CONSERVATORY GARDEN IN CENTRAL PARK
RESEARCH CATALOG 1989-2018
SITE INFORMATION Location: Central Park at Fifth Ave. and E. 105 St. Hours: daily 8:00am to dusk Garden info: (212) 860-1382 Web site: www.centralparknyc.org Admission fee: no Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4 Subway: 6 to 103rd St. Facilities:wheelchair accessible through the North and South gates; rest rooms, telephone, free public tours on Saturdays(April-October) Best seansons: all seasons
For many New Yorkers, the Conservatory Garden is the most beautiful in Manhattan. A combination of grand gestures and dense, sophisticated planting, it has the manicured and polished look of a great beauty prepared for a ball. In a city that is notoriously tough on itself, these six formal, elegant acres tucked into the northeast corner of Central Park are treated lovingly and respectfully by visitors and remains pristine, clipped, pruned, weeded, and full of vibrant, flourishing plants.
CONSERVATORY GARDEN IN CENTRAL PARK Located at 5th Avenue and 105th street and open daily from 8am until dusk, Conservatory Garden is the only formal garden found in Central Park. The quiet, calm atmosphere of the Garden, free from runners and bicyclists, makes it an ideal spot for both weddings and relaxing afternoon walks. Along with Conservatory Water, Conservatory Garden was opened in 1937 to replace the original but quickly deteriorating structure that had been a part of the Park’s initial plan. The Garden, designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, is composed of six acres of beautiful seasonal plants that are arranged into three styles: English, French, and Italian. Visitors can find their way into the garden by entering through the Vanderbilt Gate, which formerly served as an entrance to the Vanderbilt mansion.
From there, guests can stroll through the magnolia and lilac trees of the English garden, stopping to admire the statue of well-known author Frances Hodgson Burnett. To the north lies the Italian garden, featuring crabapple and yew trees in addition to a large fountain and a wisteria pergola. The French garden offers spring tulips in abundance and contains Walter Schott’s sculpture, Three Dancing Maidens. The Conservatory Garden is that rare achivement, a truly four-season garden. In this winter, snow outlines the hedges and the twisted shapes of the crab apples, highlighting the garden’s elegant bones; in the spring, the garden is unbelievably romantic, with its thousands of flowering bulbs among venerable lilacs and crab apples; in the summer, the perenial borders come into their own; in the fall, when most people assume gardens are finished, the chrysanthemums and the late- blooming annuals put on their spectacular show.
HISTORY
GLASSHOUSES
BUILT IN 1899
The two brick bathrooms at the west end of the Italian Garden were the original bathroom
Historically, this corner of Central Park has always been dedicated to horticulture. The name refers to the glasshouses that were built on the site in 1899 and used for growing flowers and shrubs for city parks. Although the conservatories attracted crowds, thery were too expensive to maintain during the Depression and parks commissioner Robert Moses had them torn down. In their place he commissioned the Conservatory Garden, one of a number of gardens built at this time by the Work Projects Administration.
DEVELOPMENT
ROBERT MOSES
In 1934 the greenhouses, which were extremely expensive to maintain, were torn down by the great builder and destroyer, park commissioner Robert Moses.
GILMORE D. CLARKE
Robert Moses comissioned landscape architects Gilmore D. Clarke and M. Betty Sprout to design the Conservatory Garden. It was completed in 1937 and is the only formal garden within Central Park.
ms within the demolished Conservatory Garden greenhouse.
LYNDEN MILLER
Lynden Miller led the restoration of the Conservatory Garden in 1983, which was then completed in 1987. Diange Schaub has been a long-time garden curatory of the Conservatory Garden
ALAN WEILER
1.5 million dollar was donated to the Central Park Conservancy by Alan Weiler and Joan Arnow, establishing an endowment for the park in 1987.
By the 1960s and 1970s The neglected garden became known as one of the most dangerous areas of Central Park.
DEMOLISHING
DANGEROUS Gilmore D.Clarke was the parks department. The team included noted designer Thomas Drees Price and Clarke’s future wife, M. Betty Sprout, who designed the plantings and went on to work on a number of important projects, including the 1939 World’s Fair.
Like the glasshouses that preceded it, the new garden was both extremely popular with the public and expensive to maintain. By the 1960s and 1970s, funds for maintenace had dwindled and the neglected garden became known as one of the most dangerous areas of Central Park.
BEFORE
1898
1934
...
Large Glass Greenhouses
Torn Down
193
Orig Conservato
37
ginal ory Garden
HISTORY Not until nearly 50 years after its creation did the garden become what it is today. In the late 1970s, attempts were made to breathe new life into it by the Garden Club of America. In the early 1980s, however, the newly formed Central Park Conservancy enlisted the aid of artist and designer Lynden B. Miller, who redesigned and replanted the planting bed; this hugely successful project at the Garden launched her career as a preeminent public garden designer; she remains the garden’s director. In 1987,
1960’S Most Dangerous Spots
its future was ensured by an endowment grant and the establishment of the permanent positions of curator and staff gardeners. The garden is in talented hands. Curator Diane Schrub is in charge of the ongoing evolutin of the garden, keeping it gynamic and current while respecting its historical roots. Assisted by a dedicated staff and group of volunteers, she is continually refining and improving it so that, at all times of the year, visitors experience the ordered serenity of a garden in its prime.
1982 New Conservatory Garden
NOW
...
But in the late 70’s, the Garden Club of raising funds and tending the garden in grant from Rockefeller Center. 1987 - Yesterday, $1.5 million was don by Alan Weiler and Joan Arnow, establi largest donation Central Park has ever r name of the donors’ parents, Doris and
Early New York City projects of the Works Projects Administration program established in 1935 under FDR to create jobs during the great depression.
In the past, each brick bathroom used to have glass tops above.
There was a major tourist attraction. In 1900 alone, more than 600,000 visitors viewed the conservatory’s seasonal plantings.
The conservatory once raised plants for parks throughout the city and, like conservatories throughout the world at a time of great advances in botany and horticulture.
In the late 1960’s and early 70’s, with mone fell into neglect. No one would have been in overgrown with weeds and strewn with refu dangerous spots in Central Park.
The site used to be occupied by complex of large glass greenhouses (1899-1934). But in 1934 the greenhouses, which were extremely expensive to maintain, were torn down by that great builder and destroyer, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses. Then the original conservatory garden was designed by Gilmore Clarke & M. Betty Sprout in 1937.
BEFORE
1898
1934
......
Large Glass Greenhouses
Torn Down
1_GardenGuide-NYC-Conservatory 2_ GARDEN IN CENTRAL PARK IS REBORN AFTER NEGLECT - The New York Times
19
Orig Conservato
f America’s New York chapter began n 1982, work began in earnest with a
nated to the Central Park Conservancy ishing an endowment for the park. The received, the money was given in the Jack Weiler. High style mixed planting was the first to bring estate garden style to urban parks. The Garden, designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, is composed of six acres of beautiful seasonal plants that are arranged into three styles: English, French, and Italian.
Ornate Wrought Iron gate, not part of original plan, was donated a few years later by the Vanderbilt Family. The Vanderbilt Gate people entering through is formerly served as an entrance to the Vanderbilt mansion.
ey from the city scarce, the garden n the garden five years ago, when, use, it was named one of the most
937
ginal ory Garden
Conservatory Garden is the only formal garden found in Central Park now. The quiet, calm atmosphere of the Garden, free from runners and bicyclists, makes it an ideal spot for both weddings and relaxing afternoon walks.
Restored and partially replanted under the direction of horticulturist and urban landscape designer Lynden Millerin 1982. Betty Sprout divided the Conservatory into three sections
1960’s~ 1970’s
Most Dangerous Spots
1982
New Conservatory Garden
NOW
......
THE CENTRAL GARDEN
The Vanderbilt Gates The Vanderbilt Gates were gifted to the Conservatory Gardens in 1939. They were formerly the gates to Cornellius Vanderbilt II’s mansion on W 57th Street and 5th Avenue. They were forged in Paris and installed at the Mansion in 1893. From the gilded, ornate entrance gates that once belonged to the Vanderbilt mansion at 58th Street and Fifth Avenue.
Past Time The gates to Cornellius Vanderbilt II’s mansion on W 57th Street and 5th Avenue
Nowadays The gates to the Conservatory Gardens at Fifth Ave. and E. 105 St.
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WHOLE GARDEN From the gilded, ornate entrance gates that once belonged to the Vanderbilt mansion at 58th Street and Fifth Avenue, the visitor looks down on the Italian-style Central Garden, a sweeping half-acre of lawn surrounded by clipped yew hedges and flanked by two dramatic crab apple allees. These crab apples were brought down the Hudson River in full bloom in 1937, and each year garden visitors look forward to the pale pink and raspberry display in late April/early May. The rest of the year their gnarled forms and romantic aspect are a favorite of phVotographers and painters.
Directly across the lawn from the gates, alternating tiers of yew and spireahedges around to an imposing wrougt-iron pergola covered in lavender Chinese wisteria. The dark green of the yew subtly contrasts with the light yellow-green of the spirea,
creating a pleasing striped effect as the eye travels upward. In early spring, the frothy white flowers of the spirea and the white and yellow narcissus on the slope beyond are among the earliest signals that the garden is beginning to come into bloom. The
wooded hill behind the pergola rises another 20 feet, a wild green backdrop to the tailored scene. At the foot of the hedges, a single jet fountain provides a favorite spot for wedding pictures. On June weekends, the garden hosts up to 25 ceremonies a day.
REPLANT FLOWERS MANY TIMES IN ONE YEAR The northern, French-style garden showcases parterres of germander and spectacular seasonal displays of spring tulips, and Korean chrysanthemums in autumn, all within an ellipse of Japanese holly. Symmetrical in style, the French Garden seeks to impose order on nature. This part of the garden is inspired by formal French garden design, although it resembles more the simple Hotel de Ville than the elaborate Versailles. The scrolls of the central decorative flower beds are laid out in germander, surrounded by blue pansies followed by red alternanthera. The focus is the lighthearted Untermyer Fountain of Three Dancing Maidens. Partially surrounding the beds is a spirea hedge--the same spirea that is used in the Central Garden and in a less controlled form in the woodland adjacent to the
South Garden. Encircling the parterre are the sloping beds, with pergolas of climbing Silver Moon roses arching over the wide steps. The beds are planted with 21,000 tulips, a stunning sight in early spring; each year, they are laid out in a different pattern. In the fall, the glowing colors of 2,000 Korean chrysanthemums--not the usual tight pompoms but a single, loose-petaled varietyshown in a mix of pale yellows, pinks, and russets--last well into November.
sculptor: Walter Schott, circa 1910
Schott was also the sculptor around 1910 of the Three Dancing Maidens, the beautiful bronze sculpture that Samuel Untermyer bought on a trip to Berlin. It first stood in the main entrance fountain at Greystone, his mansion in Yonkers. After his death, his children gave it to the City of New York in 1947, and it is a highlight of the Conservatory Garden in Central Park.
THE NORTH GARDEN
The northern, Frenchstyle garden showcases parterres of germander and spectacular seasonal displays of spring tulips, and Korean chry-
santhemums in autumn, all within an ellipse of Japanese holly. In the center is the charming
Three Dancing Maidens fountain by German sculptor, Walter Schott. Magnatur? Am in eatia suntemo derum est rent, es doluptate.
THE SOUTH GARDEN The Secret Garden Although each of the Conservatory Garden’s three gardens has its virtues and delights, to the gardener, the mixed shrub and herbaceous borders of the South Garden are its true heart. Originally planted in a formal layout with large shrubs and bedded-out flowers, the South Garden is now anything but a typical municipal garden. Its English style is by turns energetic, romantic, and calm, displaying an extensive range of plant material unequaled anywhere else in Manhattan, At its center is the Secret Garden, a small garden room with a fountain depicting Mary and Dickon from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s children’s classic The Secret Garden. It is sculptor Bessie Potter Vonnoh’s lovely Frances Hodgson Burnett Memorial Fountain, a tribute to the author of the children’s book. The children — a girl and a boy, said to depict Mary and Dickon, the main characters from the classic — stand at one end of a small water lily pool.
sculptor: Bessie Potter Vonnoh 1926-1936
To the south is the very intimate English-style garden. There are five mixed borders of trees, shrubs and perennial plants, and five seasonal beds featuring spring bulbs that are followed by annual flower displays. A slope of woodland plants lines the western edge of this garden. English gardens can be characterized by a feeling of abundance, whether it be tree species, shrubbery, or flower type. The Conservatory Garden exudes characteristics of abundance, exurberance, and a jumbled look which is reminiscent of the cottage style garden.
“ The park is a great background for any New York engagement photos and they definitely cater to New York weddings as well. When we walked in, the cherry blossoms were blooming, the tulips were reaching for the sun, the grass was green, and of course there were people everywhere! “ ------------ Bridegroom & Bride
MIGRATION TENDENCY In late fall, the trees are fi lled with American Robin, Gray Catbird, and huge fl ocks of Cedar Waxwing devouring the fruit. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds can often be found feeding on various fl owers in both the spring and fall. In the fall and winter the crab apple trees begin fruiting and turn into a feeding ground for birds. The rows of crab apple trees directly adjacent to the Italian Garden lawn bloom a white fl ower, while the outer rows bloom a pink flower.
A PLACE TO READ... A PLACE TO FEED... American Robins eat insects, worms and fruits. When the climate cools down and the ground gets cold, they switch their diet to fruits. (3) The rows of crab apple trees directly adjacent to the Italian Garden lawn bloom a white fl ower, while the outer rows bloom a pink fl ower In the fall and winter the crab apple trees begin fruiting and turn into a feeding ground for birds In urban areas, Cedar Waxwing rely heavily on ornamental fruiting trees - e.g. crab apples, hawthorn, fi rethorn, peppertree, and mountain ash (3) Ruby Throated Hummingbirds Migrate from northern breeding areas to winter along the western Gulf Coast south through Central America (3) Gray Catbirds Migrates between breeding grounds in North America and wintering areas in the se. U.S. and the Neotropics. (3)
CRAB APPLE TREES
MIGRATION
The 44 crab apple trees on either end of the Italiannate garden were not planted on site. They were raised in Newburgh, New York and transported to the Conservatory Garden via barge down the Hudson River “One day 13 years ago, I met a 75-year-old woman who, as a
bride looking out the window of her apartment on Riverside Drive in the spring of 1937, had seen the young trees, in full bloom,  oating down the Hudson River on barges. They were destined for their permanent Manhattan home after a happy sapplinghood in upstate New York.
NEWJERSY
“ We were bewildered when we saw those barges,’’ she recalled. ‘’I was actually quite upset about someone having cut down little trees. Then I read in the paper the next day that they were going to be planted here. And as you see, it all worked out.’’ 1.
“Their distinctive multi-stemmed branching form is perhaps as stunning as the tree in fl ower, yet if you plant a crabapple tree today, chances are that it won’t develop into one of the beauties of yore. That is because nurseries tend to train them to have a single stem with higher branches.” 2.
MONEY CIRCULATION
BEHIND FLOWERS In 1967 David Cheever, a graduate student in horticulture at Colorado State University, wrote a term paper titled “Bogotá, Colombia as a CutFlower Exporter for World Markets.” The paper suggested that the savanna near Colombia’s capital was an ideal place to grow flowers to sell in the United States. The savanna is a high plain fanning out from the Andean foothills, about 8,700 feet above sea level and 320 miles north of the Equator, and close to both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Those circumstances, Cheever
wrote, create a pleasant climate with little temperature variation and consistent light, about 12 hours per day year-round—ideal for a crop that must always be available. A former lakebed, the savanna also has dense, clay-rich soil and networks of wetlands, tributaries and waterfalls left after the lake receded 100,000 years ago. And, Cheever noted, Bogotá was just a three-hour flight from Miami—closer to East Coast customers than California, the center of the U.S. flower industry.
Cartagenita is a neighborhood in Facatativá, a city of about 120,000 people and one of Colombia’s largest flower hubs. Only a few of Cartagenita’s streets are paved, and the homes are connected like town houses but without any plan, so one sometimes stands taller or shorter than the next. The barrio ends abruptly after a few blocks at open pasture. Aidé Silva, a flower worker and union leader, moved there 20 years ago. “I’ve got a house here. My husband built it,” she told me. “He worked at Floramérica, and in the afternoons and when Sunday came everybody worked building that little house.”
Erosion is the process by which the land surface is worn away by the action of wind, water, ice, or just t h e sl ow pu l l of gravity. Eroding soi ls may sound li ke a triv iality, but such action ultimately fills in creeks and lakes. Water-generated e r o s i o n i s unquestionably the most damag ing . Every time it rains, exposed soils are detached and transpor te d
by runoff. Such erosion is not only an eyesore, but creates a negative environmental impact on the local streams, rivers, and lakes inundating them with silts and sands. Stream bottoms fill, destroying natural habitat and reducing the volume of water a stream can carry. This filling also leads to upstream properties being inundated by flood waters and eventually impacts drinking water reservoir capacities. Treatments to eliminate sediments carry high costs, all of which are passed onto the consumer. Therefore enforcement to minimize these impacts falls under the purview of the Public Works Department.
PROBLEM IN WHERE FLOWERS GROW AND SHOW PROBLEM IN LABOR PROBLEM PROBLEM IN WATER AND SOIL LOSS PROBLEM IN MONEY WASTE
Shipping of flowers need consumption of oil and other energy. Oil; Keeping flowers alive; Flowers die during shipping. Planting of Relying on human being to feed and water flowers.hugh amount f lowers in de veloping countries causes water and soil erosion and sandinization. Transnation companies grow flowers in developing countries. They may hire children and theyV pay workers with low wages.
ARTIFICIAL CONSERVATORY GAREN The diverse visual nature of the Conservatory Garden can be attributed to its use of a variety of annuals and perennials. Annuals are plants that sprout, flower, seed, and die all in one year. Perennials are plants that can live for many years or many centuries, depending on the species. Perennial plants do not need to be replanted every year, which eliminates the task of replanting every year. Perennials are able to grow during warm weather and go dormant and stop growth during the winter months. (1)
“Every year in the Conservatory Garden an ornamental garden located in the north end of the park - we plant about 21,000 tulip bulbs in four beds during the fall for a dazzling spring display. At the end of the tulip flowering in late spring, the bulbs are removed and chrysanthemums are planted in their place.� (5)
CHRYSANTHEMUM CYCLE LATE SPRING PLANTING ONE YEAR TWICE TRANSFORMATION
TULIP CYCLE FALL PLANTING
The insect as much as the gardener plays a role in the continuity of life in the Conservatory Garden. As bees feed off of the nectar from the stamen of plants, the pollen is rubbed against there bodies. They then fly to another plant and the pollen rubs off on the pistil of the plant. This contributes to the reproduction of these plants.
Since additional plants may grow, the gardeners can either move the flowers to another bed or they can give them away.
First: Verbena bonariensis, a perennial that leaves a tall, skinny impression because of its narrow dark green leaves and the little hats of pinkish-lavender flowers that top off the slender five-foot stems. The bees were in love with this plant. They’d balance on top of the clusters, grab the little florets with their legs and stick their probiscuses down the nectary tubes with an absorption that was truly enviable. Sometimes they’d take a break long enough to clean their noses off -- then back for more they’d go. They were all covered with yellow pollen, but who worries about being neat and tidy during an orgy? “This verbena is a tender perennial, but it self-seeds in the spring,” Ms. Price said. “So you just move it where you want it and pull the rest out or give plants away, because it’ll take over the whole garden.” It blooms from mid-July through October, she said, especially if you cut off the spent blossoms so you have a progression of blooms. If it gets mildew, just cut it way back, and it will grow right back up. (1)
Flowers provide bees with nectar and pollen, which worker bees collect to feed their entire colonies. Bees provide flowers with the means to reproduce, by spreading pollen from flower to flower in a process called pollination. Without pollination, plants cannot create seeds. Flowers benefit bees by providing them with all the food their colonies need, to survive. Bees feed on the nectar and pollen of flowers. Nectar is a sweet liquid substance that flowers produce specifically to attract bees, birds and other animals. Bees benefit flowering plants by helping the plants reproduce, via pollination. Because plants cannot seek out mates the way animals do, they must rely on outside agents, called vectors, to move their genetic material from one plant to another. Such vectors include bees, certain birds and wind.
FLOWER CHANGE COLORS
NO BEES, NO FOOD BELIEVE IT OR NOT, YOU HAVE A BEE TO THANK FOR EVERY ONE IN THREE BITES OF FOOD YOU EAT. BEE IS SO IMPORTANT Honey bees — wild and domestic — perform about 80 percent of all pollination worldwide. A single bee colony can pollinate 300 million flowers each day. Grains are primarily pollinated by the wind, but fruits, nuts and vegetables are pollinated by bees. Seventy out of the top 100 human fo o d crops — which supply about 90 percent of the world’s nutrition — are pollinated by bees. Bees are some of the hardest working creatures on the planet, and because of their laborious work ethic, we owe many thanks to this amazing yet often under appreciated insect. Our lives – and the world as a whole – would be a much different place if bees didn’t exist. To illustrate this fact, consider these numbers: bees are responsible for pollinating about one-sixth of the flowering plant species worldwide and approximately 400 different agricultural types of plant. Honeybees and the other pollinators and the invaluable pollinating services they provide us with helped produce approximately $19 billion worth of agricultural crops in the U.S. alone in 2010; that’s estimated to be one-third of everything we eat! The other animal pollinators such as bats, moths, butterflies, hummingbirds, ants, and beetles contributed to an estimated $10 billion in 2010! To say we rely on the pollination efforts of bees (and other animals) to sustain our modern food system is an understatement.
BEE IS DECLINE M i l l i on s of b e e s a re d y i n g of f , w it h a l a r m i n g consequences for our environment and our food supply. We rely on bees to pollinate everything from almonds to strawberries to the alfalfa used to feed dairy cows. What happens if the bees disappear? It’s simple: No bees, no food. Bees, and other pollinators, play an outsized role in the global agriculture industry. According to a 2016 United Nations report, pollinators drive up to almost 600 billion dollars a year in income globally. But these tiny workers are in trouble. The UN report suggests that roughly two out of five invertebrate pollinators, including bees, are threatened by extinction. As Ricketts and his collaborators reported, models of wild bee abundance show declines of roughly 23 percent across the contiguous U.S. from 2008 to 2013. Bees face a perfect storm of pressures, reports Charlie Wood for the Christian Science Monitor. Among these challenges are changes in land use, the rise in monocrop agriculture, pesticide use, invasive species, diseases and climate change, according to the UN report. These many factors may also play into colony collapse disorder— which is when the worker bees suddenly disappear from the hive, abandoning queen and nurse bees.
BEE VISION HUMAN REFLECTION Bee clever will use recycled material, including waste plastic fished from the sea, to act as a symbol for the compant's "Message in our Bottle" compaign.
SPEC TRUM
Bee clever will use recycled material, including waste plastic fished from the sea, to act as a symbol for the compant's "Message in our Bottle" compaign.
Flower Type
V
PESTICIDE
BEE BUG
SQUARREL
ANIMAL BIRD
BUTTER FLY
COLORF FLOWE
REPLANT FLOWERS
IN
SLEEPING
PLAYING
VISITING PHOTO GRAPHING SKATING
ACTI VITY READING
WEDD ING
FUL ER
LABOR
LOW SALARY
OUT WATER AND SOIL LOSS ILLEGAL CHILDREN LABOR
WOMEN HARRASS MENT
COLOR - ATTRACTION CONSERVATORY GARDEN 1. THE CONSERVATORY GARDEN IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:ENGLISH GARDEN, FRENCH GARDEN, ITALY GARDEN 2. MUTIPLE COLOFUL FLOWERS IN GARDEN ATTRACT PEOPLE TO COME HERE, ESPECIALLY WHO WANT TO HOLD WEDDINGS. 3. HERE COLOFUL FLOWERS ALSO ATTRACT INSECTS AND ANIMALS SUCH AS BEES AND BIRDS. 4. MOST FLOWERS ARE IMPORTED FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIESF: 1）RELATED TO LABOR IUUSES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2) RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 5. FLOWERS HERE ARE PLANTED BY HUMANS: 1) RELATED TO LABOR HERE 2) FLOWERS ARE CHANGED AND REPLANTED DEPENDING ON SEASONS.
DUMPS
AXON - BEFORE
English gardens can be characterized by a feeling of abundance, whether it be tree sp Conservatory Garden exudes characteristic exurberance, and a jumbled look which is re
N
pecies, shrubbery, or flower type. The cs of abundance, eminiscent of the cottage style garden.
The northern, French-style garden showcases parterres of germander and spectacular seasonal displays of spring tulips, and Korean chrysanthemums in autumn, all within an ellipse of Japanese holly. In the center is the charming Three Dancing Maidens fountain by German sculptor, Walter Schott.
The Italianate center garden is composed of a large lawn surrounded by yew hedges and is bordered by two exquisite allées of springblooming pink and white crabapple trees. A 12-foot high jet fountain plays on the western end of the lawn, backed by tiered hedges and stairs that lead up to a wisteria pergola.
SEXTUAL HARASSMENT FROM MALE BOSSES LONG HOUR WORK WITHOUT BREADCHILDREN WORK 46 HOURS PER WORK CHEMICAL THINGS DAMAGE HEALTH
NEW BURGH
AXON - AFTER
PURPLE
" COLOR IS THE METHOD, ATTRACTION IS THE RESULT "