Facades For The Future - An Architectural Dissertation

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SONIPAT 131001 -HARYANA

DISSERTATION REPORT NOVEMBER 2020

FACADES FOR THE FUTURE

Submitted by:

Guided by:

Shubham Saini (GCAD/16/227)

Dr. Neeraj Gupta 1

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

DECLARATION

I, SHUBHAM SAINI, bearing Roll Number, GCAD/16/227 hereby declare that this dissertation report is entitled on “FACADES FOR THE FURUTURE” is submitted by me, in particular fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits has been given for information from any referred sources.

___________________ (Name of Candidate)

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled “FACADES FOR THE FUTURE”, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of SHUBHAM SAINI, Roll Number GCAD/16/227, who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.

We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.

___________________ (Dr. Neeraj Gupta)

________________ (Ar. Tanushree Dutta)

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DEDICATION

It’s not how it starts, it’s how you finish that’s counts, all of these who made me this much possible is my precious and adorable family; lately I would like to thanks my seniors, friends, and respective teachers who helped me during the course of this study.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I’m elated to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my institution “Gateway College of Architecture and Design, sector 11, Sonipat” for providing me with the great opportunity to write this dissertation on the topic – “Facades for the Future”. I would also like to thank Dr. Neeraj Gupta and Ar. Tanushree Dutta, for their true guidance, prestigious knowledge, corporation, and encouragement they provided throughout the time of the research. I’m extremely grateful for what they have offered me.

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ABSTRACT

A building facade refers to one side, usually the front side of a building structure. It is one of the most very important pieces to the overall design of the structure, as it adds a unique personality and character to it. A building faรงade can be of multiple shapes and sizes, in fact, it is one of those pieces of the structure that provides the designer with the chance to experiment and exhibit their talent and bring their creations to life.

As well as being beautiful, a building faรงade also plays an important role in energy efficiency as well as linking the indoor and outdoor building design. With inventions of new things in materials, ideas, and design, a building facade can unlock a large number of opportunities for buildings.

Moreover, we continuously demand more from the buildings we live and work in whether that's how energy efficient they are, or how well they sit in a certain location, building facades are an important part of this.

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“It doesn’t matter how big the mountain is it cannot block the sun”

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List of contents Abstract

…Page 06

List of figures

…Page 12

CHAPTERS CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION

…Page 18

1.1 Introduction and background 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Significance 1.4 The Central Claim/ Hypothesis 1.5 The Research Questions 1.6 The Aim 1.7 Objectives 1.8 Scope and Limitations 1.9 methodology CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW

…Page 22

2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Categorization of Literature 2.2.1. Cork Facades

2.2.2 Kinetic building Envelope

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2.2.2.1 Kinetic façade configurations as a real-time daylight controller 2.2.2.2 Analyzing kinetic façades systems daylight with various elements 2.2.2.2.1 Abbreviations used 2.2.3 Smog Eating Facades 2.2.4 Green Facades 2.2.4.1 What Plants can be used 2.2.5 Jean Nouvel’s Sydney Tower 2.2.6 Vertical Forest, Nanjing 2.2.7 Bio – based building skin 2.2.7.1 Biomimicking applications and bio inspiration 2.2.8 Jaali System 2.2.9 The world’s largest anamorphic façade, south korea

CHAPTER3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY

…Page 52

3.1 Methods opted for Data/ case Selection and its Justification 3.2 Methods opted for Data Collection and its Justification 3.3 Methods opted for Data Analysis and its Justification 3.4 Advantages and Limitations of the methods adopted CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY

…Page 55

4.1 The case study of Al Bahr Towers (UAE) 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Methodology

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4.1.3 Case study 4.1.4 The envelope 4.1.5 The Automation and adaptations 4.2: Case study on the basic types of movements & types of kinetic systems 4.2.1 Symbols 4.2.1.1 Gardens by the Bay, Singapore 4.2.1.2 Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg Austria 4.2.1.3 Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg Canada 4.2.1.4 LIGO Science Edu. Centre Livingston, Louisiana USA 4.3 Palace Italia: CHAPTER5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

…Page 82

5.1 Purpose 5.2 Design strategies and analysis 5.3 Energy performance, comparative analysis of various facades & limitations 5.3.1 Case 1 5.3.1.1 Comparison 5.3.2 Case 2 5.3.2.1 Comparison 5.3.2.2 Results and Discussion

CHAPTER6: CONCLUSION

…Page 88

6.1 Summary

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6.2 Research Inference and its significance 6.3 The future Research possibilities 6.4 The future Research projects Bibliography

‌Page 91

Plagiarism Check

‌Page 92

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List of figures

Page no.

Figure 1. A Krenzler Haus façade

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Figure 2. The entire exterior of the Korkenzieher Haus or Corkscrew house

10

Figure 3. The Cork Hill House in Portugal,

11

Figure 4. Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria

12

Figure 5. Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria

Figure 6. The Brisbane Airport Terminal

13

14

Figure 7. The Brisbane Airport Terminal

14

Figure 8. The Moving Landscape Ahmedabad

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Figure 9. The Moving Landscape side view

15

Figure 10. office building – view of metal “Feathers”

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Figure 11. office building – view of metal “Feathers”

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Figure 12. Al Bahar, Abu dhabi

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Figure 13. Al Bahar, Abu dhabi star pannels

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Figure 14. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi, modular production steps

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Figure 15. Module Animation steps

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Figure 16. Façade Patterns

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12

Figure 17. Prosolve Smog faรงade by E.E

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Figure 18. Prosolve Smog faรงade by E.E

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Figure 19. Palazzo italia, milan

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Figure 20. Palazzo italia, milan, by nemesi Figure 21. From left to right: green facade, green wall, smart and active

26

27

green wall Figure 22. Heartleaf philodendron, an evergreen plant native to

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southeastern Brazil.

Figure 23. Plants for living walls, such as: heartleaf philodendron

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Figure 24. Sydney tower, vertical gardens

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Figure 25. The western tower

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Figure 26. Tree-covered towers in Nanjing

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Figure 27. Nanjing vertical forest

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Figure 28. Adaptations of plants and their possible implementations in

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faรงade systems Figure 29. 18 Screens house, Lucknow, india

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Figure 30. The largest advertising screen in south Korea

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Figure 31. The largest advertising screen in south Korea

35

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Figure 32. The largest advertising screen in south Korea side view

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Figure 33. The largest advertising screen in south Korea

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Figure 34. (a) Northern façade and (b) south façade of Al Bahar towers with some opened

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and closed shading devices Figure 35. (a) Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open view during non –

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solar periods and (b) a group of fully opened shading devices Figure 36. Detailed 3D model of an individual shading device Figure 37. (a) A close view of the mashrabiya and curtain wall where the strut sleeves penetrates the curtain wall and connect to the main structure and (b) a view out when the

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46

mashrabiya is opened Figure 38. (a) A full- scale prototype of mashrabiya undergoing mechanical testing at

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yunda’s facilities (b) the on-site benchmark for six mashrabiyas

Figure 39. garden bay, bliss morning image

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Figure 40. garden bay, Singapore

49

Figure 41. Shade deployment diagram

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Figure 42. Garden bay structural view

51

Figure 43. Garden bay sun ray’s emission diagram

51

Figure 44. Kiefer Technic Showroom

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Figure 45. Double window panel openings of showroom

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Figure 46. Showroom Plan

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Figure 47. Sun Path Analysis Illustration

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Figure 48. Office by kumabars architects

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Figure 49. Office by kumabars architects wind flow chart and details

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Figure 50. Graphical presentation

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Figure 51. science education department centre

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Figure 52. structural components

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Figure 53. Palace Italia, Milan, Italy

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Figure 54. Sectional detail

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Figure 55. Photocatalytic Reaction Self-cleaning agents

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Figure 56. Arab world institute, established in during the period of 1980 in Paris

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Figure 57. Conversion of Islamic architecture into modern architecture

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Figure 58. Entrance hall of Arab world institute

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Figure 59. Openings of various diameter diaphragms

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Figure 60. Types of polygonal shape used in metal screen

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Figure 61. Ground floor plan

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Figure 62. Roadside view of the institute

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Figure 63. Metal screen mechanism

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Figure 64. Metal screen mechanism

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Figure 65. (A) Mock up mashrabiya in situ, unfolded configuration (B) Closed view of

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mashrabiya panels

Figure 66. Test model using 16-side polygonal openings

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Figure 67. Test model using 8-side polygonal openings

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Figure 68. Test model using 4-side polygonal openings

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Figure 69. Illustration of the opening variations of facade diaphragms.

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Figure 70. Geometric simplification of the aperture mechanisms.

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Figure 71. South faรงade of the simulation model; range of diaphragm model (f)

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Figure 72. Optimal opening factor (f) for the adaptive faรงade diaphragms, in function of the faรงade incident solar radiation and outdoor air temperature levels

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Facades for the Future

1.1 Introduction The exterior surface of a building is referred to as ‘facades’ which plays a vital role in protecting from the weather and interior comfort.

Since, the building envelopes develops both the external and interior environment and acts as a physical barrier to build balanced compatibility with lighting, ventilation, solar heat gain management, thermal load comfort, noise control, design quality, aesthetically appealing.

The efficiency of the facade is measured by its ability to shield from the outdoor adverse effects. So, the facade should be designed in such a manner that achieves the goals and blend with the particular context which is being built.

Further, several advanced strategies are being developed to use the potential of facades as a major energy-saving component to bring out the innovations for upcoming future.

The type of mechanism, device, material the design, and the right implementation of the façade itself are major aspects that figure out the final energy consumption in the building.

Choosing sustainable development materials and items by assessing a few qualities, for example, reuse and reused materials, durability, local production, reasonably cheap materials, high recyclability, toughness, life span. Such items are the advanced assets in conservation and productivity.

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1.2 Definitions 1.2.1. Façade systems: The building envelope elements that provide the weather resistance, thermal and acoustic resistance 1.2.2. Visual comfort: The amount of necessary light and lack of comfort.

1.2.3. Sustainable façade: Environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, based on various scientific principles.

1.2.4. kinetic facades: These are dependent pont he mechanical factor, which can be operate manually or automatically.

1.2.5. Conduction: Heat flows b/w two facade materials in contact with each other.

1.3 Significance In architecture, the facade is one of the building’s most important exterior elements. The facade sets a peak and defines the feel of the function and ambience of overall structure. It can also help to achieve the goals of blending with the context and standing out from the crowd. The facade helps to display the company’s values about trust and transparency.

1.4 Central claim/Hypothesis To understand the various facade systems and to study the components that helps to define the unique architectural aesthetics of the building & also to identify its role to the energy efficiency in the exterior and interior areas of the building.

1.5 Research questions •

How does the design of a facade help in enhancing the efficiency & overall function working of a building?

•

What are the materials used for the facade in energy performance?

•

To what extent can energy be conserved by adopting energy modelling techniques in architecture?

•

How the building envelopes roles as energy efficiency?

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1.6 Aim To research on the evolving technology on facade systems in context of site, climate, and sustainability which allows the building structure to reduce overall energy consumption.

1.7 Objective •

The main objective is to control the both indoor and outdoor environments through a responsive building façade in a ecological manner.

•

To identify the various design techniques and criteria based on the above process.

•

To study in detail about the upcoming facade systems.

•

To identify the amount of daylight available, the occupancy pattern, and the control strategy which can affect all energy.

•

To identify the impact of skins through studying case studies.

•

To understand to upcoming new technology in facade systems.

1.8 Scope and limitations Architectural facades help to promote and improves the energy sector, control of indoor and external environments, based on user interface. Further, taking a glimpse of the future advance skin system which helps to control the entry of air, warmth, cold, and light. Since, a lot of smart cities are evolving and a rapid growth of commercial sector, there is the need of exploring more such new techniques.

This research aims to investigate the issues affecting the selection process of building facade elements such as double skin wall systems and the impact of selection decisions on projects.

There are lot of limitations in response to the Indian and other climate zones and also how to implement this into commercial sector which might increase the cost of the project, so cost factor must have to be considered.

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1.9 Methodology The report will be based on how the facade are helpful in various themes covering strategies creating an ecological balance energy system in the relevance of interior and exterior environment. further, the references will be taken from the research papers and some books based on different skin techniques.

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Chapter 2 2.1 Literature Review The major purpose of this literature is to gather the information regarding the building façades and how they are helpful in developing sustainable ecological environment. This review will help in exploring the various ways that by knowing about the façade system for future generations.

2.2. Classifications in various facade systems 2.2.1 Cork Facades

It has sustainable properties which plays an important role – the façade panels of the house are made of granulated cork waste, which is collected from the cork bottle production process. They are light in weight and easier to transport, the natural resins element creates a natural durable finish for the cork, making it weather resistant without any artificial additives. Further, it has high insulation properties with wood fiber and cellulose insulation material.

Cork Facade have all-natural characteristics and without any additives or any kind of

Figure 1. A Korkenzieher Haus façade

treatment. It's has a great thermal and acoustical properties.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/realestate/building-with-cork-sustainable-architecture.html Photography - Gui Rebelo

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Figure 2. This entire exterior facade of the Corkscrew House, is made up of cork.

This firm designed this cork façade system, for a couple in North London, which also includes green roof with wild flowers and a birch plywood interior, which is shortlisted for a RIBA awards in 2017.

The team had arrived at the material which has some “earthly quality” which helps the structure to blends with the site context team said, that “it offers thermal and acoustic insulation, moreover it is weatherproof which eliminates the seepage or salt flakes on the building façade.

All cork history lead to Portugal, which is having an ancient history of producing cork for so any years, the land in Portugal covers more than 710000 hectares of land.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/realestate/building-with-cork-sustainable-architecture.html Photography - Gui Rebelo

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`

Figure 3. The Cork Hill House in Portugal, the country that supplies half of the world’s cork, was designed by Contaminar Arquitectos to blend into the landscape

This the another example of cork system in which the purpose of the team is to create a "silent house" that didn't hit/effect the environment, the analysis of the project has been concluded that, the team at first meant is to use cork as insulation only later the change their mind they also wanted to use the material for the exterior.

In Portugal, cork is economical as compare to other artificial materials because of its large availability. In other places, cork can be little more expensive, depending on use. The cost of the material is about 30 percent more in comparison with other materials.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/realestate/building-with-cork-sustainable-architecture.html Photography - Gui Rebelo

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2.2.2 Kinetic building Envelopes As technology has moved along and building fronts appearances have changed the role of surrounding conditions. Rather, the latest and the best technology has allowed designers to develop beautiful design and construction of buildings, etc. that responds to more interesting ways than ever.

The front of a building can be used to manage light, air, energy, and even information.

They helps to reduce solar gain and allow the entrance of fresh air into the building, helping to change the interior surrounding conditions. The moving elements of the building can be programmed to respond to extreme weather conditions.

Figure 4. Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria

Enric Ruiz Geli's Media-ICT in almost the same way features screen-like inflatable ETFE cushions that open in the winter to gather solar energy and close during summer to provide shade. Though less immediately movement-related, the front of a building appearance changes at different points in the year to respond effectively according to the surrondings.

https://www.archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture

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Figure 5. Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria

Kiefer Technic are experts in thinking of these mechanical systems. they are the manufacturer of doors and equipment for hospital operation theatres and stainless-steel furniture, Giesbrecht’s solution was too covered the whole southern end of the showroom into a wall of white aluminum louver panels that can automatically open and shut using an electronically-controlled flat left-and-right hinges. The result is a building whose front appearance changes beautifully in a series of concertina folds depending on the light needed things and warmth tolerance of those inside.

In earlier times, building facades were seen as window arrangements and axes. They often featured surface relief with related to designing and constructing marvelous buildings, structures, etc. The ground floor plan contains the greater number of window axes in a room, which is the more important the function of the user.

https://www.archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture

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Figure 6. The Brisbane Airport Terminal

This is an International art-based design which has been announced by their partnership with the Brisbane Airport Corporation (BAC). It is a new Domestic Terminal which has multi-level car parking It in a kinetic public art project which interprets the movement of the wind. The ripple will move as per the flow of the wind which is passing behind more than 220,000 aluminium panels. The play to shade and shadow with kinetic means can be magnificently seen inside the building. This large scale creates a breathtaking experience for

Figure 7. The Brisbane Airport Terminal

the passengers, who are arriving at the terminal.

https://www.archdaily.com/69219/uap-ned-kahn-to-create-kinetic-artwork-for-brisbane-airport ARTWORK TITLE-Turbulent Line

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Figure 8. The Moving Landscape Ahemdabad, by Matharoo Associates

The house is known by the name of Moving landscape which is located near the periphery of the city Ahmedabad in India. It was built for a real-estate developer and his family, and designed in a axis with three symmetrical wings that blends around the surrounding in order to conserve it.

A monolithic 15-foot-tall wall covered instant opens and tells about the interior of the house, changing from a continuous volume into an organized row of panels that rotate around their central axes with the second, glass layer of the envelope. They also provide an abundance of natural light and facilitate natural ventilation and help to bring the light and shadow will be projected on the walls as the sunlight passes Figure 9. The Moving Landscape side view

through the stone faรงade, because of the natural material it blends with site completely.

https://inhabitat.com/massive-stone-walls-rotate-to-bring-natural-light-inside-this-extraordinary-indian-home/

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Figure 10. Office Building – View of Metal “Feathers”

Office Building, designed by JSWD Architekten, which is made up of many metal “feathers” controlled by motors that act as a shading device for the building. At the first look of this building it looks just as regular look like covering a typical box building.

The appearance of the building is special, in that the people of the building can change it to fit new conditions their exposure to the exterior through the mechanics of the front of a building facade system.

Steel kinetic facades are, made of about 280,000 fine stainless steel.

The 3.6-meter-high steel shades which cover around 7500 square meters of the facade surface and rotate around fixed upward and downward axis, controlled by more than a thousand small electric motors

which

give

it

maneuverability of opening and closing.

Figure 11. Office Building – View of Metal “Feathers”

https://arch5541.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/movement-in-architecture/ https://www.jswd-architekten.de/projects/thyssenkrupp-quarter/ Photos: Christian Richters, Günter Wett, Michael Wolff, Thyssenkrupp, Hans Blossey

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The Al Bahar building follows the kinetic faรงade building envelope which controls the solar exposure of the faรงade. It reduces the solar energy entering in the building by the

help

of

open and

close

mechanism it leads to a new innovative manner to improve environmental

performance

by

limiting the energy use. It is also claimed that it is able to save 40 % saving in carbon emissions.

Figure 12. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

The umbrella-like panels open and close in response to the sun's movement,

protecting

building

users from heat and very bright shine, which lowers the need for airconditioning,

and

makes

the

building ecofriendly. The panels themselves are not only enormous it has a star-like pannel design, which relates

the

great

ideas

from

traditional Islamic shading systems, respecting cultural history also.

Figure 13. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi starpannels

https://www.archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture

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2.2.2.1 Kinetic faรงade configurations as a real-time daylight controller Kinetic faรงade arrangements as an ongoing sunlight regulator. Kinetic frameworks can be ordered in programmed and responsive faรงades, which change the setup of their active components with various kinds of developments including fluttering, collapsing, deciphering, pivoting, sliding, scaling, extending and extricating. Since responsive frameworks have abilities to be acclimated to the dynamic light utilizing ongoing shape changes, these frameworks are more widely recommended than programmed cases.

Figure 14. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi, modular production elements

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319306067

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Figure 15. Module Animation steps

Figure 16. Faรงade patterns

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319306067

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2.2.2.2 Analyzing kinetic faรงades systems daylight with various elements

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319306067

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319306067

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2.2.2.2.1 Abbreviations Used

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319306067

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2.2.3 Smog Eating Facades Smog-eating technology is a new developed technology by Elegant Embellishments this technology helps to solve the problems like carbon footprint effects.

This faรงade system is ecofriendly which helps the environment by eliminating the pollutants present in the air the building has a double faรงade, skin of pieces were made up of a lightweight plastic material called Prosolve 370e, which is covered with a very thin layer of titanium dioxide powder.

Figure 17. Prosolve Smog faรงade by E.E

https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/smog-eating-facades-and-the-future-of-our-air-quality/

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Figure 18. Prosolve Smog faรงade by E.E

How it works: a) Sunlight hits a surface treated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is energized by ultraviolet light. b) TiO2 interacts with polluting gases and particulate matter. c) They become less harmful.

In the other terms it can be called as smog eating concrete which works on the principle of chemical reaction i..e photocatalytic concrete uses titanium dioxide (tio2), when it is exposed to sunlight it reacts with it. This chemical has a reaction catalyst which tends to decompose of dirt on the concrete surface and work as self-cleaning agent.

https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/smog-eating-facades-and-the-future-of-our-air-quality/

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The Palazzo Italy, Milan

Architects: Nemesi Design:Nemesi & Partners Figure 19. Palazzo italia, milan

This building works on the same principle as mentioned above. Palazzo Italia, building is 60X60X34 mt, which includes: exhibition spaces, auditorium, delegation spaces, offices, events spaces, meeting spaces, restaurant.

https://inhabitat.com/striking-palazzo-italia-at-the-milan-expo-is-a-smog-eating-machine/ https://www.archdaily.com/630901/italy-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-nemesi?ad_medium=gallery

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Figure 20. Palazzo italia, milan, by nemesi

2,000 tons of active Bio concrete with 700 branched panels 4,000 sqm of sail which have 400 tons of steel. The Active technology takes control of air pollution when the envelope material comes into contact with light, which it then changes into powerless salts, reducing smog levels in the health of the environment. Each outdoor panel of Palace Italia, produced with StylCompound technology, and it itself act as a net-zero energy, the building structure is capable of covering its energy in a self-ruling way.

https://inhabitat.com/striking-palazzo-italia-at-the-milan-expo-is-a-smog-eating-machine/ https://www.archdaily.com/630901/italy-pavilion-milan-expo-2015-nemesi?ad_medium=gallery

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2.2.4 Green Facades Outside green dividers and veneers have been discovered to be energy savvy as their plants lessen the general temperatures of structures when presented to the sun.

Moreover, they also help to reduce the amount of heat during winters, the transpiration (evaporation of water from leaves) process of plants also helps to reduce indoor temperatures, this way also working as an energy cost effective solution. good enough amount of plant matter also helps reduce noise levels.

F i g u r e 2 1 . F r o m l e f t t o r i g h t: g r e e n f a c a d e , g r e e n w a l l , sma r t a n d a c t i v e g r e e n wall

https://www.naava.io/editorial/what-are-green-walls

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2.2.4.1 What plants can be used?

F i g u r e 2 2 . He a r t l e a f p h i l o d e nd r o n , a n e v e r g r e e n p l a n t n a t i v e t o s o u t h e a s t e r n B r a z i l .

The best options for indoor green walls are houseplants are the areas near the Equator/hot and humid plants. Plants generally used for indoor walls do not have to tolerate major temperature changes, though humidity still differs/changes and may cause issues if not here.

When selecting plants for a smart and active green wall, it is necessary to pay extra attention to the strength of the plants. Also, each plant's air purification is taken into the process of carefully thinking about something. Different plants break down different chemicals from the air with the bacteria of their roots.

F igur e 2 3 . P lant s fo r l i ving wall s, su ch a s : h ear tl eaf phi lodend ron

https://www.naava.io/editorial/what-are-green-walls

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2.2.5 Jean Nouvel’s Sydney Tower

French designer/builder Jean Nouvel teamed up with plant scientist Patrick Blanc to create this pair of plantcovered Sydney towers that reflects the light in its lower levels with a huge extruded cantilevered panel of shiny mirrors.

The

building's

façade

features in the one of the tallest green walls in the world designed by Patrick Blanc,

the

self-labeled

"inventor of the up-anddown garden". Spreading over the area of approx 950 square meters, the 21 plantcovered panels are made up of 35 different categories of plants.

The western pinnacle is 84 meters high and takes care

F igur e 2 4 . S ydne y tow e r, ve r ti cal ga rd en s

240 homes, while the 117- contains 383 lofts, incorporating 38 penthouse pads with elite meter-high pinnacle admittance eastern to a 100-meter-high sky garden.

https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/10/one-central-park-sydney-jean-nouvel-vertical-gardens/

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F igur e 2 5 . Th e we s te rn to we r

https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/10/one-central-park-sydney-jean-nouvel-vertical-gardens/

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2.2.6 Vertical Forest, Nanjing

F igur e 2 6 . Tree-covered towers in Nanjing

Italian designer/builder Stefano Boeri has uncovered and shown off plans for a "up-and-down forest" in China, a pair of towers covered with trees and climbing plants in the middle of Nanjing.

More than 1,000 trees, 2,500 down-streaming plants and bushes will line the structure fronts of the Nanjing Up-and-down woodland, which is as of now under development in the city's Pukou District.

The mixed-used development in exchange for services by the state-owned National Investment Group, follows Boeri's past trials of "up-and-down forests" in Milan.

The idea aims to provide sustainable high-density housing and office space in city-based areas, capable of producing oxygen through its plant-covered building fronts. The architect plans to roll the idea out across Chinese cities to help offset environmental pollution.

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/22/stefano-boeri-nanjing-vertical-forest-plant-covered-towers-skyscraper-china/

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F i g u r e 2 7 . Nanjing vertical forest

At the height of 108 meters, the two towers will contain a hotel around 247 suites and at the rooftop it has swimming pool. The 200-metre-tall tower will green faรงade barrier have, architecture school, offices, a museum, and a private club on its roof.

Nanjing Vertical Forest is completed in 2018. https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/22/stefano-boeri-nanjing-vertical-forest-plant-covered-towers-skyscraper-china/

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2.2.7 Bio – based building skin

Plants have been changing and getting better for about 460 million years. Due to constant environmental pressures, they have become very well designed to different conditions The idea is based on the façade system can be modify in the way of innovative thinking State of the Art in Building Building appearances as getting inspiration from plants can be combined together as an excellent function of living things which helps to detect climate change palnts are smart, improved and rich and beautiful solutions to survive, Living organisms use smart, optimized, and elegant solutions to survive, Consequently, plants have developed a tissue with boundary properties subsequent to confronting various endurance challenges (e.g., water misfortune, outrageous temperatures,UV and sunlight based radiations, and parasites)

2.2.7.1 Biomimicking applications and bio inspiration

F i g u r e 2 8 . A d a p t a t i o n s o f p l an t s a n d t h e i r p o s s i b l e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s i n f a ç a d e s y s t e ms

Bio- based building skin by Anna Sandak, Jakub Sandak,

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2.2.8 Jaali System Jaali are the perforated screens for permitting lights and ventilation in the building which has been widely used in India. It is the ancient times shading schemes which is still helpful in many design schemes. As a shading device they vary in different attributes based on pattern and orientations. They were design to tackle the natural conditions and provide internal comfort conditions.

Figure 29. 18 Screens house, Lucknow, india

The jaali can be in a symbolic way be equaled to a shady tree branch, sheltering the person from the sun, creating beautiful patterns of light on the plane. It is a pure poetry of nature. A jaali act as a picture windows having a framing scenery within. They can provide better the study of beauty along with maintaining the view and comfort, better than glass.

http://ijseas.com/volume2/v2i2/ijseas20160211.pdf Photo – Sanjay puri Architects,

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2.2.9 The world’s largest anamorphic façade, south korea A gigantic tank loaded up with slamming waves has showed up among the thick, metropolitan scene of Seoul, South Korea. While it can convincingly pass as a genuine aquarium, the showcase is really an enormous anamorphic figment. Moreover, it is the largest outdoor advertising screen in south korea.

Figure 30. The largest advertising screen in south Korea

Figure 31. The largest advertising screen in south Korea https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/crashing-waves-anamorphic-illusion/

https://designyoutrust.com/2020/05/the-biggest-anamorphic-illusion-in-the-world-has-been-successfully-revealed-on-the-largest-outdoor-advertising-screen-in-south-korea/

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Figure 32. The largest advertising screen in south Korea side view

Figure 33. The largest advertising screen in south Korea

The "aquarium" is determined to the LED faรงade of Seoul's SM Town COEX building, South Korea's biggest advanced board. This is the site of a show and display focus that likewise fills in as a shopping center in the city's Gangnam District. An enormous wave raises up and crashes onto the outside of the screen, giving the dream that water is being contained inside a monster compartment.

Named, "WAVE", the establishment was planned by advanced media innovation organization, district, as a component of their "Public Media Series".

The screen, which gauges around 80 by 20 meters (262 by 66 feet), is a famous stage for brand notices, particularly K-pop substance. The screen's broad arrangement of top-quality brilliant LED shows help makes a brought together and facilitated picture, which is basic in pulling off the slamming wave impact. https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/crashing-waves-anamorphic-illusion/

https://designyoutrust.com/2020/05/the-biggest-anamorphic-illusion-in-the-world-has-been-successfully-revealed-on-the-largest-outdoor-advertising-screen-in-south-korea/

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References 1. What are Kinetic Facades in Architecture?(Article) ArchDaily. What are

kinetic

facdes

<https://www.archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-

facades-in-architecture> ISSN 0719-8884 2. Interactive kinetic façade: Improving visual comfort based on dynamic

daylight and occupant's positions by 2D and 3D shape changes (Article) Author: Seyed Morteza, HosseiniMasiMohammadi, OliviaGuerra-Santin

3. DYNAMIC FACADE (KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM) (Journal) Author: Archetonia 4. MATERIAL STRATEGIES:Innovative Applications in Architecture (Journal)

Author:Blaine Brownell, Material Strategies: Innovative Applications in Architecture(New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012) 5. UAP + Ned Kahn to create kinetic artwork for Brisbane Airport (Article) Author:

Sebastian Jordana. " 6. Massive stone walls rotate to bring natural light inside this extraordinary

Indian home (Article) Author: Lidija Grozdanic 2016 7. Thyssenkrupp quarter Essen, Germany (Article) JSWD Architekten GmbH &

Co. KG 8. Responsive Facade – Dynamic Animation (article) Author: Deepankar

Pahuja.

9. Can smog-eating buildings save your city? (journal) Author: ShareAmerica

U.S. Department.

10. How to Make a Facade with Recycled Materials: 21 Notable Examples

(Article) Author: María Francisca González.

11. Robot-based facade spatial assembly optimization (Article) Author: Ahmed

KhairadeenAliaOne JaeLeebHayubSong 12. Let Your Building "Breathe" With This Pneumatic Façade Technology (Article)

Author: Jan Doroteo

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13. Building covered in smog eating concrete (Article) Author: Trevor English

February 15, 2016 14. Alternative faรงade fronting sustainable and urban change (Journal) Author: wallpaper design.

15. Jaalis: A study on aesthetics and functional aspects in built environment 1

(Article) Author Lakshmi G Kamath , Srinivas 16.Bio based building skin (book) Author: Anna Sandak, Jakub Sandak, Marcin Brzezicki, Andreja Kutnar

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Chapter 3: Methods and Methodology

In this chapter the discussion is all over about the research attempted/refer in this document. It contains an analytical description on various systems on façades. This research will bring the clarity of upcoming façade system for the new era and crystallize all the key components of the mentioned façade modules.

3.1 Methods opted for data/case selection and its justification The methods adopted in the research paper is based on various methods like smog eating, bio based, kinetic, green façade, etc which are being used in the coming future generations and how they are playing their role in achieving the ecological environment.

The analysis of the study is based on referring many articles, journals, etc. and also to comprehend their aspects in different types. So, in this document the various types of façade systems are studied to find out at what point they are ecological and what are there many advantages so that it can be beneficial as a building facade system.

The following mentioned key points are the steps which are being considered while gathering the data: i.

Studying various methods and categories in façade systems.

ii.

Comparing the current and future based technology by the help of contemporary data.

iii.

Making a qualitative analysis on the practicality and is it implementable.

iv.

Understanding the innovation and the techniques which can be easily produce in commercial sector and boom out the ecological factor.

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3.2 Methods opted for Data Collection and its Justification The collection of data is based on the many articles, journals, reports, books, which are so helpful in refining the data this will bring out the clarity on the various topics.

Further, there are many case studies which are based on future façade will bring an exposure on the façade types.

The analysis will be based on considering the applications and their limitations which will clear all the doubts on this topic.

Following are the categorizations which will emphasize the characteristics of the story: Articles: there are various online articles which are helpful in understanding the dynamics of facades systems like: •

Eco – friendly design systems

•

Bio inspiration-based designs

•

Perforated based design

Questionnaires •

How the facades are helpful in creating the ecological/sustainable environment?

•

Are they helpful in leveling down the environmental stress?

•

Can smog-eating buildings save your city?

•

In what manner they are energy efficient design and are they easily available in the commercial market community.

3.3 Methods opted for data analysis and its justification Analysis is done by discussing the methods of façade systems, by various methods which are needed to be understood according to the topic and how it is making relation with the title such as by studying the case study and by which material it is made up of and what is it limitations at what extent it is good data is presented in the manner which will reveals picture on big frame.

The literature and the case study will identify the applicability of this document, which describes the differences of today and future based building appearances.

Below mentioned are some key takeaways which is helpful in collecting the data:

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i.

The computational diagrams will refine the material & design technology after analyzing it to a big extent.

ii.

Many articles were made to find out the user comfort and what shading techniques they have adopted which clears the image.

iii.

The procedure of selecting the data is very specific and well defined.

3.4 Advantages and Limitations of the methods adopted The study is carried through secondary data sources, which helps to frame the information in better way, Further the theoretical data can be analyzed in various case study and literature which will bring clarity to the topic. Lack of primary sources may be seen in the research because of not having the help of many books, magazines due to current crisis situation.

The studies through secondary sources elevates the chances of relatability and enhance the depth of the topic.

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Chapter 4: Case study In this document various case studies have been referred to comprehend the types of facade systems in terms of ecology, energy consumption, mechanism, performance and practicality in detail. The aim was to create a building faรงade which is capable of expressing current values, and also to develop environmental friendliness as a crucial factor in the building.

4.1 The case study of Al Bahr Towers (UAE) )4.1.1

Introduction In a world facing environmental challenges, there is a serious and honest needed thing for building envelopes that respond to atmosphere changes in an ideal way, by in that way giving the best comfort and indoor environment quality, while keeping up high effectiveness Today, there are a various quantity of building facade solutions are available in market.

The decision is how they are designed, operated, maintained, and tested, evaluated remains a challenge.

This case study, tries to provide better understanding of their design process, modeling, and real performance. It will help to determine the profits as well as the challenges seen in clearly stated with respect to energy use, comfort, operation and maintenance.

4.1.2 Methodology The aim of this work is to explain and find out in detail the process of design, construction, and use of a glass faรงade panel of Al Bahr Towers, and to figure out the worth, amount, or quality of its performance.

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4.1.3 Case study Abu Dhabi is the Investment group of people who advise the investment arm of the Government of Abu Dhabi which is responsible for investing in the government's money supplies.

In 2008, the Abu Dhabi Investment group launched an international competition for its new headquarters.

The new headquarters is located on the North Shore of Abu Dhabi Island, toward Sadiyaat island. Subsequently, the task was named Al Bahr, which signifies "the ocean" in Arabic.

Abu Dhabi encounters blistering and muggy atmosphere and extremely radiant days with temperature and moistness arriving at 498C and 100%, during summer aiming to design two famous towers, the design brief called for two 25 story towers to create an outstanding reflecting the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

4.1.4 The envelope The two circular towers are covered with weather-tight glass curtain wall.

The curtain wall consists of unitized panels having a height of 4.2 m and a length approximately of 900- 120 mm. From floor to ceiling, the area of the curtain wall spans around 3.1 m.

The curtain wall is isolated from the development of the concealing framework through a base by methods for development joints.

archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture Photo- Terry Boake

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Figure 34. (a) Northern faรงade and (b) south faรงade of Al Bahar towers with some opened and closed shading devices

The energetic shading system is a screen which is made up of triangular units like origami umbrellas. The triangular units act as single shading devices that folds/unfold at different angles as per the response of the sun's movement in order to block with the direct solar harm radiation.

Each mashrabiya was created as a unitized system, cantilevering around 2.8 m from the first crucial structure.

Shading device system have stainless steel supporting frames channels, aluminium frames, and fiberglass mesh infill. The folding device system changes the screen from a very smooth like pattern to provide shade or light.

Each shading device containsup a series of stretched polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) panels.

When the shading device is closed, people can still see through from inside to the outside.

Each shading device is having a weight of 1.5 tones.

archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture Photo- Terry Boake

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4.1.5 The Automation and adaptations

Figure 35. (a) Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open view during non â&#x20AC;&#x201C; solar periods and (b) a group of fully opened shading devices

The shading screen is mechanically responding to best solar and light conditions. The mashrabiya concealing devices are assembled into parts and are worked through sun watching and following programming that controls the opening and shutting arrangement as per the sun's point.

The mechanical kinetic device is responsible for opening and closing, a pre-programmed software orders the sequence to prevent direct solar radiation. Under such extreme environmental conditions or high wind conditions, a series of sensors are installed on the building envelope which send its logged signals to the control unit and allows it to open all units.

Figure 3 shows an explained 3D model of an individual shading device with the mechanical pushing-pulling device, sleeves, arms, and fabric mesh.

archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture Photo- Terry Boake

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Figure 36. Detailed 3D model of an individual shading device

Figure 37. (a) A close view of the mashrabiya and curtain wall where the strut sleeves penetrates the curtain wall and connect to the main structure and (b) a view out when the mashrabiya is opened

Figure 38. (a) A full- scale prototype of mashrabiya undergoing mechanical testing at yundaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facilities (b) the on-site benchmark for six mashrabiyas

archdaily.com/922930/what-are-kinetic-facades-in-architecture Photo- Terry Boake

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4.2: Case study on the basic types of movements & types of kinetic systems

60 https://www.academia.edu/24258545/FROM_STATIC_TO_KINETIC_The_potential_of_kinetic_fa%C3%A7ades_in_care_hotels

4.2.1 Symbols

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4.2.1.1 Gardens by the Bay, Singapore

Figure 39. garden bay, bliss morning image

Figure 40. garden bay, Singapore

62 https://www.academia.edu/24258545/FROM_STATIC_TO_KINETIC_The_potential_of_kinetic_fa%C3%A7ades_in_care_hotels

Architect: Wilkinson Eyre Year: 2012 Function: Greenhouses Surface: 16.500 m² Type of response: Active Climate type: Hot humid tropical climate (Af)

The envelopes of both natural communities are very important to their success. Both are designed to allow as much light as possible to enter so that the plants within can decorate; the combination of two things gas-electric vehicle structure of a grid shell supported by giant steel arches by doing a big daylight analysis.

Further, with high levels of sunlight comes heat gain and so to lessen the cooling load a shading system will be sent out and used between the arches for use on sunny days. Rolled triangular sails of 8m x 10m will be hidden within the main arch sections and these will unwrap and provide shade.

The choice of glazing is also basic to the facade design: the double-glazed units that enclose the natural communities will have a low-e coating on the inner face.

Figure 41. Shade deployment diagram

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Figure 42. Garden bay structural view

Figure 43. Garden bay sun rayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emission diagram

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4.2.1.2 Kiefer Technic Showroom, Bad Gleichenberg Austria

Architect: Ernst Giselbrecht + Partner ZT GmbH Year: 2007 Function: Office building and showroom Surface: 545 m² Type of response: Active (+human in the loop) Climate type: temperate climate (Cfb)

Figure 44. Kiefer Technic Showroom

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The white panels function as sunscreens that are folding elements made of lots of holes aluminium. The panels are electrically driven. The kinetic facade panels can be changed individually to changing conditions and needs, both automatically or manually.

They can likewise be constrained by advancing programs if users are absent in the rooms behind.

This way it is possible to achieve these new clear and honest building facades and yet still maintain a cosy atmosphere in the rooms.

Furthermore, the structure facades change ceaselessly, every day, every hour shows another "face"

Figure 45. Double window panel openings of showroom

66 https://www.academia.edu/24258545/FROM_STATIC_TO_KINETIC_The_potential_of_kinetic_fa%C3%A7ades_in_care_hotels

Figure 46. Showroom Plan

Figure 47. Sun Path Analysis Illustration

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4.2.1.3 Manitoba Hydro,Winnipeg Canada

Figure 48. Office by kumabars architects

Architect(s): Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects, Smith Carter Architects and engineers Year: 2005 - 2008 (opening 2009) Function: Office and Retail Building Surface: 76.500 m² Type of response: Active Climate type: humid continental climate (Dfb)

The building is a place to display things to people for sustainable planet development and city-based renewal. Received a LEED Platinum certificate in May 2012. 100% fresh air 24 hours a day, year-round, without any concern about having nothing to do with outside temperature and a one-meter-wide double exterior wall biodynamic double façade with computer-controlled motorized vents that change to make better fit new conditions the building's exterior skin throughout the day and evening. also, these elements of design enable to save 70% energy.

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Figure 49. Office by kumabars architects wind flow chart and details 69 https://www.academia.edu/24258545/FROM_STATIC_TO_KINETIC_The_potential_of_kinetic_fa%C3%A7ades_in_care_hotels

Figure 50. Graphical presentation

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4.2.1.4 LIGO Science Edu. Centre Livingston, Louisiana USA

Figure 51. science education department centre

Architect: Shawn Lani, Charles Sowers, and Peter Richards Year: 2006 Function: Science and education centre Surface: 780 m² Type of response: Active Climate type: Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)

71 https://www.academia.edu/24258545/FROM_STATIC_TO_KINETIC_The_potential_of_kinetic_fa%C3%A7ades_in_care_hotels

This component, made out of 122 aluminium tubes sorted out into columns over the southbound active wave activity. The cylinders are attractively coupled and held along a solitary turn around point on the structure and when wind blows over the exterior or when an understudy initiates the component, each cylinder swells as waves move over the essence of the structure.

In this mark show, subjects of the science centre - wave development and spread, gravity significant quality, and light - are communicated in real life. Guests stroll under the attractively coupled wave machine, arriving at more than 30-feet high along the 85-foot-long structure exterior.

The tremendous aluminium poles swinging simply overhead may move in delightful moving wavy examples, or may break into erratic commotion and disarray with a whirlwind.

Figure 52. structural components

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4.3 Palace Italia

Location: Milan Purpose: Institutional Building Designer/builder: Nemesi and Partners Engineer: Proger SpA/BMS Progetti Sr

. Material: Biodynamic concrete panels Climate: Hot - Humid .

Figure 53. Palace Italia, Milan, Italy

Figure 54. Sectional detail

73 https://interestingengineering.com/building-covered-smog-eating-concrete

This building is known as Smog-eating building because of its brilliantly designed sustainable chemical reaction-based faรงade system.

To cover 9000 square meters are of faรงade 900 biodynamic concrete panels are used which has tx Active technology that takes control of air pollution when comes in contact with light which then changes into not moving powerless salt, this way helps in reducing the smog from atmosphere 80% of mortar used is made up from recycled groups, Including scrap from marble quarries that gives more shine than white cement. Each panel is produced with Styl-comp technology.

Figure 55. Photocatalytic Reaction Self-cleaning agents

74 https://interestingengineering.com/building-covered-smog-eating-concrete

4.4 Case study of Arab word institute, Paris, France

Figure 56. Arab world institute, established in during the period of 1980 in Paris

The aluminium and glass sun screen occupy the south faรงade of the building. The faรงade incorporates between 27,000 - 30,000 light sensitive, advanced responsive diaphragms got together in 113 panels and operated on the principle of camera lens.

The gigantic 30 by 80 m facade control the amount of light entering the building. The facades diaphragms give in cooling the whole building and control the amount of light into the building [30, 79-81]. They provide 10 to 30% of daylight into the building and are controlled via an electricity controlled by light sensor.

The advanced responsive metallic sun screen provides both privacy and protection from the sun.

https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/institut-du-monde-arabe/

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Figure 57. Conversion of Islamic architecture into modern architecture

Its appearance is more clearly looks like Islamic architecture in decorative terms. It is made up of many and uniquely measured metallic diaphragms having various diameters in the set of pierced metal borders. The progressions to significantly uncovered inside while remotely an unobtrusive thickness can be observed. This way the whole effect is like a giant Islamic pierced screen.

Figure 58. Entrance hall of Arab world institute

This metallic screen radiates the solar rays and makes the open space into comfort lighting conditions. The floor colour of this area makes the space warmer and more highlighted.

https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/institut-du-monde-arabe/

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The system manages more than 200 light sensitive diaphragms that control the amount of light entering in the building. During the different phases of the lens, a shifting geometric pattern is formed and showed off to people as both light and void. Squares, circles, and ocatgones are produced in a smooth fluid movement as light is controlled together.

Figure 59. Openings of various diameter diaphragms

This metallic screen radiates the solar rays and makes the open space into comfort lighting conditions. The floor colour of this area makes the space warmer and more highlighted.

Figure 60. Types of polygonal shape used in metal screen

Interior spaces are very much changed, along with the exterior appearance. The interior space receives filtered light which makes the inside spaces into interesting playful natural way of light coming in.

https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/institut-du-monde-arabe/

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Figure 61. Ground floor plan

Figure 62. Roadside view of the institute

The curve is designed in such a manner to have clean view of river seine and the Notre Dame.

The building curve is along the side of road.

The Nouvel was able to converted a traditional Arabic element into a new modern design that is emotion of the middle east the use of light as a building block and modifier of space creates a deeper sense of place and improves the overall experience. It continues to serve as a great guiding light and location for the interaction of Arab culture

https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/institut-du-monde-arabe/

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4.4.1 Faรงade detail mechanism

Figure 63. Metal screen mechanism

Figure 64. Metal screen mechanism

https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/institut-du-monde-arabe/

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4.5 Inferences Facades act like barriers between both externally and internally environment. providing building occupants with visual, thermal, and acoustically comfortable spaces. To achieve this high performance designs the designer need a basic approach which depends on many variables like moisture, glare, solar shading, other climatic conditions. This naturally tends to find out the compatible solution for building facade designs.

By studying the above-mentioned faรงade design type will bring the clarity about the various types, mechanism, materials, which helps in developing an innovative concept for the future faรงade design system. It should be observed that creating beautiful facade, not only will give a helpful hit on improving the quality of life, but also gives the sustainable gesture to the environment.

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Chapter 5: Analysis and Discussion 5.1 Purpose: The main purpose of this chapter is to find out the objectives and research questions as we mentioned previously are achieving or not as per the discussions and the relevant topics that we already talked about in this report. All the measures and title comprehension are based on various, articles, reports, and journals which will helps to find out the answers of the questions.

5.2 Design strategies and analysis This chapter contains various design strategies which may very useful for the designer before diving deep into the advance futuristic facade systems, and how it is compatible with respect to the climatic zone, which will help the user to find the multiple optimum solutions.

5.3 Energy performance, limitations and comparative analysis of various facades This study is conducted using all the strategies and considerations as discussed yet now and how they are feasible in terms of energy consumption and climate. By distinguishing the following cases of building facade types as per climatic conditions like the hot and dry summers, cool and humid winters, etc.

5.3.1 Case 1 The first case is to compare the heating and cooling demand for both the climates and how it is fulfilling all the sustainable factors. It is the of kinetic systems-based technology which has some pros and some cons. The Al Bahar Towers are more able to react to the atmospheric conditions the surrounding and have a new and interesting and unusual solution.

5.3.1.1 Comparison The towers are well known for their high-performance design, with about 50% reduction in energy use; this is a large amount of energy savings, especially for tall buildings. The World Trade Centre in Bahrain, which is classified as the same area type, and gained with an effort of 14% reduction in energy by introducing wind turbines.

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Comfort accomplished by the consumption of energy has its money-based and have its own drawbacks in different atmospheric conditions.

In summer, most of the buildings are having appropriate heat and solar protection are easily able to carefully manage the internal loads tends to reduce their cooling load down to 5 kWh/m2/year, while buildings of low-quality environmental are designed to present loads up to 450 kWh/m2/year.

Apart from the thermal aspects, building envelopes should be designed in the most sustainable manner. a variety of measures can be taken towards this, including long lasting materials such as the use of recycled or recyclable facades materials, such as glass, aluminium and steel, are very recyclable. and can be used again in other construction processes.

Figure 65. (A) Mock up mashrabiya in situ, unfolded configuration (B) Closed view of mashrabiya panels

The facades efficiency is significantly dependent on the site and the orientation to the sun, materials and construction methods used in the faรงade the design of high-performance buildings begins with deciding the best shape and placement of the building according to its meant use and other limitations.

The use of glazing on the facades must be improved as much as possible for thermal efficiency lighting, and solar heating. The glazing defines the amount of sunlight that reaches to people living in a building, the amount and type of glaze needed on each face depends on heating and lighting, direction of the sun, and the position of shading elements.

Not enough natural lighting creates a need for artificial lighting fixtures and increases energy costs. In cold environment, not enough solar heating can also increase the air conditioning loads.

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5.3.2 Case 2 In this case the Arab world institute being recognized as an architectural icon, but it is not sustainable entirely. In order to create an analysis an analytical model of the Arab World Institute, would be taken to clear the big picture, test run time increases with the complex difficulty of the model. because of this, it is about simplifying the shape of each diaphragm.

A daylight system control is added to the 3d model, to reduce the use of artificial lighting.

Through this method, daylight luminance levels are measured at a reference point, located in the center of the space at the height of 0.8m. The lighting system is triggered by an illuminance setpoint, activating lighting up/education when measurements drop below 500 lux. The control type is set to 'Continuous Off', meaning that lights switch off completely when the minimum dimming point is reached. As shown in below figures

Figure 66. Test model using 16-side polygonal openings

Figure 67. Test model using 8-side polygonal openings

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Figure 68. Test model using 4-side polygonal openings

Table Simulation with various polygonal refers to the percentile variations b/w the simulation of the model and the ensuring ones.

Figure 69. Illustration of the opening variations of facade diaphragms.

https://www.inesc-id.pt/publications/14261/pdf/

Figure 70. Geometric simplification of the aperture mechanisms.

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Figure 71. South faรงade of the simulation model; range of diaphragm model (f)

5.3.2.1 Comparison In the present case study, we optimized not only the lighting, but also the thermal comfort conditions of the just like the real thing zone. To carry out this job, two sensors are defined, namely the: (1) Faรงade event solar radiation and the outdoor air temperature.

(2) The goal is to find the best value of f, (in other words), the opening level that yields the lowest energy use, for the reporter combination of values formed by the two sensors.

The total energy use for each test run feels close timestep is calculated as the sum of the heating, cooling, and lighting energy use. The heating and cooling energy use is serious and stubborn from the heating and cooling energy needs divided, by a Coefficient of Performance (COP) and an Energy (wasting very little while working or producing something) Ratio (EER). In the present study, COP and EER assume the standard values of 3 and 3.4.

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5.3.2.2 Results and Discussion Figure 6.14 illustrates the results of the performance analysis, overlapped with the resultant control surface for the facades. This surface enables the optimization of the opening factor, as it allows us to figure out which would be the best f value for clearly stated/particular levels of outdoor temperature and event solar radiation on the advance facades.

As expected, the value of f decreases as the outdoor temperature and event solar radiation increase. The location of the site translates into a saturation of higher factors, as temperatures in the area often do not go past 0°C during periods of cold weather.

Figure 72. Optimal opening factor (f) for the adaptive façade diaphragms, in function of the façade incident solar radiation and outdoor air temperature levels

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 6.1 Summary A building façade is the physical interface between the inside and outside environment of the building. Sustainable and kinetic performance facades allow optimal levels of comfort using the least amount of energy, to achieve this high-performance designer, need to consider many variables like climate and climate base design approaches, thermal insulation performance, day lighting, making sustainable material choices, fenestrations, glare, moisture, etc.

Different types of building skins systems exist today and with multiple combination among themselves, the idea is to find out the best solution, only if the ecofriendly features and performance enhancements are the achieving during the design.

The new technologies may be more expensive than conventional ones but they are not only sustainable but they are more commercially viable options as they are high performance façade systems pay offs in the long run.

Looking at the current attempts and theoretical viewpoints regarding the innovated façade the study recommends the smart building facades to become a built part of green buildings for future development of low energy, ultra-low energy in the same way that it is extremely important to fully think about the use of future facades.

It is hoped that it will bring benefits to the community of people from the above & will show themselves in high-quality building envelopes which meet the changing needs of people at the proper money-based cost and with smallest possible whole-life effect on the environment.

Topics covered in this unique and essential document are: ➢ Climate-based design approaches for high-performance building façades. ➢ Basic features of sustainable facades are: energy efficiency, thermal behaviour, and moisture. ➢ Designing for thermal comfort, lighting and glare control, and cooling strategy. ➢ Newly appearing technologies in building facade design, including smart materials, double-skin facades, and facades as energy generators. ➢ The case studies of different buildings and their orientation will describe the optimal design of the façade, sun exposure control, external shading device, etc.

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6.2 Research Inference and its significance Facade performance plays a vital role in the architectural design process to make a balance between aesthetics and thermal energy efficiency as the facade’s for more than 50% of energy use with in a building, significant money-based benefits are attached to considering sustainable practices.

Modern engineers and designers must need to understand this balance, but finding balance between nature and performance can be challenging if there is a lack of awareness or understanding of guidelines that affect these results.

The properties need to be considered during the design process; some design strategies should be developed in order to improve occupants’ comfort with minimum energy use. Reducing the energy use in buildings is one of the crucial ways to reduce humans' overall environmental conditions.

In this study, the idea of future facades in related to the architecture, the building facades, and their relationship to sustain are explained briefly.

There are much more types in façade if we discover and every façade has different features which are designed according to the site aspects, every facades have their unique characteristics which depends on many factors, it can be building orientation, or can be climatic aspect, material properties, active cooling, etc soon more new pro facades will come into the market which are much more efficient and eco-friendly to our precious environment, be the change.

6.3 The future Research possibilities By 2050 it is expected ahead that there will be an extra two billion city residents across the globe and the general agreement is that the sustainability can only be accomplished if both developed and developing countries take the same, or an almost the same, course of action, there must be a common worldwide goal, rather than individual lists of things to deal with, and invention of new things of new energy wasting very little while working or producing something products and optimization of current facade space to create more sustainable buildings.

We also need to prevents problems before they happen protect current built valuable things, transport systems and increase cleverness to support a more helping the planet worldwide future. .

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Without invention of new things of façade materials, improvements in performance, reduction in development costs, ease and speed of application along with more showing the ability to create interesting new things uses of built building facades and space, the desires to do great things of sustainability are reduced-in-value Facades are the vital component in the cases of the external building composition, so it's only logical that this space is effectively used to support sustainable building design, energy savings, money-based independence, reduced pollution and carbon footprint.

6.4 The future Research projects After getting the appropriate knowledge in the field of architectural facades there are much more other ways which are yet to be discovered in the coming future; there are various options for selecting the facades. Some of the estimate ideas are mentioned below: ➢ Recycle ceramic bricks ➢ Recycled shipping containers ➢ Water glass ➢ Air facade ➢ Paper façade panel ➢ Leaf facade Furthermore, there are infinite number of façades which are yet to be discovered.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Interactive kinetic façade: Improving visual comfort based on dynamic daylight and

occupant's positions by 2D and 3D shape changes (Article) Author: Seyed Morteza, HosseiniMasiMohammadi, OliviaGuerra-Santin

2. DYNAMIC FACADE (KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM) (Journal) Author: Archetonia 3. Bio based building skin (book) Author: Anna Sandak, Jakub Sandak, Marcin Brzezicki,

Andreja Kutnar 4. Jaalis: A study on aesthetics and functional aspects in built environment 1

(Article) Author Lakshmi G Kamath , Srinivas 5. How to Make a Facade with Recycled Materials: 21 Notable Examples Written by María Francisca González 6. Innovative ways of facade designing Published by Tejashri Deshpande

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PLAGIARISM REPORT

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