PROJECT PROCESS JOURNAL
SHIFTING THE PARADIGM OF AGEING Group Project: Studio 2
Shweta Manikshetti M.Des. Design Innovation and Citizenship Glasgow School of Art, 2014
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Studio 2 Design Innovation and Citizenship
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CONTENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Project brief Mapping assumptions and observations. Initial pathways Deciding project scope Desk Research Engagement (tools, talks) Insights Concept generation Final concept
Reflection
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The Social Body Project Introduction The ‘Shifting the paradigm of ageing’ project was assigned to the Design Innovation Masters Programme 2013-2014, students as a studio 2 group project. The groups were formed by the specialist pathways. Citizenship My specialist pathway being citizenship, I was a part of the Ageing and Citizenship’ group. We focused on the social, political and politically psychological areas of ageing. Elio Caccavale was our project head. Ian Grout guided us as our specialist tutor. Our group members were : Sneha Raman, Zane Gray, Gillian Duffy, Christopher Strachen, Shweta Manikshetti
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The Social Body Project : Understanding brief and scope
Context : With the advancement and developments in the 21st Century, there is a shift in the paradigm of ageing. Increased Longevity Improved health Old people con no more be considered as a dependent part of society. For surviving and engaging in a new evolving social, cultural and economical society, its time to consider new definitions of , Ageing’ Work and Retirement Education Leisure Chronological benchmarks
Project Brief : Design feasible ‘ageing future’ scenarios, to keep the rapidly ageing population active in society. Explore process of ageing Investigate standard norms of ageing Explore new possibilities Promote intergenerational mixing Capitalize on the experience and knowledge. Aesthetic of ageing Combating negatives stereotypes of ageing
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Old Age Observation Workshop As an observation assignment, we were asked to observe senior citizens in public spaces and sketch their behavior and other observations. The public space that I chose was bus stops, streets around the Subway station. I saw old people who were: Tired but focused Lively and energetic Expressive Expressionless Poised Carefree, not aware of their surroundings These observations led me to believe that it is difficult to generalize opinions about the whole old group. Old age means differently to every individual.
Each person is different and his life at any given stage depends on the individual circumstance he has gone through.
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Mapping : Understandings, Assumptions
This sketch shows, life was a journey in a long tunnel, with a start and an end, the base was a path, to move forward, with bright and dark sides of life walking with you and the open roof for unknown possibilities. The culmination of the tunnel is where the bright side appears brighter and the dark appears darker, by the wisdom gained. The idea of how a person will be remembered after death also sinks in, and that is the extended life. Darker footprints: Consciousness about your deeds and behavior increases .
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Ageing? WHAT IS AGEING Changes and process of change in Self.
Changes in conventions of society.
PHYSICAL PHYCOLOGICAL SOCIAL
BIOLOGICAL CULTURAL SOCIETAL
Ageing is a continuous process of multidimensional change in humans. It is an important part of human societies as it not only signifies biological, but also cultural and societal conventions. Ageing has been a major object of research and concern In recent times. I would now describe it in various contexts.
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Desk Research: Understanding Ageing
Ageing in different Contexts Population Ageing Population ageing is a growth in older population. It is caused by Migration, longer life expectancy, decreased birth rate. The various impacts on society include differences in young and old increasing, young committing more crimes, adopting new technology fighting for a change. Older people have different requirements from younger people, differing values as well, for property and pension rights. Older people are more likely to vote, hence have more political influence. Ageing society Ageing has conflicting views in society. By some, it is seen as an undesirable phenomenon, losing beauty and so on. By others it is seen as an accumulation of wisdom, status worthy of respect. Ageing and Healthcare Owing to the population ageing, there are growing concerns about increase in health-care demands and health—care expense. More older population also means shortage of healthcare workers. In terms of care, older people rely, more on care homes than their own homes. A counter theory also suggests that the impact of ageing population on healthcare costs is not inevitable and that recent spending has increased more because of by rising incomes, costly new medical technology, a shortage of health care workers; than the increasing demand of older populations.
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Ageing Europe Ageing in UK , Europe
Greying of Europe By 2020, 14% decrease in work force, 7%decrease in consumer population Decline in rate of population growth Government considering to allow more migration to prevent labor shortage Immigration leads to ethnic conflict.
Ageing Economy
More older people retiring More health related costs Pension liabilities Japanese view on greying population, - shift focus from GDP to personal well being.
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Desk Research: Understanding Ageing
Theories on Ageing Disengagement Theory The disengagement theory suggests that separation of older people from active roles in society is appropriate and benefits society and individuals. The research also suggests that most of the people who disengage themselves in later life are usually reclusive in their initial young lives as well. Their disengagement has nothing to do with ageing.
Activity Theory The activity theory implies that the more active people keep themselves in their older lives, the more satisfied they are. However, this might not work for some other people as it depends upon both, circumstances and personality traits of the individual concerned.
Continuity Theory The continuity theory states that ageing people are inclined to maintain their same habits, personalities, work that they developed in earlier years. It suggests that people try to adapt to new things in order to continue doing what they did in the past. This contributes to well being in later life.
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Ageing Factors Micro Themes After initial desk research, we found some interesting themes which had potential for research and interventions.
Culture Older people resist the change younger generation try to bring in a cultural context. There are differing values in different generations. The values of cultural society are diminishing.
Politics The grey vote is considered very important, as older people are more active voters than the young. Hence, the older demographic is said to have more political influence.
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Desk Research: Themes
Time Time in ageing is considered to limit, because of the idea of mortality. It also signifies growth. This growth with accumulation of wisdom and experience show productivity.
Self With age, health needs more attention. Health issues on a larger scale also affect the economic system. Our economic and social systems must be such that will provide well-being as people age. The values of different age groups which are learned and practiced throughout a life time, are different and causes clashes. Ageing is also considered to be an individual phenomenon, which depends on every individual and his identity.
Society Old age distances people from activities in society. They are segregated. Some views consider old people to be a burden on society. Lack of respect in youngsters. Society looks at old as outdated.
Media The commercials on beauty creams and anti wrinkle lotions create a hype about ‘younger looking skin’. This brings in the idea that old skin is ugly.
Consumerism 
Economic burden
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Ageing Factors Macro Care homes Care homes are the support systems for the elder people. Quality : The inmates often confront problems due to highly institutionalized, depersonalized and bureaucratic atmosphere in Old Age Homes. They face problems of adjustment with tight and rigid schedule, total or near total separation from the family/social milieu, anxiety over entrusting oneself to a new environment, diminished physical capacity and very close and frequent encounters with death and ailments in the institution. To deal with this, health and care services started being underpinned by values such as respect, reliability and reassurance. Where trust is present, the person receiving the support does not feel disempowered or de-humanised as a result. The quality of the service is as important including staff skills; time given; flexibility and sensitivity. Cost : Due to the increase in ageing population, the load on care service has increased considerably. Concerns about the capability of care system to cope with this are being raised by governments.
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Desk Research: Themes
Economy Population ageing is likely to influence patterns of health care spending in both developed and developing countries in the decades to come. In developed countries, where acute care and institutional long-term care services are widely available, the use of medical care services by adults rises with age, and per capita expenditures on health care are relatively high among older age groups. Accordingly, the rising proportion of older people is placing upward pressure on overall health care spending in the developed world, although other factors such as income growth and advances in the technological capabilities of medicine generally play a much larger role. A large proportion of health care costs associated with advancing age are incurred in the year or so before death. As more people survive to increasingly older ages, the high cost of prolonging life is shifted to ever-older ages.
Communities Communities form an important part in the process of ageing. Communities promote intergenerational mixing, discussions, togetherness. They some how support and sustain lonely people, whether young or old. Everyday interactions with others, such as conversations struck up in shops or on buses can contribute to a sense of being connected with others and the outside world. Current services often struggle to engage with the community network around the older person. For many older people it is the community (friends, social networks and neighbors) who are their key support network, rather than more traditional voluntary sector organizations. When this informal community network breaks down is when problems arise most rapidly.
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Probable
Futures Technology Study of present and future scenarios To base the project in future, it is important to study the scenario it would be based in. I personally felt that studying the emergence of technology was essential, as it is literally taking over a large number of fields. I have described briefly ahead, health and currency care to currency.
Health and Technology The advancement of bio-technology increased life expectancy in humans. Rapid development in medicine and cure of diseases, is leading to extended life spans. Bionics is helping disabled people to overcome and perform despite their ailments. Scientists say immortality is not far from achieving. Designer babies, organ transplants, robots for comfort, care and communicating with autistic children, there is a solution for almost all ailments But how far should we take it?
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Desk Research: Themes
Technology—Effects on people The impact of technology on our social, mental, physical and environmental health can be devastating if we don’t keep ourselves in check. Many people are involved in an abundant number of relationships through technology, but sometimes the quantity of these associations leaves people feeling qualitatively empty. Obviously, technology has had a profound impact on what it means to be social.
Technology and social behavior Society is likely on the cusp of a social revolution, during which it will be important to redefine socially appropriate and acceptable behaviors with regard to digital or virtual interaction. Critical thought needs to be given to understand new social realities created by technology and what those realities mean for the individual and society.
Neo-Luddism Neo– Luddism is a philosophy which opposes many forms of modern technology. Its principles are against technology, destructive to communities, short term efficiency of mass produced technology which is political and aimed at profits. It suggests that critics need to look at the wider social, economic and ecological implications of technological systems. The modern Neo-Luddite movement has connections with the anti-globalization movement, anarcho-primitivism, radical environmentalism and Deep Ecology.
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Probable
Futures Community Study of present and future scenarios Gardens and allotments Community Gardens and allotments have brought in an awareness of healthy eating and growing habits. They also add a social value to gardening activity. Ill effects of mass produced fruits, ready to eat meals and take aways have become well known. People have started campaigning against them by having their own fruit and vegetable gardens. Voluntary food organizations, activists such as guerilla gardening in some parts of USA, are successfully spreading awareness about the self sustenance. Future might bring more sustainable food habits. Community activities bring people from different age groups, ethnic groups together.
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Desk Research: Themes
Supermarkets and charity shops As supermarkets have taken over small businesses in local settlements, the community life in these areas has been affected badly. The globalization and commercialization of places has led to lessened sense of community. Tesco, for instance has been criticized for harming communities.
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Probable
Futures Economy Study of probable future scenarios Money and Technology Money is a technology. From beads to gold, it has changed shape, and from changing hands to routing data, its transfer has accelerated, expanded & multiplied. The internet has unlocked vast networks, new behaviors and inventive systems that are redefining the concept of value. Today, this technology is changing societies concept of power and how it is held. Internet born currencies have become free agents operating at high speeds without any regards to existing laws or powers. Th e power is constantly shifting between institutions, networks and individuals.
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Desk Research: Themes
Attention economics With the persistence of internet, the attention of an individual is becoming a scarce and increasingly valuable commodity. When attention is paid, given, taken or transacted, it becomes influence, which then develops as capital. Social media has developed the first mechanism of quantifying it, e. tweets, likes, comments, reblogs etc. ‘Timebanking’ is a means of capitalizing people.
Reputation Economics The reputation of an individual or an institution can be measured and assessed easily online through social media. It provides more context for decision making. This creates accountability and transparency, and ultimately drives institutions or individuals to be good. ‘Klout’ measures accountability of individuals.
Digital currencies In normal banking systems, the value of money is chipped away by several middlemen before it gets to the end user. Digital currencies are powered by the network, they are peer—peer and frictionless. Cryptocurrencies rely on cryptography and proof of work scheme. They are fully transparent, traceable and anonymous. ‘Bitcoin is the first practical implementation of cryptocurrency.
As the definition of money becomes more expansive, it is not only creating more wealth but creating more opportunities for people to contribute and benefit from communities. This means massive shift in power and paradigms.
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Research Question
How do political, economic and cultural ideologies influence our understanding of ageing and citizenship?
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Project Scope : Research Question
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Project Scope Defining Ageing, Citizenship and ideology for project.
Ageing 1. Citizenship is the membership of a nation state. 2. It is inalienable. 3. Citizenship provides an individual with a set of rights and restrictions specific to that state. 4. It entails responsibility and duty of some description. 5. Must exist in a democratic model that promotes liberty and equality. 6. It is acquired by birth or by qualification through value of the individual/time spent in the country.
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Project Scope : Research Question
Citizenship 1. Citizenship is the membership of a nation state. 2. It is inalienable. 3. Citizenship provides an individual with a set of rights and restrictions specific to that state. 4. It entails responsibility and duty of some description. 5. Must exist in a democratic model that promotes liberty and equality. 6. It is acquired by birth or by qualification through value of the individual/time spent in the country.
Ideology 1. Citizenship is the membership of a nation state. 2. It is inalienable. 3. Citizenship provides an individual with a set of rights and restrictions specific to that state. 4. It entails responsibility and duty of some description. 5. Must exist in a democratic model that promotes liberty and equality. 6. It is acquired by birth or by qualification through value of the individual/time spent in the country.
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Ageing The accumulation of changes in a person over time.
Defining Ageing Ageing is an inevitable part of life that we all go through. We are therefore not focusing on “old age� but on how the experience and expectations of ageing varies depending on certain factors. For instance, your age, gender, economic status, occupation, location, religion, can influence your fears and anxieties about growing older, as well as what you might be looking forward to.
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Project Scope : Research Question
Gender and Ageing For instance, Susan Sontag described the “Double Standard of Ageing� between men and woman, which she describes as evident in the fact that men have two standards of beauty, the boy and the man. Men are seen to become wiser, more experienced and more powerful. Woman, on the other hand, described as only having beauty of youth. This double standard is well represented in the mythology of the wicked witch and the wise wizard.
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Citizenship the rights and duties afforded to the citizens of a given state Defining Citizenship Although citizenship is a contested term, we started by trying to form a technical definition of citizenship. 1. Citizenship is the membership of a nation state. 2. It is inalienable. 3. Citizenship provides an individual with a set of rights and restrictions specific to that state. 4. It entails responsibility and duty of some description. 5. Must exist in a democratic model that promotes liberty and equality. 6. It is acquired by birth or by qualification through value of the individual/time spent in the country.
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Project Scope : Research Question
Crisis of Citizenship In the UK, however, and throughout many western democratic societies traditional forms of political participation, such as voting or joining a political party, are in decline. In the 2001 election only 59 percent of the population turned out to vote. This has led some to say that we are currently facing a “crisis of citizenship” as we are becoming less politically active and engaged. Furthermore not only are we becoming less trusting of political representatives and institutions, we are not trusted by governments to make important decisions, thus reducing our role as a citizen to “a voter, job holder, taxpayer and rule observer”.
Consumer or Citizens? By typing citizen into Google images it is photos of a high consumerist object, the wristwatch, which dominates. We feel this is representative of the trend in society that we, and the government, appear to value our rights as consumers over our responsibilities as citizens.
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Ideology The conscious and subconscious belief that inform all behavior and perception.
Defining Ideology We found it almost impossible to consider ageing and citizenship without considering the influence that ideologies play. So it is important to define what we mean by ideology. We tend to look at the current political ideologies on a spectrum from left to right. The role of ideology, however, is not so easy to define and we feel the left right spectrum is an over simplification.
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Project Scope : Research Question
This is a still from the film from They Live (1988)by John Carpenter where the protagonist John Nada finds glasses that, when put on, show the pervasiveness of ideology in our society.
Ideologies are part of the framework that determines how we make sense of the world and, therefore, how we live our lives. They do not do this objectively and an ideology is not something that we can switch off. They act as the glasses through which the apparent chaos of the world is put into focus.
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to what extent does ideology influence the current paradigm Defining Ideology Political, economic and cultural ideologies play an important role in structure of society. Those who refer to the increasingly older demographic as an inevitable catastrophe which state and society is unable to deal with are generally neo-liberals or libertarians. The ideological argument, therefore, is that the state should not try to help people in their old age through social welfare as this will lead to intergenerational conflict between the younger working generation and the older retired generation.
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Research Rationale
Objective of Engagement Ageing 1. How do people respond to the process of ageing as individuals? 2. How does ageing change outlook, and how does outlook change ageing? 3. Can the current model of ageing be improved?
Citizenship 1. What do people think of their roles as citizens? 2. Do people value their rights as consumers over their responsibilities as citizens? 3. To what extent are UK citizens ‘active’ citizens?
Ideology 1. How do ideologies affect the concept of citizenship, and the ageing process?
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Engagement Tools In order to answer our research questions we developed engagement tools to use during our meetings with research participants. We were conscious that our engagement tools were designed to be specific to the context in which they were being used
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Engagements
In order to answer our research questions we developed engagement tools to use during our meetings with research participants. We were conscious that our engagement tools were designed to be specific to the context in which they were being used 1, Firsty, the engagement tools were act as provocations. That is, ageing and citizenship are not issues that most people think about every day. They were not, therefore, to be used merely for documentation but to make people think about the fact that they are getting older and that they have certain rights and responsibilities as citizens. 2, Secondly, not only were they to make people think about ageing and citizenship, they were supposed to challenge pre-conceived ideas and in someway make people think about how ideology influences our understanding of these issues. 3, Thirdly, Our engagements were to be discussions and debates, leading to greater insight and understanding of the issues than a quickly jotted down answer would be. Therefore one of the main aims of the engagement tools was that they would lead to further discussion and debate between participants and us.
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Milestones timeline. Our timeline engagement tool was used to make people consider the important moments in their life and when they think is a good age to die. After completing this engagement tool and making them think about their lives milestones we challenge them with the provocation argued by clinical psychologist Meg Jay that 80% of you life’s most defining moments happen by the age of 35.
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Engagements Tool
Provocation cards We have also used provocation slides or cards to trigger contention and debate around what it is that our participants, and society value most, and whether the dominance of neo-liberalism has led to a wealth driven society.
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Research Participants
Traditional Community
Specialists / Academics
Alternative Community
Participants Our research participants included people from various age groups and social groups from the traditional community. We also wanted to talk to specialists to understand what are the existing frameworks on citizenship and ageing. We also wanted to find out how alternative communities view the current ageing paradigm and idea of citizenship. By discussing these issues with these groups we learnt insights which helped us to reconsider ageing and citizenship.
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Engagements : Participants
Politician : Sandra White, MSP, SNP Sandra White who is SNP MSP for the Glasgow Kelvin constituency and Cross Party Convener for the Committee on Old Age, Age and Ageing.
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Academic Kevin Francis – lecturer in political theory at the University of Glasgow. Kevin teaches the Citizenship and democracy honours module and also has an interest in the problems of liberalism.
We disappear old people by putting them in care homes. Citizenship is considered as rights more than responsibilities. Short termism in political ideologies, does not benefit.
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Engagements : Participants
Family The Avern Family - a family of 7 from ages 23 to 85, we will go into a bit more detail on our engagement with this family later.
Being alone is the worst thing Education is the only solution Pensions last you longer in your later life, beauty doesn’t
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Anarchist : Faslane peace camp
Against destructive technology Disbelief in government and ideologies People need to learn the basic means of survival. We are too dependent on government.
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Engagements : Participants
Alison Goring Alison Goring 55- worked for many years as a freelance and assistant director in film and television.
Ageing gracefully ‘I am my body’ the importance to beauty Witnessing deterioration.
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Emmanuelle Tulle Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Glasgow Caledonian University, who specializes in “understanding and theorizing how older people make sense of and manage the process of bodily ageing from a cultural perspective�.
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Importance of consuming for identity and autonomy.
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Engagements : Participants
Findhorn We spoke to two people at the Findhorn Foundation, which is a spiritual and ecological community in the North of Scotland.
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No concept of retirement, people pass from one stage to another. Celebrating life before death.
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Findings
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Define : Findings
Major findings from our engagements and desk research are as follows.
1 events earlier in life influence the way that people age
2 consumption is needed for basic requirements such as expression and acceptance
3 people want to be more engaged in politics but do not feel able to
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Insights After considering the themes and findings from research participants and desk research, we came up with numerous concepts on different insights. I will focus on the selected one, which we later developed.
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Develop : Concept Development.
Insight:
What if..
Findhorn - More im-
...the transition from citizen in training to adult citizen could be made more significant?
portance given to the transition from childhood to adulthood Kevin Francis - deliberative juries Pete: Why should I vote if I don’t believe in the system I vote for? So, why should I do that? Emmanulle Tulle - the importance of consumerism for individual identity and autonomy
...people had real political power to make a difference?
...consumerism was not a bad thing
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Final Concept
what if‌ 1. ...consumption was not seen as being opposed to political action, but as a civic duty? How can this be used to impact positively on the experience of ageing?
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Develop : Concept Development.
what if‌ 2. ...citizens were consciously educated on citizenship? What if they knew their responsibilities and could consciously contribute to the development of their community, region, or state?
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Final Concept Basic Idea ďƒ
To cultivate in citizens, a sense of responsibility towards their city and state. To educate them on how their vote and effort matters.
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To make people consume responsibly, in this consumerist society. To help people calculate and decide how they can consume for the well being of themselves and their surroundings.
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Develop : Concept Development.
Celebration of a certain age which acts as a thresh hold to become responsible, to win a right to vote.
Sustainable, responsible, purchase and consumption of goods, food stuff, etc.
Both of the above tied into a different type of ideology, the deliberative democracy.
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Deliberative
Deliberative democracy is where decisions are taken by deliberation. It adopts elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule.
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Develop : Concept Development.
Democracy.
It entails citizenship participation, consideration of arguments, informed decisions. It would increase power of citizens, equality, trust. The decisions would be evidence based rather than based on prejudice.
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Coming of Age : Citizenship Camp What is it? A training camp Aim : To teach young adults the important aspects of being active members of deliberative democracy.
Who and When? Students pass out of school at 15. After the final year at school, they would attend this camp. Reward on completion : The students completing the camp, would earn a right to vote, they can participate in discussions. They would also get an adult passport, which signifies their informed citizenship.
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Concept Development : Citizenship Camp
TRANSITIONAL CITIZENSHIP 1 Education is important for participation in a democracy 2 provide opportunities to become more politically engaged 3 create a sense of civic collaboration
D.A.R.C.I The key objectives of this camp is to give the individual the opportunity and experience of: - Deliberation By deliberating together the children will learn the power of democratic discussion and debate, where all opinions are valid and recognized. - Autonomy - Responsibility - Collaboration & - Initiative
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Conscious Consumption : A value system What is it? A new currency which runs parallel with the transaction of money. Aim : To show people how much of sustainable and nonsustainable material they use, which can save or harm environment. To enable them to understand and moniter their expense by their wish. How does it work? All goods sold or purchased have points. These points directly go on the buyers account. You gain points on buying orgaic food, recycling, using public transport, etc. you lose
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Concept Development : Conscious Consumers
points on buying fuel, meat, plastic, water bottles, etc. Thus your consumption is recorded. The points which thus accumulate would be transformed into pension at retirement. The minimum and maximum pension you get is the amount specified by the government. Finally, you get rewarded on how responsibly you have consumed. Reward A person earning maximum positive points gets awarded as the citizen of the season. This is done every four months, hence seasons. He is awarded a certificate and gets be the face of bill boards.
1 consumption is a duty of citizens 2 there are implications for good and bad consumption 3 consumption must be sustainable
This system would be called the Mickle system, based on the Scottish proverb, ‘Many a mickle maks a muckle’.
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The website shows how you have consumed throughout the month or past.
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Concept Development : Conscious Consumers
Mickle System The graph shows your points accumulation. The lower graph shows how well you are doings and how much pension would you receive at this pace.
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The webpage shows points fo other people in your group, or local community..
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Concept Development : Conscious Consumers
Mickle System The billboard showing citizen of the season, thus bringing it into the community and raising interest.
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Reflection ‘The Social Body project’ in Design Innovation and citizenship opened new dimensions for me. I studied how politics affects everything we do How communities react to the policies, either comply or defy. How the anti government organizations find solutions for or fight against specific problems. How tied we are in the consumerist framework.
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Things I’ve learned
My personal desk research was aimed more towards overuse and misuse of technology to counter research from stage1 which was using communication technology to its fullest. I found how inter related technology and technological development, depended upon politics and ideologies too. Field research consisted of meeting alternative communities and reading about them, which I found was absolutely rich experience. It is important to actually visit and experience rather than just read about groups like, the Faslane peace camp, findhorn, etc This project has helped in personal growth. Exposed to yet stronger group mates than the previous semester. Thus helped in improving discussions and putting our ideas forward. Showed the importance of experience and field research Introduced to practical politics Widened the sphere of observation on pressing issues of the period, and how important it is to consider them. Our tutors, Elio Caccavale and Ian Grout have directed us beautifully throughout the project. I have been uncertain about my ideas befitting this context, but by constant push and support from these tutors, I have learned to put my thoughts forward and strengthen them as well.
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This project was completed under the guidance of Elio Caccavale and Ian Grout. Group members: Shweta Manikshetti, Sneha Raman, Gillian Duffy, Chris Strachen, Zane Gray.
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Project Process Journal
Shweta Manikshetti M.Des. Design Innovation and Citizenship Glasgow School of Art, 2014
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