot support the diversity and further adds to the degradation of soil.
CENTRALIZED FOREST
ISOLATED ISLAND FOREST
HARVESTED FOREST Stika spruce plantation
STRIP FOREST
Fig. 2.12
MOPHOLOGICAL SHAPES Fragmented forest shapes NON-FOREST
Fig. 2.13 work by Patrick Li
BACKGROUND STUDY 31
Harvesting of forest is necessary to maintain the ecology and soil nutrient of a forest. It allows the forest to carry out vital environmental and ecological functions.
UNEVEN AGED FOREST work by Shreya Save
EVEN AGED FOREST work by Shreya Save
GROUP SELECTION METHOD
CLEAR CUTTING METHOD
SINGLE SELECTION METHOD
SEED TREE METHOD
TYPES OF HARVESTING The harvesting types are broadly divided into uneven aged and even ages forest. Under uneven aged come the following: Group Selection, removing of trees in groups not considering the maturity and age. Single Selection, removing of single tree scattered not considering the maturity and age. Under even aged come the following: -Clear Cutting, removing of all matured trees -Seed Tree, removing most of the mature overstory and leaving a portion standing. A seed tree cut will introduce environmental changes similar to those of clearcutting. This type of cut will provide some opportunity to influence seed source through the selection of the seed trees. -Shelter Wood, removing most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.
HARVESTING TYPES 32
SHELTER WOOD METHOD
UNEVEN AGED PLANTATION work by Shreya Save
CLEAR CUTTING ON A LOGGING SITE
LOGGING
NATURAL FOREST work by Shreya Save
Logging is the cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. In forestry, the term logging is sometimes used in a narrow sense concerning the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. However, in common usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry activities. Logging can me of two types legal or illegal. Illegal logging refers to what in forestry might be called timber theft. It can also refer to the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. Illegal method of cutting trees also falls into the category of an illegal logging.
CLEAR CUTTING IN A NATURAL FOREST
PLANTATION FOREST Plantation Forest is a farm of trees grown for the sol purpose of logging. It’s the same species of tree grown over and over again and cut over and over again.
LOGGING Manually done in past Fig. 2.14
MACHINERY
ROAD
CUT LOGS Evenly cut logs by machines Fig. 2.15
The machine used for logging is called a ‘feller buncher’. A feller buncher consists of a standard heavy equipment base with a tree-grabbing device furnished with a circular saw or a shear. The machine then places the cut tree on a stack suitable for a skidder or forwarder for further processing.
SNAG
LOGS STACKED ON SITE
LOGGING PATTERN AND MACHINERY MOVEMENT work by Shreya Save
FELLER BUNCHER work by Shreya Save
LOGGING IN modern world Fig. 2.16
L O G G I N G PAT T E R N A N D M A C H I N E R Y 33
INFRASTRUCTURE
GROUND COVER AND FARM LAND
SHRUBS
PLANTATION FOREST
GOOGLE IMAGE Various patterns
RIVER EDGE
Fig. 2.17
SECTIONS Difference between natural and planted forest in general work by Patrick Li
FOREST EDGES 34
LOGGED FOREST
NATURAL FOREST
PLANTED FOREST
SECTIONS Difference between natural and planted forest on site work by Shreya Save
STUDY OF PATTERNS Logged, Planted, Natural work by Shreya Save
F O R E S T E D G E S PA R A M E T E R S 35
TREES IN GRID
TREE BEHAVIOR Formal and Informal Patterns work by Patrick Li
T R E E B E H AV I O R 36
TREES IN CELLS
TREES IN NATURAL FOREST
MINI CELL
REGULAR CELL
NATURAL CELL
CELL SIZE
CELL NETWORK
OCCUPATION OF TREE
ENLARGED CELL
OCCUPATION OF MULTIPLE TREES
TREE CELLS At various scales work by Patrick Li
Trees growth in a certain way when given a certain parameters. The growth of a tree largely depends on it adjoining environment and neighboring trees. Hence growth of a single tree can be studied by studying its behavior in the patterns of plantation and space available for it to expand. The following diagrams express the tree occupation. Tree occupation here broadly defines the space or contents that a tree depends upon for its growth.
TREE OCCUPATION Variations work by Patrick Li
TREE CELLS 37
Various factors are responsible for the growth of forest. Seed dispersion is a vital point in the growing of the forest. Amongst various methods of dispersion we studied dispersion by wind. By natures survival of fittest theory only a few seeds survive and grow to become trees. Bellow you can see the growing of a forest with variation in color to depict the biodiversity growth.
TREE DISTRIBUTION
SEED DISTRIBUTION BY WIND
SEED SURVIVAL
GROWING SEEDS
FOREST GROWTH Factors for growth work by Patrick Li
WIND STUDY Anual wind speed Fig. 2.18
WIND STUDY Seasonal wind speed Fig. 2.19
GROWING FOREST 38
FOREST GROWTH Biodiversity growth work by Patrick Li
FOREST CONNECTION Flow from no forest to forest
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work by Patrick Li
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2 1 1. EXISITING FOREST LAND 2. HIGH VALUE LAND FOR FOREST GROWING 3.MIDDLE VALUE LAND FOR FOREST GROWING 4. LOW VALUE LAND FOR FOREST GROWING
The growth of the forest now understood, we had to figure of the pattern on site. The study helped us realize that soil condition was the most import feature that would help the growth of natural forest. Also some of the areas on site are now isolated and have to be connected. Following the pattern that the forest would grow in under natural conditions.
GROWING AND CONNECTING 39
CLIMATIC FACTORS
TEMPERATURE
WIND
RAINFALL
SUNLIGHT
HYDROLOGY
MICROBES
SOIL FACTORS
SOIL TYPE
SOIL DEPTH
TOPOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
SLOPE
SITE QUALITY Over lay work by Peichin Lin
SITE QUALITY STYDY 40
ASPECT
ALTITUDE
ASPECT
SOIL DEPTH
SLOPE
SOIL TYPE
HYDROLOGY
SITE QUALITY Individual study work by Peichin Lin
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The main objective of our project is to fight the depletion of soil value. The strategy is to adopt plot rotation method, which is usually used in agriculture to maintain the soil quality and acquire better yield. The following point were considered as parameters: 1.The logging rule mention that for every 20hectars of forest logged a quarter must be left unlogged. 2.Plantation forest must be harvested in the north-south direction for maximum sunlight gain. 3.A buffer of 100ft must be maintained from wetland and infrastructure. How rotational logging would work is simple. We have say 19 plots for more than 20 hectares area. Amongst the 19, 7 are plantation forest and 12 are natural forest. Initially we propose to give two plots of natural forest for plantation and take 1 plot of the planted forest for natural growth. One phase lasts for 60 years, as it’s the time of one life cycle of the Stika spruce. In the next stage we take one plot from plantation forest for natural forest but don’t give any plot. This is done, as natural growth of forest doesn’t grow to full strength in 60 years. It would be slower than growing a plantation forest.
S T R AT E G Y 42
This method goes on step by step in various rotations until biodiversity is obtained. In a long term some of the natural forestland would b plantation forestland and then again natural forestland. During this rotation process, logging for a natural forestland would be by seed tree method. In the seed tree method, some trees of Stika spruce are left behind so the can help the growth of forest also retain soil and create competition for growing trees.
STRATEGY Plot rotation
work by Shreya Save
PLANTATION
This way we can achieve soil quality, maintain biodiversity and increase yield of plantation. SEED TREE HARVESTING
NATURAL FOREST
STRATEGY Seed tree harvesting work by Shreya Save
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
PHASE 6
PHASE 7
PHASE 8
PHASE 9
PHASE 10
PHASE 11
NATURAL FOREST
PLANTED FOREST
LOGGED NF
LOGGED PF
NEWLY PLANTED NF
NEWLY PLANTED PF
YOUNG NF
YOUNG PF
ROAD
WATER NETWORK
CONTOUR
BUILDING
P L O T R O TAT I O N 43
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BEFORE
AFTER
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THE EAMES Fig. 3.1
OBJECTIVE Research: Concrete historical specific manifestations. Historic and contemporary conditions. Agencies, news, critical views Cultural aspect, Social dynamics, Politics Diagrams Site Specifiac Deployment Identify local areas and scales of intervention within the large scale spatial concequences
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FURNITURE MARKET CITY
PRODUCT TRACEABILITY
SOCIAL FORMATIONS Kai Fan . Shreya Save
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From this chart we can study the factors that lead Shun De to become a major furniture-producing nation. How the process of producing a chair lead us back to the supplier of raw material and also the effect of mass production on labor wellbeing.
THE EAMES CHAIR The Eames Lounge Chair and ottoman are furnishings made of molded plywood and leather, designed by Charles and Ray Eames for the Herman Miller furniture company and were released in 1956. Examples of these furnishings are part of the permanent collection of New York’s Museum of Modern Art. The Chair is back in production by Vitra. But that is not the only source one can own an Eames Lounge chair and ottoman. SHUN DE PROVINCE, CHINA Situated in the fertile Pearl River Delta, its economy was once dominated by agriculture, fisheries and silk farming. But since the Chinese economic reform, this has been superseded by industrial manufacturing and development, especially the manufacturing of furniture and electric appliances.
The industry depends on two major factorsmaterial and labor. From the input side we can see the three main The major material is wood. The product is asreasons for the boom in furniture industry in sembled in China then exported to countries China. across the world. 1. 1995 furniture wages in Taiwan rose to 35% The major import of furniture from chine is as appose to 7% in 1975. This caused fall in USA. furniture production in Taiwan. The market then shifted to china. 2. The labor wages in china have been on a steady rise but yet the lowest in the world. 3. The demand for furniture import to USA is on accelerating over years. 51% of USA furniture is imported from china and the figure is constantly on an upsurge.
EAMES CHAIR Original Fig. 3.2
PLANNING OF SHUNDE, the furniture market city •Shun de covers an area of 3.2 million sq.m. •The furniture market is spread over a stretch between the Lecong town and LongJang town •The market consists of 200 modern furniture sales buildings •It is arranged in 12 rows and 20 streets •1,000,000 sq.m. of furniture market and 300,00 sq.m. of furniture material market. •It supports over 1200 factories
Other factors that aid China’s boom: •Fast, inexpensive ocean transport •Availability of raw materials •Fixed currency exchange rate •Digitalization of information and internet
CHINA LEATHER METAL
TAIWAN
MATERIAL
IMPORT PROCESS
WOOD FOAM
ASSEMBLY
INCOME USA
LIVING EXPENSE LABOR
PRODUCT
EDUCATION FORMATION
CHINA
IMPORT
EXPORT
INFLUENCE
CONSUMER
CHINA RETAIL USA WHOLESALE
WHOLE SALE
EXPORT USA RETAIL
SHUNDE STREET Rows of furniture malls
ONLINE MARKET
Fig. 3.3
OVERVIEW 48
OVERVIEW Why Shunde is the furniture capital work by Shreya Save
The major components are wood, foam, leather and metal stands. The wood is imported and other materials are produced within the country. There would ideally be 6 assembly lines in the process of manufacturing the chair as described in the diagram. A usual factory for example Deyou would consist of 51-100 employees out of which 5 would be in the RnD department and % would b in QC department. Remaining would be labors. Such kind of set up would consume an area of about 3000-500m.sq. The annual turn over of the company would be over $100 million. 91-100% of the produce of this factory would be exported.
EAMES CHAIR In mass productuion Fig. 3.4
EMPLOYEE RATIO
UTT FOA
MC
FOAM
ING
RND QC LABOR
G TIN C RY E SP ING STE IN W OL SE PH U
EXPORT PERCENTAGE
TION LLA A USE T HO INS G E N R I K A PAC RIAL W TE A M
LEATHER
CHINA RETAIL EXPORT
100
SHOWRO
OM
$ MILLION
ANNUAL SALES VALUE EAMES CHAIR In mass productuion
WOOD
Fig. 3.5
OF
4000 M.SQ.
FIC
E
STO E
AG
TR
METAL
AREA OF FACTORY
500
PIECES/ MONTH
AREA OF FACTORY
COMPONENTS FLOW Factory working
DEYOU OFFICE FUNRNITURE: Business type: Manufacturer Main products: office furniture, Sofa, Chairs Number of employees: 51-100 Main market: America, Europe, and Middle East Annual Sale: over $100 million Export percentage: 91-100% Factory size: 3000-5000 m.sq. Location: Shafu Shakeng Industrial, Long Jang, Guangzhon, Shun De Supply Ability: 500 pieces per month No. of Production lines: 6
work by Shreya Save
COMPONENTS OF PRODUCT 49
v
LITERACY RATE Elementary School Middle School Senior School College/University Graduate School Illiterate
22.17% 44.73% 21.5% 9.32% 0.71% 1.57%
POPULATION STRUCTURE 0-14 yr 15-64 yr Over 65 yr
12.07% 83.24% 4.68%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION Male Female
54% 46%
INCOME -2000 $0.64 /Hr. Work 11 hours /Day. Monthly Salary $220.00 Plus Benifits like housing and health
-2015 $1.20/Hr. Work 11 hours /Day. Monthly Salary $410.00 Plus Benifits like housing and health
The cost of labor is doubled.
50
850
40 700
30
20
500
10
0
GDP(Billion$)A
350
MONTHLY INCOME($) LABOR IN CHINA Labor conditions of a factory worker work by Kai Fan
L A B O R P O T R AYA L 48 50
2000 2005
2010
2015
USA
Canada
New Zealand
New Papa Guinea
Japan
Australia Korea
Indonesia
Singapore
Laos Malaysia Russia Vietnam
Thailand
India
UAE
South Africa
Europe
The UK
1 Billion USD
_2006 Canada is the second leading source for furniture I the U.S. has began to flatter. _1990 Early 90’s $936 million worth of furniture was exported to USA that was 27% of total import.
_1992 Thailand and Malaysia joined the manufacturing of furniture line. _1993 -Indonesia joined the manufacturing of furniture line.
_2004 -The market fell by 8.7%. -Taiwanese companies start to relocate in main land China
_2006 250 U.S. furniture plants were shut down. 62,000 jobs have been lost. _2010 USA bought $273 billion more in goods than it exported.
GLOBAL EFFECT Material in-flow and Product out-flow work by Shreya Save
G L O B A L M AT E R I A L A N D P R O D U C T F L O W
49 51
After studying the import and export of material we decipher the following point 1. China imports majority of the raw material especially wood. 2.The import of wood in china has increased vastly in past 10 years. 3.Chine imports wood from certain countries but does no export furniture to them. 4.USA is the major importer of furniture from China. What is astonishing is that, to export raw material to China, manufacture the product there and import it back to USA by shipping is still much cheaper than manufacturing the product in house. The labor cost in China being low is advantageous for the process of mass manufacturing of good.
The increase in minimum wages in China made no real difference to export of mass-produced furniture. Globally, China still remains on top of the furniture market. The mass production of furniture has also aided in the reduced prices of the product. An Eames lounge chair, the original one, sold by Vitra now would cost 7000USD. But the same chair design can be purchased online from the furniture market in China would cost as low as 1000USD. The actual cost of manufacturing the chair would be 100 to 200 USD, the ship and retail will add to the cost. Means of buying may also affect the cost of the chair. A direct purchase from an online website would be must cheaper than buying it from a retailer in USA.
The increase in minimum wages in China made no real difference to export of mass-produced furniture. Globally, China still remains on top of the furniture market. The mass production of furniture has also aided in the reduced prices of the product. An Eames lounge chair, the original one, sold by Vitra now would cost 7000USD. But the same chair design can be purchased online from the furniture market in China would cost as low as 1000USD. The actual cost of manufacturing the chair would be 100 to 200 USD, the ship and retail will add to the cost. Means of buying may also affect the cost of the chair. A direct purchase from an online website would be must cheaper than buying it from a retailer in USA.
U.S.A. PORT OLYMPIA TACOMA
12 years secondary school
Hours of working
21.34% Education expense
11
nd
0.64
19.33% Entertainment expense
LABOR
pu
a
Ne
w
G
uin
1000-3000$ American whole sale
Chinese whole sale furniture manufacturer 100-200$
sia
Rus
MATERIAL
ea
A
CHINA PORT
12.88% Transport expense
Pa
EU
Hong Kong Macao
dollars per hour
10.26% Housing expense
500-1000$
US
Thaila
hours per day
Income
C
pa
E
an Au adstrali Indo ne a a India sia S o Newuth Afr Zea ica land
Ja
UA
31.35% Food expense
years
ysia Mala UK am
26
Education level
Vietn
Age
n
MANUFACTURING
USA Laos Canada
sia
Processing lumber
MARKET
EU
ne
do
Vie tna
Cutting fabric
nd
ala
Ze
Sorting lumber
Sewing fabric
nd
Thaila
m
w
Ne
In
4000-7000$ American retail shop
Assembly
MANUFACTURING
C American consumer
DOLLAR FLOW Material to Consumer costing
DOLLAR TRACE 52
work by Shreya Save
Province
Population
Yun Nan
357341
Si Chuang
315786
Guang dong
247442
Hu Nan
193315
Guang Xi
176754
Jiang Xi
156565
Chong Qing
148993
Fu Jian
79422
Hai Nan
26491 MIGRATION FLOW Population flow work by Kai Fan
M I G R AT I O N T R A C E
53
01_The governor of Guan Dong province declares Shun De as an experimental county allowing investment flow from other counties to this county.
2001
01_The National Government of China provided funds to support the education, economy and light industries directly without the involvement of the provincial government.
01_The governor of Guan Dong province approves Shun De to fall directly under the provincial government and no longer under Foshan city. 2004
02_Revenue collection from the county is reduced considerably. 03_New policy is passed so Shun De can apply for allowance directly from the National Government.
01_The right of economy, culture, education management transferred to the Shun de district, instead of Guan Dong province.
2014
2006
2000
TIME PROGRESSION
54
2005
2010
2015
Shun De is...
-"One of the wealthiest counties all over the world." (Engel's law of the county is less than 30% arrived at 27.8%)
- The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014
- "Creative city network"
(Together with Florianopolis-Brazil, Gaziantep-Turkey, Jeonju-Korea, Östersund-Sweden, ParmaItaly, Popayán-Colombia, Chengdu-China, Tsuruoka-Japna,Zahlé-Lebanon)
UNESCO,2014
-
- Ranks first in Top 100 counties in china. - The Bank of Guang Dong.(Kwong Tung) - One of "Four Kwong Tung Tigers"
(Together with Zhongshan, Dongguan, Nanhai, Rapid Economy growth)
55
40
100
80
60
40
20
35
Region area 35.6km²
Region area 80.6km²
15
4.0
12
9
6
3
3.5
GDP 3.84 Billion USD`
GDP 13.24 Billion USD 6
5
5
4
4
Timber Import 4 Billion USD
Timber Import 6 Billion USD 2.0
1.5
Emergent City 2000
Emergent City 2005
1.5
1.0
1.2
Population 1.64 Million
Population 1.38 Million
250 200 150 100
200
50 150
0 100
Region area 211.2km²
50
Region area 155.3km² 0
50 40 25
30
20
20 15
10 10
0
5
GDP 48.53 Billion USD
GDP 22.64 Billion USD 0
25 20 12
15 10
10
8
5 0
6
Timber Import 24 Billion USD
4
Timber Import 12 Billion USD
Emergent City 2010
2.5
Emergent City 2015
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
GROWING CITY 56
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
Population 2.40 Million
Population 2.92 Million
Population(million)
2000
2005
2010
2015
1.38
1.64
2.40
2.92
Timber Import(million$)
4
6
12
24
Timber Export(million$)
14
47
57
65
3.84
13.2
22.6
48.6
35.8
80.6
155
211
GDP(million$) Regional Area(km²)
Population
Timber Import Regional Area
Timber Export
GDP Legend(Yearly)2000-2015
GROWING CITY Overall growth of ShunDe work by Kai Fan
57
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY 2000
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY 2005
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY 2010
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY 2015
Legend Industrial Plant
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY 58
Residential Area
Low-Income Housing Markets
Markets Markets
Housing Housing
Markets Markets
Warehouse
Markets
Warehouse
Lux Lux Lux Lux Lux LuxuryResidential
Habor
LuxuryResidential LuxuryResidential
Factory
Factory
Fishing Village
Factory
Factory
Fishing Village
Factory
Factory
Fishing Village
Markets
Factory
Factory
Markets
Factory
Factory
Fishing Village Fishing Village
Markets
Habor
Habor
Markets Markets
Luxury Residential Area
Warehouses
Factories
Aquaculture Community
SHUN DE Current Social Connectivity
work by Kai Fan
59
ShunDe as a fishing village
ShunDe as a furniture city
ShunDe as dual production hub
A radial growth at various points,com m unity for m ation around fishing ponds as their centroids.
Linear growth amid existing radial expansion, Community formation in chaos
Organized colonization of fishing communities and furniture factories. Smaller cells of fishing areas that would redeem the original occupation.Smaller cells of furniture areas would prevent the fishing areas from shrinking, benefit the access to road front and ports. SHUN DE Proposed Social Connectivity work by Shreya Save
INTERVENTION AND PROPOSAL 60
The grid-planning scheme for the Shun De county would prove to be beneficial: -Better connectivity -Equal road frontage for both markets -Increase in value of areas distant from the main street -Uniform spread of network connectivity
Market
Market
Factory
Factory
Market
Factory
Factory
y
Factor
Housing
ng
Housi
SHUN DE Proposed Social Connectivity
work by Kai Fan
61
62
WHAT SHOULD BE
Designed by Charles and Ray Eames, Herman Miller Inc.- Zeeland Michigan wood from North-East, U.S.A shipped to Shun de, China labor from china
Mass produced and Assembled in Shun de, China shipped back to Olympia, U.S.A
Model Eames Lounge (670) Eames Ottoman (671)
WHAT ACTUALLY IS
63
WORKSHOP 1: LANFILL REMEDIATION
WORKSHOP 2: ROTATIONAL LOGGIN
WORKSHOP 3: FURNITURE MARKET CITY
Fig.1.1: http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/nostalgia/ piggy-lane-was-once-the-way-on-to-horseaisland-1-3667144
Fig.2.1: http://www.visitscotland.com/destinationsmaps/dumfries-galloway/
Fig.3.1: http://plastolux.com/eames-lounge-selig-chairrehab.html
Fig.2.2:
Fig.3.2: http://www.ihomeforfuture.com/new-page-1/
Fig.2.3: http://vermelhosnao.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/ anistia-aos-desmatadores.html
F i g . 3 . 3 : h t t p : / / u s a . c h i n a d a i l y. c o m . c n / weekly/2013-01/18/content_16135980.htm
Fig.2.4: http://www.cifor.org/library/3622/proximatecauses-of-deforestation-in-the-bolivian-lowlands-ananalysis-of-spatial-dynamics/
Fig.3.4: https://blog.handkrafted.com/trouble-withreplica-furniture/
Fig.1.2: http://alifetimeofislands.blogspot. co.uk/2012_03_01_archive.html F i g . 1 . 3 : h t t p : / / w w w. t e l e g r a p h . c o . u k / n e w s / uknews/6197702/Stamps-depict-Navy-uniformsthrough-the-years.html Fig.1.4: http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/news_archive_20. htm Fig.1.5: http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/news_archive_20. htm Fig.1.6 to Fig.1.13: Digimaps F i g . 1 . 1 4 : h t t p s : / / w w w. f l i c k r. c o m / p h o t o s / nikonvscanon/2055147047 Fig.1.15: http://www.wiltshire-butterflies.org.uk/ Butterflies/TheBrowns.aspx Fig.1.16: http://www.britishbutterflyaberrations.co.uk/ species/lycaenidae
Fig.2.6: http://www.hexapolis.com/2014/08/27/21fascinating-satellite-photos-exhibit-accidental-art/ Fig.2.7: http://fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect3/Sect3_5. html Fig.2.8: http://mapio.net/s/33418628/ Fig.2.9: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotlandscotland-business-30058304 Fig.2.10: https://www.google.co.uk/search?sa=G&hl
Fig.1.17: http://box299.bluehost.com/suspended.page/ disabled.cgi/pigeoncontrolphoenixaz.com
Fig.2.11: https://305927716147259.offertabs.com/5173 513?view=pins&board=tattoo
Fig.1.18: http://www.syngen.it/en/technology/anexadvanced-nitrogen-extraction/italiano-adnex-progettisistema-per-digestore-da-1-mw/
Fig.2.12: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/168313
Fig.1.19: http://certius.org/sitemap/
Figs.2.14: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ lumber_industry_in_the_United_States
Fig.1.20: http://pixlisting.com/incineration.html
Fig.2.13: googlemaps
Fig.1.21: https://www.pinterest.com/johnschifferle/ biogas-wood-gasification/
Fig.2.15: http://www.dayshare.org/SkeltonThatcher/ unbroken-logging-technologyug-leeds-matthewskelton
Fig.1.22 to Fig.1.29: unknown
Fig.2.16: http://1080plus.com/itIjBkEhApk.video
Fig.1.30: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/ soil-agriculture/site-contamination/remediationtechnology
Fig.2.17: googlemaps
FIGUERS LIST 64
F i g . 2 . 5 : h t t p : / / v i s i b l e e a r t h . n a s a . g o v / v i e w. php?id=38782
Fig.3.5: http://www.hermanmiller.com/products/seating/ lounge-seating/eames-lounge-chair-and-ottoman.html
WORKSHOP 1: LANFILL REMEDIATION
WORKSHOP 2: ROTATIONAL LOGGIN
WORKSHOP 3: FURNITURE MARKET CITY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsea_Island
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotlandbusiness-30058304
Overview of China’s Timber Import and Export, Lacey/ EUTR Workshop: Barcelona, forest trend.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-ps_0UFmfI
Yang Yang, Fitting place for fine furnishings, China Daily.
http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/glossary/R.htm#residuals http://maps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/wiybyCo ntroller?x=357683.0&y=355134.0&scale=1&layerGrou ps=default&ep=map&textonly=off&lang=_e&topic=was te#x=483625&y=121044&lg=1,2,10,&scale=4.works http://nlquery.epa.gov/epasearch/epasearch?quer ytext=&fld=&areaname=&areacontacts=&areasea rchurl=&typeofsearch=epa&result_template=2col. ftl&force=no&filter=sample4filt.hts
HKTDC Research, china trade, China consumer market, China overview. Jairo Castaño, The booming furniture industry in China. A. G. RAYMOND & COMPANY Incorporated, Why Has China Become A Major Furniture Producing Nation?
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/ sectors/solid-waste-landfills.html Heijo Scharff, Appropriate landfill technology. Hans-Günter Ramke, Höxter , Appropriate Design and Operation of Sanitary Landfills, International Conference on Sustainable Economic Development andSound Resource Management in Central Asia. Portsmouth City Council, Porthmouth Plan, Core staegy, Shaping the future, www.portmouth.gov.uk w
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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66