FOREVER AUR SUSTAINABLE MINING TO SUBSISTENCE FARMING
DIRECTORS Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico STUDIO MASTER Clara Oloriz HISTORY AND THEORY TUTOR Douglas Spencer TECHNICAL TUTOR Gustavo Romanillos Giancarlo Torpiano Vincenzo Reale STUDENTS MArch Shreya Save MSc Hao-Wen Lin
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, LONDON LANDSCAPE-URBANISM 2015-2017 JANUARY 2017
ACES OF GOLD HAS BEEN FOUND SMALL TRACES OF GOLD HAS BEEN FOUND N THE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS TREES IN THE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS TREES
3 OLYPIC SIZ THE GOLD
MILLIGRAMS MORE GOLD IS RECOVERABLE FROM 1 TON OF NEARLY ALL OF THE GOLD ON BOMBARDED THE PLANT OVER 20 OUR BLOOD PERSONAL COMPUTERS THAN 17 TONS OF ORE
NLY CONTAIN 1.34% GOLD OLYMPIC
GOLD METALS ONLY CONTAIN 1.34% GOLD
OM 1 TON OF 3 OLYPIC SIZE SWIMMING POOLS CAN HOLD ALL TONS OF ORE THE GOLD EVER MINED IN THE WORLD
IN UPTO 0.2 MILLIGRAMS , MOSTLY IN OUR BLOOD
NTO
GOLD
EARTHQUAKE
SMALL TRACES OF GOLD HA IN THE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS
OVER 6 MILLIGRAM OF GOLD ARE LOST EVERY MORE GOLD IS YEAR FROM A WEDDING RING JUST BY WEARING IT PERSONAL COMP
THE WORLD’S LARGEST
GOLD BAR WEIGHS 250 KGS
OLYMPIC
GOLD METALS O
GOLD HAS BEEN DISCOVERED ON EVERY CONTINET ON EARTH GOLD IS
WEIGHS 250 KGS
MORE INDIAN HOUSEWIVES HOLD11% OF THE WORLD’S GOLD . THAT IS MORE THAN THE NEAR BOM NY PUT RESERVES OF THE U.S., IMF, SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY PUT TOGETHER. ETHER.
.2 MILLIGRAMS IN OUR BLOOD
OUR BODIES CONTAIN UPTO 0.2 MILLIGRAMS OF GOLD , MOSTLY IN OUR BLOOD
MORE GOLD IS RECOVERABLE PERSONAL COMPUTERS THAN 17
GOLD METALS ONLY CONTAIN 1.34% GOLD GOLD IS EDIBLE EARTHQUAKES TURN W D IS EDIBLE EARTHQUAKES TURN WATER INTO GOLD OLYMPIC GOLD METALS ONLY CONTAIN
YMPIC
NTINET ON EARTH
THE WORLD’S OCEANS CONTAIN 20 MILLION TONS OF
BEEN FOUND OUR BODIES CONTAIN UPTO 0.2 MILLIGRAMS ALYPTUS TREES OF GOLD , MOSTLY IN OUR BLOOD
EVERY RING IT
GOLD
EARTHQUAKE
NEARLY ALL OF THE GOLD ON EA BOMBARDED THE PLANT OVER 200
NEARLY ALL OF THE GOLD ON EARTH CAME FROM METEORITES THAT BOMBARDED THE PLANT OVER 200 MILLION YEARS AFTER IT FORMED.
MORE GOLD PERSONAL COM
E SWIMMING POOLS CAN HOLD ALL EVER MINED IN THE WORLD
EARTH CAME FROM METEORITES THAT 00 MILLION YEARS AFTER IT FORMED.
ES TURN WATER INTO
GOLD
AS BEEN FOUND S TREES
S RECOVERABLE FROM 1 TON OF PUTERS THAN 17 TONS OF ORE
ONLY CONTAIN 1.34% GOLD
S EDIBLE
RLY ALL OF THE GOLD ON EARTH CAME FROM METEORITES THAT MBARDED THE PLANT OVER 200 MILLION YEARS AFTER IT FORMED. ABSTRACT
FROM 1 TON OF 7 TONS OF ORE
WATER INTO
GOLD
1.34% GOLD
ES TURN WATER INTO
GOLD
The value of Aur never falls and we will continue to mine it till it exhausts. Europe dwells on this know myth and has been in the limelight of gold mining as an attempt to fight the economic crisis. Gold mines generated employment opportunities and rises hope to live a rich life for the people of Europe. The Romans have been the first to extract gold from the earth in the Balkan and in the quest for gold they discovers the precious deposits in the Transylvanian region of Romania. Today, Rosia Montana sits on a 300 ton deposit of such metal fighting against the Canadian company that tries to extract it using the most sustainable mining process with high techniques to ensure least impact. This arose a social and political conflict among the the company and the locals that were against the gold mining project leaving the town divided and deserted.
ARTH CAME FROM METEORITES THAT MILLION YEARS AFTER IT FORMED.
As mines close, they do not only bring to the surface the gold, but along with it leave behind a social and environmental legacy for generations to come, the tailing and a ghost town. This lead us to look into questions related to the management of tailings. The further we studies, new questions related to the changes in social demographics and politic of
IS RECOVERABLE FROM 1 TON OF MPUTERS THAN 17 TONS OF ORE
Rosia Montan were rose referring to how we can minimize the impact of an industry and reduce the drastic changes it reflects on the landscape. The most important was the question of the economic decline of the region in the post-mining scenario and it was concluded by the concept of introducing new economies with the use to the by products itself. This project shows how the better management of the by products of the mining activity can become a driving force to re-imagine the post-mining landscape as a co-mining landscape that forms a platform to generate alternative economies. But it was soon realized that the mining company cannot alone bring rise to a revolutionary method of tailing management that would generate multiple economies. Local and National authorities, Academics and experts and largely the local communities together with the mining company have to build a landscape that would prevent a destined ghost town. Furthermore the project encourages the ideology of the subsistence farming that is not new to the locals of Romania and bring forward a landscape that pushes towards agrarianism.
ROSIA MONTANA NEEDS THE MINES
ALTERNATIVE TAILING MANAGEMENT PREDICTED DAM FAILURE
69
REVIE THE HOME SOCIAL LIFE PEOPLE OF ROSIA MONTANA SITE VISIT RELOCATION MAP, SOCIAL FORMATION 2
57
DIVIDED TOWN ORE MOVEMENT, GEOMORPHOLOGY 2 ORE MOVEMENT, GEOMORPHOLOGY 1
47
MINING TOWN TAILING DAM BILUT IN VALLEY GEAMANA RMGC, SUSTAINABLE MINE THE ROMAN GOLD CONTEXT EMPLOYMENT FLOW, SOCIAL FORMATION 1
35
CASE STUDY IN GREECE CASE STUDY IN BULGARIA THE BALKAN ATLAS
25
DAM FAILURES AND DISASTERS FOREVER MINE.MINE FOREVER WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND THE WASTE CALLED TAILINGS
15
GHOST TOWN OR FLOODED TOWN CHAPTER 8
DEMISE OF A TOWN CHAPTER 7
CONFLICTS CHAPTER 6
ROSIA MONTANA CHAPTER 5
ROSIA MONTANA,ROMANIA
GOLD ATLAS CHAPTER 4
CONTENTS
TAILINGS CHAPTER 3
SURFACE MINING PROCESS MINING PROCESS AND BY-PRODUCTS TYPES OF MINING
9
CASEY RESEARCH EUROPEAN GOLD RUSH GLOBAL AFFAIRS OF GOLD
3
GOLD MINING CHAPTER 2
WORLD’S GOLD CHAPTER 1
159
SUMMER AND WINTER SECTION ROMANIA FAMILY HOME INCLINED WALLA
SUBSISTENCE LIVING
THE FAMILY FARM HOUSE CHAPTER 15
149
PAPER FOLDING MODEL RAMP MODEL SEASONAL MOBILITY MAP CLUSTERS
MOBILITY CHAPTER 14
139
IRRIGATION SECTION IRRIGATION PATH IRRIGATION PER HECTARE
THE IRRIGATION SECTION CHAPTER 13
131
CHANGED LANDUSE VALLEY SECTION VALLEY SECTION
THE VALLEY SECTION CHAPTER 12
123
ESSAY FAMILY FARMING IN ROMANIA MASTER TIMELINE
SUBSISTENCE LIVING CHAPTER 11
99
METHODOLOGY SLOPE OF TOPOGRAPHY LANDUSE ALLOCATION IMPOUNDMENT SEQUENCING ZONAL CARTOGENESIS EVOLUTION TIMELINE
IMPOUNDMENT FABRICATION CHAPTER 10
75
TECHNICAL REPORT ROAD ORGANISATION AND ORDER SECTIONAL LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TRANSFORMING LANDSCAPE FILTRATION PROCESS EMERGING ECONOMIES
CO-MINING LANDSCAPE CHAPTER 9
CHANGED LANDSCAPE
INTRODUCTION This book can be broadly divided into three parts. The first part is an introduction to gold and comprises of chapters 1 to 4. Chapters 1,2,3 and 4 talk about the economy of gold around the world, the extraction process and the effects of gold mining. It also introduces an atlas which helps to locate gold mines in the Balkan region. The second part is the introduction to the site and comprises of chapter 5 to 8. Chapters 5,6,7,and 8 includes an extensive study of the site of interest, Rosia Montana in Romania. It talks about the condition of the town and the politics of a foreign company that intends to run the mine in this region. In this part four new cartographies are introduced to understand the social life and the movement of ore. The third part is the design proposal and it comprises of chapters 9 to 15. Chapters 9 and 10 talk about the broad strategy and introduces a new landscape by means of impoundment fabrication techniques. Chapter 11 introduces the subsistence way of life. Chapters 12, 13,14 and 15 comprises of a series of sections which help to generate a design proposal at architectural scale.
F O R E V E R
M I N E
There was once a man who worked on a submarine. He lived beneath the water for months, without a site of land, without a site of a normal life. He would drowned every single time with the submarine, in a thought…”If only i would have a reason to be on land forever, if only I would find someone who I could be with forever. I would quit this forsaken job and be able to breath the fresh air and soak in the sun that shines like gold.” But meeting the girl of his dream was far from reality. After months of being under the sea, he had very little confidence to go back to reality and even approach a girl at a bar. One time when he was back on land on the port of Constanta, he visited the local bar. Sitting alone, he drowned his fourth glass of Palinca, hope trickled down his face in form of tears. The dream of living on land slowly faded. Just when all seemed to be lost, he hear a beautiful woman’s voice that said “You shouldn’t worry much, it all works out in the end”. He hadn’t heard such comforting sweet voice in years. He looked around and in one glance he was love struck. He approached the women, a vision in red, he could not imagine someone so beautiful could care to talk to a stranger, more so a shabby stranger like him. He said “Thank you for your kind words of hope, it means a lot to me”, she said, “ It’s ok, everyone needs it from time to time. So what is it that was bothering you.” A year later…. She stood at the port of Constana, waiting to meet her lover, her submarine man. It had been a lovely day. The sun was about to set. The man walked to her, she walked to him… she went for a hug but as she leaped, he got down on one knee, held her hand and looked up with his eyes all teared up. Before she could take a breath, she saw it, a gold ring with engraving that said “forever mine”. He said “You have given me a reason today to quit this life on the submarine. You have given me new hope. Will you forever be mine”. “Yes” she said. And suddenly they were both inside a cube of grey fine particles. At a far off they saw the sun set in a cube of gold. And before they could grasp that moment they saw the gold cube melt and spread in the black sea, drowning the submarine the man had come from. They did not know what to make of the incidence, or more they did not want to know. The woman looked at the gold ring and then at the man... “I will forever cherish this moment, your love will be eternal.” The End
CHAPTER 1 WORLD’S GOLD In his novel, “Cryptonomicon”, Neal Stephenson talks about the histories of nations and the private obsession of men. But before we go there we must realise first how gold is valued and exchanged globally. This chapter highlights the trade of gold and also focuses on the gold rush of the modern times.
3 | World’s Gold
Figure 1 Gold with Sphalerite, Quartz
“Gold is the corpse of value...” -Neal Stephenson
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Figure 2 World’s Gold Statistics Diagram S. Save
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION GOLD MINING COMPANY UNMINED AREA
5 | World’s Gold
GLOBAL AFFAIR OF GOLD Gold is a precious metal that has been mined since history has known. Almost all the gold on earth came from meteorites that bombarded the planet over 200 million years after it formed. Many cultures have been lured by the beauty and power of gold. Many stories have been told about this metal that date back to the ancient times. Gold was a symbol of riches and prestige, but in some cultures, gold was thought to have mystical powers. The thirst for gold began with the Romans. They were the first to mine gold. Since then man has been hunting and extracting gold, slowly changing the landscapes it sits within. Gold has more value than currency in the investment market, because of the fact the value of the precious metal never drops. And it does have its reasons for being so. Some people relate to this metal for its traditional values, its cultural symbolism. It has an impact on social life and well being of a society. Some others value gold for its tremendous properties. Hence it has been widely used to develop new technology. While others keep gold merely for investments. Whatever may be the reason to possess gold, it has been observed that many countries globally are involved in the trade of gold.
Figure on the left is a concentric chart that represents countries that are involved in gold trade. The map of the world sits in the centre of the chart. The rays emerging from what would be placed as the north pole represents a single country. The grey highlighted regions represent the countries that possess unmined gold deposits. The first ring represents the deposit of gold in million tons per year. The second holds the names of the countries. The third represents production of gold in million tons per year, also represented in form of circles. The smallest being lowest producer of gold and largest being the highest producer of gold. The fourth ring represents the consumption of gold in million tons per year, also represented in form of circles. The smallest being lowest consumer of gold and largest being the highest consumer of gold. The last ring represents the unemployment rate of each country also represented by triangles. The smallest triangle referring to the least number of unemployment and biggest representing the highest rate of unemployment. Lastly the yellow dots represent the location of the major gold companies in the world.
The intention behind creating a diagram of this nature was to realised the flow of gold and the politics involved with it. As we read this chart we realise that most of the consumers of gold do not hold any production numbers. Thus, all the gold from producing countries is traded with the consuming countries. According to number, China remains the largest producer as well as the largest consumer of gold. The next big producer of gold are the United States of America and Australia followed by Canada and Peru. It is surprising to see India being the second largest consumer of gold without any production numbers. Most of the world’s gold that is extracted from the producing countries seem to be flowing into India. In India the possession of gold represents a family’s wealth. Gold is mostly used for jewellery making and is symbolise one’s rich status. But the major extract from this diagram is the ratio between the deposits of gold and the unemployment rate of the countries. This observation narrows us down to the European countries. Europe is facing crisis since past many years. These conditions of desperation is the very reason why European countries have turned to mining so they can provide a source of employment.
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EUROPEAN GOLD RUSH After 200 million years of the formation of earth, it was bombarded by meteorites. These meteorites are the reason why there is gold on earth. Gold has been discovered on every continents on earth. In the world’s map above, a predicted country in each continent that is estimated to produce the largest amount of gold in the future is marked. Within Europe, many new projects for gold exploration have been introduced. The countries marked in a solid hatch in yellow are the countries that are currently engaged in gold exploration. The countries marked in the hatch in lighter yellow are countries that are being explored for gold projects in the coming future. From this we realise Romania hold 90% of Europe’s gold. These gold deposits are mainly located in Rosia Montana and Rovina region of Romania.
7 | World’s Gold
Figure 3 World’s Gold S. Save
BALTIC SHEILD
IBERIAN PYRITE BELT
Figure 4 Europe’s Gold H. Lin
Profiting from Europe’s new Gold Rush -By Jeff Clark, Casey Research “Mines employ a lot of people. The trend is reversing because of Europe’s sluggish economy and the real benefits of the increase in local jobs and the leap in tax revenue that mining projects bring.” “Seeing the benefits of the jobs, income-tax revenues, and all-around political advantages, a “Raw Materials Strategy” was initiated in 2008, then revised and updated in 2010, and again in 2011. The aim was to encourage sustainable supplies of raw materials from within the EU. It calls for policies in support of domestic mining. So far, so good…” “It’s positive, of course, that the political climate in Europe is at least in theory becoming more supportive of mining” “The gold mining sector in Europe represents 16,000 direct and indirect jobs as of 2009, and that is surely growing.”
CARPATHIAN ARC
“So for the gold, the tax, the jobs, and for more than a few political careers, mining is right up at the top of the political agenda. And despite the regulation stranglehold governments put on mining companies, they are still reopening abandoned mines and are exploring entirely new areas.” There are three main zones of metallogenic significance for gold in Europe: the Iberian Pyrite Belt; the Carpathian Arc; and the Baltic Shield. The Iberian Pyrite Belt crosses from Portugal through southern Spain. The Carpathian Arc stretches from the Czech Republic through Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, and into Turkey. The Baltic Shield traverses from western Russia through Finland, Sweden, and Norway. Other countries with operating gold mines are Greenland, France, Greece, Romania, Portugal, Slovakia, and the UK. The red dot in the figure above represent the gold mines in Europe.
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CHAPTER 2 GOLD MINING Mining is the greed of mankind. It’s an addiction to certain resources that people have now learnt not to live without. Gold being one such addiction, its mining is an inevitable affair. As we search for more and more gold, we also develop many types of mining methods to extract as much of this precious metal as we can. Mining is a lengthy process that can last for years. From the survey of determining the gold deposits to actually extracting the gold and making them into bullions that can be sold, the ore that is extracted undergoes many processes.
9 | Gold Mining
Figure 5 Mine Site
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs but not every man’s greed.” -Mahatma Gandhi
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TYPES OF MINING By studying the techniques of mining, we realised two major mining methods that are divided according to the type of extraction, the surface mines and the sub-surface mines. The targets metal is also divided into two categories, placer deposits that consists of valuable minerals which is found in rivers, gravels, beach sand and unconsolidated materials, where the metal is found in veins, in layers or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout the mass of the actual rock. But long gone are the days when gold use to flow in rivers. We have got hold of every tiny speckle of gold that was easily accessible. Now we have no choice other than to dig, drill and explode mountains in order to possess gold. The new age mining techniques can be divided majority into two types, sub-surface and surface mines.
11 | Gold Mining
Sub-surface mines are mines that require the digging of tunnels to reach the ores that are buried in the earth’s surface. Shafts are created to reach these ore deposits and the ores and waste rocks are brought to the surface for processing disposal respectively. This type of mining can be further divided into various types depending on the access shaft type used. Drift mining utilizes horizontal access tunnels. Slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts. Shaft mining uses vertical access shafts. Sub-surface mining is usually a lengthier process and the percent of ore extracted is less compared to a surface mine. This method is adapted mostly where the ore concentration is high.
Figure 6 Under-Ground Mine
Figure 7 Surface Mine
Surface mining, is a type of mining that is done by removing the surface of the earth in order to reach the ore. It is a method in which the surface vegetations, dirts and sometimes even the bedrock is striped to reach the buried deposits. In order to strip the surface, various methods are used and these methods further divide the surface mining in the following types. Open-pit mining is a procedure of extracting rock from the earth’s surface by creating a pit in the ground. Quarrying is identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay. Strip-mining, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath. Mountaintop removal which involves taking the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at depth. This method is commonly used for coal mining. Landfill mining is a mining type that involves sites where landfills are excavated and processed.
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OPEN PIT & ORE
PRIMARY CRUSHER
BALL MILL
PREAERATION TANKS
PRE-LEACH THICKENER
COARSE ORE STOCKPILE
LEACH TANKS
Figure 9 Stage 1 H.Lin
SECONDARY CRUSHER
COARSE SCREEN
PRESSURE GRINDING ROLL
CYANIDE DETOXIFICATION
CIL TANKS
CARBON REGENERATION
TAILINGS DEPOSAL
Figure 10 Stage 2 H.Lin DESORPTION
FINE ORE STOCKPILE
FINE SCREENS ELECTROWINNING CELL
SMELTING FURNACE
DORE
Figure 11 Stage 3 H.Lin
MINING PROCESS AND BY-PRODUCTS The main objective in any commercial mining operation is the exploitation of the mineral deposit at the lowest possible cost with a view of maximizing profits. The selection of physical design parameters and the scheduling of the ore and waste extraction program are complex engineering decisions of enormous economic significance. The planning of an open pit mine is, therefore, basically an exercise in economics, constrained by certain geologic and mining engineering aspects. As most of the gold deposits on earth now are depleting, the mining process adapted is surface mining. Hence, we study more in detail about surface mines. For extracting the ore by surface mining process, an excavation or cut is made on the ground.
13 | Gold Mining
Figure 8 Ore processing H.Lin
Figure 13 Exploding Site for Open-Pit Mining
Figure 14 Mine Benches
Figure 15 Mining Waste Photo by S.Save
Figure 16 Gold Bullions
SURFACE MINING PROCESS Figure 12 Journey of Ore S.Save
The process of making a cut is by exploding the surface with help of dynamites as seen in figure 13. After the surface has been exploded, benches are created in layers. The beaches grow deeper and wider as the mine expands. The geometry of the benches can be seen in figure 14. To expose and mine the ore, it is generally necessary to excavate and relocate large quantities of waste rocks. Next is the process of separating the ore from waste rocks. The ore is processed at various levels as seen in figure 8 above. What remains after this is the concentrated ore. Concentrated ore hold more gold than excavated ore. This concentrate is then needed to be processed in a smelting plant. Once the gold ore is brought into the smelter, it is melted down to a liquid. This liquid is then poured into casts and made into bullions. This is also done with second hand or recycled gold.
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CHAPTER 4 BALKAN GOLD ATLAS The southeast Europe holds a region called the Balkan peninsula. This region is name after the mountain that stretch from the eastern border of Serbia to the Black sea. This region has a unique landscape and owns it cultural heritage to its territorial well-being. In this chapter we study the various minerals and the activity of extraction through a series of maps.
25 | Balkan Gold Atlas
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LOCATION MAP
BALKAN GOLD ATLAS The southeast region of Europe is rich in natural resources and the richness of the resources is due to the igneous nature of the rock. This region was the source of many minerals in the past. Due to the pollution control regulation, many of these mineral sources were restricted. The Balkan is particularly rich in one of the most desirable mineral, Gold. The current crisis is contributing to a steep increase in gold prices, which, in turn, renders gold mining investments more profitable. Thus, mining companies, using the ‘crisis’ as an excuse, are exerting pressure on government to further minimize the regulations on mining activities. In this atlas we attempt to highlight the regions where mining has been a dominating occupation and livelihood. After intense research about various areas and mining sites we have compiled the information in a graphic form to create a cartography. It is crucial to understand the use of elevation model that is incorporated in the atlas to realise where the mines sit. This helps us understand the location of the mines is in complete sync with mountainous regions. The map locates mine that are operating at the moment and the mines are projected to open in the near future due to the ‘crisis’. Each node is resized keeping in the significance of the particular mine. The mines are graded considering the nature of conflict, the landuse of the region, the environmental damage predicted and the social impact on the residents in the surrounding region. The map also grades each mine considering various type of conflicts that have been heard of due to the opening and operating of gold mines. The networks represent mine that have been run by or bought by foreign companies who intend to mine and possess the gold that the land has to offer. The conflicts and the existence of foreign companies is observed to be in sync. This issue is the reason for the major conflicts that are related to mining. The conflicts and the environmental impacts of the mines made us research into particular mines to understand the landscape consequences of gold mining in the Balkan region.
ATLAS PANEL Base Drawing by H. Lin Information and labelling by S. Save
27 | Balkan Gold Atlas
BALKAN GOLD ATLAS AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 28
Figure 42 Case Study - Chelopech, Bulgaria H.Lin, S.Save
Bulgarians Protest Use of Cyanide Leaching By Michael Werbowski, World Press
/February 5th, 2006
CASE STUDY IN BULGARIA Exporting toxic pollution from Europe to Namibia by Genady Kondarev, Bulgarian campaigner
/ November 19, 2015
Dundee Abandons Cyanide Gold Mining in Bulgaria over ‘Public Concerns’ /June, 21, 2010
29 | Balkan Gold Atlas
From the atlas we have selected four sites that were studies more in detail to realise the real conflict and the process of mining at different sites in the Balkan region. The purpose of this study is to conclude a site where intervention is most needed. For better understanding we mapped the movement of the ore from the extraction stage to the smelting stage.
The Chelopech Mine is located in the centralwestern Bulgaria approximately 70 kilometres east of Sofia, the national capital on the southern flank of the Balkan Ranges. The Chelopech mines are underground mine that produce copper and gold. Since the mine opened in 1954, it have extracted 19.7 million tonnes of ore. The mine today is run by Dundee precious metal, a Canadian company. Prior to 1990, the sulphide-rich ore was smelted at Pridop smelter. But in 2010, Bulgaria banned the use of cyanide in the leaching process of gold smelting. The same year, Dundee bought a smelter in Namibia, Africa and the concentrated ore was transported by ship for smelting.
Dundee Precious Metals a Canadian company. The following is the list of their projects. Production mines: Chelopech, Bulgaria Kapan, Armenia Exploration: Serbia Project: Krumovgrad, Bulgaria Smelter: Tsumeb,Namibia
A similar project by Dundee is proposed at Ada Tepe, krumovgrad, in southeast Bulgaria. The company is still trying to open the mine here by tempting the locals with employment opportunities. The project is still under discussion with the Bulgarian authorities, while the local villagers are in conflict about the new proposed mine.
S ibia Nam lter me
Open pit Stock Pile Tailing
Figure 43 Case Study - Krumovgrad, Bulgaria H.Lin, S.Save
Plant
Plans for Gold Mine Divide Bulgarians by Dimiter Kenarov, The New York Times
/October, 31, 2011
“Our real treasure is not gold, but water� by Nick
/ December 17th, 2012
Dundee Precious Metals Expects Profits To Double By 2018 /November, 28, 2014
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Tailing Plant
Underground Mine
Tailing Underground Mine
Plant
Open pit
Figure 44 Case Study - Skouries, Greece H.Lin, S.Save
Eldorado gold is also a Canadian company. The following is the list of their projects. Production mines in the balkan region: Stratoni, Greece Exploration mines in the balkan region: Skouries, Greece Olympias, Greece Perma Hill, Greece Certej, Romania
CASE STUDY IN GREECE The mines in Greece under Eldorado gold form a work triangle. The mine at Stratoni is an underground mine. While the other mines are still under exploration. Skouries will be an open-pit mine followed by an underground mine. Olympias will operate as an underground mine where as Perma hill will be an open pit exploration. The processing and waste management facilities for these mines will be shared. From the mapping of the ore movement, the TMF has been strategically placed in the centre all the projects. The projects from a functional triangle.
31 | Balkan Gold Atlas
Workers at Eldorado Gold Mine in Greece Stage Protest Over Closure
Rift Between Greek Environment Minister and Canadian Mining Company
by Reuters
by Philip Chrysopoulos
/August 24, 2015
Greek Miners Protest to Keep Open Eldorado Gold Mine by Alkis Konstantinidis, Reuters
/April 16, 2015
/ February 24, 2016
r lte me re S Ma ia Ba
Tailing Plant Stock Pile Stock Pile
Plant Tailing
Open pit Tailing
Open pit
CASE STUDY IN ROMANIA Gabriel Resources Ltd. is a Canadian resource company focused on permitting and developing the Rosia Montana gold and silver project in Romania. The project is owned through Rosia Montana Gold Corporation (RMGC) in which Gabriel holds an 80.69% stake with the balance held by Romanian State. RMGC promised to build a world class mine that would provide 1000 and more jobs during the dark times of unemployment. Yet there rose conflicts that have been heard for years. These conflicts and the history of the town Town needed a deeper study and hence proved to be a potential site for intervention.
Figure 45 Case Study - Rosia Montana, Romania H.Lin, S.Save
78% of the Romanians Agree that the Rosia Montana Project Will Create New Jobs by MCostache, CNN iReport
/April 19, 2012
Romania’s Rosia Montana Mining Project could Negatively Impact More Than 20,000 Jobs in Farming, Tourism and Wood processing by Irina Popescu
/ October 9, 2013
Cyanide Pollution Fears: Thousands of Romanians Protest ‘Biggest in Europe’ Gold Mine /September, 8, 2013
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33 | Rosia Montana
“From those days of yore, When this land so much blessed, And likewise cursed, And from the times when it was named Alburnus Maior That Herodotus himself once spoke about Well, times long past! The Dacians, and Romans, and Romanians And all those who sought shelter at this breast of a Romanian mother, Have been rummaging this viscera of the metal mountains… Looking for...Gold Gold, gold gold… In the underground Oh, Lord, Do help all these “explorers” to look for gold Not in the underground But up into the highest heights of the Romanian soul This soul, that from generations past into future ones, is guarding this backyard of Romania, Romanian land, from centuries to come, Into the ever of our evermore! Amen!” -Mircea Albulescu, Professor of theater, 14th December, 2010
Figure 46 Sitting in an Old Gallery Photo by Y.Cheng AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 34
CHAPTER 5 ROSIA MONTANA, ROMANIA The Balkan gold atlas formed bases for our site selection and we have concluded from the case study that Rosia Montana in Transylvania will be our study site. Romania owns its richness to the volcanic relief. It is because of this igneous rock formation that the land is filled with many precious minerals. Rosia Montana is one such region that sits on a mountain of gold. In this chapter, we did a background study of the mining history, along with the proposed gold project brought by a Canadian company on our site, Rosia Montana.
35 | Rosia Montana
Figure 47 Abandoned Cetate Mine Photo by H.Lin
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LOCATION MAP
EMPLOYMENT FLOW The social life around Rosia Montana was largely influenced by its base occupation, mining. Mining dominated the social life in and around the region. The location of surrounding towns around Rosia Montana has an important significance which holds root in the Roman time when the surrounding towns formed a fortification for the Gold mountain. These towns then developed as mining towns with a few exception of farming villages. The gold mountains ruled over the cultural roots except in few villages where people still practise farming. The mine at Cetate and Rosia Poieni employed many miners from bigger town like Abrud, Bucium, Campeini, Bistra, Musca and Gura RosieI. Crona, Tarina and Bunta remained farming villages. The drawing indicated the different towns and villages around Rosia Montana and the Rosia Poieni that are either directly or indirectly dependent on these mines. The arrows in different colours represent the movement of the employees that come to the mines and the plant for work on a daily bases. The green depicts the farmlands that be seen more dense in the villages that practise farming as a primary occupation. Rosia Montana and Abrud are the main supply for man force to the Cetate pit whereas Bucium and Rosia Montana population works at Rosia Poieni mining pit.
SOCIAL FORMATION PANEL Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
37 | Rosia Montana
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The Roman Gold Context The land is filled with many precious minerals in Romania, and there is indirect evidence dating back to the first half of the 3rd millennium before Christ. The gold richness of the Dacians is considered to be one of the reasons why Romans conquered Dacia. At the moment, the most controversial issues about pre-Roman mining activity in Rosia Montana refers to the underground mining in the the Dacian times. There is more concrete evidence of Romans mining in this region two-thousand-years ago. Some underground mines are constructed with the same techniques as they were up till the last centuries of the Dacian Kingdom. The mining operations in this area started new impetus as of the 13th century under the kings of Hungary. From the middle ages to the modern age, this region was home to people from various origins who came in hunt of gold. As a result this region developed a very particular cultural heritage.
39 | Rosia Montana
In the modern time, in 1573 as per records, a legal framework of mining laws was put in place. By 1940, when the communist party came in power, all the mines became property of the state and a state run mining operation was commissioned in Rosia Montana. A new page of the history of gold mining in Rosia Montana was tuned in 1970, when a surface mine was commissioned in the Cetate area by blowing up the famous Roman mining works that were historic monuments. By 1977, the biggest open pit copper exploration in Europe was started at Rosia Poieni, just about 30 kilometers away from Rosia Montana. Soon Rosia Montana sat between two open pits. Mining continued under the state till 2006. As Romania had plans to enter the European Union, the mining operations that did not meet the regulations for environment and pollution had to be closed.
Figure 48 Rosia Montana Miners
Figure 49 History Timeline of Rosia Montana by S.Save
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1
2
Waste Rock 2
“Gabriel understands that true sustainability is about building up a community’s capability and vitality over time. Gabriel has integrated the interests of the community and ecology in designing the Project and is determined to make Rosia Montana a model mining development. We are committed to sharing the economic and environmental benefits with a village and region that has been previously exploited for its gold but is now impoverished, polluted and overlooked.”
1
Tailing
Top Soil
Sustainable Mining The Rosia Montana concession area, which affects four of these villages, was subject to open pit mining by the state mining company, Minvest, until 2006 when state funded mining operations were required to close in the lead up to European Union accession. Following the closure of the mine with the loss of thousands of jobs, unemployment is reported to be 80% in the region. As a result of historical mining activities, abandoned waste dumps and tailings ponds scar this area leaving an environmental legacy with high levels of metals including zinc, iron, arsenic, lead and cadmium currently discharged, untreated, into local streams, soils and water. In addition, around 7 km of noncontinuous ancient mining works (galleries) have been identified from the 140km of underground workings, most of which date from modern times. The ancient workings were mostly destroyed by mining during the communist regime and those that survived were left abandoned and decaying and have remained so since the cessation of mining in 2006. Gabriel Resources Ltd. (“Gabriel”) is a Canadian TSX-listed (GBU.TSX) resource company focused on permitting and developing its world class Rosia Montana gold and silver project (the “Project”) in Romania. The Project is owned through Rosia
41 | Rosia Montana
Montana Gold Corporation S.A. (RMGC), in which Gabriel holds an 80.69% stake with the balance held by the Romanian State. Gabriel’s new mining plan proposes to preserve the area’s cultural heritage where possible whilst also treating the harmful effluents as part of its normal operating procedures. They intent to relocate and resettle some areas in town of Rosia Montana and carry on the process of mining in stages. The company plans to open 4 pits in total, Cetate, Carnic, JIg and Orlea. The four pits will be mined in two stages. Cetate and carnic during the first 9 years, whereas the pits from Orlea and Jig will be opened after the 9th year and the mining in Cetate will continue. Ore mining in the pits will be carried out for a total of 14 years. The closure of the pits and stockpiles will take place gradually, with Cetate stockpile for 5 years, the stockpiles and pit for Carnic for 9 years, and Orlea and Jog pits during 12-14 years. The company intends to operate in Rosia Montana for a total of 25 years out of which the mining activity will be for 16 years and rest of the years will be utilized for the treatment and reclamation of the pits. However, as most of the mining company comes to the end of the process of extraction, it often faces bankruptcy and do not have any finances left to reclaim the mining sites.
Figure 50 Cetate Mine Site Photo by S.Save
Figure 51 Project Plan by H.Lin Figure 52 RMGC Master Plan altered by H.Lin Figure 53 Reclamation Plan
Now
Year 1-9
Year 10-14
Reclaimation Plan
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Figure 54 Geamana Village 43 | Rosia Montana Photo by H. Lin
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Tailing Dam Built in Valley Rosia Poieni is the largest copper reserve in Romania and the second largest in Europe. Exploration at Rosia Poieni Copper mine began in 1977, under the state. The open pit formed is 800m in diameter and over 300m deep below the original ground level. In 1986, a dam was built in the Sesia Valley, to contain tailing. The valley was a home to a thousand households, the Geamana Village. The village was evacuated and the people compensated. Pipelines filled the valley with toxic waste of red and grey and slowly the history, heritage, the culture drowned. Today only the old bell tower of the church which once sat on a hill, rises from the lake as last remembrance. Near the vanished village of Geamana merely a few of the elderly remain, constantly moving uphill towards the huge copper mine that eats away at the ground and floods the valley with its chemical waste. Besides the pipelines, water also flows in the lake through a small stream. The locals call it the “Evil Water�, their cattle drink from this water and die. Those left behind stay and live the life have always known, growing their own fruits and vegetables, keeping cows and pigs and chicken. Without running water or heating. No supplies and no support. They stay because this is home to them, toxic or drowned and buried.
45 | Rosia Montana
These mine ate away homes, lives, even the dead. The church graveyard never relocated as promised and the ancestors of people of Geamana now buried on just in earth but in grey waste. The greed for minerals impacts the social life of people to an extent unimaginable. It doesn’t just leave behind scars but also destroys the feeling of belonging.
Figure 55 Geamana Old Church Photo by S.Save Figure 56 Rosia Poieni Open Pit Photo by H.Lin Figure 57 Old Town Geamana Figure 58 Geamana Residents
Mining Town
Figure 59 Mining Waste Photo by S.Save Figure 60 Cetate Open Pit Photo by H.Lin Figure 61 Rosia Montana Valley Figure 62 Rosia Montana Miners
Locals at Rosia Montana were also crop farmers and animal farmer. Nearly every household used to have a small land perimeter set aside for crop farming, some fruit trees and some livestock that could produce everyday food. Most craft in this area are connected to the basic business of the locals that is mining. Most people were also crop farmers, blacksmiths, carpenters, wheelwrights, carries, stone workers. Apart from that, other craftsmen took up urban professions: tailors, shoemakers, butchers, confectioners. Since living standards we so high, the life of the local people would resemble more and more of urban dwellers. Some crafts were abandoned, since locals could buy all they needed in the fairs or even in their own markets. Some new habits were developed here: people would attend ball parties hosted by “Casina�, play billiards or games of chance, go to the cinema or restaurants. As a result of frequent contact with urban manner, habits and culture native to the community here vanished quickly. In a way these towns became more and more dependent on mining. The ore coming from Cetate would be processed initially at Gura Rosiei. As a result small tailing ponds were created near Gura Rosiei area which are now reclaimed and replanted. The concentrated ore from
gura rosiei then was transported to Baia Mare for smelting. Rosia Montana in its earlier days flourished as a village of the rich but it failed to see how its culture and nature was diminishing slowly over the years.
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CHAPTER 6 CONFLICTS The Canadian company plans to explore in Rosia Montana and fill the valley of Bunta with tailing, drowning the Bunta, Crona and Gura Rosiei, burying the heritage of the households that have existed since the Roman times. The conflict revolving around the gold mines at Rosia Montana played an important role while selecting our site. In order to understand the conflicts better, in the following chapter, we did a comparison map of the ore moment to track the benefits of the mining industry in this region to realise the difference between the international company and the state company’s working.
47 | Conflicts
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LOCATION MAP
ORE MOVEMENT - COMMUNIST In the process of extracting gold from a mountain various stages are involved and at every stage by products are generated. But all the by products originate from the same source: the mountain. In this drawing we are tracing the flow of the ore that once was a mountain. The mining work at the Cetate pit in the early days was run by a state company. The ore extracted from the mine would first give waste rock and stockpile. These by products are stored in the vicinity of the mine. The arrows that are closed to the origin depict this first stage of segregation of the mountain. Next the ore is carried to Gura Rosiei, where the ore is processed to achieve a concentrate. During this process tailing and waste water are generated. These by products are either disposed in the water or stocked at site in impoundments. The arrows running to void space in the drawings represent tailing ponds. The space is left purposely as a void to show that even if the tailings dry and the region is replanted, the waste does not go away. Lastly the Arrow going north is to show that the concentrated ore is carried to Baia Mare, for the process of smelting. Romania believed in overall development of the country and hence the processing of ore was a spread out affair. This way the whole nation should benefit from the gold that resided in the mountains of Rosia Montana.
GEOMORPHOLOGY PANEL Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
49 | Conflicts
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LOCATION MAP
ORE MOVEMENT - PRIVATIZED The process and size of mining projects affect the geomorphology to a great extent. As we can see the movement of the ore as compared to that of the old Cetate Pit is very different when the RMGC would be operating. Four pits would be exploited to extract gold under RMGC. The processing of the ore extracted will be on site. Hence the movement of ore is restricted to Rosia Montana region. This shows how a private sector company does not distribute the working or benefits with whole of Romania. This kind of operation also promoted one big tailing pond instead of smaller and multiple ponds. In the drawing, the outline of the mine is marked out along with the waste rock, stockpile and the tailing pond. Arrows represent the movement of the ore at various stages of gold processing. The volume of ore is represented with help of various intensities of the arrows. Since the proposed open pits are big and the company presidents to extract more gold, the amount of ore and waste are both multiplied in volume.
GEOMORPHOLOGY PANEL Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
51 | Conflicts
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53 | Conflicts
LONDON BERLIN BRUSSELS CHICAGO
As we read about the gold mines process and came across the incidence of the Copper mine at Rosia Poieni, we understand these conflicts better. The revolt against the Canadian company who wanted to reopen the mining work first started in the communist time spread like wildfire. There were regular protests on the streets, rallies, mob flashes, masked revolts and also marches in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca. In Berlin and Brussels, mobs revolted against the use of cyanide gold mining outside the UNESCO headquarters. The issue reached Chicago when Romanians revolted outside the consulate during the visit of the Romanian prime minister. This was the largest civic movement in Romania since the revolution in 1989. But the situation at Rosia Montana was much different.
ABRUD
CLUJ NAPOCA ROSIA MONTANA BUCHAREST
Figure 63 International Conflict Map S. SAVE
Figure 64 Proposed Tailing Disposal site Photo by H.Lin Figure 65 Local Conflicts
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“A mistake repeated more than once is a decision� -Paulo Coelho
55 | Conflicts
Rosia Montana and Romania’s decade-long ‘gold war’ The Transylvania town of the Rosia Montana has been at the centre of a long-running debate in Romania. As politicians consider whether to give the green light to a large opencast gold mine in the region.
“My grandfather was a miner, my father was a miner, I also want to be a miner. If not for the mines we would have not been here today.” “Its our single opportunity to work”
Figure 66 Church in Corna Valley Photo by H. Lin Figure 67 Rosia Montana Banners Photo by H. Lin Figure 68 Save Rosia Montana Logo
The town now stood divided. With some people who desperately needs jobs, the mine opening was a bliss. “There is not much to do around here. We cannot make a livelihood picking berries” said a retired miner. On the other hand some concerned civilians realised the effects of cyanide leaching and held their roots against mining work. Geamana was a constant reminder of how social life is affected by making way for tailing ponds. Letting RMGC give a go ahead with their project would mean resettlement villages that come in between their plan of mining gold in this region. For example the Crona valley would be flooded with toxic waste. The figure on the left is an illustration of the church that would face the same future as the church at Geamana. Some people want to protect the cultural heritage and the Roman galleries that have roots in the history of Rosia Montana.
“If the project starts life would be over for me . I would lose my house, the graves of my parents, the church, and the heritage that belongs to all of us. The mining industry is very dirty, they will use tonnes of dynamite each day. Think of the noise, the toxicity - life here is going to be impossible.” “There is no compromise, I have found my place in a big family of anarchists, ecologists and anitmultinationalist. Civil society has grown-up we have gathered around a clear cause.”
According to RMGC, 95% of the locals want the project to begin and the town is plastered with brash yellow banners reminding any passer by that this was a mining town. The company made promises to invest the profits of the mine in preserving the town’s heritage and to turn it into a tourist attraction. But a large amount of the 200 year old Roman galleries would be destroyed due to the open-pit mines. The relocation plan of the villagers had already been implemented and new townships were built. After strong oppositions, the decision to stop mining activity at Rosia Montana was finalised in 2015. The RMGC was asked to stop all gold mining and Rosia Montana was now being considered as a potential UNESCO world heritage site. Now the Canadian company is suing the Romanian government for the gold they did not mine. Given the situation and rethinking of the conditions put forward by both the opposing party and the pro mining party, we decided to anticipate the opening of the mine and to study the effects of this scenario.
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CHAPTER 7 DEMISE OF A TOWN With the hope of finding information and meeting the residents to understand the situation of the mine, we planned a 7 days trip to Rosia Montana in April 2016. What we saw there was rather disturbing. Broken homes, and broken hope. As the company relocated most of the population, a handful stayed back and successfully protested, closing the mining activity by the company. The town was abandoned. The few who remain are mostly the few of the protesters who did not sell their and home.
57 | Demise of a Town
Figure 69 Rosia Montana Cave Photo by Y. Cheng
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LOCATION MAP
RELOCATION MAP In order to implement the plan to mine gold in Rosia Montana, the RMGC has to relocate people from the affected area of the project. To approach to a sensitive topic like relocation, the company is obliged to comply with the Romanian legislation and with the international instruments settings of responsible standards. In this social formation drawing, we are repenting the relocation map of villages. The footprint of the new mine is outlined in the drawing. As observed from the footprint, the villages that fall in the affected region are Crona, Bunta and Rosia Montana. The company initiated early consultations with the community and social impact assessment studies to ensure the resettlement action plan is based on a strategy mainly oriented towards making it a voluntary process. According to the resettlement strategy, the people were offered two basic options. One, they were compensated by the company and their houses and land was acquired or two, they could move to a new location where the company developed a township to settle them. The people from Rosia Montana where given an option to resettle in the new built settlement at Gura Rosiei or to move to Recea neighbourhood in Alba Lulia. But if the people had to work in the mine, they would opt to move to Bicuim. The Villages of Crona and Bunta, which are farming villages were given an option to move to Alba Lulia or Gura Rosiei. These kind of resettlements make be beneficial for the company but its impact on social life cannot be reported or depicted in drawings.
SOCIAL FORMATION PANEL Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
59 | Demise of a Town
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Old gold exploration cave
Tarina Tarn
Carnic Peak
The Cetate Pit
The church at Geamana
Drowning village at Geamana
2000 year old Roman Galleries
Eugen’s backyard exhibition
Old processing plant at Gura Rosiei
Crona Valley
Figure 70 Site Visit Plan H.Lin
SITE VISIT
6
7
1
8
10
2 3
9 5 11
4
The beautiful village that sits between the great mountains is suffering. The town is dying. The population has now reached a new low of just 400. With no economy to depend on, people live by on what they can grow in their backyard and rear animals. The company may have stopped the mining, but it left the town shattered. The locals explain various law that have been altered due to the corruption. Mining was not the cause of the revolt, the locals wanted jobs but the company’s functioning and methods are what they really were against.
Figure 71 Rosia Poieni Open Pit
61 | Demise of a Town
People of Rosia Montana
Zenu Cornea Ex-Miner
Misses Cornea’s Ex-Miner’s wife
Sorin Jurca Ex-Geologist
Misses Eugen David Farmer’s wife
Arpad Palfi Pap of Unitarian Church
“Gold has no value, the soul has value.” Zenu use to work as topographer in the Cetate mines when it was run under the state. The experience of being in mines have made him realise the pollutions and damage it causes. He believes that the gold should be left in earth where it is suppose to be.
“The most affected are the wives.” When the miner comes home with the dirty clothes, we wash them, all the toxic filled clothes affects the women who wash the clothes of the miner. Their house run on the pension from her husband. She sell milk to the villagers for some extra income.
“This is where I belong and I will not leave.” Sorin worked as a geologist in the state run mine in Rosia Montana. Now he is the vice president and the founding member of the Rosia Montana Cultural Foundation. He also makes delicious food for the tourist who visit his town and runs an information centre.
“As long as we have our land, we have power.” Eugen David is the president of Alburnus Maior, the Romanian NGO, that was most effective against the mining project. A simple farmer who gave their backyard is an art exhibition now and hence the mine cannot be excavated here anymore.
“One God” Father of the Unitarian church of Rosia Montana for 35 years, Pap has buried miners, prayed with their families and blessed homes, but he says the RMGC broke families and homes. Some Sunday mass is just with him and his lord. But he still keeps hope and will never abandon his church.
Calin Capros Protestor
Roman Gallery Guide Ex-Miner
Adrian Petri Casa Petri
Tica Darie Young spirit
Larisa Cherechianu New resident
“What will I tell my 7 year old son” Calin was in the front line during the protest against the mining company. He was approached by the company with money so he could leave his town and convince as many people as he can. Today Calin organised marathons and conducts treks and bike tours for tourist. He also repairs bikes for extra income.
“The first documented town in Romania.” The tour guide was an ex-miner that lives on pension from the old Cetate mines. He showed us the differences between the techniques used in ancient and modern gallery, and the tools miners used. Many people visit here in summer but for rest of the year, only students would come here for field trips.
“We don’t buy milk from the same people anymore.” Adi believes the town has great potential. His house is open to accommodate the visitors. But he is heartbroken to see the town people divided. He hope situation will improve if a new income sources is created in the town: tourism. Meanwhile Casa Petri is the only place you can stay when visiting Rosia Montana.
“I am going to be the Mayor of Rosia Montana and show how much potential it has” Three years back Tica visited Rosia Montana Spring Festival and fell in love with the place and found a home in Rosia Montana. Today he is the founder of the Made in Rosia Montana, which sells wool knitted items made by the women in Rosia Montana.
“I’m here.” Larissa came to Rosia Montana just 6 months back. She is the scouts leader for the little scouts in Rosia Montana. Trying to involve as many kids as she can, she attempts to lift the spirit of young minds and hopes to find more things to do around the town.
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SOCIAL LIFE As the population of Rosia Montana drops to 400, the locals try to bring back the town to life. Meeting the campaigners of Salvai Rosia Montana, we learnt the various livelihoods of the region and realised that mining is not the only mean of survival. Eugene the farmer, the forerunner of protest, invited artist to install sculptures on his farmland (Figure 77), gaining a protection for the land which was the site for the fourth pit of the RMGC project. Now people engage in domestic farming and some rear sheep, cows, horses. They produce their own milk and selling them domestically. The forests here provide logging to used for wood-fire to heat up every house in this region. (Figure 76) Most of the land are pastures and hay land, which they sell the hay to near cities.
63 | Demise of a Town
Figure 72 Cattle Farming Photo by Y.Cheng
Figure 73 Horses Photo by H.Lin
Figure 74 Backyard Poultry Farming Photo by S.Save
Figure 75 Haystack
Figure 76 Logging Photo by H.Lin
Figure 77 Sculptures in Eugene’s Farmland Photo by S.Save
Figure 78 Mining Gallery Photo by H.Lin
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REVIVE THE HOME Every year, a summer festival, Fan Fest (Hay Fest), and mountain marathon attracts a wave of crowd to this place and locals open their yards for the visitors to camp. Father Palfi of the Unitarian church holds the Sunday mass without fail and most days alone. Young resident, Adi, encourages tourism by letting his home for people who visit. Along with Calin they plan treks and cycling routes for tourists. This makes Rosia Montana feel like home. Recently he received permission to pass receipts to his guest who stay at his house (Figure 82), but yet awaits a day when he can legally run a accommodation facility.
65 | Demise of a Town
Tica, 23 year old boy moved to Rosia Montana and now runs the Made in Rosia Montana company that sells woollen handmade products but cannot set up his head-quarter in the region.(Figure 81) The mono occupation clause on the town has made the attempts of the locals to fail.
Figure 79 Annual Summer Festival Figure 80 Discover Rosia Montata Figure 81 Made in Rosia Montana Figure 82 Receipts
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Rosia Montana Needs the Mine
Figure 84 Dead Town Photo by S.Save
67 | Broad Strategy
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CHAPTER 8 GHOST TOWN OR FLOODED TOWN The dilapidated homes and empty churches manifest a ghost town. Despite the tremendous efforts by the local to revive the town, it continues to fade. No matter how many festival and marathons are held, no matter how beautiful the mountains remain, there is not income for the town. It cannot depend on tourism to sustain. The young population will soon leave to find jobs in big cities. Without the youth the town grows old and decays. All the culture and Heritage continues to deteriorate. To regains its richness the town needs an occupation. Everyone cannot keep living on pension. This makes us think that should reopening the mine be reconsidered?
69 | Broad Strategy
Figure 83 Empty Church Photo by S.Save
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71 | Broad Strategy
Predicted dam failure The site visit opened our eyes to the real issues at Rosia Montana. The population has dropped from 1000 to 400 in only couple of years. The company’s dirty tricks to make the people leave their homes was the reason for the anger and rage of the locals. Of course the use of cyanide was no way acceptable but the harsh reality has to be face. The process of gold extraction is a dirty business and won’t change. But with improving technologies, better and much cleaner systems can be adapted. Hence we now wonder, if the company is let to mine, what would be the consequences of their project on the surrounding. According to the project plan, a huge TMF is proposed in the valley of Crona and Bunta. The dam that will hold these tailing back will be 185 meters high. This takes us back to the timeline where we realised the frequency of dam collapses is increasing since 1990’s. The figure below
explain pour study of the predicted dam failure and its effects on the town in Abrud. If ever the dam collapse the town of Abrud would be flooded with toxic waste. This incident must have come in the minds of the company as well. Therefore, before the starting of the project, the region of Abrud was marked out as a flood risk zone. The locals believe this was a political move of the RMGC to make sure they won’t be blamed in case of dam failure in the future.
Figure 85 Geamana, The Flooded Town Photo by H.Lin Figure 86 Predicted Tailing Dam Collapse H.Lin, S.Save
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Alternative Tailing Management For years there has been mining work in the Cetate pit, but the size of the tailing ponds as observed were concise. Since the ore processing was a spread out through Romania and various processes took place at various places, the tailings produced were stored at different places and in small amounts. This reduces the risk of catastrophic dam failures like in Baia Mare. The following drawings compare impoundments tailing from Rosia Montana to the valley fill tailing lake at Geamana at various stages of filling. If we do propose for the mining activity to open as proposed by the RMGC, we must rethink their tailing management. An alternative strategy would be to divide the tailing management and segregate the processes. Smaller tailing ponds mean multiple impoundments. This means the depth of each impoundments would not be much and hence the tailings will dry faster. These small ponds can be scattered in the valley. The can be placed in void spaces. This would mean there won’t be a need to relocate hundreds of household. We studied various current tailing storage techniques and realised with the current technique, multiple tailing ponds are filling up at once, so the land can only be reclaimed after the process finish completely. Therefore we did a several tests on the flowing the tailing with the help of simulation software Ceaser to try different intervention with this filling process.
Figure 87 Tailing Ponds Study S.Save Figure 88 Flow of Tailing Study H.Lin, S.Save
73 | Broad Strategy
CURRENT IMPOUNDMENT FILL METHOD
CROSS-VALLEY FILL
SIDE-HILL FILL
PROPOSED IMPOUNDMENT FILL METHOD
CROSS-VALLEY FILL
SIDE-HILL FILL
STEP UP FILL
COMBINE METHOD
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CHAPTER 9 CO-MINING LANDSCAPE Tailing impoundments of any scale are bound to affect the landscape, but if the change of landscape is beneficial to the locals, the mining activity will prove to be bliss rather than a curse. Furthermore if this land generated helps the locals to generate more occupational opportunities while the gold extraction is the process, the company and people can come to terms and co-exist without relocation and dirty political tricks. Hence the broad strategy of this project is to generate landscapes to promote new economic development and reduce the risk of dam failure would result in a peaceful solution.
75 | Co-Mining Landscape
Figure 89 Co-Mining Landscape
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77 | Co-Mining Landscape
MINERS
Zenu Cornea Ex-Miner
Roman Gallery Guide Ex-Miner
EMERGING ECONOMIES
FARMERS WOOD CUTTER Misses Cornea’s Ex-Miner’s wife
Misses Eugen David Farmer’s wife
A cascade of impoundments can be arranged along the valley of slope. Each level can be responsible for a particular type of processing of ore. Thus , different levels will have different pollutant contents. Some tailings can be reused for growing crops or making building material. If a certain pond is reclaimed to grown crops, the impoundments can be of a nature that could blend with the nature over time. Hence the building type of each impound can be different, permanent, temporary or even semi-permeable. The flat land created from the impoundments will provide opportunity for economic activities in this hilly region. In order to realise which new economies could be introduce to Rosia Montana region by using the tailings, we firstly try not to interrupt with the existing industries so we make sure we don’t take over farmer’s land and their pasture land or the existing forestry for the wood industry in this area.
SERVICE
Arpad Palfi Pap of Unitarian Church
Sorin Jurca Ex-Geologist
Adrian Petri Casa Petri
Calin Capros Protester
Tica Darie Young spirit
Larisa Cherechianu New resident
The industries that the Romanian government is looking at venturing into in the near future were also studied and were shown with the icons on the left part of the diagram. For those ones that could be introduced in this region were selected.
GUIDE
Figure 90 Emerging Economies H.Lin, S.Save
NEW RESIDENTS
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FILTERATION PROCESS We studied the tailing cleaning techniques and made a comparision with the natural water filteration process. With different economic activities on the tailing reclaimation sites, the pollutent from the tailing will be neutrilised. Forestry and agriculture waste will provide carbon cover and later become nutrients for the tailing. Therefore we arrived at the five economies: pastures, farm lands, biofuel farming, algae farming, forestry and tourism. One very crucial thought behind selecting algae farming as one of the economies is that algae is been used as a cleaning agent to treat the chemical toxicity of the tailings.
TRANSFORMING LANDSCAPE The introduction of the economies will coincide with the existing landscape and follow the slope and flow direction of the natural water system. As a result of generating various tools we concluded a changed land use map of the valley as the drawing shown on the right. Each changed land use is linked to a neighbouring town that will have a beneficial influence. This system of reusing the waste would take us to a regional development as it was observed before the privatization of the mine. Figure 91 Filteration Process H.Lin Figure 92 Economies H.Lin
79 | Co-Mining Landscape
Figure 93 Impoundments and Slope S.Save
BISTRA
LUPSA
CAMPENI
BAIA DE ARIES
ROSIA MONTANA GURA ROSIEI
ABRUD
BUCIUM Figure 94 Transforming Landscape H.Lin
WOODLAND
PASTURE
FARMLAND MULTI-ECONOMY
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81 | Co-Mining Landscape
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY In order to allot new landuses for each tailing ponds, several criteria had been considered. For instance, whether the impoundments is facing an ideal aspect for crops to grow, and whether it is linked to an existing forest. The drawing below shows a potential area for each type of land from GIS analysis with considering physical constraints and social conditions on site. The darker the area shows the better location for each type of lands. A study model showing the whole valley was also used to study the changes in sections with showing different landuse. The white thread represents pastures, green thread is showing the location of existing forests, and the yellow thread is showing the potential area for farmlands.
Potential Area for Agriculture Land
Figure 95 Regional Study Model Figure 96 Regional Development Strategy H.Lin
Exsisting Forest Land
Potential Area for Pasture Land
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Pasture
SECTION A-A’
Bl
SECTION B-B’
Fa
SECTION C-C’
Pasture
Fa
Farm
Forest
Adapting new economies would mean developing new infrastructure. Hence we realised the prime roadways in the valley. Also with multiple impounds comes multiple discharge systems that would mean a huge network of pipework. To Avoid this we take aid of the nature flow direction and establish major discharge points. The sections represent the change in landuse and the inevitable change in the landscape. Using tailings for growing crop may sound like a risky business but our research proves that new technology has been adapted by mines to treat the toxicity of the waste before releasing it in the environment.
Pasture
Village
Fa
Farm Village Farm
Farm
Forest
Fa Fa
Forest
Fa
Fa
Fa
Farm
Fa
SECTIONAL LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION
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Village
Fa
Forest
Fa
Farm
Pasture
Bl
Pasture
A
B
C
Figure 97 Sectional Landuse Classification H.Lin, S.Save
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Figure 98 Drainage Study Model Figure 99 Road Organisation and Order S.Save
ROAD ORGANISATION AND ORDER The challenges of the proposal would be the multiple pipeline that would run all over the valley. To tackle this issue we can work with the natural run off in the valley by studying various basins. The impoundments could be place at the end of each basin. The roads ways also form another major constraint in deciding the location of the impoundments. They are generated keeping in mind the network to the towns in the region and the slope of the topography. They classified by the staggered alignment of the dams. As the impoundments are generative, the roadways have to be structured before placing the dams.
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TECHNICAL REPORTS IMPOUNDMENT FAILURE, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE AND ROAD ORGANISATION
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2016
In any large scale construction projects, roads are the lifelines. For any development, big or small the roadways act as an integral support . The following report ties together the study of dam collapses and road networks that will help generate grounds for the building of new age tailing impoundments. With developing an understanding of the construction of the dams and the subsequent failures of the dams we aim to critically analyse the techniques used and the causes of failure. With this knowledge we hope to acquire a solution for storing the tailings efficiently and with minimum risk.
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Figure 01 Tailing impoundments at Geamana
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Figure 04 Two Tailing basins at Stava-Valley
For the storage of the waste generated from this mine, a dam was constructed on a nearby slope forming a basin. Initially the dam was planned to be built at the height of 9m, but eventually in 1969 it reached a height of 25m. The dam was constructed by separating the gravel and sand from water and mud. This type of construction was a cheap method but was adequate only for a small basin. The first basin which now was situated 150m above the valley, close to inhabited area. The closest house sat just 800m away from the dam. In that era, technology was inadequate and tailing were not treated before storing. This itself was not safe for the people living in the vicinity. But the weak construction of the dams amplified the risk of the inhabitants. To add to the already weak dam and the close vicinity of a village, a second dam was constructed on top of the basin of the first dam.
Avisio River
Figure 02 Areal view of Stava-Valley before collapse of dams
REPORT 1: DAM FAILURE Collapse in val di Stava Location:
Stava Valley, Trento Province, Italy Date:
19th July, 1985 Deaths:
268 Cause:
Dam collapse
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Avisio River
Figure 03 Areal view of Stava-Valley after collapse of dams
Mining activity in Stava valley has been carried on since the 16ht century. At that time major mining activity was related to extracting silver-bearing minerals. But In the 20th century, the interest of the mine shifted from silver to fluorite due to the growing chemical industry. As the mining works expanded, new mines were opened in the region of Stava and the most important of them all was situated at the foot of the mountain of Prestavel that looked over the entire Satva-Valley.
The local administration of Tesero demanded a safety and stability of the two basins and so in 1975, the mining company submitted reports that ensured the safety of the construction of these dams. The report stated the dams was “extraordinary” and the stability of the construction “at the limits”. In the years 1978 to 1982 the two basins were not used. In all these years the dams and basins were never again controlled, not by the mining company, neither by the public administration responsible for mining activities in the Province of Trento. But soon the inevitable disaster occurred in 1985 at 12.22.55. The upper dam collapsed first, slumping in the substent and triggering the collapse of the lower dam. Releasing 180.000 cubic metres of mud, sand and water into the Stava-Valley and toward the village of Stava at a speed of 90 km/h. Within. 50 seconds the wave reached the village killing 268 people and destroying 62 buildings and 8 bridges and within 3 minutes it reached the Avisio River which was 4.2 km away - engulfing and destroying everything in its path
Figure 05 Avisio River
Figure 06 Angle of gradient for various material
Figure07 Schematic reconstruction and cross-section of the two basins of the mine of Prestavel
The legal investigation into the disaster confirmed that the dams were poorly maintained and the factor of safety, a value calculated considering the angle of repose of sediments and the slope angle, was too small. The schematic angle of repose of various materials depends of the grain size and water content of the sediments. Considering the material used to build the dams that is sand with lots of silt and clay, saturated with water, the chosen value of 39° was extraordinarily high. Lower value of gradient would
Figure 08 Remains of two basins after collapse
have proved to be much safer. Also if the basins were initially to be planned to stack one above the other then the construction of the dam should have been planned accordingly. Hence the material of the dam construction and its techniques play a major role in the safety of the storage of tailings.
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Figure 09 Types of dam constructions Altered by H.Lin
REPORT 2: CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE AND ROAD ORGANISATION Dam construction plays an important role in the safety and security of the tailing impoundments. As the technique of storing impoundments in dams and creating basins is relative a young procedure of waste storage, it is still not fully mastered. Hence there will always be a risk of the unknow fundamentals of its working. In search of the an efficient method of storing the waste generated from mine, we studies the various construction types for tailing impoundments. The three basic constructing type of impoundments are
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up-stream dam construction, down-stream dam construction and the centre-line dam construction. The various type of dams behave differently on different topography. In the diagram above we can see the three types of dams, first on a flat surface and then on a sloped surface. The difference in ground level topography changes the volume the dam can hold back. Also the pressure generated by the waste on the dam changes with slope of the topography. Hence it is very important that one studies the natural slope of the ground and maintain the correct angle of gradient. From the study of dam failures we have realised that dam failures can be avoided if the correct method of construction is followed. Also it important
to study the material used for dam construction. All three types of dams has its pros and cons. Tailings often contain water and this water is the source of carrying the waste from the processing plant to the tailing management facility. The water from the tailings, if leaked into the dam construction, may weakness the dam and causes its collapse. Also the stage at which the second dam is built over the first is crucial. The water must be dried out completely before the next level of dam can be constructed which may add to the risk of dam failure.
Figure 10 Tailing Dam Risks
Figure 11 Fundao Dam
Figure 12 Waihi Gold Mine
For the construction of any kind dam, haul road are required. Haul roads are use for the transport of raw materials during the process of building the impoundments. Every aspect of highway engineering, including minimum slope inclines, properly banked curves, and adequate drainage, must be followed to facilitate construction of safe and efficient mine roads for fast and economical transportation of the mined product to its destination. Different dam staging construction type will provide different type of roadways. With the downstream and central line method, the roadway generated will be replaced every time when staging a new dam. Generally during the construction of centre-line and up-hill dam construction, the dam top surface is exposed at each stage. The top of the dam are usually used for temporary pathway for vehicles, but once the mining process is finished, the roadway will not be used anymore.
Figure 13 Revista MinĂŠrios
These road must follow certain parameters related to the size and use of the vehicle that would be running on it. The construction of these roads in a general scenario is mostly temporary, but through our project we intend to use these roads for a much wider purpose. The roads that would be formed in the construction of dam will surely be use for the construction itself. After the dams are built and the impoundments are filled and dried out, we intend to use the flat surfaces for different land uses like commercial farming, tourism and logging. For these uses, roadways will prove to be a lifeline for transport of goods. By ensuring good connectivity we can ensure the efficiency of the land and make sure the proposal will hold ground.
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Figure 13 Old tarina at Bunta Valley Romania
Hence combining our knowledge of dam failures and construction of dams, we can ensure to build safe impoundments with minimum risk of collapse. Along with this the construction of dams and use of the top surface as road we can generated roads ways that link each impoundment to one another and also to the facilities that will emerge on this land.
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Bibliography :
Figures list:
1. Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [online] Scientific American Blog Network. ] Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016].
Figure 01 Tailing impoundment at Geamana Photo by H.Lin
2. Sites.google.com. (2016). Haul Road Design Guidelines - MiningInfo. [online] Available at: https://sites.google. com/site/mininginfosite/miner-s-toolbox/materialshandling/truck-haulage/haul-road-design-guidelines [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. 3. Luino, F., Tosatti, G. and Bonaria, V. (2014). Dam Failures in the 20th Century: Nearly 1,000 Avoidable Victims in Italy Alone. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 3 (2014) 19-31.
Figure 02 Areal view of Stava-Valley before collapse of dams Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [image] Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016].
Figure 08 Remains of two basins after collapse Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [image] Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016]. Figure 09 Types fo dam constructions Altered by H.Lin
Figure 03 Areal view of Stava-Valley after collapse of dams Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [image] Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016].
Figure 10 Tailing Dam Risks Kiernan, P. (2016). Mining Dams Grow to Colossal Heights, and So Do the Risks. [image] WSJ. Available at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-samarco-disastermining-dams-grow-to-colossal-heights-and-so-do-therisks-1459782411 [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016].
Figure 04 Two Tailing basins at Stava-Valley Tailings.info. (2002). Tailings.info ▪ Stava tailings dam failure. [image] Available at: http://www.tailings.info/ casestudies/stava.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2016].
Figure 11 Fundao Dam The history of the Fundao Dam near Bento Rodriguez. (2015). [image] The Landslide Blog. Available at: http:// blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2015/11/10/fundao-dam/ [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016].
Figure 05 Avisio River Luino, F., Tosatti, G. and Bonaria, V. (2014). Dam Failures in the 20th Century: Nearly 1,000 Avoidable Victims in Italy Alone. [image] Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 3 (2014) 19-31.
Figure 12 Waihi gold mine Wilson, K. (2016). Lift-by-lift TSF reclamation at the Waihi gold mine in New Zealand.. [image] Available at: http://www.womp-int.com/story/2015vol11/story025.htm [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016].
Figure 06 Angle of gradient for various material Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [image] Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016].
Figure 13 Revista Minérios Jacobi, P. (2013). Revista Minérios. [image] Available at: http://Jacobi [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Figure 14 Old tarina at Bunta Valley Romania Photo by S.Save
Figure07 Schematic reconstruction and cross-section of the two basins of the mine of Prestavel Bressan, D. (2016). July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. [online] Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomh istory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stavadam-collapse/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016].
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Mining Area Surface Road Operating Speed : 45 km/hr Widths : 14.6 m (Single-Lane) 25.6m (Double-Lane) Max Grade : 7% (Surface) 10% (In Pit)
Industrial Access Road Operating Speed : 40 km/hr Width : 7.3 m Max Grade : 6% Standard 2.5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
10% 7% 3% 0%
10% 7% 3% 0%
20%
20%
10% 7% 3% 0%
10% 7% 3% 0%
30% 25% 20%
30% 25% 20%
10% 7% 3% 0%
10% 7% 3% 0%
Figure 100 Road Organization and Order
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Urban Street Operating Speed : 30-60 km/hr Widths : 3.6 m Max Grade : 6%
10% 7% 3% 0%
Hiking and Mountain Biking Trail Widths : 2.5 m - 7.62 m Max Grade : 8%
10% 7% 3% 0%
20% 20% 10% 7% 3% 0%
10% 7% 3% 0%
30% 25% 20%
30% 25% 20%
10% 7% 3% 0%
10% 7% 3% 0%
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CHAPTER 10 IMPOUNDMENT FABRICATION The design of the impoundments respond to the physical constraints such as topography and the natural drainage on site, and the social formation. This brings a different ways of mining waste treatment gradually fabricate a co-mining landscape, which will also affect the near towns. In this chapter, techniques and considered for the fabrication of the landscape and the guideline of intervention are discussed. With a particular detailed area of the valley was selected to apply all the techniques.
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Accumulation (Location)
Slope (Area & Depth)
Landuse (Use of Tailing & Size)
Forest
Farmland
Village
Pastures
Figure 101 Impoundment Fabrication Study Model Figure 102 Methodology Diagram H.Lin
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Activities & Turism
Infrastructure (Use of Tailing & Size)
Hiking Track/ Marathon/ Cycling
Logging
Pastures
Farmland
Railway Road
METHODOLOGY The size and shape of the tailing impoundments will be structured with relation to amount of tailing, the slope, the land use, the infrastructure, and the local activities. The location of the impoundments must be sensitively approached to make sure the social life is not affected. So one detailed area marked in Figure 103 was selected as the study site to fine-tune the techniques of intervention.
Figure 103 Site Iteration H.Lin
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SLOPE OF TOPOGRAPHY As the tailing impoundments will gradually merge with the landscape after filling process, slope of the topography is one guiding factor, we created a system with the help of the study models shown on above and the following page. The dam is a fixed structure, of 10m height. The ratio between the amount of waste rock and tailing are around 3:2, so the huge amount of waste rock will be used as construction material for the dams. The drawing on the right is the grid that we started, it then developed into cells. The cells are grouped as per the slope gradient. Area with slope over 30% is ruled out as the tailing held in the impoundments would be too less in volume and will be considered as non profitable to construct. The steeper the slope will require stacking of multiple dams to increase the surface area created for local activities.
Figure 103 Dam Construction Study Model Figure 104 Slope Catalogue H.Lin, S.Save
103 | Impoundment Fabrication
Figure 105 Impoundment Fabrication H.Lin
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The study model shows the topography of the selected detailed area. A grid of dots was generated and placed with equal spacing on the surface, when the slope exceeds 40%, the dots will be eliminated and hence will not be seen once we placed the nails. The grey thread creates a new grid showing the gradient of slope on the right. The steeper the slope, the higher the dams will be required to hold a certain amount of tailing and to create a reasonable size for the surface area. This is showing in the area with larger grid. The smaller cells mean that there is more possibilities of shaping the impoundments in the flatter area.
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Figure 106 Slope Constraint Model
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107 | Impoundment Fabrication
BIO LAKE 12 ha
BIO LAKE 7.5 ha
PASTURE 4.5 ha
BIO LAKE 11 ha
PASTURE 3.5 ha
WOODLAND 2.5 ha
WOODLAND 3.5 ha
FARMLAND 2.8 ha WOODLAND 2.8 ha PASTURE 1 ha
PASTURE 3 ha PASTURE 2.3 ha
WOODLAND 4.4 ha
FARMLAND 2.3 ha WOODLAND 1.6 ha
FARMLAND 3.1 ha FARMLAND 1.6 ha
FARMLAND 1.9 ha FARMLAND 1 ha WOODLAND 3 ha
FARMLAND 6.1 ha FARMLAND 2.2 ha
FARMLAND 2.8 ha FARMLAND 0.5 ha
WOODLAND 5 ha
WOODLAND 5 ha
FARMLAND 5 ha
FARMLAND 6 ha
FARMLAND 3.3 ha
LANDUSE ALLOCATION
Figure 107 Landsize Requirement Catalogue H.Lin Figure 108 Landuse Allocation H.Lin
Since the impoundments will provide flat lands for activities, the cells have to grouped to meet with the minimum size of land requirements. We provided farmland impoundments in associate with the pasture ones because most of the local farmers owns their cattle. The larger commercial woodland impoundments with are placed near the main traffic so the loggings can be sent to near town for wood processing, whereas the smaller woodland impoundments will be near the villages to provide material for wood fire.
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Figure 109 Landsize Requirement Model Figure 110 Impoundment Location
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BIO LAKE 12 ha BIO LAKE 19.2 ha PASTURE PASTURE 3.1 ha 1.6 ha
WOODLAND 2.5 ha
WOODLAND 3.5 ha
FARMLAND 2.8 ha
WOODLAND 2.8 ha FARMLAND 1 ha PASTURE LAND 2.3 ha
PASTURE LAND 3 ha PASTURE LAND 2.5 ha
WOODLAND 4.4 ha
WOODLAND 1.6 ha FARMLAND 3.1 ha
FARMLAND FARMLAND1.9 ha 1.6 ha FARMLAND 1 ha WOODLAND 3 ha
WOODLAND 5 ha
WOODLAND 5 ha
FARMLAND 6 ha
FARMLAND 3.3 ha
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FARMLAND 5 ha
FARMLAND 0.9 ha
PASTURE LAND 6.1 ha
PASTURE LAND 2.2 ha
FARMLAND 2.8 ha FARMLAND 0.5 ha
IMPOUNDMENT SEQUENCING AND FLOW OF TAILINGS The natural run off is considered when building the impoundment, so the dam will be constructed according to the direction of the run off. Dams will not be built on area where the accumulation is high, to avoid too much rain fall flood into the impoundments and chances of pollute the near water source. The flow of tailings from one impoundment to another is a controlled affair. The impoundments that would eventually be farmlands for food crops and domestic farming would be filled after the bio-lake impoundment that sits at the top of the valley. The red triangles on the drawing left show the discharge pipeline directed from the algae lake. For forest and bio-fuel farm impoundments, which are producing non-edible crops, the tailings can be filled directly from the processing plant after treated without flowing through the algae lake. Theses bio lakes will eventually develop as tourist attractions as seen at the Tarina now.
Figure 111 Impoundment Sequencing Catalogue H.Lin Figure 112 Impoundment Location Map H.Lin Figure 113 The Flow of Tailing H.Lin
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Algae Lake
Pasture Land
Pasture Land (Slope)
Farmland
Woodland
Figure 114 Zonal Cartogenesis H.Lin
ZONAL CARTOGENESIS Using the waste from the gold mine, we aim to generate land that would be as valuable as a gold. This drawing represents the various stages at which the dams will be built over the run of the mine. The colours of the dam shows 3 construction stages. As we can see the roads flow over the dams and connect the ridge to the main road passing through the villages in the valley. By the time the miner have extracted every bit of gold from the mountains, the new landscape will be ready and different economies will flourish.
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ZONAL CARTOGENESIS AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 114
115 | Impoundment Fabrication
Figure 115 Change in Landscape Model
A part of the zonal cartogenesis was selected to make 2 pieces of CNC model on the left. This is to further used for the vacuum forming to compare the landscape before and after intervention. We can see from the model on above shows the section of changes and the volume of tailing each impoundment can hold.
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Figure 116 Regional Development over time S.Save Figure 118 Evolution Timeline S.Save Figure 119 Generative Landscape H.Lin
EVOLUTION TIMELINE Bearing in mind that the mine will operate only for 20 years, our access to the base material will also be for 20 years. During this time we need to assure that new economies do not attract a suddenly flood of population. Hence we developed a timeline for the evolution of the project at zonal as well as valley scale.
117 | Impoundment Fabrication
Figure 117 Zonal Development over time H.Lin
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119 | Subsistence Living
Figure 121 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 2 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 122 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 4 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 123 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 6 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 124 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 8 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 125 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 10 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 126 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 12 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 127 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 14 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 128 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 16 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 129 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 18 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 130 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 20 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 131 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 22 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 132 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 24 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
CHANINGING LANDSCAPE The following diagrams show the changing landscape in the valley; Crona and Bunta at various stages of the impoundment fabrications. The land use on the impoundments have not been marked in this on purpose as we want to explore the relations between the land uses in detail. Over the 25 years of operation of the mine, the valley of crona and bunta will be transformed by generation of farming platforms. We have put forward a new approach towards negotiating with waste materials that are inevitable in the process of gold mining. With a study of economics and the social formation of a small town on the brink of retirement, we compiled an alternative to generate a landscape that would aid the survival of the town. However, after looking back at the work with a critical view one can say some aspects were left out. The
analysis and study of the project until now was limited to the fabrication of impoundments, the transport of the material and economic growth that it would bring to the new landscape. We also need to consider the relocation of the people that would move from Rosia Montana town to the valley on the platforms. Most importantly we had to study the social relations between the people who would be using this landscape. For this we need to study the existing farming culture in Romania that would help us relate the sustainable way of mining to the subsistence way of living.
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From Sustainable To Subsistence
Figure 133 - ChangedValley Landscape Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
121 | Subsistence Living
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CHAPTER 11 SUBSISTENCE LIVING As the landscape in the valley regenerates into farming platform, we critically look back at the proposal we introduced. This chapter compiles together a critical review of the progress of the project to date and a timeline that depicts relations between the valley at various scales of sections. In the process of analysing we also revisit some teachings of city planning by different architects, urban planners and philosophers bearing in mind the constant relation to the region. In this chapter we extensively study the farming culture in Romania.
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Figure 134 - Master Timeline Drawing by S.Save
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MASTER TIMELINE
Forever aur is a project intended to create a generative landscape that will be formed while the canadian company continues to extract the gold. The company intends to mine sustainably with the most modern technology and assures to be least impactful to the environment. They will open a total of four pits in a small heritage town of Rosia Montana over 25 years. As these pit open one after the other the people from Rosia will be relocated firstly to the new settlement provided by the company and then to the newly fabricated platforms. The fabricated platforms will serve various industries like farming, pastures and woodland that in turn will benefit the region and various town that fortify the mountains of gold. The impoundments can be studied in cultural and social association through a section, referred to as the valley section. The irrigation and farming culture can be studied in a section at a smaller scale of a single impoundment. The mobility and relation between the farmer and his animals can then be studied at an even smaller detailed section of the family house. In the drawing, an attempt is made to show stages of mines with lineweight, the darkest pit being the first to be mined. Floating above the mines are the houses that are planned to be relocated and the arrows suggest where the families will be relocated. We can observe that the houses in the hills that are farm houses are located in the fabricated landscapes of Crona and Bunta valley. The three sections are the most crucial aspects of the project. The aim is to visualise the project in a series section that would bring together the four major components in designing agrarian society; association, cluster, mobility and identity.
TIMELINE PANEL by S. Save
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Figure 135 - Subsistence Farming in Romania Cross-section of Typical Romania Farmiing Village by Kim Wilkie Diagram modified by S.Save 127 | Subsistence Living
Figure 136 -Sheep Farming in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon
Figure 138 -Farming Village in Romania photo by Kim Wilkie
Figure 137 -Family Farm House in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon
Figure 139 -Pastures in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon
FAMILY FARMING IN ROMANIA Subsistence is an act of maintaining or supporting oneself, especially at a minimal level. Family farming is one of the many ways of subsistence living. Family farming is a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production which is managed and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on family labour. Romania has a total of 3.9 million farm holding, most of which are family farms. Their importance is not only economic but also provide many public goods: sustainable land use, biodiversity conservation and various other environmental, social and economic benefits. In family farming a single farmer produced enough food to sustain himself and his family. He distributes the surplus to his extended family all around Romania and with his neighbors in the village. Family farming thus play a vital role in maintaining social connection and strengthen bonds. Currently family farming contributes to 30% of Romania’s food consumption. The diagram on the left compiles information from the article “family farming in romania� by Nathaniel Page
and Razvan Popa. The cross section of the valley shows the relation between different land uses and how they hold specific place in the valley section. This then helps to realise the farmer and shepherd relations and how the communal pasture system in Romania works. The communal pastures are under the government and a shepherd is elected to take care of all the cattle in the village. These grazing lands are located uphill and animals from the barns in the farm house make their way to the pastoral land on a daily and annual bases. Each individual in this section produces various products like crops, milk, cheese, and alcohol. All the products are then shared with the family in different towns. This diagram also shows the impact of family farms on various regions and ultimately to the nation. The cross-section of the valley also shows how the houses are place in the valley. The street, the house, the barn, the farm and the orchards all align uphill and connect to the pasture lands. The Cross-Section study in the report inspired me to look more in detail at the idea of how a valley section can help me read relations between the landscape and the people. AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 128
FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 130
FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
The beginning of the 19th century saw a major population shift from the countryside to cities. The city became synonymous with bad in modern industrialised life, while the country was seen as its victim. From this notion evolved a myth of a better past, rooted firmly in rural tradition. Within the parameters of this conflict the city was seen as the active and the country, with its economy, as the suffering, passive part. In order to achieve a balance between the country and city and resolve the conflict between the two, many philosophers and planners proposed different solutions.
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FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
In the 1890, Howard proposed his concept of the social city or garden city. He accept that people are attractive to cities and that this pull is inevitable. Howard’s garden city plan consists of smaller cities that surround the main city. Each of these satellite city would have a city centre. Each smaller city is then encircles by a country belt. The core of the cities will be connected by tramways and high speed trains. He also introduced communal land in the centre of the city. Each city would however hold a limited population. Howard believed that the social city is a marriage of city and country as it distributes the inhabitants of an existing big city over a larger area.However the countryside here is lost. No longer is the country made of dispersed villages that are dedicated only to agriculture.
Reference: Image01: Garden City http://urbanplanning.library. cornell.edu/DOCS/howard.htm
This idea of Howard’s garden city thus, put forth the concept of small cluster functioning that would associates to a bigger city or town. a small cluster that is in itself self sufficient and supports the economic growth of the core city and in return contributes to the economic development of the entire region.
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FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
Peter Kropotkins, a Russian-born anarchist, was rather concerned about the economic conditions of industrialised countries. He was struggling to understand the concept of international division of production, where older industrialised countries would gather raw materials and import products from their newly formed colonies. He proposed a return to a self-sufficient combination of agriculture and industrial work, like before the industrial revolution. The essential element of his socioeconomic and political thinking is the socialisation of means of production and consumption. This socioeconomic principle would thus enable both agriculture and industrial production to be decentralised. It would create individual pockets of either factories amidst the fields or small industrial villages.
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FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
Patrick Gedde’s “valley section” was another such attempt to resolve the town and country conflict. This simple diagram does not oppose the two antagonists, but rather unites them in the idea of a valley region. The valley section represents various occupations in the region, like the hunter, sphere, agriculturist, and fisher, each at their proper level. The environment’s physical condition would determine human occupation. This section will help us understand “how far nature can be shown to have determined man.” Gedde’s concept of natural occupations aims at strengthening the argument for the superiority of human corporation. Once man can be classified into a natural occupation, the association between these occupations is easily within reach. The background of the valley shows a town in silhouette, signifying the dimensional relation between the valley and the town. Gedde believed that if each occupation was at its proper level within a section, the associations formed would have economic benefits correlated to the development of the town. He said that the town and village are interdependent: “It takes the whole region to make the city”. After all, the village was the provider of food to the cities. He has also tried to use the valley section concept to develop a city section. As one settlement cannot be related to a natural occupation, a group of social organisations are considered. For example, the house furniture and shipbuilders derive from the woodman and hold the same place in the section as the woodman. The study of a region in the form of a section helps see the relations and associations between people based on their occupations. At the same time, we see the relationship of mankind to its environment. The dimensionality of the section is useful for seeing the effects of the places meant for a particular occupation in a valley , on the city.
Reference: Image01: Valley Section http://marthabianco.com/Courses/gardencity.gif Image02: Valley in the Town https://exhibitions.ed.ac.uk/ record/23153
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FROM VALLEY TO VALUE BY S.SAVE
ARTICLE
Landscape-Urbanism 2015/2017
This articles consists of the various teachings of social philosophies that bring about a political reform in new town planning. The project Forever Aur deals with the re-imagination of waste management and re-generates the landscape in the valley of Bunta and Crona to form farming platforms. This new landscape must hold its roots with the cultural means of farming. We attempt to put together the ideas of agrarianism and the relations between the town and the people through the landscape created.
129 | Subsistence Living
The major extract from the above studies was to realise the theories behind merging a town and village. As the people of Rosia Montana will be relocated from a town to the new landscape of platforms, it was key to realise the associations that are derived from various occupation. The ideas of smaller self sufficient cluster from Howard suggest associations between various clusters and to the main core town. Kropotkin idea of decentralising the production suggest similar ideas of self sufficient villages. these two principles hold root in the farming culture of Romania.
Bibliography: Biopolis : Patrick Geddes and the City of Life / Volker M. Welter./ 2002
Geddes Valley section shows the association not only with the village but also to the city and it influences on the regions economics. This article aims to unite several concepts of the village culture that can be read with the existing culture in Romania.
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CHAPTER 12 VALLEY SECTION In this chapter, we attempt to recreate the section of the valley across the impoundments to see the land use of impoundments in the same order as the section from the “Family Farming in Romania” study and from the “learning of The valley” section by Patrick Geddes. The sections are discussed in multiple dimensions and associations at various depths of the valley. The temporary links of crops and produces and seasonal and annual movements of animals are also used to describe the sections. The chapter concludes with a cartography of a changed land use map of the zonal cartogenesis map from chapter 10.
131 | Valley Section
Figure 140 Pastures in Romania drawing by S.Save
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VALLEY SECTION by S. Save
133 | Valley Section
THE VALLEY SECTION
The valley section is the master drawing for this project. It forms a master drawing that helps to understand better the relations between the different people who will be staying on the new generated landscape. Keeping in mind the existing social, cultural relations and communications of the the locals, the valley section helps use to locate and specify land uses to the platforms that are created. The valley section is a longitudinal section from the top of the mountain to the main existing road in the valley. As we read this section from the top, we see at first the Bio-Lake which is the first impoundment where the tailings from the mines are bought to
be further filtered by algae. This is followed by the woodland impoundment where forest is grown for wood fire. Next comes the pastures that are shared by the people of the village. The farming and pasture impoundments alternate to form smaller clusters. Eg. one pasture impoundment is followed by a farming impoundment forming one cluster. While we move down in the valley we would have another pasture impoundment followed by a farming impoundment forming another cluster. Orchards play an important role in separating the farming and pasture impoundments. This is done so that the animal do not come to the farms while moving between the barn and the pasture land. Orchards act
as buffer to keep the animals from eating the crops that grow on the farm land. In the background of the section we can observe a similar pattern of impoundment land use. The contours help to realise the topography of the region. The old and new roads are marked in the background as well to see the connectivity in the region. Underlying is the plan of the area of study. The symbols at the lower part of the section divide the section into three main land uses as per the economic development study in chapter 9. So we can see the major pastures in the valley will be uphill and the farms will be down hill connecting the impoundments to the main village and road in the valley. AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 134
VALLEY SECTION by S. Save
135 | Valley Section
The multi dimensionality of the section shows relations between the impoundments from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the valley but also the relations of impoundments of in the background. The arrows in different colours link the impoundments of same land use in cross section as well as in the region. The symbols of different produces represent the exchange of good that will be generated in the new landscape of the valley. In the section, one can observe that some impoundments are not filled yet. This is because not all the impoundments will fill all at once. But the planning and placement of impoundments in done so that at the developing stage of the platforms too there will be a balance in the community and relations between the people.
This multi dimensional section not only helps us to see the social relations in a cross section of the valley but also helps us to realise the relations between the farmer, the shepherd, the woodcutter and the tourist that will visit. It not only helps us to understand the road networks for vehicular movement but also to see the animal movement between pastures and farm that will not follow the road networks. Most of all this section depicts the the social and regional exchange and trade of produces of various kinds between the people.
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FARM
PASTURE
HAY MEADOW
RELATIONS
CHANGED LANDUSE MAP The valley section helped to reallocate the land use to an earlier zonal cartogenesis in chapter 10. New associations would be formed between impoundments for efficient subsistence farming. In the cartography only the pastures and the farms are hatched with specific colours to gain importance of the relation between the farmer and the shepherd. The study of the family farming culture in Romania made it more clear of how the communal pasture system works. The major extract from the section was to realise at smaller clusters of communal pasture and farms would work better. Due to the limited area and volume restriction of the impoundment, the farmlands owned by one farmer are spread over 2-3 impoundments. One of these impoundments would host the family house where the farmers family and animals will live. It was important also to realise the pasture too will be spread over several impoundments. And a group of pasture and farm impoundment would form one cluster. The pastures closer to the farm would ideally be for cow grazing. This would be so as the cows move daily from the farm to pasture. The sheeps are kept on the pasture land throughout summer with the shepherd and brought back to the farmland during winter. The hay meadows are usually where grass is grown for use in winter. And it is harvested in november and brought to the houses for the winter.
CHANGED LANDUSE PANEL by S. Save
137 | Valley Section
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CHAPTER 13 IRRIGATION SECTION This chapter talks about the irrigation system that will need to be put in place to ensure well functioning of the subsistence farming platforms. This is required since the natural rain water flow will be disrupted as the impoundments are constructed. This chapter studies the change in flow paths of natural rainwater. We derived a methodology to use the rainwater for irrigation. In the process smaller farming terraces are generated that can host special crops and animals.
139 | Irrigation Section
Figure 140 Irrigation Model
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141 | Irrigation Section
Figure141 Irrigation Study Model Figure 142 Irrigation Study per hectare of a single impoundment S.Save
IRRIGATION PER HECTAR Generating platforms for irrigation is a way to generate employment in the region and to encourage subsistence farming. In the whole process we must pay special attention to the water system used to provide irrigation for these farms. As we are using the slope as a main parameter in the construction of these impoundments we also must use the flow water as a parameter for farming. As we introduce the impoundments in the natural landscape, we change the topography to a more rigid and geometric landscape. This would disrupt the natural flow of water along the slope in the valley. Through a system of canals in the landscape we can redirect the water flow and calculate it per hectare of a single impoundment. This would divide the impoundments into a grid of hectares and help us realise the most easily irrigated and least easily irrigated areas on a particular platform. This exercise was done with the help of a physical model using threading method to depict the flow; both natural and redirected.
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143 | Irrigation Section
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Figure 143 Irrigation Canal
Figure 144 Canal System Between Terraces S.Save
IRRIGATION PATH ON CHANGED LANDUSE This map shows the flow of rainwater from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the valley on the new landscape of impoundments. We can see the natural flow of water in grey underlying the blue flow. The map helps us to read water accumulation in each impoundment. The impoundments are divided in hectares and the number of line depict the accumulation in per hectare. We can see the areas that will be least irrigated by natural flow and the areas that will be most irrigated. Another thing to be considered in the irrigation of the farmlands is the flow of water from the upper impoundment to the lower impoundment. The edge of the impoundments are steep slopes. The water flow in this can be controlled by a series of terraces. The diagram above shows the step terraces and canal system overlaid on the irrigation model. The flow of water is marked with help of arrows. We can now understand that at the edges of each terrace there will be a canal and some terraces can be a horizontal water reservoir. The control of water can be controlled by a series of gates at various points.
IRRIGATION PATH PANEL by S. Save
145 | Irrigation Section
IRRIGATION PATH CHANGED LANDUSE AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 146
IRRIGATION TERRACES SECTION by S. Save
IRRIGATION TERRACES SECTION The terraces sit between the upper impoundment of pasture and the lower impoundment of farmland. The following section we can see that each terrace hosts a canal that would collect the rainwater and store it. This canal is used to distribute the water on the terraces evenly by controlling the slope. These terraces can be used as smaller farmlands as they will be well irrigated. Each terrace can be used for the cultivation of specific crops that require good amount of water. In the section we can observe the various activities that can happen on individual terraces. At the bottom of the section is a rectangle that shows the level of water and the corresponding crops that can be grown on it. Different animals can also stay on the terraces during the summer time. On the top of the section are key plans to locate the canals between the terrace.
147 | Irrigation Section
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CHAPTER 14 MOBILITY Mobility is a key factor in planning. The movement of people and animals is crucial in the functioning of the farms. This chapter talks about the animal movement between pastures and farm. In the process of studying the movement we also consider seasonality of crops and produces.
149 | Mobility
Figure 145 Mobility
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Figure 146 Clustering of Impoundments S.Save Figure 147 Animal and People Diagram S.Save
CLUSTERS The impoundment in the zonal cartogenesis are clusters together in smaller units of functioning. As seen in the above drawing four paster impoundments and two farming impoundments are forming one cluster. The pasture impoundments have an approximate area of 8 hectares and the farmland is 5 hectare. The web depicts the relation between the impoundments. On an average one shepherd will take care of 60 sheep on a land of about 8 hec. He will employ four more shepherds and will keep dogs to help in herding the sheep. While a farmer will employ four more people, mostly family members to farm on a size of about 5 hec. He will keep sheeps, cows, horses and pigs. All of the farmer’s sheep and cows will be taken care of by the shepherd on the communal pasture land. The rest of the animals stay with the farmer all year.
151 | Mobility
Figure 148 Sesonal Mobility Map S.Save
SESONAL MOBILITY MAP The animals need to move between these impoundments during the year. The cows are taken for grazing on the pastures on a daily bases. They go to pastures in the morning and return back to the barn in the family farm house where they are milked. So the cows are usually kept on the pastures closer to the farms. The sheeps are kept on the pastures uphill. The sheep are taken to the pastures at the beginning of summer. The are milked everyday twice by the shepherd. The farmer’s sheep are brought back to the barn in the family farm house during winter. In the map above the movement of animals have been show in both winter and summer. The shortest routes for the animals has been identified and a connection between the impoundments is realised. This connection between the two impoundment should be such that the animals could come to the barn without passing through the farms, as we studies in the cross valley section in family farming diagram in chapter 11.
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Figure 149 Paper Folding Modules on Map S.Save Figure 150 Paper Folding Module and Slope S.Save
SL OP E
PAPER FOLDING MODULE To understand the movement between impoundments various studies of the slope was done. A paper modeling technique was developed to study the slope of the dam with relation to the slope required for easy movement of animals. A paper folded triangular module was created that maintained the angle of the dam wall slope. This module could interlock with each other and generate a sloped surface as that of the dam wall. The inter locking could be vertical as well as horizontal. This would create a dual gradient slope. Then several trials with various combinations of the paper module was made and fit in the existing impoundments as seen in the map above.
153 | Mobility
Figure 151 Ramp Threading Model S.Save
RAMP MODEL The slopes derived were then used to make a dual gradient ramp on the physical model with the help of threading technique. This ramp would provide the necessary link between the pastures and the farmland for easy movement of animals. This ramp can not only be a pathway but also an orchard. The family house can be a part of the ramp.
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The ramp which is created with threading technique also can be connected to the irrigation terraces on the inner sloping side. In the images of the model above we can see how the irrigation terraces and the ramp are built on the farming impoundment. The seasonality diagram helps us to understand the harvesting and sowing of different crops throughout the year. The use of animals is also see in the diagram along with various produces in a year. This study helps us to realize better of how a family farm house is connected to the farm and the orchards. The terraces of irrigation and the slope of the ramp from both constraints and links between the people, animal and the crops. In the part section of the valley, we see the connection between the upper impoundment and the lower impoundment through the ramp, the irrigation terraces and the house. 155 | Mobility
Figure 152 Ramp Threading Model S.Save
Figure 153 Seasonality of Crops S.Save Figure 154 Zoomed Valley Section S.Save
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157 | Mobility
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CHAPTER 15 THE FAMILY FARM HOUSE “Latureni”, means living off the main family cluster. This term is often referred to houses scattered uphill amongst the farms.This chapter bring us down to an architecture scale in this project. After analysing the various elements in planning of a small town, we ultimately focus on the working of a family farm house. The farm house in not just a house where the farmer resides but it’s a space shared by the the people and the animals. At this scale we need mostly to understand the relations between the farmer and the farmland and the farmer and his animals.
159 | Family Farm House
Figure 155 Housing Module S.Save
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THE INCLINED WALLS In 1960’s Claude Parent, a french architect came up with the principle of “function of oblique”. The idea was to tilt the ground in order to challenge the old paradigm of the vertical wall. In fact, being inclined, the wall becomes usable. The angle of the slope was studied so that he human body can experience the slope. Going up would be an effort but coming down would be speedy. This idea was then used to generate a typical module considering the angle of the dam, the height and the convenient slope for walking. The modules were then repeated along the ramp slope, stacked over each other. Some modules were then moved creating gaps, these would act as ventilation spaces for the structure. They are marked in yellow. The grey hatches represent un-usable spaces that are created due to the acute angles. These spaces can be used for circulation within the house. The red arrow represent circulation within the house. In this final section we can see the different spaces created within the house. This house is a modular representation of how the inclined walls that follow the ramp slope can be incorporated in the landscape.
161 | Family Farm House
Figure 156 Housing Module S.Save Figure 157 Function of the Oblique
DAM SLOPE
SINGLE MODULE IRRIGATION TERRACES
LIGHT & VENTILATION
CIRCULATION
Figure 158 Formulation of Housing Module S.Save Figure 159 The House Section S.Save
THE ROMANIAN FAMILY HOME Typical Romanian family houses are made up of a home, separate summer kitchen, the stable, the pigsty and the poultry cage. After studying the layout of a typical home and living in one during our study trip, we have realised the use of spaces and circulation within a house. This section of the house alignes with the slope of the ramp and allows circulation between the ramp and the house at various level. The house levels are also connected to the irrigation terraces to allow access at various level in the house. The interior of the house is usually a open layout without any specific definition of bedroom and living room. This is due to culture, where they believe in living together and sharing spaces. The animal are kept at a lower level in a byre which mean barn in romanian. These byre serve home to sheeps, cows, horses and also host instruments for some other activities like making cheese, jams, alcohol. The section proposed above is a multifunctional house module that can take the shape of the ramp. The house is a connecting factor between the ramp, where the orchards would be, and farms. The circulation would be a play of indoor and outdoor movement bringing together different activities of a farmer and keep rooted with the culture of the village.
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SUMMER SECTION In the summer, most activities on the farm are outdoors. The crops are sown and the irrigation canals are bringing water to the farming terraces. The terraces and the main farmland are full of different crops. The horses is used in the farm and stays outside all day, the chicken run free and the pigs are in the pigsty. The sheep stay with shepherd and the cows stay on the pasture all day and return to the byre before sundown. The farmer uses the summer kitchen the most as he works in the field all day. The section shows circulation within and outside the house.
Figure 160 Summer House Section S.Save
163 | Family Farm House
WINTER SECTION In the winter, most activities are indoors as the canal is frozen and the farm is covered in snow. The crops are harvested and distributed. All the animal are brought to the byre. The animals stay at the lower level. The location of the byre is such that all the heat from the animals in the byre would keep the house warm. During this time, the farmer focuses on making products like cheese, jams, alcohol. These activities are also carried on inside the house, in the basement.
Figure 161 Winter House Section S.Save
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The Romanian farmer provides for his family and his nation. This home is a place where he rests at night and works during the day. The modular housing section ties together the culture and the landscape; the two most important elements in the agrarian way of life.
165 | Family Farm House
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EPILOGUE
Landscape Urbanism explores the emergence of ‘territory’ as a field in design praxis. It not only understands the urban environment as an independent collection of object but rather looks into the landscape as an interconnected series that have implication both on local and global scales. Within this one year we hope to have developed an understanding of the territory and its relation with the living. Through our project ‘FOREVER AUR’ we have put forward a new approach towards negotiating with waste materials that are inevitable in the process of gold mining. The idea of foreverness has been redefined from a mere sense of feeling to a much stronger sense of being. What remains on the earth forever is a notion that is often neglected and the material representation of the same is valued. Through a series of documentation practises we have gained better knowledge of the landscapes consequences that are left behind. Visiting the places where were self experienced the turmoil bought by the activity of retrieving what is nothing more than a chemical element that has been praised and valued since time has known. With a study of economics and the social formation of a small town on the brink of retirement, we compiled an alternative to generate a landscape that would aid the survival of the town. With the application of various tools we developed a series of cartographies that support our research. With use of parameters we defined new ways of tailing management. And with a study of economics both at small and large scale we developed a new co-mining landscape. The study at various scales and the theories of planning a town that retain cultural relation, a series of sections we visualised. The valley section helps to read the relation across the valley at multiple dimension. The irrigation section narrows the scale of relations to crops and water. The mobility of animals reflect on the relation between the people and animals. The various sections help in the formulation of a modular housing system. A master timeline was set to release a new policy of relocation of the people from the old town of Rosia Montana that will be consumed by the mine to the new generated landscape of plantation platforms, supporting the subsistence way of life in Romania. We have put forward a radical research and design proposal in relation to political strategies that will support the new landscape and a overall development of the region surrounding the mountain of gold. But more importantly we challenge how the development of this generative landscape, that starts with a sustainable mining strategy and ends with a subsistence way of life, which has cultural, traditional and economic roots is compared to the cultural, traditional and economic value of aur.
Forever Aur Sypnosis
167 | Epilogue
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WORK CITED Roy, S., Gupta, P. and A Renaldy, T. (2012). Impacts of Gold Mill Tailings Dumps on Agriculture Lands and its Ecological Restoration at Kolar Gold Fields, India. Resources and Environment, 2(1), pp.67-79. 300 Tons of Gold. (2013). [film] Romania: Tibor Kocsis. Roșia Montană, Town on the brink. (2013). [film] Romania: Fabian Daub. Stephenson, N. (1999). Cryptonomicon. New York: Avon Press. Clark, J. (2012). Profiting from Europe’s new Gold Rush. [online] Casey Research. Available at: https://www.caseyresearch.com/articles/profiting-europes-new-gold-rush [Accessed 9 Feb. 2016]. Hernan, C. (2016). Hernan Cortes Quotes. [online] BrainyQuote. Available at: http://www.brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/h/hernancort211093.html, [Accessed 14 Ari. 2016]. Kubach, Charles. “Basics Of An Open Pit Mine”. Mine-engineer.com. N.p., 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. Pyarelal.,. Mahatma Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Pub. House, 1956. Print. Engels, Jon. “Tailings Handling And Storage Techniques”. Tailings Info. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. “INAP: The International Network For Acid Prevention”. INAP. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. “A Project For Romaia”. Gabriel Resources. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016. Dunlop, Tessa. “Rosia Montana And Romania’s Decade-Long ‘Gold War’”. BBC 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2016. Page, Popa. “Family Farming-Fundatia ADEPT Transilbvania”. Web. Oct. 2013
APPENDIX CARTOGRAPHIES
FIGURE LIST
ATLAS - Balkan Gold Atlas Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
Figure 01 - Gold with Sphalerite, Quartz Weinrich Minerals, (n.d.). Gold with Sphalerite, Quartz. [image] Available at: http://www.minfind.com/mineral-176344.html [Accessed 16 Apr. 2016].
SOCIAL FORMATION - Employment Flow Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save
Figure 02 - World’s Gold Statistics Diagram Drawing by S. Save
GEOMORPHOLOGY - Ore Movement Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save SOCIAL FORMATION - Relocation Plan Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save CARTOGENESIS - Regrional Base Drawing by H.Lin Information and labelling by S.Save CAROTOGENESIS - Zonal Drawing by H.Lin MASTER TIMELINE Drawing by S.Save THE VALLEY SECTION Drawing by S.Save CHANGED LANDUSE MAP Drawing by S.Save IRRIGATION PATH PANEL Drawing by S. Save IRRIGATION TERRACES SECTION Drawing by S. Save FOREVER AUR SYPNOSIS Drawing by S.Save
Figure 03 - World’s Gold Drawing by S.Save Figure 04 - Europe’s Gold Drawing by H. Lin Figue 05 - Mine Site SANDFIRE RESOURCES NL, (n.d.). SFR Minesite. [image] Available at: http://www.sandfire.com.au/operations/degrussa/solar-power-project.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Figure 06 - Under-Ground Mine U.S.-Mexico Business Council, (n.d.). Minas. [image] Available at: http://www.usmexico.org/mining/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2016]. Figure 07 - Surface Mine Hoek, E. (n.d.). Practical Rock Engineering. [image] Available at: https://www.rocscience.com/documents/ hoek/corner/Practical-Rock-Engineering-Full-Text.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr. 2016].
Figure 23 - Thickened Tailings End Ecocide on Earth, (2014). Ecocide in Finland – Talvivaara Mine. [image] Available at: https://www. endecocide.org/examples/ [Accessed 24 Apr. 2016]. Figure 24 - Paste Tailings MacLean, A. (2014). Earthen wall to tailing pond. Suncor mining site, Alberta, Canada. [image] Available at: http:// www.greenpeace.org/usa/photos-new-aerial-picturesalberta-tar-sands-mines-show-scope-eerie-destruction/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2016]. Figure 25 - Deposition Tailings MacLean, A. (2014). Alberta Tar Sands. [image] Available at: http://www.alexmaclean.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2016]. Figure 26 - Eurostat 2012 Ec.europa.eu. (n.d.). Home - Eurostat. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat [Accessed 6 Feb. 2016]. modified by H.Lin Figure 27 - Mining Waste Reuse Drawing by H.Lin Figure 28 - Dam Construction and Stages Drawing by S.Save Figure 29 - Reclamation of Tailing Pond Google Earth 7.1. 2011-2013. Rosia Montana, 46°18’8.75”N, 23° 4’27.80”E. [Accessed 11 Mar. 2016]. Available from: http://code.google.com/apis/earth/
Figure 08 - Ore Processing Drawing by H. Lin
Figure 30 - Tailing Drying Stages Drawing by S.Save
Figure 09-11 - Stage 1 to Stage 3 Drawing by H. Lin
Figure 30 - Tailing Drying Stages modified by S.Save
Figure 12 - Journey of Ore Drawing by S. Save
Figure 31 - Gold ring-Forever Mine? Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 13 - Exploding Site for Open-Pit Mining Daily Herald,. Miners Use Explosives To Blast A Section Of The Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi Coal Mine In Tavan Tolgoi, Southern Mongolia. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2016.
Figure 32 - Waste from one Gold Ring Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 14 - Mine Benches Daily Mail,. The Largest North American Landslide EVER That Dropped 165 MILLION Tons More Than Half A Mile Down At Copper Mine In Utah. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. Figure 15 - Mining Waste, Tailing Photo by S. Save Figure 16 - Gold Bullions Reuters,. Smelting. 2015. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. Figure 17 - Tailing Pond Helbig, L. (2015). Three standpipes. [image] Available at: http://www.louishelbig.com/louishelbig.html [Accessed 13 Mar. 2016]. Figure 18 - Type of TMF Drawing by S. Save Figure 19 - Management Method of Tailings modified by S. Save Figure 20 - Impoundment Tailings Todorov, J. (2015). Potash, Utah. [image] Available at: http://www.jassentodorov.com/photography.html [Accessed 16 Mar. 2016]. Figure 21 - Dry Stack Tailings Christoff, S. (2010). Oil Sands Tailings Ponds. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/stefanchristoff/16106690025 [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Figure 22 - Valley Fill Tailings UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, (n.d.). Tailing Dam. [image] Available at: http://arlweb.msha. gov/DamSafety/DamSafetyTechGuidance.asp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2016].
Figure 33 - World’s Gold Drawing by H.Lin Figure 34 - World’s Tailings in the Black Sea Drawing by H.Lin Figure 35 - Samarco’s Germano Tailing Basin THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, (2016). Samarco’s Germano Tailings Basin. [image] Available at: http:// www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-samarco-disaster-mining-dams-grow-to-colossal-heights-and-so-do-therisks-1459782411 [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Figure 36 - Tailing Dam Failure Timeline Drawing by S. Save Figure 37 - 1985, The Val di Stava Dam Collapse July 19, 1985: The Val di Stava dam collapse. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/ history-of-geology/httpblogsscientificamericancomhistory-of-geology20110719july-19-1985-the-val-di-stava-dam-collapse/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016]. Figure 38 - 1998, Los Frailes Dam Collapse The Ajkai Timfoldgyar tailings dam disaster. (2010). [image] Available at: http://www.landslideblog. org/2010/10/ajkai-timfoldgyar-mine-disaster-lessons. html [Accessed 17 Apr. 2016]. Figure 39 - 2010, Ajka Aluminium Dam Collapse Benedikovic, T. (2010). Ajka Aluminium Dam Collapse. [image] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2014/jan/08/devecser-hungary-eco-town [Accessed 18 Mar. 2016]. Figure 40-41 - 2000, Baia Mare Spill Délmagyarország/Karnok Csaba, (2000). Tisza cyanide spill in 2000. [image] Available at: http://www.delmagyar.hu/szeged_hirek/azonnal_olt_a_cian_a_tiszaban/2415983/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2016].
Figure 42 - Case Study - Chelopech, Bulgaria Drawing by H.Lin, S. Save
Figure 66 - Church in Corna Valley Photo by H. Lin
Figure 93 - Impoundments and Slope Drawing by S.Save
Figure 43 - Case Study - Krumovgrad, Bulgaria Drawing by H.Lin, S. Save
Figure 67 - Rosia Montana Banners Photo by H. Lin
Figure 94 - Transforming Landscape Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 44 - Case Study - Skouries, Greece Drawing by H.Lin, S. Save
Figure 68 - Save Rosia Montana Logo Save Rosia Montata,. 2016. Web. 16 Apr. 2016.
Figure 95 - Regional Study Model Model by H.Lin
Figure 45 - Case Study - Rosia Montana, Romania Drawing by H.Lin, S. Save
Figure 69 - Rosia Montana Cave Photo by Y. Cheng
Figure 96 - Regional Development Strategy Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 46 - Sitting in an Old Gallery Photo by Y. Cheng
Figure 70 - Site Visit Plan Drawing by H. Lin
Figure 97 - Sectional Landuse Classification Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 47 - Abandoned Cetate Mine Photo by H.Lin
Figure 71 - Rosia Poieni Open Pit Photo by Y. Cheng
Figure 98 - Drainage Study Model Model by S.Save
Figure 40 - Extracting Ore from Coşarcă Photo from Roman Gallery
Figure 72 - Cattle Farming Photo by Y.Cheng
Figure 99 - Road Organisation and Order Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 47 - Abandoned Cetate Mine Photo by H.Lin
Figure 73 - Horses Photo by H.Lin
Figure 100 - Road Organization and Order Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 48 - Rosia Montana Miners Photo from Roman Gallery
Figure 74 - Backyard Poultry Farming Photo by S.Save
Figure 49 - History Timeline of Rosia Montana by S.Save Figure 50 - Cetate Mine Site Photo by S.Save
Figure 75 - Haystack Dimancescu, D. (n.d.). The art of making a haystack Bran, Romania. [image] Available at: http://www.gobtf. com/innonbalaban/Info/Haystack/HayStacking.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016].
Figure 101 Impoundment Fabrication Study Model Model by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 51 - Project Plan by H.Lin
Figure 76 - Logging Photo by H.Lin
Figure 52 - RMGC Master Plan Drawing Altered by H. Lin
Figure 77 - Sculptures in Eugene’s Farmland Photo by S.Save
Figure 53 - Reclamation Plan Travel Guide Romania, (n.d.). Mining project at Rosia Montana. [image] Available at: http://travelguideromania.com/rosia-montana-cultural-natural-heritage/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016].
Figure 78 - Mining Gallery Photo by H.Lin
Figure 54 - Geamana Village Photo by H. Lin Figure 55 - Geamana Old Church Photo by S. Save Figure 56 - Rosia Poieni Open Pit Photo by H. Lin Figure 57 - Old Town Geamana Geamana – The Village Flooded By A Toxic Lake. Web. 5 Mar. 2016. Figure 58 - Geamana Residents Vogt, David. Moving Mountains, Forsaking People. Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
Figure 79 - Annual Summer Festival We are Fan Fest: A revolutionary festival made in Rosia Montana. (2014). [video] Romania: Salvati Rosia Montana. Figure 80 - Discover Rosia Montata Figure 81 - Made in Rosia Montana Figure 82 - Receipts Figue 83 - Empty Church Photo by S. Save Figue 84 - Dead Town Photo by S.Save Figure 85 - Geamana, The Flooded Town Photo by H.Lin
Figure 59 - Mining Waste Photo by S. Save
Figure 86 - Predicted Tailing Dam Collapse Drawing by H. Lin
Figure 60 - Cetate Open Pit Photo by H. Lin
Figure 87 - Tailing Ponds Study Drawing by S. Save
Figure 61 - Rosia Montana Valley Photo from Roman Gallery
Figure 88 - Flow of Tailing Study Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 62 - Rosia Montana Miners Photo from Roman Gallery
Figure 89 - Co-Mining Landscape Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 63 - International Conflict Map Drawing by S. SAVE
Figure 90 - Emerging Economies Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 64 - Proposed Tailing Disposal site Photo by H.Lin
Figure 91 - Filteration Process Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 65 - Local Conflicts 300 Tons of Gold. (2013). [film] Romania: Tibor Kocsis.
Figure 92 - Economies Drawing by H.Lin
Figure 102 - Methodology Diagram Drawing by H.Lin Figure 103 - Dam Construction Study Model Model by S.Save Figure 104 - Slope Catalogue Drawing by H.Lin Figure 105 - Impoundment Fabrication Drawing by H.Lin Figure 106 - Slope Constraint Model Model by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 107 - Landsize Requirement Catalogue Drawing by H.Lin Figure 108 - Landuse Allocation Drawing by H.Lin Figure 109 - Landsize Requirement Model Model by H.Lin Figure 110 - Impoundment Location Model by H.Lin Figure 112 - Impoundment Location Map Drawing by H.Lin Figure 113 - The Flow of Tailing Drawing by H.Lin Figure 114 - Zonal Cartogenesis Drawing by H.Lin Figure 115 - Change in Landscape Model Model by H.Lin Figure 116 - Regional Development over time Drawing by H.Lin Figure 117 - Zonal Development over time Drawing by H.Lin Figure 118 - Evolution Timeline Drawing by H.Lin Figure 119 - Generative Landscape Drawing by H.Lin Figure 120 - ChangedValley Landscape Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 121 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 2 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 122 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 4 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 123 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 6 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 124 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 8 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 125 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 10 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 126 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 12 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 127 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 14 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 128 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 16 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 129 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 18 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 130 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 20 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 131 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 22 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save Figure 132 - ChangedValley Landscape Year 24 Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 140 - Irrigation Model by S.Save Figure 141- Irrigation Model by S.Save Figure 142 - Irrigation Study per hectare by S.Save Figure 143 - Irrigation Canal [image] Available at: http://www.recolta.eu/ thumbs/640-400-1/2014/01/07/realizarea-canalului-siret-baragan-va-genera-obtinerea-unor-sporuri-de-recolta-de-circa-120-milioane-euro-11561.jpg Figure 144 - Canal System Between Terraces by S.Save Figure 145 - Mobility by S.Save Figure 146 - Clustering of Impoundments by S.Save Figure 147 - Animal and People Diagram by S.Save Figure 148 - Sesonal Mobility Map S.Save Figure 149 - Paper Folding Modules on Map S.Save Figure 150 - Paper Folding Module and Slope S.Save Figure 151 - Ramp Threading Model S.Save Figure 152 - Ramp Threading Model S.Save Figure 153 - Seasonality of Crops S.Save
Figure 133 - ChangedValley Landscape Drawing by H.Lin, S.Save
Figure 154 - Zoomed Valley Section S.Save
Figure 134 - Master Timeline Drawing by S.Save
Figure 155 - Housing Module S.Save
Figure 135 - Subsistence Farming in Romania Cross-section of Typical Romania Farmiing Village by Kim Wilkie [image] Available at: http://ec.europa. eu/agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/consultations/ family-farming/contributions/adept_en.pdf [Accessed Oct. 2013] Diagram modified by S.Save
Figure 156 - Housing Module S.Save Figure 157 - Function of the Oblique [image] Available at: http://boiteaoutils.blogspot. co.uk/2010/09/oblique-function-by-claude-parent-and. html
Figure 136 -Sheep Farming in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon [image] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/consultations/family-farming/contributions/adept_en.pdf
Figure 158 - Formulation of Housing Module S.Save
Figure 137 -Family Farm House in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon [image] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/consultations/family-farming/contributions/adept_en.pdf
Figure 160 - Summer House Section S.Save
Figure 138 -Farming Village in Romania photo by Kim Wilkie [image] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/consultations/family-farming/contributions/adept_en.pdf Figure 139 -Pastures in Romania photo by Bob Gibbon [image] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ agriculture/sites/agriculture/files/consultations/family-farming/contributions/adept_en.pdf
Figure 159 - The House Section S.Save
Figure 161 - Winter House Section S.Save