Celebrating Waste: Eco-Centre, Mumbai

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I By: Shweta Sundar School of PLanning and Architecture New Delhi

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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

DECLAR ATION The research work embodied in thesis titled “Eco Center� has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the undergraduate program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi - 110002, India under the supervision of Mr. Amit Hajela and Mr. Rahul B. Singh.

The undersigned hereby declared that this is her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

_____________ Shweta Sundar A/2468/2012

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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled “Eco Center� has been submitted by Shweta Sundar and is a artial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Furthermore, it certifies that to the best of our knowledge the work reported herein does not form any part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occassion on this or any other candidate.

This thesis was carried out during the months of January to May 2017, the 10th Semester in the Department of Architecture of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. Thereafter, based on the declation by the candidate, the thesis was placed in front of an external jury held on the 24th and 25th of May 2017. On successful completition of the Jury process and the report in all respects including the last chapter by the candidate, we provisionally accept the Thesis report and forward the same to the Studio director.

_______________________________

__________________________

Ar. Rahoul B. Singh (Research Guide)

Dr. Amit Hajela (Thesis Guide)

On the successful completion of the Bachelors of Architecture by the Candidate, the udersigned hereby accepts the thesis report on behalf of the Department so that it may be placed in the Architecture aisle.

___________________ Prof. Jaya Kumar 4

Date: 02.06.2017

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis guides Mr. Amit Hajela and Mr. Rahoul B. Singh for their constant support and encouragement to push the boundaries and experiment with our design skills.

I’m grateful to Mrs. Zeenath Niazi from Development Alternatives for helping with my primary case study. Goonj, an NGO working with recycling materials, helped me understand how these small-scale recycling ventures and outreach programs work. I would also like to thank Mr. Vinod Gupta for his expert advice on HVAC systems. This thesis would not be possible without the guidence of Mr. Vaibhav Gandhi and Mrs. Vineeta Sahare from the Development Planning department of BMC and Ar. Ajit Gupte, who helped me understand the physical , political and the socio-economic context of Oshiwara District centre, Mumbai.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my studio coordinators Prof. Jaya Kumar and Prof.

Aruna Ramani Grover for their relentless efforts in making sure this semester went easy on us.

My family, Prithvi and Shravan. I know how difficult I can be and I’m glad you all possess the patience to deal with it. This project wouldn’t have materialized if it wasn’t for you. Thank you.

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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

SYNOPSIS This thesis project’s USP ; It celebrates waste.

Architecture here attenpts to amalgamate the principles of sustainable living with development that this country presently requires. It is a synergy of the research and knowledge-based aspects of eco-innovation with its practical implementation, hoping to bridge the ‘Green Gap’ in the society.

The area program and design derives heavily from present site conditions, incorporating the slum situation and the overarching development proposal of the District centre with its core design decisions. Concluding the building typology to an Eco-centre, the research work primarily revolved on such building typologies and their success at triggering behaviour changes in their immediate communities.

The core challenge of the project was to ensure the feasibility of unconventional functions such as a waste-to-energy facility, eco-learning centre, eco-innovation centre amongst others within the context of a developing city centre. Exploring the principles of Design for Behaviour change in architecture, the envisioned impact has been deciphered based on research on human behaviour pattens.

Though this project has attempted to incorporate DfBC principles in its architecture, there is much scope of research in various possibilities of its architectural manefestation.

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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

सारा​ां श इस थीससस परियोजना के यूएसपी; यह कचिा मनाता है यहा​ां वास्तु कला सवकास के साथ स्थायी जीवन के ससद्ा​ां तोां को एकजु ट किने का प्रयास किता है , जो वततमान में दे श की आवश्यकता है । यह अपने व्यावहारिक कायात न्वयन के साथ पयात विण-नवप्रवततन के अनु सांधान औि ज्ञान-आधारित पहलु ओां की एक तालमेल है , जो सक समाज में 'ग्रीन गैप' को पुल किने की उम्मीद है । क्षे त्रीय कायतक्रम औि सिजाइन वततमान साइट परिस्स्थसतयोां से भािी रूप से प्राप्त होता है , सजसमें झुग्गी बस्ती की स्स्थसत औि सजला केंद्र के अत्यसधक सवकास प्रस्ताव शासमल हैं , इसके मु ख्य सिजाइन सनणतयोां के साथ। ईको-सेंटि में भवन की टाइपोग्राफी को समाप्त किते हुए, शोध कायत मु ख्य रूप से इस तिह के सनमात ण के प्रकािोां औि उनके तत्काल समु दायोां में व्यवहाि परिवततन को सटि गि किने पि उनकी सफलता पि घूमती है । परियोजना का मु ख्य चुनौती एक सवकासशील शहि केंद्र के सांदभत में अपसशष्ट-ऊजात , ईको-लसनिं ग सेंटि, पयात विण-नवोन्मे ष केंद्र जै से अपिां पिागत कायों की व्यवहायतता सुसनसित किना था। वास्तु कला में व्यवहाि परिवततन के सलए सिजाइन के ससद्ा​ां तोां की खोज किते हुए, मानव व्यवहाि पैटेंस पि शोध के आधाि पि अनु मासनत प्रभाव को स्पष्ट सकया गया है । यद्यसप इस परियोजना ने इसकी वास्तु कला में िीएफबीसी ससद्ा​ां तोां को शासमल किने का प्रयास सकया है , इसके वास्तु सशल्प उन्मू लन के सवसभन्न सांभावनाओां में अनु सांधान का बहुत गुांजाइश है ।

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table of contents

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8

2. areas of research

24

3. Case Studies

Design for Behaviour change

25

Development 40 Alternatives, New Delhi

15

Practical models of DfBC

27

20

Application of DfBC in the project

28

Decentralizing Waste

32

1. Thesis Basics

10

Introduction

11

Thesis proposition

13

Building typology: ecocentre Oshiwara district centre

TERI, New Delhi

41

48

Sydhavns Recycling 53 Center, Copenhagen Hartberg Eco Park, Austria

55

Queens Center, New York

58

Recycling center, Hong Kong

65

4. Site Analysis

71

5. Progr am analysis

92

Land Use

72

Existing Site conditions 74

Deriving the Area program

93

Site Study

79

Program analysis

95

Bye Laws

87

Area program

97

Climate Analysis

89

SWOT Analysis

91

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

6. concept

103

Site level strategies

104

Building level strategies

106

Concept sketches

108

7. Design development

110

Stage 1

111

Stage 2

112

Stage 3 Stage 4

8. Final dr awings

115

9. Technology

132

Site plan

116

Waste to energy

133

Interior Wall options

161

Concept views

117

Calculations

139

Structure system

163

113

Plans, sections, elevations

118

Rain Water Harvesting

150

114

Facade system

128

Passive strategies

154

Model photos

130

Ventilation systems

156

Basement 158 construction technologies Using waste in construction

160 9

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

list of figures Fig.1 The four tenets of sustainable architecture 11 Fig.2 Aspects of ‘White’ Architecture 12 Fig.3 Ecosite feature matrix, across multiple sites 16 Fig.4 Developmental Options in Eco- Innovation 17 Fig.5 Functional Distribution in a typical Eco-Site 18 Fig.6 Ecosite Du Pays de Thau 19 Fig.7 TERI RETREAT, Gurgaon, Haryana 19 Fig.8 MMRDA backed development of the ODC 20 Fig.9 Site Photos.

21 Fig.10 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) 22 Fig.11 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) 22 Fig.12 Pedestrian and vehicular segregation 26 Fig.13 Musical Stairs at Odemplan Subway, Stockholm, Sweden 26 Fig.14 The Fogg model for behaviour change 27 Fig.15 Solar city Gleisdorf, Austria 28 Fig.16 Solar installations Gleisdorf, Austria 28 Fig.17 Area Programme/Zoning 29 Fig.18 Area Programme/Zoning 29 Fig.19 Constant Visibility 30 Fig.20 Solar Artwork 30 Fig.22 Infotainment at eye level 30 Fig.21 Solar Artwork 30 Fig.23 Visible Services of RWH, Kunststoff passage, Dresden 31 Fig.25 Unattended waste on the streets 33 Fig.26 Landfill sites on the city outskirts 33 Fig.24 Current scenario of waste management 33 Fig.28 Difference in process chain between regular MSW treatment

and recycling in India.

34 Fig.27 Domestic waste management chain of informal sector 34 Fig.29 Schematic site planning 35 Fig.31 Section of the building showing its processes 35 Fig.30 Amagerforbraending 35 Fig.32 Plan 36 Fig.34 3D views 36 Fig.33 Sectional view 36 Fig.35 3D views 36 Fig.36 Aerial view 37

Fig.37 Green public space below the main functions Fig.39 Waste treatment module for every locality Fig.38 Service oriented functions placed in the basement with public access Fig.40 Development Alternatives Fig.41 Site plan

Source: Offices in India Fig.42 Circulation

Source: Offices in India Fig.43 Central courtyard acts as a nodal access space.

Source: author Fig.44 Wall Section

Source: Offices in India Fig.45 Ferrocement Vault

Source: Offices in India Fig.46 Split Column Design

Source: author Fig.47 Roof Structure visible in ceiling

Source: author Fig.48 Brick Dome

Source: author Fig.51 Green wall treatment Fig.52 Inclined windows Fig.49 Elevations

Source: Offices in India Fig.50 Facade Treatment

Source: Offices in India Fig.53 HVAC System

Source: Offices in India Fig.54 Displacement Cooling

Source: Offices in India Fig.55 Section Showing Daylight Penetration

Source: Offices in India Fig.58 Inclined windows Fig.59 Jaali treatment Fig.60 Larger windows on the courtyard side Fig.57 Daylighting

Source: Offices in India Fig.56 Artificial Lighting

38 38 38 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 46 46 46

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Source: Offices in India Fig.61 Rainwater Channels On Site

Source: author Fig.62 Porosity of Soft Paved Areas

Source: author Fig.63 Soft paved Parking

Source: author

Fig.64 Energy and Resources Institute

Source: Works of Sanjay Mohe Architects Fig.65 Private - Public Zoning

Source: TERI Fig.66 Site Plan Showing Spine

Source: TERI Fig.67 Zoning

Source: TERI Fig.68 Site Plan

Source: TERI Fig.69 Niches for Services

Source: TERI Fig.73 Passive solar Design through Orientation

Source: TERI Fig.72 Section showing the wind movement within the built

Source: TERI Fig.70 Micro-Climate due to predominant wind

Source: TERI Fig.71 Shaded courtyard with adjustable louvers

Source: TERI Fig.74 Facade Detail

Source: TERI Fig.75 Facade Louvre Detail

Source: TERI Fig.76 Earth Tunnel

Source: TERI Fig.77 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhagen

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.81 Site Plan

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.78 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhage

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.79 Conceptual Model

46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 52 53 53 53

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 53 Fig.80 Conceptual Model Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 53 Fig.82 Process Diagrams Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 54 Fig.83 Hartberg Eco Park, Austria

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

55 Fig.84 Site Plan

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

55 Fig.85 Collaborative Organisation 56 Fig.86 Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

56 Fig.87 Reseach Labs combined with Offices

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

56 Fig.88 Bird’s eye view

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

56 Fig.89 Hartsberg Industrial Park

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

56 Fig.90 Structures Designed by Zinganel Architects

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

56 Fig.91 Site plan 58 Fig.92 WARD LAND USE PLAN 72 Fig.93 A Site Photos from location A. Source: Author 74 Fig.94 B Site Photos from location B. Source: Author 74 Fig.95 C Site Photos from location C. Source: Author 74 Fig.96 D Site Photos from location D. Source: Author 75 Fig.97 Satellite Imagery of Site Location D. Source: Google Earth 75 Fig.98 Existing Land-Use Distribution 76 Fig.99 Existing Land Distribution

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 76 Fg.100 Proposed Land-Use Distribution

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.101 Existing Residential Typology

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.102 Projected Residential Typology by 2030

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.103 Socio-economic context Source: Author 79 Fg.104 Nolli diagram Source: Author 80 Fg.105 Land Use Plan

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.106

Fig.107

Fig.108

Fig.109

Fig.110

Fig.111

Fig.112

Fig.113

Fig.114

Fig.115

Fig.116

Fig.117 Fig.118 Fig.119 Fig.120 Fig.121 Fig.122 Fig.123 Fig.124 Fig.126 Fig.125

Fig.127

Fig.128 Fig.129 Fig.130 Fig.131

Source: Author Building Heights Source: Author Slum Land Use Source: Author Movement Patterns Source: Author Urban Connectivity Source: Author Site Dimensions Source: Author Section AA’ Source: Author Section BB’ Source: Author Daylight Hours Diagram Source: Accuweather Weather Variables across 12 months Source: Accuweather Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com Sun Path Diagram Wind Rose Plot Graphic representation of internal processes ERS plant 100 ton unit Layout of the system ERS plant 50 ton unit Sludge treatment Schematic functioning of an ERS system Micro CHP system Models of micro CHP systems by Japanese company Yamnar Components of micro combined heat and power unit Key plan Site plan with culvert layout design Culvert design Cross ventilation airflow in relation to wall openings and

81 82 83 84 85 86 86 86 89 89 90 90 90 90 134 134 135 135 135 136 136 136 137 139 151 151

Fig.132 Fig.133 Fig.134

surrounding vegetation DA HVAC system, New Delhi Colt cyclone jet fan Process of treating construction waste

156 157 159 160

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 1.

THESIS BASICS

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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

1.1.

INTRODUCTION

“We have a limited amount of resources

next stage was sustainable design.

available and more and more people using

It is a holistic package, judiciously addressing

them up. If we want our future generations

the need of the user first. A design process

to enjoy the same standard of living we’ve

which incorporates a sustainable outlook in all

experienced, we need to take action.”

possible fields of intervention.

(NAR, 2017) Going green, however, was the talk of the decade a decade ago. We have

Sustainable architecture only addresses the

reached the tipping point where all process

basic requirements of the user. Our current

and production activity, by default, has to

economy, driven by profit and luxury, looks to

be eco-sensitive in nature. “Green living is

reap maximum benefits from any investment.

no longer a luxury but a necessity” (Shapely, 2013).

The evolution of Green architecture was recently addressed in a talk by architect Sanjay Prakash. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, buildings account for nearly half of the world’s energy expenditures,

40%

of

greenhouse

gas

emissions, 25% of the earth’s potable water, and, in developed countries, over 20% of all solid waste generated (including food waste, yard waste and unrecycled materials). Green architecture primarily addresses the issues of resource and energy efficiency in design and construction. It doesn’t take into account an important stakeholder; the user himself. The

Your text here Fig.1

The four tenets of sustainable architecture 11

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Hence any development will be expected to

design which deters vehicular intrusion.

fulfill all the ambitious desires of the clients.

Architecture, due to its sheer scale and

Sustainability doesn’t cater to this.

level of interaction with the user, is a design product that can be used to trigger desirable

This is where ‘White’ architecture steps in,

behaviour changes in the public. Currently

as coined by Mr. Doshi. A perfect blend

the most popular application of this idea

of sustainability, social needs and green

is in the field of sustainability. Designs for

innovation while responding to the current

behaviour change towards sustainability are

development trends. This is what the project

largely identified as ‘design interventions’,

aspires to be.

when a behavioural problem is identified with

White architecture puts emphasis on the most

a conclusive list of ideals to be achieved.

important player; the user. If the user doesn’t share the same core values, even though the

This

building is highly energy efficient, the project

overconsumption

fails to be a sustainable model. It is afterall a

in mega cities. You buy more, use more

joint venture between the architect, the client

and

and the user. Can architecture then be used

you’re

you

consumerist trend is rising, the mitigation

to influence user behaviour as well?

buy even more. It is a vicious cycle, which

measures might be insufficient to satisfy the

the

does

demands of the projected global population.

This process of design is called Design for

nothing to break. It thrives on enticing the

Instead of trying to pace the supply rate to

Behaviour Change. It is an approach to

masses with attractive offers and lucrative

meet the current demand, measures must be

making

encourage

market schemes which results in a single

taken to reduce demand in the first place.

desirable human practices. It is already

catastrophic environmental impact; depletion

Such an individual-level change towards

known that various forms of design influence

of natural resources. The last two decades

a sustainable lifestyle would eliminate a

lifestyles and human behaviour. An interactive

have witnessed a gradual shift from non-

significant chunk of the problem.

staircase design which makes the commuters

renewable resources to alternate sources of

opt for stairs over escalators. A 3D zebra

energy like solar, wind, hydel, geothermal etc.

crossing design which makes the vehicles halt

Due to the massive monetary and resource

before the crossing. A pedestrian footpath

capital required for their infrastructure setup,

12

design

decisions

to

project

throw

identifies and

away

accustomed

current

the

issue

waste

more. to

consumerist

generation

And

using

of

because

more,

economy

Fig.2

Your text here

Aspects of ‘White’ Architecture

it is a slow process. At the rate in which the

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

1.2. Thesis proposition What are you designing and why?

Though this project, I want to explore how

working towards eco-sensitive development

spaces can be designed to educate and

for efficient execution of schemes. This will

make the users aware of the amount of

provide

waste generated regularly.

products which at present lacks in India due

showcases

and

A space which

celebrates

the

precious

resource that waste is, which demonstrates

a

stable

market

for

sustainable

to the absence of full time alliances between the above mentioned parties.

the recyclable value of the domestic waste generated in and around the site. An Eco Centre;

Eco-innovation

centre

with

an

environmental learning facility.

Bringing together the producer and the consumer, the design hopes to promote a dialogue addressing user aspirations in a

more

sustainable

environment

with

way. the

An

interactive

consumers

to

incorporate an ecological conscience in their lifestyles. The site chosen for this pilot project is a commercial district centre coming up in Oshiwara, Mumbai. In one of the most energy-intensive

mega

cites,

this

project

hopes to be an architype for the upcoming development in the district centre.

The project aims to synergise the research (theoretical) and industrial (practical) sectors 13

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Who are you designing for?

Project goals

• The site is currently a part of a large slum 1. To educate and spread environmental locality

whose

primary

occupation

is

awareness amongst the general public.

scheme, responding to the dearth in open

waste segregation of domestic waste. This

The environmental learning centre hopes

public spaces in the immediate vicinity.

informal sector is an important link in our

to demonstrate the implications of their

waste management process. Once ODC

day-to-day activities such that they can

gets the green flag, these slum dwellers,

be mindful of their actions.

though rehabilitated in close proximity

2. Celebrating

waste

by

The project will be financed by renting out

recycle

offices and assembly spaces to entities with

various

their livelihood. On-site waste-to-energy

upcycle systems within the built.

innovative

reuse,

Financial viability?

incorporating

or at the outskirts of the city, will lose facility and recycling centres will provide

and

similar principles, looking for a collaborative

3. It hopes to set an example of an alternate

work space. Offices will also be rented out

them employment and facilitate learning

form

development

to NGOs at subsidized rates, addressing their

various hands-on skills.

which is more inclusive in nature. The

obvious lack of infrastructure and financial

various

public sphere, the WTE facility and the

backing. The commercial zone will generate

educational and recreational activities,

sustainable design strategies are some

a regular revenue due to the highly public

events, festivals etc.

of the building components that can be

nature of the project.

• Learning

enthusiasts

for

• The project will serve as a large green, public

democratic

meadow

in

the

of

commercial

adopted by any other building type.

4. Creating a sustainability driven innovation

concrete jungle of Mumbai. It will be

centre

further activated as the site is situated at

with research facilities come together

the edge of the proposed centre, acting

in a symbiotic affiliation such that one

as a transitory function between highly

company’s waste is the raw material for

residential and commercial zones.

the other. This leads to design innovations

where

various

ventures

along

in a variety of products.

5. Providing employment opportunities for the waste informal sector who are the current residents of the site.

6. Create a public sphere of recreation and 14

learning through a Nallah redevelopment

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

1.3. Building Eco centre

typology:

There is a significant disconnect between

• Develops,

on

site,

sustainable

available theoretical knowledge of design

development related innovation (such as

for

research, experimentation, testing)

behaviour

change

and

its

practical

implementation. Reasons for this include a

• Proactively

carries

out

actions

for

lack of awareness and common language, of

knowledge transfer, such as awareness

evidence based examples, and of evaluation

campaigns,

methods and intersector collaborations. Thus

interpretation,

arises an urgent need for a space where a

visitors and demonstrating environmental

diverse range of sectors and stakeholders,

technologies/systems is a regular and

including business and service providers, can

integral

come together to address these challenges

(ECOLINK – EVG-2002-00509)

education,

part

and

of

where

the

site’s

training, receiving

activities.

(Cooke & Willis, 1999; McElroy, 2003). The It is often combined with applied sustainable

answer - an eco-centre.

development R&D activities with a visitor As adopted in the European Federation

centre

of

a

training activities, and thus generating an

demonstration site dedicated to innovation

regular income and contributing to local

and

development.

Ecosites

Statutes,

knowledge

an

ecosite

information,

Eco-centres

education

also

and

play

a

to

promote

and

equitable

significant role in ensuring dialogue between

sustainable development. An ecosite is a

R&D and stakeholders, be it through public

centre which:

visitors, NGO links, publications, or their range

• Is a physical site (or local network of

of on-site training courses for professionals,

environmental

transfer

is

and

protection

SMEs,

related sites)

students

and

decision

makers.

• Actively promotes and contributes to Workshops brings together actors who do environmental

protection,

development and social equity

sustainable

not usually meet and exchange (ecosite practitioners and professional researchers), 15

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.3 16

Ecosite feature matrix, across multiple sites

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

which provided a potential forum for the discussion

of

environmental

issues

and

development.

The common facilities provided in ecosites around the world are as illustrated in the previous page. The scale of these eco-sites, however, range from 15-2500 ha. Most are large scale eco-industrial parks, which serve a city-scale function of resource management, water treatment or energy generation. The design proposal is of a much smaller scale (6.2 acres) in a dense urban centre, to allow maximum interaction with the public. The scale of activities are sufficient to sustain the project, primarily serving as a tool for education and awareness programs.

Fig.4

Developmental Options in Eco- Innovation

17

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

The

following

considered

dimensions in

the

were

originally

development

of

ecoindustrial parks (Lowe et al. 1996):

1. Single by-product exchange pattern or network of exchanges (Industrial Symbiosis)

2. Recycling

business

cluster

(resource

recovery or recycling companies)

3. Collection of environmental technology companies

4. Collection of companies making green products

5. Industrial park designed around a single environmental theme (e.g. a solar energy driven park)

6. Park

with

an

environment-friendly

development

Functional Distribution in a typical Eco-Site

to the IMF), it can play a dominating role in

infrastructure or construction

7. Mixed-use

Fig.5

(industrial,

commercial, and residential)

the sustainable movement if it chooses to holistically adopt its principles.

There are

rest of the country to follow.

• An

eco-centre

requires

a

growing

market for innovative ideas, an influential

numerous attributes of an eco-centre which

outreach

and

The design proposal is a collaboration of 2,4,5

makes it a feasible option in the financial

accepting

audience

and 6.

capital of Mumbai:

has. The need to tap into the sustainable

Due to requirement of large open spaces in

• The site, being in the heart of suburban

market makes this project a feasible

eco-centres, they often turn into active public

Mumbai, will function as a socially active

spaces. The highly public movement through

public space, which are currently scarce

complex allows for the eco-sensitive mindset

in the city.

to influence a larger population. This building

• Mumbai holds the position of the most

typology will be the first of its kind in India.

developed city in the country. As it

With the country being the second fastest

continues to scale up, its architecture and

growing economy in the world (according

development pose as an example for the

18

an

unconventionalwhich

Mumbai

investment in the commercial capital.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Architecture has a strong influence on its immediate

landscape,

both

visual

and

psychological, due to which it is pushed under the microscope of criticism the moment it triggers a change. What we perceive of a building has a huge impact on the way we reside in it. The design of the structure, its spaces, façade, interiors etc. subconsciously guide

the

occupant’s

behaviour

to

the

spaces inside. For example, a GRIHA-rated green building with onsite energy generation, proper waste management systems, good daylighting design etc makes the users more Fig.6

Ecosite Du Pays de Thau

aware of the amount of energy they use, leading to judicious use of resources.

The RETREAT model of TERI in Gurgaon, Haryana is a sustainable prototype which incorporates

various

forms

of

renewable

energy systems and has successfully cut down the energy consumption of the building by 60%. Its presence in the rapidly developing Gurgaon area, which is often criticised for its lack of sustainable design practices, is a message in itself. As a constant reminder of such possible practices, this TERI model hopes to bring about a sustainable revolution in the architectural style of Gurgaon.

Fig.7

TERI RETREAT, Gurgaon, Haryana 19

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

1.4. Oshiwar a District Centre Mumbai city has witnessed a northwards shift in the commercial real estate market.

The agenda was to decentralize economic activities and shift offices and whole sale establishments from South Bombay to the newly developing commercial centres in the city. This lead to BMC’s’s proposal in 1992 for the creation of 2 District centres- one each in eastern and western suburbs to increase employment. They were assigned to MMRDA under the Special Planning Authority for these Special Economic Zones(SEZ) .

The locations selected were Bandra- Kurla Complex

and

Oshiwara.

Though

BKC

established itself as a bustling commercial hub,

ODC

took

a

back

seat

due

to

unavailability of land. In 2015, BMC took over the project from MMRDA, accelerating the development based on the planning proposal drafted by the latter.

Oshiwara

is

a

neighbourhood

located

within the suburbs of Andheri in Mumbai.

Flanked by the greenery of Aarey milk colony on the east and the coastline on the west, this suburb witnessed an exponential growth in residential, commercial and retail 20

Fig.8

MMRDA backed development of the ODC

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.9

Site Photos.

Source: Author

development in the min-eighties. Due to the

city-wide connection. The extension of Harbor

shop sand small industries, large number

lack of a planned development scheme at

line till Goregaon, Jogeshwari and Hub Mall

of stables densely located in the low lying

that time, scattered clusters of infrastructure

flyovers, airports will offer easy accessibility

inaccessible

were erected all over, creating niches of

to central Mumbai. It is a Transit-oriented

conditions surrounding them represents total

unclaimed land which soon turned into

development with greater emphasis on public

chaos that mar the development prospects

slum dwellings. One of the reasons MMRDA

transport systems.

of this area.� (MMRDA, 2010)

area,

and

the

insanitary

narrowed down on Oshiwara was to tap into this land potential.

The temporary structures including hutments, shops and stables are going to be removed,

Accessibility

and the tenants rehabilitated to the outskirts

Existing development

of the city. The stables will be moved to Aarey “The

road and rail networks. Its close proximity to

rather depressing picture, testifying to the

The primary source of livelihood of the slum

the Ram Mandir railway station and expected

years of neglect and inadequate control

dwellers is material recovery, Segregation

passage

of development in the area, large scale

and recycling of domestic municipal waste

encroachments

of the entire Oshiwara district is conducted by

of

Dahisar-Charkop-Bandra-

Mankhurd Metro-2 through ODC will create a

existing

development

comprising

presents

a

Mill colony.

Oshiwara offers good connectivity through

hutments,

21

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

this informal sector. Once rehabilitated, they will be forced to find an alternate source of income.

The

proposals

are

being

implemented

through the participation of the land owners.

Under the scheme, the private lands in the area is notionally acquired and is leased to the land owners who are expected to develop the lands in accordance with the MMRDA ’s plan and architectural control.

Fig.10 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC)

Envisioned activities As mentioned in the ODC development plan 2010, “the site identified for the proposed District

Centre

is

102

ha,

predominantly

including house public and private offices, offices of professionals and other commercial establishments, business services. The high order retail trade and semi-wholesale market will employ nearly 10,000 persons and will emerge as the largest concentration of retail trading activity in the western suburbs with nearly 3000 shops of various sizes. Around 22

Fig.11 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC)

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I this core of intensive commercial activity, a variety of cultural and recreational activities will

be

provided.

Besides,

the

District

Centre will include some residential area to accommodate about 50,000 population.�

Envisioned to develop along the lines of BKC, ODC is poised to become a world class district centre, turning it into hot spot for residential realty and emerging as a corporate hub.

(MMRDA, 2010)

23

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 2.

AREAS OF RESEARCH

24

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

2.1. Design for behaviour change design

for their behaviour and the extent to which

decisions to encourage desirable human

their environment influences them. Adam

practices. It is already known that various

Greenfield said, “Every piece of Design

forms of design influence lifestyles and human

encodes

behaviour. This evolution of user behaviour

behaviour” (Against the Smart City, 2013).

This

is

an

approach

to

making

a

hypothesis

about

human

into social behaviour, on a macroscopic level, might revolutionise communal biases and

Designers

ideals; an idea that needs to be tapped into.

preconceived

need

to notions

recognise and

their social

connotations to be able to alter them and Let

us

consider

a

hypothetical

situation

this alteration must be initiated at a personal

where a large market for alternate Diwali-

level. The realisation for behaviour change

celebration merchandise is set up instead

comes when one halts the current way of

of crackers. Those looking for a smoke-free

doing things and decides that it doesn’t work

Diwali will propagate its use and eventually,

anymore.

when the environmental benefits of going cracker less is widely realised and accepted, this market will develop into a booming business. Bursting crackers would soon be frowned upon. Here the proactive user groups successfully came together to convert smokefree Diwali from an individual’s choice to a public movement.

To explore the potential of such design approaches, we need to first understand people, the way they behave, the motivation 25

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

For example, in Austria, to segregate the pedestrian and cycle paths, a material difference was chosen instead of a divider.

When the cycle strays over to the pedestrian track, excessive vibrations are felt which makes the cyclist return to his/her path. With continued use of this designed pathway, the users developed an innate awareness of their actions and the circulation became more orderly.

Fig.12 Pedestrian and vehicular segregation

Another example is in the Odenplan subway in Stockholm, Sweden, where a team from Volkswagen transformed the subway stairs into a giant functioning piano keyboard; applying pressure on each step played a musical note. Even though there was an

escalator

right

beside

the

staircase,

commuters soon opted for the intriguing new stairway and enjoyed creating musical notes as they ascended up and down the scale.

The number of staircase users increased by 66%.

Fig.13 Musical Stairs at Odemplan Subway, Stockholm, Sweden 26

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

2.2. Pr actical models of DFBC

• Inter active lens gauges the influence of the interface of the object on change.

• Ludic Lens discusses how games engage people, the designed setting ultimately influencing the mindset.

• Perceptual Lens shows how the sensory elements of a design influence people’s perception of the design.

• Cognitive lens addresses people’s biases and views and attempts to change them through design.

that can be adopted on an individual level.

The Fogg model attributes behavioural change to three elements; motivation, ability and trigger. This model helps designers to understand why the intended target behaviour is not being followed.

Clune’s model talks about the influence of the context in shaping behaviour patterns which is most efficient when applied at the smallest community level.

These models take cues from different design methods like persuasive design, mindful design, and coercive design (manipulation of the user into taking action) to develop suitable programs applicable to different user groups.

Locton was one of the first to so classify the spheres of possible influences in these lenses of investigation, deriving a logical path of action to follow from the indistinct mass of theories.

Dr BJ Fogg, another behaviour scientist from Stanford University, proposes a practical model for behaviour change

Currently the most popular application of this idea is in the field of sustainability.

Another example is of The Solar city of Gleisdorf, where the first PV power plant in Austria was realised through a shareholder programme, allowing environmentally engaged people to own a share of a PV power plant. The project

Dr Dan Lockton, in his PhD, categorized the various ways in which design can influence user

behaviour

to

help

designers

and

practitioners broaden the extent of influence of their designed object.

Fig.14 The Fogg model for behaviour change

27

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.15 Solar city Gleisdorf, Austria

manager put a lot of effort into this area and a huge advertising effort was made.

This led to a lot of interest in participation by the local population. About 2500 persons obtained information about photovoltaics. Small scale urban-level interventions like the Solar Street and Solar Tree projects showcased various types of landscape features that can incorporate PV cells. When the shareholders of the PV power plant on the roof of utility “The Feistritzwerke-STEWEAG GmbH” were surveyed, half of them indicated that they had positively changed their energy use attitude and nearly 80% of them had taken energy saving measures in order to use energy efficiently.

Designs

for

behaviour

change

towards

2.3. Pr actical application of DFBC in the project The behavior problem identified for this project is the mindless overconsumption and waste generation by the bourgeoisie and the elite of large urban centres like Mumbai.

Of the 1,27,486 tonnes of waste generated daily in India in 2011-12, Mumbai alone accounted for 6.11 per cent. (Saldanha,

2014)

Studies

suggest

that

household

waste contribute to 70-80% of the total waste

generated

in

the

city.

Treatment

of household waste can offer a potential solution to the problem. The simplest and the most fundamental solution to this problem is segregation of the waste at the household level. (Tyagi, 2016)

sustainability are largely identified as ‘design

Fig.16 Solar installations Gleisdorf, Austria 28

interventions’, when a behavioural problem

To instil an ecologically conscious attitude

is identified with a conclusive list of ideals to

in the visitors, certain design decisions have

be achieved. Undertaking voluntary initiatives

been taken:

like recycling and waste segregation is based

1. Area program and zoning: The Eco-

on commitment. Designs intended to indulge

centre includes an Eco-learning facility,

such activities tend to place a sense of

focusing

responsibility on the consumer, giving him a

household waste generated from the

choice to act. This commitment is an internal

vicinity. A waste-to-energy module, which

stimuli and far more lasting in its effects.

propagates of

on

waste

recycling

and

decentralized and

energy

upcycling

treatment production.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I These with to

activities public

allow

have

and

been

entwined

circulation

overhead

views

spaces

and

free

movement through the workshops. With a high degree of permeability, visitors are encouraged to interact and participate with the workers. Participatory learning/ exhibition spaces will be able to reach out to a larger audience.

2. Constant visibility: The transparency of the waste management process will allow for

Fig.17 Area Programme/Zoning

a better understanding of what happens to a product once it is discarded. This hopes to get rid of the ‘out of sight, out of mind’ attitude of throwing away garbage.

3. Ground

floor

façade

covered

with

infotainments

4. Solar artworks 5. Sustainable lifestyle elements like bicycle parking,

large

green

pockets,

fitness

infrastructure, permaculture.

6. Visible services of rain water harvesting system

7. A ‘green’ building in itself, it has a positive effect on its occupants. For example, “green” buildings are associated with a high workplace satisfaction, resulting in healthier psychological and behavioural benefits.

One

mechanism

that

may

Fig.18 Area Programme/Zoning 29

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

reinforces the effects of “green” labelling is social desirability (i.e., the tendency to behave in a manner that is approved by others) because “being in favor of environment-protecting

buildings

could

be viewed as more socially approvable than being indifferent to the certification.”

(Holmgren, et al., 2017)

Fig.19 Constant Visibility

It is recognized that the visitors may not have a prolonged interaction with such an ecosystem, change

hence

might

be

long

term

difficult

permanent to

achieve.

However, due to its location in such a busy neighbourhood and the public activities supplementing the project, a wider circle of influence can be drawn. Making the audience pause and question their actions,

Fig.20 Solar Artwork

even for a moment, is a herculean task. This project aims to accomplish that, if not more.

Fig.22 Infotainment at eye level 30

Fig.21 Solar Artwork

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.23 Visible Services of RWH,Kunststoff passage, Dresden 31

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

2.4. Decentr alizing waste

to lack of landfill space. Of the collected

Current scenario

while the rest rots on landfill sites on the

Daily Waste that Mumbai produces: 9,600

outskirts of the city. This raises one issue. With

Tonnes No. of landfills:

3 (Deonar, Mulund and

waste, only 9% is treated through composting

the city’s population rising at the rate of 20% in 10 years (World Population Review, 2016),

Kanjurmarg)

and each person generating 0.6 kg per day,

Deonar is a 90 years old landfill where

TERI estimates that for disposing MSW, the

garbage heaps stand 15 metres high spread

land requirement will rise from 200 sq km in

across 132 hectares in a densely populated

2011 to 1,400 sq km in 2047. The city will face a

eastern suburb of the city.

perennial garbage problem.

The Mulund landfill, functional since 1968, handles nearly 2,600 tonnes daily within an

Why do we need this?

area of 25 hectares. These two landfills should

“Decentralized waste management means

have been shut down a long time ago.

that waste is managed as close to its source

Their long term effects include leaching of

as possible.” (Global communities, 2013) In

contaminants and chemicals from the landfills

certain cases, the treated waste becomes

into the soil and groundwater.

an economic resource which can be used,

Kanjurmarg, opened in 2003, is a bio-reactor

thereby eliminating the need for transport,

waste processing facility with a capacity

landfill, or treatment at the waste disposal

of

site. They also encourage civic responsibility,

approximately

3,000

tonnes

per

day

generates gas/fuel from waste.

livelihood generation, social entrepreneurship

MMRDA has been looking for alternate landfill

and innovation, suited to the different needs

sites, outsourcing waste-to-energy facilities to private companies.

Due to internal politics,

such plans have not been realized to date.

(Modak & Waghmode, 2016) 7

32

of neighbourhoods. (Asher & Ganghi, 2008)

Decentr alizing architecture

About 70–80% of generated MSW is collected

Though

many

and the rest is unattended on the streets due

neighbourhood-level

waste

residential waste

complex

with and

management

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.25 Unattended waste on the streets

Fig.26 Landfill sites on the city outskirts

Fig.24 Current scenario of waste management 33

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

schemes

have

been

launched

and

successfully running, this issue is yet to be addressed Organic

architecturally

waste

treatment

and

spatially.

needs

to

be

mandated by architectural bye-laws, either at the project or community level. Wasteto-energy i.e conversion of organic waste into energy has become a popular solution to the waste problem in urban areas, since it addresses the requirement of sustainable energy

production

a

well.

Due

to

the

limited requirements of its machinery and processes (which has been elaborated in the technology chapter), W2E plants can be easily combined with various development projects,

thereby

greatly

pressure on the landfills.

reducing

the

Fig.27 Domestic waste management chain of informal sector

Fig.28 Difference in process chain between regular MSW treatment and recycling in India.

34

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I CASE EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR CONCEPTS Amagerforbraending is a waste-to energy plant in Copenhagen, designed by BIG Architects.

To

establish

a

relationship

between the plant and the city, as opposed to an isolated structure in the outskirts which they tend to be, the roof of the new Amagerforbraending is turned into a 31.000 square meter ski slope of varying skill levels.

The amalgamation with recreational functions will result in a high footfall, giving rise to education and awareness programmes.

Fig.29 Schematic site planning

Fig.30 Amagerforbraending

Its highlight is the smokestack, modified to puff smoke rings of 30 meters in diameter whenever 1 ton of fossil CO2 is released.

An example of Hedonistic sustainability’,a concept

introduced

by

Bjarke

Ingels,

embodying the idea that sustainability is not a burden, but that a sustainable city in fact can improve the quality of life of its citizens.

(Beekmans, 2011) The building envelopes the entire unit with the façade, allowing the visitors perforated views of the internal processes. The public functions such as visitor centre, lecture rooms etc are placed at the periphery to maintain a secure Fig.31 Section of the building showing its processes

power plant.

35

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Heterotic Architecture: Stacks, Chimneys and chutes, an architectural thesis by Joshua Feldman (MArch ’16) from Harvard School of Design This project explores the architectural implications of combining a wasteto-energy facility with housing in Johannesburg, South Africa. In doing so, the project pairs energy producer with consumer, industry with housing, and peripheral with centrally located program. The building is raised to maintain the ground plan as a public arena, comprising of a promenade and recycling center on the west, a central green space, and a recreation and sports area on the east. The impact of the project extends beyond the site, as the waste plant provides district heating and electricity for 400,000 city residents and processes 362,000 tons of waste annually.

36

Fig.32 Plan

Fig.33 Sectional view

Fig.34 3D views

Fig.35 3D views

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Apartment + Power plant Perkins+Will

proposes

an

unconventional

idea for the city of Philadelphia; a waste-toenergy plant within an apartment building.

Using numbers from a study from Columbia University that considered the idea of a waste-to-energy

facility

in

Brooklyn,

the

designers calculated that the plant could provide power for around 26,000 homes in addition to the entire apartment building.

The idea was to investigate the possibility of coupling large-scale energy generating infrastructure with conventional development models. The design also caters to the social needs of the context by providing various recreational activities along the coastline.

Fig.36 Aerial view

This was an entry for a design competition, although the firm has submitted this proposal to the government for approval. (Adele, 2014)

37

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Drawing from the abovementioned examples:

• Each project proposes an active public front in addition to its primary function, supporting

recreational

and

learning

activities. This is done to make such service-intensive buildings more inclusive in nature.

• As a services-driven function, the most Fig.37 Green public space below the main logical location for it in a hybrid building

functions

is the basement, which caters to both proximity and the seclusion required for its smooth functioning.

• For education and awareness purposes, view ports have been provided into the facility. The public functions of the facility like the visitor center, information center etc are placed at the periphery of the complex to avoid any security breaches.

• All three power plants are designed to cater to the project itself and its immediate

context.

This

suggests

a

module that can be strategically repeated throughout a city, each supplying within a calculated radius of development.

Fig.39 Waste treatment module for every locality 38

Fig.38 Service oriented functions placed in the basement with public access

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

CHAPTER 3.

CASE STUDIES

39

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.1. DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

Centres and Conference Facilities Built- up area: 3096 sqm superstructure 1526 sqm basement Plot size: 3116 sqm Location: New D-elhi Climatic Zone: Tropical, Composite Actual Occupancy: 250 Architects: Ashok B Lall Architects

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION: Development Alternatives world headquarters offers a model for urban development in transitional or emerging economies seeking to It

improve is

an

environmental

NGO

committed

environmentally-

sensitive

performance. to

spreading technology

and fostering socioeconomic equity. In a participatory approach, the client and the architects jointly sought alternative means of achieving these aims through the project.

In 1988, the first headquarter was built using 40

stabilized

used in present day construction. In 2006, the organization had grown from 50 to over 200

Type of building use: Office, Resource

Fig.40 Development Alternatives

presenting itself as a viable technology to be

compressed-earth

blocks,

employees; a larger workspace was needed.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.2 Zoning: The built is sprawled across the site for achieving maximum built up, keeping in character of the original design, The ground floor and the outdoor areas of D.A. world headquarters are open to the public. The public functions have been distributed on the site through a matrix of open, semi-open and closed spaces.

3.1.3 Open, semi open and closed relationships:

Fig.41 Site plan

Source: Offices in India

Porous ground floor is webbed with open (courtyard), semi-open (corridors, cafeteria) and closed (offices) spaces.

Fig.42 Circulation

Source: Offices in India

Fig.43 Central courtyard acts as a nodal access space.

Source: author 41

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.1.4 Structure: Vaulted precast-concrete deck elements are used to span most spaces. Five-meter spacing between columns makes for flexible office spaces while reducing steel consumption.

The shells are 30mm thick, have a pitch of 1.2 meters, and can span up to 5.5 meters. One column is designed as 2 units with an air gap to allow ducting to pass unhindered centrally in the floor plate. This is treated with a panel finish.

Fig.44 Wall Section

Source: Offices in India 42

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Exterior masonry cavity walls are anchored with PVC ties. The earth removed from the site after the demolition of the original building was recycled into compressed earth block using simple machinery. The fly-ash blocks used in the building were made using fly-ash from a local power plant.

Fig.47 Roof Structure visible in ceiling

Source: author

Larger spans in the basement use filler slab technology with earthen pots to reduce concrete use.

Fig.45 Ferrocement Fig.46 Split Column Vault Design Source: author

Source: Offices in India

Some rooms are spanned by shallow masonry domes supported by reinforced concrete frames.

Using

these

construction

methods,

the

consumption of steel in a typical bay of the superstructure of the building works out to 28.4 kilograms per square meter of floor area, compared to an average of 50 to 60 kilograms per square meter for conventional multistory buildings with spans of 7.5 to 8 meters.

Fig.48 Brick Dome

Source: author 43

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.1.5 Façade treatment: The building volume is modulated in response to the climate – shading against the sun in summer, welcoming it in winter, and capturing the monsoon breezes. The shading grills with planters and daylight reflectors on the north and south sides moderate the summer sun and intense light.

No more than twenty percent of the envelope is glazed. Those facing east and west, which take the brunt of the morning and afternoon sun, are kept small and shaded by sunscreens Fig.51 Green wall treatment

or by the building volume itself. Three types of glazing are used in the building: 1. fixed insulating glass panels with a 16mm air space, 2. operable windows with insulating glass with a 16mm air space, and 3. windows consisting of a fixed single-pane

Fig.52 Inclined windows Fig.49 Elevations

Source: Offices in India

44

outer panel and an operable inner sash, with an adjustable venetian blind in between.

Fig.50 Facade Treatment

Source: Offices in India

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.5 HVAC design:

between the vaulted deck elements carry

3.1.6 Displacement cooling

away the warm air.

Principle- Large central systems like water cooled units were unsuitable for this building,

in which cool air is introduced at the floor and

which is designed for decentralized operation

return air is collected at the ceiling – reduces

and control.

energy consumption on two counts. The air

An innovative hybrid system was designed by

need be cooled only to 19° Celsius or 20° (as

the architect. In the hot dry season the system

opposed to 14° in overhead-feed systems)

would use direct and indirect evaporative

because the cool air does not mix as much

cooling, and in the humid season refrigerant

with the warm air, which naturally rises.

the building and lower energy consumption,

Displacement cooling is about 15 percent

maximum indoor temperature of 28° Celsius

cooling.

A control unit was installed that could

more energy efficient than conventional air-

automatically

distribution systems.

adjust

air-handling

levels

DA

building,

Considering the high costs of installing and operating air-conditioning equipment, and seeking to reduce the ecological footprint of the

DA

staff

volunteered

to

accept

a

(30° on exceptional days ) at 60 percent relative humidity instead of the industry norm of 24°. Spaces such as corridors, toilets and

and switch the mode of the hybrid unit, the

3.1.7 User behavior:

evaporative cooling being the base mode.

At

the

air-distribution

This design was 30-50% more effective than

channels are integrated into the structural

the conventional systems

system. U-columns conduct cool air down

cafeteria could be naturally ventilated. Such design decisions greatly reduced the airconditioning requirement in the building.

to the floor, and overhead hollow spaces

Fig.53 HVAC System

Source: Offices in India

Fig.54 Displacement Cooling

Source: Offices in India

45

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.1.8 Lighting: All workspaces are illuminated by daylight, which is modulated for glare-free distribution.

The conference room has roof lights that can be closed with shutters when the room must be darkened. General illumination at night is 150 to 200 lux. Desk lamps provide task

Fig.58 Inclined windows

lighting.

Fig.59 Jaali treatment

Fig.57 Daylighting

Source: Offices in India

Fig.60 Larger windows on the courtyard side

Fig.55 Section Showing Daylight Penetration

Source: Offices in India 46

Fig.56 Artificial Lighting

Source: Offices in India

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.10 Water conservation: All water is purified in a low-cost bio-sand, multi-layer gravity filter designed by DA for rural applications. All wastewater is treated on site in an aerobic-anaerobic digestion tank which is periodically charged with special bacteria. This water is filtered and reused for flushing toilets and for watering plants by means of a drip irrigation system that delivers water in small quantities at the roots.

All rainwater that falls on the site is used to recharge the groundwater. All wastewater is recycled, treated on site and used for irrigation and flushing toilets. 61% of the rain water runoff on-site is utilized. Site landscape is treated with soft or semi-paved surfaces, no

Fig.61 Rainwater Channels On Site

Source: author

hard paved.

Fig.62 Porosity of Soft Paved Areas

Source: author

Fig.63 Softpaved Parking

Source: author 47

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.2.

THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI Year: 2008 Owner: TERI Location: Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Architect: Sanjay Mohe Architects and TERI Building Type: Institutional Type: Semi-Intensive, Test/Research Size: 7432 sqm Access: Semi-private/ Private Fig.64 Energy and Resources Institute

Source: Works of Sanjay Mohe Architects

3.2.2 SiTE PLANNING STR ATEGIES: The linear geometry of the site with a narrow frontage and an aspect ratio of almost 1:3 dictated the strong linear axis in the design.

Public-private transition in site planing: The public front of the office functions are place towards the road, and the private residential block at the innner-most zone.

Pedestrian spine: The primary circulation is a semi-open spine, leading the user from most public to the most private space, The spine is

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION:

staggered to provide visual seclusion

Built on around 2 acres of land in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi this four-storeyed structure in masonry, with stone cladding and glazings, is an example of a sustainable campus responding to the site and environment using energy saving technologies.

Fig.65 Private - Public Zoning

Source: TERI 48

Fig.66 Site Plan Showing Spine

Source: TERI

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.67 Zoning

Source: TERI

Fig.68 Site Plan

Source: TERI

Fig.69 Niches for Services

Source: TERI

49

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.2.3 PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES

Wind control:

Passive Solar Design through Orientation:

The predominant wind direction is taken into account in designing the open space. The

All geometry of the built has ben tilted for

pedestrian spine contains water bodies, using

maximum exposure to the north face. The

concepts of evaporative cooling.

south-west

face

is

treated

with

thermal

insulation and louver systems.

Fig.73 Passive solar Design through Orientation

Source: TERI

Fig.72 Section showing the wind movement within the built

Source: TERI 50

Fig.70 Micro-Climate due to predominant wind

Source: TERI

Fig.71 Shaded courtyard with adjustable louvers

Source: TERI

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Thermal Insulation:

• Rock wool insulation on the facade Energy efficiency

Treatment of external surfaces:

• Insulation of the roof slab.

• Double glazing window • SW facade has stone cladding which

Cooling systems: The campus is equipped with three types of cooling systems (i)Variable Refrigerant Volume system (VRV), (ii) Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) and (iii)

is fixed to the wall by channels.

Thermal Mass Storage

• The air gap between the wall and the stone for insulation

The VRV system is proposed for the peripheral

• South facing walls are mounted with

commercial block and the administrative

aero screen louvers (Hunter

block of the institute. It allows customized

Douglas) fixed at an

control of individual zones eliminating the use

angle of 35 deg. This esures that

of chilled water piping, ducting and plant

the winter sun let in whereas

room.

the summer sun is blocked.

Fig.75 Facade Louvre Detail

Source: TERI

The Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) is used in the hostel blocks. This is a dual heating-cooling system using the heat sink property of the earth to maintain comfortable temperatures inside the building. Air which passes through the buried pipes gets cooled in summer and heated up in winter.

Fig.74 Facade Detail

Source: TERI 51

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

proposal.

3.2.5 LEARNINGS:

3.2.4 ARCHITECTUR AL EXPRESSION:

• The concept of using the built as a method The south-west walls with few fenestrations and

stone

cladding,

responding

to

the

• Site planning decisions for pedestrian movement

and

service

entries

when

climatic conditions, forms an impenetrable

service-intensive functions are located

wall.

within the building.

• Passive design strategies efficiently used form

in composite climate. Artistic juxtaposition

visual links as well as create drama in light

of modern and vernacular techniques to

and shade, which is quintessential to Mohe's

achieve thermal comfort.

Pergolas,

overhangs

and

balconies

work. The northern walls, in contrast, are

• Scale of the project is feasible study for

lightweight with their glazing and large

the research component of the thesis

fenestrations, once again in response to the site and climate.

Fig.76 Earth Tunnel

Source: TERI

52

of education and spreading awareness.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

3.3. sydhavns recycling center, copenhagen Architects: BIG Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Client: Amagerforbrænding Area: 1500.0 sqm

Fig.77 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhagen

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

Fig.78 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhage

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

Project type: Public facility Commissioned by Amagerforbrænding, BIG has designed the Sydhavns Recycling Center as a public space complete with fitness facilities, running tracks and picnic areas. At its core, the recycling center is submerged beneath a lush landscape, offering curious citizens a peak into the “recycling square” while enjoying their daily exercise.

Fig.79 Conceptual Model

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

The recycling activities of the centre will work as a laboratory for new measures with focus on waste as a resource; through partnerships it will contribute to creating new green jobs.

Sydhavn Recycling Centre will become the City’s centre forinnovation, knowledge, and green growth in the resource and waste field.

Fig.81 Site Plan

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

Fig.80 Conceptual Model

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

53

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.82 Process Diagrams

Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs

3.3.1 LEARNINGS •Establishing connections between

service oriented functions and

public functions.

•Allowing maximum visibility through roof windows.

•Feasibility of a recycling center as a basement function.

54

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.83 Hartberg Eco Park, Austria

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

3.4. hartberg eco park, austria

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION:

Year: 1998 Owner: Local government Architect: Zinganel Architects Location: Hartberg, Austria Building Type: Commercial and R&D Type: Demonstration and Pilot project Size: 15 ha Access: Public/ Semi-private

Steiermark is a business park which combines

Hartberg Ecopark in the Austrian region of on its premises a wide range of ecologically conscious businesses and industries, scientific research institutions as well as a permanent public exhibition on environmental protection technology and the natural environment. needs of the region

Through the eco-park it is intended to meet economic development needs in a sustainable way. Its objectives are:

• it

explores

innovative

ways

of

imparting information to consumers on environmental

problems

and

possible

solutions;

• it raises public awareness of environmental issues in a comprehensive manner;

• it

promotes

applied

research

on

environmental techniques and industrial symbiosis;

• it responds to the economic needs of the context

Fig.84 Site Plan

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

55

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.4.2 CONCEPTS: To reach these goals, three interconnected approaches have been adopted:

1. The creation of park for eco-businesses: With the idea of natural cycles in mind, preferences in selecting businesses to move in is given to those which can and wish to enter into cooperation and symbiosis with neighbouring firms.

Fig.85 Collaborative Organisation Fig.86 Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

2. The creation of an applied research centre: to help technical innovations on their way to practical application.

3.4.3

MAIN

INFR ASTRUCTURES

IN

THE

HARTBERG ECOPARK

• A plant for sewage disposal; • Three cooling systems; • Two water purifiers and

two

Fig.87 Reseach Labs combined with Offices

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

Fig.89 Hartsberg Industrial Park

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

Fig.88 Bird’s eye view

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

Fig.90 Structures Designed by Zinganel Architects

Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.

water

containers;

• A plant for nitrogen disposal; • Solar panels on the roof of each building to produce and use clean energy;

• A regional power plant that generates energy mainly from renewable sources.

56

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.4.4 prOJECT STRENGTHS NOTED:

3.4.5 Learnings from the case study:

Firms are attracted to the Hartberg Ecopark

• Research material supporting the validity

because they wish to be part of a strong

and requirement of an eco-park

directly

• Study of spaces and functions pertaining

with research centres and other firms on

to the concepts being explored in this

environmental problems.

thesis

net¬work

and

to

collaborate

The main quantita¬tive results could be summarized as follows and are related to the reduction of:

• 250,000 t of industrial waste from steel

• Community spaces with flexible public activities.

• Architectural expression being used as a method for educating the users.

plants

• about 100,000 t of industrial waste from blast furnaces

• • • •

13,000 t of recyclable paper 500,000 t of wood 30,000 t of bark 150,000 t of ferrous waste.

57

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.5.

QUEENS BOTANICAL VISITOR AND ADMINISTR ATION CENTER Year: 2007 Owner: Queens Botanical Garden Architect: BKSK Architects Location: Flushing, NY, USA Building Type: Park Type: Semi-Intensive, Test/Research Size: 3000 sq.ft.

Slope: 8% Access: Accessible, Open to Public

3.5.1 Introduction:

3.5.2 DESIGN CONCEPTS

The Queens Botanical Gardens is located at the former World’s Fair Grounds, the Flushing Meadows Park.The master plan was formulated with water as a major design theme.

The building’s auditorium has a planted green roof that reduces urban heat island effect. It has solar panels that generate 17% of the building’s electricity and a geothermal heat ng and cooling system that uses water pumped from an aquifer for the building’s climate control.

58

Fig.91 Site plan

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

59

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.5.3

Circulation

through

the

site:

Circulation responds to the existing movement outside site along with the immediate context.

Site analysis diagrammatic representation 60

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.5.4 Area Progr am Observation

decks,

lookouts,

gathering

spaces, and places for rest are woven throughout the gardens.

Hands-on experiments, a variety of water playground areas, performance and festival spaces, and plazas are included. Central to the plan are the Village Gardens, which include places for children, seniors, volunteers, community members, and staff to plant, grow, and harvest fruits, flowers, vegetables, and herbs. are activities fundamental to the QBG. The Master Plan offers the Garden for education, therapy, and self-development.

61

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

62

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.5.4 Water systems In

this

concept,

systems

I

and

V

are

independent systems whereas systems II, III, and IV are interlinked by the sharing of a storage cistern and the central pond as a storage reservoir.

• System I - runoff is collected from the Administration Building roof

• System II - “urban” water features as well as water play areas with cultural water elements are supplied by roof-collected rainwater.

• System III - water is drawn to a cistern on the high ground of the Sun and Moon Garden where it reappears as a spring-fed stream that includes interactive areas with cultural water elements.

• System IV - roof-collected rainwater bursts forth in a fountain at the Crommelin Street entrance to the Garden.

• System V - excess storm runoff, parking runoff, and the natural drainage of the land collects in a wetland depression.

63

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

3.5.5 Landscape elements

3.5.6 Inferences:

• Site planning decisions based on water harvesting systems

• Landscape design; selection of plants and elements

• Deriving from their detailed area program for better understanding of service spaces.

64

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

3.6. RECYCLING CENTER, HONG KONG Year: 2014 (proposal stage Architect: Thomas Schmidt, Sepia Designs Location: Hong Kong Building Type: Public facility Type: Prototype building Size: 267 sqm (proposed site Access: Public 3.6.1 Introduction to the ‘Community Green station’ concept: Like many other areas of the world, Hong Kong is drowning in waste. In February 2014, Sepia Design Consultants Limited created and proposed a neighborhood recycling center

landfills into treatment at the source itself. This

prototype to community leaders and the

project demonstrates the a merger of public

HKSAR Government.

interaction with waste such that it celebrates waste

Instead of the current system of refuse collection centers throughout Hong Kong,

The site has been located in the bustling

which involves direct transport of waste to

urban neighborhood of Wan Chai. The small

the territory’s three overflowing landfills, this

site of 267 sqm makes it possible the project to

proposal proposes the creation of new one-

be viable in any neighborhood.

stop satellite recycling and recovery centers

The

at the community level, in order to divert as

installed in the basement along with an odour

much material as possible away from the

prevention system, with easy access to the

landfills. The aim is to divert the waste from

truck docking area.

food

composting

system

has

been

65

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

66

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

The area program allows for a high degree of public activity, enabling learning and awareness through architecture.

3.6.2 Learnings form the case study: 1. The feasibility of the project at any location, adaptable to culturally diverse context.

2. The area program designed to concentrate on community education and awareness towards waste reduction and behavioral changes towards an environmentally sustainable lifestyle.

3. Zoning of functions w.r.t. program requirements and the intended circulation path of the user through the building for maximum interaction with different user groups.

4. Scale of the project, which is flexible for expansion.

67

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

68

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

69

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

70

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

CHAPTER 4.

SITE ANALYSIS

71

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

4.1. LAND USE

Mumbai is divided into wards for the ease of administrative functioning. The Oshiwara district centre lies in the P south ward. Marked in grey, it falls under the Special Planning Authority (SPA), which has recently been taken up by BMC. The district centre is located within a highly dense residential zone, promoting the idea of ‘walk to work’. It also provides the required footfall

for

the

success

of

commercial

establishments and active public zones.

The site chosen has been designated as mixed land use in the ODC proposal.

Fig.92 WARD LAND USE PLAN 72

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

73

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

4.2. EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS The nature of built on the site is mostly small industries consist of engineering workshops, Fig.93 A Site Photos from location A. Source: Author

fabrication units, automobile repair workshops and the like units. Nearly all of them are unregistered units located in unauthorizedly built structures. Other nonresidential units consist of new and old furniture shops, tea shops and shops serving the surrounding population

and

storages

for

scrap

and

miscellaneous goods.

Fig.94 B Site Photos from location B. Source: Author

As per the municipal record, there are about 3200 licensed cattle in this area. The stables housing these cattle are rickety structures located in low-level land on the east of S.V. Road. These stables have been in this area for a long time and apparently, unlike hutments and workshops, their number has not increased in the last few years.

Fig.95 C Site Photos from location C. Source: Author

74

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I The site is currently occupied by slums and stables.

The primary activity on this site is waste collection and segregation. They perform the role of a Material Recovery Facility (MRF). Residents for over 3 decades, the slum dwellers form an indispensable part

of the

waste management system of Oshiwara.

Fig.96 D Site Photos from location D. Source: Author

The industrial zone (I2) is a bustling small scale industry, which manufactures small appliances, acrylic cutting, laser cutting, repair workshops etc. A lot of workers have taken to residing here itself in temporary shelters.

The

development

of

permanent

nature,

mostly consisting of industries has taken place on the east of S.V. Road. Two pockets are intensively developed with some multi-storied flatted factories. The West side of the S.V. Road is lined with unauthorized shops and industries whose number seems to have grown rapidly ever since the MHADA acquired vast lands here.

Fig.97 Satellite Imagery of Site Location D. Source: Google Earth 75

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.98 Existing Land-Use Distribution

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,

76

2010)

Fig.99 Existing Land Distribution

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal

(MMRDA, 2010)

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.100 Proposed Land-Use Distribution

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,

2010)

Fig.101 Existing Residential Typology

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,

2010)

Fig.102 Projected Residential Typology by 2030

Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,

2010) 77

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

78

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

4.3. SITE study

Fig.103 Socio-economic context

Source: Author 79

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.104 Nolli diagram

Source: Author 80

The fine grain and texture are primarily residential buildings. Coarse grain uneven texture are commercial or institutional buildings. The large open spaces around the site are informal shelters which have been proposed for rehabilitation.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.105 Land Use Plan

Source: Author 81

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.106 Building Heights

Source: Author 82

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.107 Slum Land Use

Source: Author 83

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.108 Movement Patterns

Source: Author 84

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.109 Urban Connectivity

Source: Author 85

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.110 Site Dimensions

Source: Author

Fig.111 Section AA’

Source: Author 86

Fig.112 Section BB’

Source: Author

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I total floor area in case of shops upto 20 sq.mts

4.4. BYE LAWS

PARKING

SETBACKS

ISLAND CIty, SUBURBS and EXTENDED SUBURBS

in area and one parking for 50 sq.mts of floor area for shops over 20 sq.mts.

One parking space for:

• 4 tenements with carpet area above 35

SITE AREA: 6.2 ACRES, 25300 SQM Front

setback

from

roads

for

residential,commercial bldgs

• For highway road more than 52m:

for mercantile, & commercial office buildings

sqm. each.

Setback from nallah is 25m on either side.

7.5 m for both (R) and (C)

• For road wider than 21m:

3.0 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in city

6.0 m for (R) and (C) in suburbs

In addition to the parking spaces provided

• 2 tenements with carpet area exceeding 45 sqm. but not exceeding 35 sqm. each

• 1 tenements with carpet area exceeding 45 sqm. but not exceeding 70 sqm each.

, parking space for transport vechicles of site 3.75 x 7.5 m shall be provided at the rate of one space for each 2000 sq.mts subject to maximum 6 nos.

• 6 tenements with carpet area exceeding 70 50.m.

• Visitor parking at 25% of above.

• For lesser roads:

3.0 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in

One parking space for every 37.50 sq.mts

city

GOVT, SEMI GOVT, PRIVATE OFFICE BLDGS

4.5 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in suburbs

• For some specific roads like Pedder road, Carmicheal, Altamount,

of office space upto 1500 sq.mts and for every 75 sq.mts of additional space for areas exceeding 1500 sq.mts

Neapfansea, Hughes road the setback is 4.5 m for both (R) and (C)

MERCANTILE

MARKETS,

DEPARTMENTAL

STORES, SHOPS FSI

One parking space for every 40 sq.mts of

As a Special Economic Zone, ODC has been

office space upto 800 sq.mts and for every

allowed a higher FSI than usual to rope in as

80 sq.mts of additional space for areas

many developers as possible.

exceeding 800 sq.mts

• FSI FOR RESIDENTIAL IS 1.5 • FSI FOR COMMERCIAL IS 1.5

CONVENIENCE SHOPPING One parking space for every 150 sq.mts of 87

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

RECREATIONAL SPACE • • • • •

Plot area 1000 to 2500 sqm : 15% Plot area 2500 to 10000 sqm : 20% Plot area over 10000 sqm:

25%

Minimum area of RG: 125 sqm For

layout

more

than

5000

sqm.

Can provide RG at more than one place provided RG at at least one place shall be 1000 sqm.

• Minimum width of rg shall be 7.5m and if average width of the recreational space is less than 16.6m the length thereof shall not exceed 2.5 times the average width.

• 50% of required RG to be provided on mother earth as per MOEF requirement

• RG can be provided in open spaces with minimum distance of 3.00m from bldg.

• RG can be proposed on top of podium or top of basement.

• However as per recent supreme court judgement the RG required under Reg. 23 has to be provided entirely on ground. It cannot be provided on the podium. Any additional RG if required can be provided on the podium.

88

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

4.5. CLIMATE ANALYSIS • Mumbai receives a steady 11-12 hours of sunlight throughout the year.

• The large amounts of rainfall during June, July, August and September can be efficiently collected and used.

• The predominant wind direction is West to East during summer and monsoon and East to West during the other months.

Fig.113 Daylight Hours Diagram Source: Accuweather

Fig.114 Weather Variables across 12 months

Source: Accuweather

89

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Fig.115 Sun Angles for Shading Devices

Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com

Fig.117 Sun Path Diagram

Fig.116 Sun Angles for Shading Devices

Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com

Fig.118 Wind Rose Plot 90

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

4.6. SWOT ANALYSIS

91

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 5.

PROGR AMME ANALYSIS

92

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

5.1. DERIVING THE AREA PROGR AM BASED ON SITE Currently

2

major

activities

are

taking

waste

and

recyclable

materials.

The

place on site which will be affected by the

household waste will be provided by the

redevelopment

material

immediate residential colonies. The nallah

workshops and cattle sheds. Instead of a

redevelopment will require large amounts

high-end

of waste to be processed.

scheme;

commercial

waste

development

that

will eliminate any avenue of income for the

• The slum residents will get an alternative

slum dwellers, this project will generate jobs

location to receive education after

requiring the skill set that they already possess.

office working hours (Flex buildings).

The cattle will be relocated to Aarey milk colony for a healthier upbringing.

the

• The NESCO exhibition corporation can be a potential tie-up for large scale expos and demonstrations. It can also function

• The project can include functions like recycle workshops, waste processing units

as a resource provider to our site.

• Its vicinity to the uncoming commercial

etc which will allow the current occupants

developments hopes

to stimulate an

to continue their livelihood in Material

environment-conscious

attitude

recovery facilities and will generate many

day-to-day as well as overarching business

more jobs.

schemes of the users.

in

the

• A commercial hub will be a potential job opportunity for the residents living in the vicinity.

• The proximity to the metro and local train stations increases its area of influence as an occupation gold mine.

• The project will consist of a waste to energy plant, treating primarily organic 93

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

BASED ON CASE STUDIES • A collaborative work environment for SMEs, Corporations, NGOs or individual entities

to

sustainable

practice innovation

in

the like

field the

of R&D

spaces in DA and Hartberg Eco park.

• Recycling centre as a means of spreading awareness has been derived from the Sydhavns recycling center. Placing the function in the basement with view ports may lead to incidental learning.

• Including upcycling studios, artist studios and workshops has been inspired by the Recycling center module in HongKong.

• Onsite energy generation (W2E) as a viable architectural typology has been talked about in case examples cited under ‘Decentralizing waste’.

• Queens

administrative

center

demonstrates the basic facilities required in a learning center like computer labs, library, workshops etc.

• Exhibition and outreach functions have been used as outdoor spaces to showcase various products and objects developed in the labs at Hartberg.

94

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

95

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

96

5.2.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I AREA PROGRAM AREA PROGR AMME AREA PROGRAM

Sr. no. FUNCTION Sr. no. FUNCTION Environmental learning centre Environmental learning centre 1 Reception Receptionworkshops 21 recycling recycling workshops 32 upcycling studios upcycling studios 43 artists studio 4 artists studio 5 electronic and furniture workshops electronic and furniture workshops 65 Stores Storesexhibition hall/ retail gallery 76 large 7 large exhibition hall/ retail gallery small exhibition hall+demonstration small exhibition hall+demonstration 8 space space and office 98 curator curator and office 109 stores 10 seminar stores rooms 11 11 seminar rooms

Area Area

Qty. Qty. 200 200 200 100 100 30 30 T 50 50 T 25 25 200 200

100+ open 100+ open50 50 50 1,50,300 1,50,300

12 library and digital learning space hall learning space 12 Multi librarypurpose and digital 13 Multi purpose hall 13 AV 14 room

400 700 400 700 20

14 storage AV room 15 15 storage

20 100 100

Toilet: men Toilet: men 16 women 16 women 17 17 shops and retail 18 18 flea shops and retail 19 market 19 flea market

25 25 25

Occupant load Occupant load 1 21 2 82 8 6 16 1

25 25

1 1

For screening matches 1 For when not in use screening matches 1 when not in use 50 1 50 200 200 2 2

1 5000-10000 1 5000-10000 1 1 1

18WC + 20 U 18WC + 20 U 8 30WC 8 30WC 30 30 500 500

Total Area in sqm Remarks Total Area in sqm Remarks

20 20

1 1

1200 1200 20 20

200 200 basement 400 400 basement 200 200 basement 240 240 150 basement 150 basement 150 basement 200 200 100 100 50 50 200 200 450 450

15000 books 70 sqmbooks reader space 15000 140 sqmreader circulaton 70 sqm space 175 space 140 sqm shelf circulaton 70 space 175reader sqm shelf space 90 sqm 70 reader space 400 additional additional 90 height sqm 400 7.2 700 sqm clear 700 20 7.2 sqm clear height 20 100 100 should be places between the hallbe and otherbetween functions should places theefficient hall anduse other functions 400 for 400 for efficient use 600 600 500 500

97

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

20 Finance office 21 management office

22 23 24 25 26 27

Nursery Gardening center Visitor information center waste showcase room NGO offices executive office TOTAL

100 30

200 100 50 100 75 50

1 1

1 1 1 1 4 1

100 open plan 30 includes demo areas, plants 200 for sale 100 50 100 300 50 5990

Waste-to-energy facility

Material sorting Facilities for existing services 200+open space 1 on site 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 98

Recycling center management office ERS system room food waste recovery area waste water treatment facility+ storage Triage/ incoming material sorting Temp storage for ERS waste Grid room staff lockers+common room further treatment systems customer care

Drop off for garbage admin entrance foyer security

1 2000 ton/day

50 2500 75 200 75 200 30 100 150 30

100 50 100 30

1 300ton/year 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 200 footfall throughout 1 the day 1 1 2

well ventilated and daylit 200 4.5m clear height (basement) 50 2500 75 200 300 200 30 100 150 30

4.5m clear height (basement) close to the composting area basement close to the loading area basement basement

easily accessible from site 100 adjacent roads 50 100 30

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 16 toilets 25%

200 ground floor, next to an access lane. 6m ht

17 vehicle docking area TOTAL Office component 1 office A 2 Office B 3 entrance lobby + foyer 4 5 Restaurant(50 cover + kitchen) 6 foyer 7 conference room A 8 conference room B 9 seminar room 10 meeting room 11 toilets 25% TOTAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Services security control BMS room fire fighting fire hydrant garbage disposal water pumping communication/ network electrical AHU house keeping x4 general stores x4 TOTAL

4115

600 300 450

8 15 1

4800 4500 450

350 150 100 50 200 25

1 1 3 1 2 3

350 150 300 50 400 75 11075

45 25 10 1 20 50 15 100 1.5 90 100

2 1 4 8 1 1 1 1 8 1 1

90 25 40 8 20 50 15 100 12 90 100 550

Office support 99

11 general stores x4 TOTAL

1 2 3 4 5 6

Office support stationary shop courier service bank extension counters comp repair/service creche Toilets TOTAL

Hospitality 1 food court (of organic produce)

2 food kiosks with seating 3 common kitchen TOTAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Administration GM with PA+waiting Asso. Mg+sales+oper. maintainance+housekeeping security emergency med staff lockers director's office + toilet finance open plan office general admin toilets TOTAL Eco park + nallah redevelopment Public pedestrian plaza Communal garden

100

Research labs

100

15 20 15 30 30

1

2 1 2 2 1

100 550

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

30 20 30 60 30 170

1200

20 300

24 30 30 36 40 60 35 30 50 50

1 15 stalls

20 20 kiosks 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1200 7m height Can be distributed in the 400 building 300 centrally placed 1900

24 30 30 36 40 60 35 30 50 335

open open open/roof

Public pedestrian plaza Communal garden ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Research labs 1 Testing lab 2 research labs 3 Dry labs

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Wet labs Heavy equipment lab lounge(student and faculty) Testing lab computer lab maintainance offices utility rooms storage research scholars' rooms seminar rooms meeting/ conference rooms central data+server room data centre+ UPS room canteen admin executive offices TOTAL Total Total Built-up (Total + 40% ) FAR Ground coverage Site area Total permissible built up Parking

open open/roof

100 150 150

200 200 20 100 100 20 30 100 15 100 30 150 35 150 150 100

1 3 2

2 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 10 2 3 1 1 1 1 1

100 450 300 near toilets for plumbing 400 services 200 on the ground floor 40 300 100 60 90 100 150 200 100 150 35 150 150 100 3175

27310 38234 1.5 19% 6.2 acres 25300 sqm 37500 1.67 ECS/100 sqm 600 101

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 6.

CONCEPT

102

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

103

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

6.1.

SIte level str ategies

One towards the residentia node of the site, the other towards the leisure activites at the promenade.

104

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

2 main axes of circulation have been identified; one connecting the 2 public spheres and the other forming a pedestrian spine through the building. The entire site is accessibe on the ground floor.

Exhibition spaces and view ports into the basement have been lined along the circulation lines for maximum participation.

105

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

6.2. building level str ategies SECTIONAL STORYLINE

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAMS BUILDING LEVEL STRATEGIES

STORYLINE IN PLAN The solid footprint has been extruded.

ECOLEARNING CENTER

OFFICES

A burrow is caved out for mass movement across the site.

OFFICE

ECO-LEARNING CENTER

The slope is north aligned for maximum glareless light.

Hot and humid climate: Cavities for air movement.

Collaborative offices

Functions spilling out into a central open space

Open ground floor for maximum permeability across the built.

Visually light connector between the 2 buildings.

Altering building profile to provide permanent shading in times of rain or severe heat 106

Resultant form

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

107

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

6.3. concept sketches

108

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

109

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 7.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

110

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

7.1. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 1

ECOLEARNING

OFFICE

111

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

7.2. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 2

112

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

7.3. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 3 ECOLEARNING

OFFICE

113

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

7.4. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

114

STAGE 4, FINAL DESIGN

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

CHAPTER 8.

FINAL DESIGN DR AWINGS

115

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

116

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.1. SITE LEVEL VIEWS

117

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.3. GROUND FLOOR PLAN

118

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.4. BASEMENT LEVEL PLANS

119

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.5. FIRST FLOOR PLAN

120

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.6. SECOND FLOOR PLAN 8.7.

121

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.8. EXTERNAL WALL SECTION AND HVAC DESIGN

122

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.9. THIRD FLOOR PLAN

123

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.10. PERSPECTIVE

SECTION EXTERNAL WALL SECTION

124

AND

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.11. PERSPECTIVE

SECTION EXTERNAL WALL SECTION

AND

125

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.12. OTHER FLOOR PLANS

4th FLOOR 126

5th FLOOR

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

6th, 7th, 8th FLOOR

9th FLOOR 127

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.13. facade design

128

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

129

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

8.14. Model photos 1: 1000 context model

130

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

8.15. Model photos 1: 500 model

131

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

CHAPTER 9.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

132

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

9.1. WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

JAPAN ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM Waste to energy is a process of conversion of MSW into any form of usable energy. The

The selected locality of Oshiwara which has

waste undergoes the following sequence of

been earmarked for redevelopment functions

treatments;

as a garbage collection center run by the informal sector. With the removal of slums, this garbage will be directly transported to

Segregation into recyclables and non- recyclables

its ultimate location; the city landfill. Deonar, Mulund and the recently created Kanjurmarg landfill are the 3 dumping grounds, of thich Deonar and Mulund were stated for closure

Aerobic and anaerobic composting of source separated organic waste

8 years ago and Kanjurmarg is allegdly

treatment by ERS. Any kinds of waste can

occupying coastal wetlands as a part ofthe

be put into ERS altogether

dumping site. (Saldanha, Alison; Lukose,

Anjali, 6th February, 2014)

Energy recovery through a thermal waste conversion process

One method to decentralize this chain of

depending upon population statistics. The waste-to-energy facility on site aims to fulfil a triple pupose; local waste mamagement, employment for the current site workers and a medium of education for the public.

2. Generates

Electric

Power

at

approx.

5 MW/hour

3. The output of the plant can also be

waste management is to set up localized waste treatment and segregation locations

1. 300 ton waste fermentation and drying

converted into briquettes for further use as Complimentary to this energy recover system

fuel

is reduction of source waste and recucling

4. No water drain from ERS system to protect

which is taking place in the environmental

environmental conditions in neighboring

learning center.

area

A recent energy recovery system (ERS) has

5. Pure water is also produced been developed by HYATH JAPAN CO.,LTD 6. Reduce CO2 gas emission to obtain credit which compacts the conversion equipments

(no harmful gas emission from the plant)

into a cube, making it suitable for the land-

7. Produce Distilled Water (drinkable after

starved urban context of Mumbai.

treatment)approx. 300 ton/day

8. Requires no segregation of household Some of its sailent features are:

waste

(that

doesn't

mean

it

is 133

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

recommended!)

9. General conversion time into compost: 45 days. With ERS system: 4-6 hours

EQUIPMENT SYSTEM • ERS System : ERS-model 8 body: 3 units (Idea 1) , (or other model) • Microbe Deodorizing & Cooling Equipment : 1 unit • Biomass Boiler : 1 unit • Cogeneration Plant: 1 unit Fig.119 Graphic representation of internal processes

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

speed fermentation and dry • Type: ERS 3 • Indigenous Microbes: Local microbes • Max. Operation Cycles / day : selected & cultivated from soil near by the • Max. 10 cycles / day(20 hours/day & 2.0 hours/cycle) (Spare time : 4 hours / day)

installation.

Max. amt. per load: 800 kg

system), Class A fuel Oil (for steam boiler)

• Max. Qty per day: 8 ton/ day (24 hour • Application: Any organic materials • Energy sources: Electricity (For whole operation) • • • • • • • • 134

Size of ERS:

• Specialty: High speed ferment & dry. Need

Width: 9m

no bacterial replenishment, no waste

Dimension: 2m

water design

Height: 2.2 m

• Output:

Height of hopper: 4.3m (above ground)

Weight of main unit: 15 ton

Fertilizer

Technology: Heated and depressurized

Food waste: Animal feed or Bio Organic waste: Animal feed or Bio

Fig.120 ERS plant 100 ton unit

Fertilizer

Food processing waste: Bio Fertilizer

Sewage and sludge: Bio Fertilizer or

Fuel (Phosphoric can be collected)

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I TYPE OF WASTE Waste can be thrown together in this. The output can be easily

Fig.121 Layout of the system

segregated into organic and plastic products.

Fig.122 ERS plant 50 ton unit

SEWAGE AND SLUDGE TREATMENT

For on-site Nallah treatment Fig.123 Sludge treatment

135

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

BIOMASS CONVERSION UNIT

1. Fuel (coal, natural gas, oil, or biomass) is added at one end.

2. The engine (roughly the same size as a four-cylinder car engine) burns the fuel by ordinary combustion.

3. An electricity generator is connected to and driven by the engine's driveshaft.

4. Something produced,

like

15kW

which

can

of

electricity be

used

is for

conventional power or as an emergency supply.

5. Exhaust gases from the engine flow through one or more heat exchangers, which remove most of their waste heat.

6. A catalytic converter (similar to the one in a car) removes some of the pollution from the Fig.124 Schematic functioning of an ERS system

gases.

7. The (relatively clean) exhaust emerges through a tailpipe or chimney.

8. Cold water flowing into the heat exchanger picks up heat from the exhaust gas and exits at a much higher temperature. If it's hot enough, it can be piped directly into radiators or fed into a conventional centralheating boiler for further heating. A unit like this will produce about 40kW of thermal Fig.126 Micro CHP system 136

Fig.125 Models of micro CHP systems by Japanese company Yamnar

energy (heat).

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Fig.127 Components of micro combined heat

and power unit

137

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Linear circulation of waste Garbage truck movement is restricted to the surface. The waste, segregated at source, will be transported to its destination via conveyer belts.

The entire WTE facility is placed underground, With skylights and large viewing windows, it allows for chance glimpses for the public, instigating curiosity and interest. skylight design as a landscape element

Garbage vehicle is restricted only to surface movement.

conveyer belt

Spatial tr anslation

Lighting and ventilation for workspaces at basement level 138

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

9.2. WASTE

Avg. Waste generated by an Indian per day in Mumbai= 0.6 kg "Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian garbage will undergo the following changes:" Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent Plastic will rise from 4% to 6% Metal will escalate from 1% to 4% Glass will increase from 2% to 3% Paper will climb from 5% to 15% Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%"

CALCULATIONS

P

R

Q L

O N

K

M J

I H

D

E

F

G

B A

Average household includes 25% recyclable waste

ON site: 60% organic waste"

Function

Area

No. of occupants

Offices

15394

1016

Educational

5290

1322

Industrial

4115

412

Assembly

2600

4316

Waste generated= 1700 kg/day C

Organic waste= 850 kg/day Recyclable waste= 400kg / day

Fig.128 Key plan 139

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

Waste gener ated around the site:

D Residential complex 31 storeyed:

H Residential society:

Built up of one building= 18700

Total built up= 9610

No of occupants= 800

no. of occupants= 770

A Housing society:

Total number of occupants= 1600

Waste generated= 390 kg/day

Built up of one building= 820sqm

Waste generated= 820 kg/day

Organic waste= 200 kg/day

No of occupants=65

Organic waste= 490kg/day

Recyclable waste= 100 kg/day

Total number of occupants= 585

Recyclable waste= 205kg/day

Waste generated= 300 kg/day

I Commercial center:

Organic waste= 180 kg/day

E Residential tower:

Built up= 2400 sqm

Recyclable waste= 75 kg/day

Built up of one building= 76300 sqm

no. of occupants= 150

No of occupants=6000

Waste generated= 75 kg/day

B Housing society:

Waste generated= 3000 kg/day

Organic waste= 10 kg/day

Built up of one building= 3390sqm

Organic waste= 1500 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 60 kg/day

No of occupants=270

Recyclable waste= 750 kg/day

J Independent residence:

Total number of occupants= 270*14 =3796 Waste generated= 1930 kg/day

F Commercial tower

:

Organic waste= 970 kg/day

Built up= 8435 sqm

no. of occupants= 80

Recyclable waste= 480 kg/day

no. of occupants= 845

Waste generated= 40 kg/day

Waste generated= 400 kg/day

Organic waste= 20 kg/day

C Housing society:

Organic waste= 80 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 10 kg/day

Built up of one building: 1164

Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day

Built up= 1200 sqm

K office and cinema hall:

no. of occupants= 92 total number of occupants= 92*6=550

G Residential society:

Built up= 7500 sqm

waste generated= 280kg/day

Total built up= 9100

no. of occupants= 750 (10 / 100sqm)

Organic waste= 140 kg/day

no. of occupants= 720

waste generated= 382kg/day

Recyclable waste= 70 kg/day

Waste generated= 360 kg/day

Organic waste= 40kg/day

Organic waste= 180 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 90 kg/day 140

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I L Industrial buildings:

P Residential society

:

Total Built up= 55450 sqm

Total Built up= 15800 sqm

No. of occupants= 5500

No. of occupants= 1265

waste generated= 2500kg/day

Waste generated= 645 kg/day

Organic waste= 500kg/day

Organic waste=320 kg/day

Industrial waste= 2000 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 160 kg/day

M Residential society:

Q Residential buildings:

Total Built up= 29500 sqm

Built up= 4440 sqm

No. of occupants= 2360

no. of occupants= 355

waste generated= 1200kg/day

Waste generated= 180 kg/day

Organic waste= 600kg/day

Organic waste= 90 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day

Recyclable waste=45 kg/day

N Residential society:

R Commercial center:

Total Built up= 26125 sqm

Built up= 8160 sqm

No. of occupants= 2090

no. of occupants= 816

waste generated= 1063 kg/day

waste generated= 200 kg/day

Organic waste= 530kg/day

Organic waste= 40 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 265 kg/day

Recyclable waste= 160 kg/day

O Residential society:

Total Built up= 48800 sqm

Total organic waste = 7675 kg per day

No. of occupants= 3900

Total recyclable waste=

waste generated= 1950 kg/day

Plus sludge from the nala

2860 kg/ day

Organic waste=975 kg/day Recyclable waste= 490 kg/day

141

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

SPACES

Area (sqm.)

9.3.

Occupancy load HVAC

Electricity consumption (W)

Electricity Demand Load (W)

SERVICES Captive Power Load (W)

Lighting requirement

Environment learning centre Reception

200

Semi

120

Medium

Recycling workshops

400

Semi

240

High

upcycling studios

200

Semi

120

High

artists studios

250

Semi

150

High

electronic and furniture workshops

150

Semi

90

High

large exhibition hall

200

Semi

120

High

small exhibition hall

100

Semi

60

High

curator and office

50

60

Medium

200

240

Low

300,150

540

High

storage seminar rooms library and digital learning space

400

Multi purpose hall

700

1162

480

High

840

Medium Medium

AV room

20

24

finance office

100

120

Medium

management office

50

60

Medium

Shops and retail

600

Nursery

200

X

Gardening center

100

X

NGO offices

200

Collaborative NGO workshops

350

Total

4,920

Semi 280

720

Medium

60

Medium

30

Medium

240

Medium

210 4524

High 3166.8

3958.5

Waste-to-energy facility Reception

100

120

Visitor information center

100

120

Medium

waste showcase room

120

144

Medium Medium

Recycling center management office

Medium

50

60

Material sorting facility

200

240

High

ERS system room

2500

3000

Medium Low

Grid room

75

X

22.5

Waste water treatment facility

200

X

60

Low

staff lockers + common room

100

120

Medium

Drop off garbage

100

30

Low

security

50

X

Total

3595

240

3916.5

2741.55

3426.9375

Office component

10775

1080

12930

9051

11313.75

Medium

Restaurant (50 cover)

350

35

420

294

367.5

Medium

Office support functions

150

20

180

126

157.5

Medium

Office support functions

1800

2500

1080

756

945

Medium

Administration

325

45

390

273

341.25

Medium

Semi

Research labs Lobby + reception

100

120

Medium

research labs

600

720

High

Dry labs

300

Semi

180

High

400

Semi

240

High

142 Wet labs Heavy equipment labs

200

Lounge

50

X

60

High

60

Medium

Water supply

Service access

energy CALCULATIONS

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

9.4.

electrical load calculations SPACES

Area (sqm.)

Occupancy load HVAC

Electricity consumption (W)

ELECTRICAL LOAD CALCULATIONS Electricity Demand Load Captive Power Lighting (W) Load (W) requirement

SUSTAINABILITY Water supply

Service access

STRUCTURE

Daylighting

Space requirement

Structure system

Material

Environment learning centre RCC +

Reception

200

Semi

120

Medium

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Recycling workshops

400

Semi

240

High

Partial

regular span

"

Domestic

Partial

regular span

"

Plastic Waste

regular span

"

upcycling studios

200

Semi

120

High

artists studios

250

Semi

150

High

electronic and furniture workshops

150

Semi

90

High

regular span

"

large exhibition hall

200

Semi

120

High

regular span

"

small exhibition hall

100

Semi

60

High

regular span

"

curator and office

50

60

Medium

regular span

"

storage seminar rooms

Partial

200

240

Low

regular span

"

3,00,150

540

High

large span

Column beam with coffered slab

480

High

regular span

"

840

Medium

large span

Column beam with coffered slab "

library and digital learning space

400

Multi purpose hall

700

1162

AV room

20

24

Medium

regular span

finance office

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

management office

50

60

Medium

regular span

"

Shops and retail

600

Nursery

200

X X

Gardening center

100

NGO offices

200

Collaborative NGO workshops

350

Total

4,920

Semi 280

720

Medium

regular span

"

60

Medium

regular span

" "

30

Medium

regular span

240

Medium

regular span

"

210

High

regular span

"

4524

3166.8

3958.5

Waste-to-energy facility

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Reception

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

Visitor information center

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

waste showcase room

120

144

Medium

Partial

regular span

"

Recycling center management office

50

60

Medium

regular span

"

Material sorting facility

200

240

High

Partial

regular span

"

ERS system room Grid room

2500 75

X

3000 22.5

Medium Low

None None

regular span regular span

" "

Waste water treatment facility

200

X

60

Low

None

regular span

"

staff lockers + common room Drop off garbage

100 100

120 30

Medium Low

regular span

"

X

security

50

Total

3595

240

3916.5

2741.55

3426.9375

Office component

10775

1080

12930

9051

11313.75

Medium

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Restaurant (50 cover)

350

35

420

294

367.5

Medium

regular span

"

Office support functions

150

20

180

126

157.5

Medium

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Office support functions

1800

180

1080

756

945

Medium

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Administration

325

45

390

273

341.25

Medium

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Column beam with filler slab

Semi

Research labs Lobby + reception

100

120

Medium

regular span

research labs

600

720

High

regular span

"

Dry labs

300

Semi

180

High

large span

Column beam with coffered slab

Semi

240

High

regular span

"

60

High

regular span

"

Wet labs

400

Heavy equipment labs

200

Lounge

50

60

Medium

regular span

"

Testing lab

300

360

High

regular span

"

Computer lab

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

Maintenance office

60

72

Medium

regular span

"

utility rooms

90

27

Low

regular span

"

X

X

143

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT Research scholar's rooms

150

180

Medium

regular span

"

Discussion rooms

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

seminar rooms

200

240

Medium

regular span

"

Meeting/ conference rooms

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

central data + server rooms

150

X

45

Low

regular span

"

data center + UPS room

35

X

10.5

Low

regular span

"

Executive offices

100

120

Medium

regular span

"

Canteen

50

30

Medium

regular span

"

Low

regular span

Column beam with filler slab

Total Services

3085

Semi 200

700

X

GRAND TOTAL Electricity consumption by DEVAP system: Non-airconditioned = 0.3 W/ sqm

0.3

Semi-airconditioned = 0.65 W/ sqm

0.65

Fully airconditioned = 1.2 W/ sqm Demand Load Factor / Utilisation Factor = 0.7 Captive Power Load (for DG set) = Demand Load / 0.8

144

1.2

2824.5

1977.15

2471.4375

210

147

183.75

18532.5

23165.625

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

9.5.

lighting calculations SPACES

Area (sqm.)

Occupancy load

Illumination (lux or lumens/m2)

LUMINOUS FLUX (lumens)

LIGHTING CALCULATIONS LUMINOUS EFFICACY Lighting power Lighting (lumen/Watt) (W) requirement

Environment learning centre Reception

200

Medium

Recycling workshops

400

High

upcycling studios

200

High

artists studios

250

High

electronic and furniture workshops

150

High

large exhibition hall

200

High

small exhibition hall

100

High

curator and office

50

Medium

storage

200

Low

3,00,150

High

seminar rooms library and digital learning space

400

Multi purpose hall

700

High 1162

150

105000

100

1050

Medium

AV room

20

Medium

finance office

100

Medium

management office

50

Medium

Shops and retail

600

Medium

Nursery

200

Medium

Gardening center

100

Medium

NGO offices

200

Medium

Collaborative NGO workshops

350

Total

4,920

High 280

500

2460000

100

24600

Waste-to-energy facility Reception

100

Medium

Visitor information center

100

Medium

waste showcase room

120

Medium

Recycling center management office

50

Medium

Material sorting facility

200

High

ERS system room

2500

Medium

Grid room

75

Low

Waste water treatment facility

200

Low

staff lockers + common room

100

Medium

Drop off garbage

100

Low

security

50

Total

3595

240

250

898750

100

8987.5

145

Grid room

75

Low

Waste water treatment facility

200

Low

staff lockers + common room

100

Medium

Drop off garbage

100

Low

security

50

Total

3595

240

Office component

250

898750

100

8987.5

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

10775

1080

500

5387500

100

53875

Medium

Restaurant (50 cover)

350

35

250

87500

100

875

Medium

Office support functions

150

20

250

37500

100

375

Medium

Office support functions

1800

180

250

450000

100

4500

Medium

Administration

325

45

500

162500

100

1625

Medium

Research labs Lobby + reception

100

research labs

600

High

Dry labs

300

High

Medium

Wet labs

400

High

Heavy equipment labs

200

High Medium

Lounge

50

Testing lab

300

High

Computer lab

100

Medium

Maintenance office

60

Medium

utility rooms

90

Low

Research scholar's rooms

150

Medium

Discussion rooms

100

Medium

seminar rooms

200

Medium

Meeting/ conference rooms

100

Medium

central data + server rooms

150

Low

data center + UPS room

35

Low

Executive offices

100

Medium

Canteen

50

Medium

Total Services

3085

200

700

GRAND TOTAL

Activity Illumination

Working areas where visual tasks

1542500

100

15425

150

105000

100

1050 112362.5

From Bureau of Indian Standards:

146 Simple orientation for short visits

500

(lux or lumens/m2) 50-100

Low

Services

700

150

105000

100

1050

Low

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I GRAND TOTAL

112362.5

From Bureau of Indian Standards: Activity Illumination

(lux or lumens/m2)

Simple orientation for short visits

50-100

Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed

100-150

Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives Easy Office Work, Classes Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms, Laboratories

150 250

500

Luminous Efficacy of a LED bulb is 76 lumen/Watt and LED tube is 100-110 lumen/Watt Power (W) = Luminous Flux (lm) / Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

147

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.6. hvac

calculations

SPACES

Area (sqm.)

Occupancy load

HVAC CALCULATIONS HVAC

Area BTU

Lighting power Occupant BTU (W)

Lighting BTU

TOTAL HEAT LOAD BTU

HVAC cooling capacity

HVAC system

(ton)

Environment learning centre Reception

200

Semi

Recycling workshops

400

Semi

upcycling studios

200

Semi

artists studios

250

Semi

electronic and furniture workshops

150

Semi

large exhibition hall

200

Semi

small exhibition hall

100

Semi

curator and office

50

storage

200

seminar rooms

3,00,150

library and digital learning space

400

Multi purpose hall

700

AV room

20

finance office

100

management office

50

Shops and retail

600

1162

Nursery

200

X

Gardening center

100

X

NGO offices

200

Collaborative NGO workshops Total

350 4,920

Semi 280

153750

168000

25650

109012.5

430762.5

35.9 DEVAP cooling

Waste-to-energy facility Reception

100

Visitor information center

100

3125 3125

waste showcase room

120

3750

Recycling center management office

50

1562.5

Material sorting facility

200

6250

ERS system room

2500

Grid room

75

X

Waste water treatment facility

200

X

staff lockers + common room

100

Drop off garbage

100

security

3125 X

50

Total

3595

240

20937.5

144000

8990

38207.5

203145

16.93 DEVAP cooling

Office component

10775

1080

336718.75

648000

53875

228968.75

1213687.5

101.14 DEVAP cooling

350

35

10937.5

21000

875

3718.75

35656.25

3 DEVAP cooling

150

20

4687.5

12000

375

1593.75

18281.25

1.52 Passive cooling

148 Restaurant (50 cover) Office support functions

security Total

50 3595

240

20937.5

144000

8990

38207.5

203145

16.93 DEVAP cooling

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 10775

1080

336718.75

648000

53875

228968.75

1213687.5

101.14 DEVAP cooling

Restaurant (50 cover)

Office component

350

35

10937.5

21000

875

3718.75

35656.25

3 DEVAP cooling

Office support functions

150

20

4687.5

12000

375

1593.75

18281.25

1.52 Passive cooling

Office support functions

1800

180

56250

750000

4500

19125

825375

68.8 DEVAP cooling

Administration

325

45

10156.25

27000

1625

6906.25

44062.5

3.67 DEVAP cooling

120000

15425

65556.25

267118.75

22.26 DEVAP cooling

Semi

Research labs Lobby + reception

100

3125

research labs

600

18750

Dry labs

300

Semi

9375

Wet labs

400

Semi

12500

Heavy equipment labs

200

Lounge

50

1562.5

Testing lab

300

9375

Computer lab

100

3125

Maintenance office

60

utility rooms

90

Research scholar's rooms

150

4687.5

Discussion rooms

100

3125

seminar rooms

200

6250

Meeting/ conference rooms

100

central data + server rooms

150

X

data center + UPS room

35

X

Executive offices

100

Canteen

50

Total Services

3085

X

1875 X

3125

3125 Semi 200

700

GRAND TOTAL

1562.5 81562.5

X 253.22

Area BTU = Length x Breadth x 31.25 Occupant BTU = Occupancy x 600 Lighting BTU = Lighting Power x 4.25 Total Heat Load BTU = Area BTU + Occupant BTU + Lighting BTU HVAC Tonnage = Total Heat Load BTU / 12000

149

Administration

325

45

390

273

341.25

Medium

Research labs Lobby + reception

100

research labs

600

Dry labs

300

Semi

Wet labs

400

Semi

Heavy equipment labs

200

Lounge

50

X

120

Medium

720

High

180

High

240

High

60

High

60

Medium

Testing lab

300

360

High

Computer lab

100

120

Medium

Maintenance office

60

utility rooms

90

Research scholar's rooms Discussion rooms

72

Medium

27

Low

150

180

Medium

100

120

Medium

X

seminar rooms

200

240

Medium

Meeting/ conference rooms

100

120

Medium

central data + server rooms

150

X

45

Low

data center + UPS room

35

X

10.5

Low

Executive offices

100

Canteen

50

Total Services

3085

Semi 200

700

Medium

30

Medium

2824.5

1977.15

2471.4375

210

147

183.75

18532.5

23165.625

X

GRAND TOTAL

Total Electricity consumed in one day: 23.16kW x 16 hrs = 370 kWh Based on WTE projects functioning in Kerala, 750 kg of organic household waste produces 5kW of electricity daily.

Organic waste collected on-site= 7675 kg/ day Electricity generated from organic waste= (7675 x 5 x 24)/750 = 1228 kW = 1.2 MW The surplus generated will be sold to the Oshiwara power station located 1km away.

120

Low

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.7.

R AIN

WATER

HARVESTING

Roof area = 6049 sqm Hard paved area = 4465 sqm Semi-hard paved area = 4414 sqm Soft paved area = 10160 sqm Average annual rainfall in Mumbai = 2150 millimetre (mm) Hard paved surface Volume of rainfall = 4465 x 2.15 = 9599000 litres Hard paved area is cement finishing Run-off Coefficient = 0.9 The coefficient for evaporation, spillage, first flush wastage is considered as 0.8.

Efficient Volume of water to be harvested = 9599000 x 0.8 x 0.8 = 6911280 litres Soft paved surface Volume of rainfall = 14575 x 2.15 = 31336250 litres Water Run-off Coefficient = 0.35 The coefficient for evaporation, spillage, first flush wastage is considered as 0.8.

Efficient Volume of water to be harvested = 31336250 x 0.35 x 0.8 = 8771450 litres

150

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Roof catchment area = 6049 sqm Volume of rainfall = 6049 x 2.15 = 13005350 litres Roof finish with recycled tiles and ceramics Run-off Coefficient for tiles = 0.95 The

coefficient

spillage,

first

for flush

evaporation, wastage

is

considered as 0.8.

Efficient volume of water to be harvested = 13005350 x 0.95 x 0.8 = 9884066 litres Total

annual

rainwater

collected

=25566789 litres

Fig.129 Site plan with culvert layout design

Fig.130 Culvert design 151

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT SPACES

Area (sqm.)

Occupancy load

WATER CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS Consumption Consumption of water/day/ of water/day (L) head (l)

MENS WC (1 PER 25)

MENS Urinal (1 PER 20)

MENS WB (1 PER 20)

25

WOMENS WC (1 PER 15)

WOMENS WB (1 PER 20)

Environment learning centre Reception

200

Recycling workshops

400

upcycling studios

200

artists studios

250

electronic and furniture workshops

150

large exhibition hall

200

small exhibition hall

100

curator and office

50

storage

200

seminar rooms

3,00,150

library and digital learning space

400

Multi purpose hall

700

AV room

20

finance office

100

management office

50

Shops and retail

600

Nursery

200

Gardening center

100

NGO offices

200

Collaborative NGO workshops

350

Total

4,920

1162

15

17430

20

25

280

45

12600

6

7

45

10800

5

6

6

8

6

7

34

25

10

7

Waste-to-energy facility Reception

100

Visitor information center

100

waste showcase room

120

Recycling center management office

50

Material sorting facility

200

ERS system room

2500

Grid room

75

Waste water treatment facility

200

staff lockers + common room

100

Drop off garbage

100

security

50

Total

3595

240

Office component

10775

1080

45

48600

21

27

27

36

27

350

35

70

2450

1

1

1

1

1

152 Office support functions

150

20

45

900

1

1

1

1

1

Office support functions

1800

180

45

8100

4

5

5

6

5

Restaurant (50 cover)

Waste water treatment facility

200

staff lockers + common room

100

ECO Drop off garbage

CENTRE | MUMBA 100 I

security

50 3595

Area (sqm.)

Occupancy 240 load

10775

1080

Restaurant (50 cover)

350

35

Office support functions Environment learning centre

150

20

45

Reception Office support functions Recycling workshops

200 1800 400

180

upcycling studios Administration artists studios

200 325 250

Total

SPACES

Office component

electronic and furniture workshops Research labs large exhibition hall Lobby + reception small exhibition hall research labs curator and office Dry labs storage Wet labs seminar rooms Heavy equipment labs library and digital learning space Lounge Multi purpose hall Testing lab AV room Computer lab finance office Maintenance office management office utility rooms Shops and retail Research scholar's rooms Nursery Discussion rooms Gardening center seminar rooms NGO offices Meeting/ conference rooms Collaborative NGO workshops central data + server rooms Total data center + UPS room Executive offices Waste-to-energy facility Canteen Reception Total Visitor information center

45

10800

Consumption 45 Consumption 48600 of water/day/ of water/day 70 2450 (L) head (l)

5 21

6

6

WATER CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS 27

8

6

WOMENS 36 WOMENS 27 WB WC 1 1 (1 PER 15) (1 PER 20)

27

MENS WC 1 (1 PER 25)

MENS Urinal 1 (1 PER 20)

MENS WB 1 (1 PER 20)

900

1

1

1

1

1

45

8100

4

5

5

6

5

45

45

2025

1

1

1

1

1

1162

15

17430

20

25

25

280

45

12600

6

7

200

45

9000

4

5

5

111905

63

78

78

150 200 100 100 600 50 300 200 400 3,00,150 200 400 50 700 300 20 100 100 60 50 90 600 150 200 100 100 200 200 100 350 150 4,920 35

7

34

25

10

7

100 50 100 3085 100

waste showcase room Services Recycling center management office

120 700 50

Material sorting facility GRAND TOTAL ERS system room

2500

200

7

5

104

78

Grid room 75 Consumption of water/head /day in referred from Chapter 5.4 of the Bureau of Indian Standards Waste water treatment facility 200 Number of sanitary fixtures per given users in referred from Chapter 5.4 of the Bureau of Indian Standards staff lockers + common room 100 Annual water consumption 40845325 litres Drop off garbage 100 Annual rain water harvested 25566789 litres security 50 Total 3595 62.5% of water demand is met by rain water harvesting.

240

Office component

45

10800

5

6

6

8

6

10775

1080

45

48600

21

27

27

36

27

Restaurant (50 cover)

350

35

70

2450

1

1

1

1

1

Office support functions

150

20

45

900

1

1

1

1

1

Office support functions

1800

180

45

8100

4

5

5

6

5

153

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.8. Passive design str ategies

154

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

155

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.9. PASSIVE SYSTEMS

VENTILATION

Thumb rules for opening: A High inlet and outlet do not produce good air move ment at body level.

In Natural Ventilation the airflow is due to wind

B Low inlet and outlet produce

and buoyancy through cracks in the building

a good pattern of air movement,

envelope or purposely installed openings.

when it is required for cooling.

C Low inlet and high outlet also

• Single-Sided Ventilation: Limited

produce a low level wind pattern.

to zones close to the openings

D The airflow at ceiling heigh

• Cross-Ventilation: Two or more openings

produced by a high inlet is hardly affected by an outlet at low level.

E Projection shading devices produce an upward airflow in the room.

F A slot between wall and shade

on opposite walls covers a larger zone

results in a more direct flow of air.

than the single-sided openings • Stack Ventilation: Buoyancydriven gives larger flows

Fig.131 Cross ventilation airflow in relation to wall

openings and surrounding vegetation (after

Evans 1980 156

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I –

Displacement cooling

in which cool air is introduced at the floor and return air is collected at the ceiling – reduces energy consumption on two counts. The air need be cooled only to 19° Celsius or 20° as opposed to 14° in overhead-feed systems) because the cool air does not mix as much with the warm air, which naturally rises. Also due to buoyancy, the energy required to move the air through the distribution circuit is reduced. Displacement cooling is about 15 percent more energy efficient than conventional air-distribution systems. At the DA building, the air-distribution channels are integrated into the structural system U-columns conduct cool air down to the floor, and overhead hollow spaces between the vaulted deck elements carry away the warm air. This system also cools the thermal mass of the building interior, providing a flywheel .effect that moderates swings in cooling loads

Fig.132 DA HVAC system, New Delhi

157

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.10. MAKING BASEMENTS GREEN Basement construction is one of the most

ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

design flexibility and ease of construction.

Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) Its added benefits are:

high-impact interventions in architecture.

• continuity of insulation;

From excavating large amounts of earth and

• reduced air infiltration; and

gravel, which ultimately makes the soil unstable

• thermal mass.

to the vast amount of concrete used in wall construction, both the materials and processes

The inner filling is fly ash concrete or recycled

use large amounts of energy. Hence here are a

concrete with steel reinforcement bars for

few steps to wholistic reduction in energy use: ENSURE REUSE OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS In creation of artificial contours on site, in the offset area of the nallah to prevent unnecessary loads on the basement slab

enterior and interior wall construction.

Typically ICF foundations link together like building blocks and are then filled with foundation concrete Basement drainage on the right.

Using the gravel and earth to compact the nallah edges along its entire length. The gravel

forms for poured concrete walls that stay

retaining walls can add an asthetic element.

in place as a permanent part of the wall assembly. The forms, made of foam insulation, are either pre-formed interlocking blocks or separate panels connected with plastic ties. This union allows concrete to perform as a thermally efficient building structure, boasting R-values. According to Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA), EPS, in this application, may help provide lower energy cost by up to 50% and noise abatement by as much as two-thirds compared to ordinary

158

frame wall with fiberglass insulation, as well as

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I HOW

TO

VENTILATE

THE

BASEMENT

the impulse ventilation concept.

EFFICIENTLY? The

Ducting

Induction ventilation systems further enhance

mechanical

extract

systems

• Induction fans have thrusts up to around

often used for basement ventilation pose the

100N, hence the floor area ventilated per fan is

following issues:

thus significantly greater, equating to a

• The ductwork runs underneath the ceiling,

requirement for fewer units.

reducing the already restricted height normally

• Shorter and slimmer than impulse fans,

available.

allowing a reduced excavation cost and lower

•Downstand beams require the ducting to

car park height.

be set down below them, thus diminishing the

• Fewer units mean lower cabling and controls

height even further.

requirements

• Low level extract points are required, often

maintenance costs.

needing protective

•

barriers to surround them, and these take up

Complies

and

lower

withthe

installation

design

and

approach

to

Fig.133 Colt cyclone jet fan

generally size fans based on 6 ACH for all floors

valuable floor

together. In the fire mode fans would be run to

space.

give at least 10 ACH on the fire floor only.

• The ductwork gives the car park a cluttered look and can

Design: Colt Cyclone is a low profile, high

interfere with CCTV coverage and lighting.

velocity induction jet fan.

• Only 308mm or 252mm overall depth.

Impulse

ventilation

systems

push

the

air

• There is no ductwork to clean.

through the car park towards a single extract

• Speed options - Where the unit is inverter

point, rather than pulling it to multiple extract

(variably) controlled, theamount of power

points as a ducted mechanical extract system

consumed is reduced.

would. They provide greater flexibility and

• Low noise output

effectiveness.

159

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

9.11. REUSE RECYCLE OF WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION

Newspaper wood

Reuse and recycling is recognized as a solid waste management strategy that is preferable to

landfilling

environmentally generated

by

or

incineration

desirable. the

urban

and

Waste

more

materials

community

such

as plastics, glass and metallic objects can find a variety of applications in the building construction,

landscape

elements,

Nappy roofing

utility

structures, pavements and decorative fittings.

The demonstration of such techniques in the built strengthens the motive of the recycling center towards educating the public.

Various types of wastes and their potential

Plastic blocks

utilization are given in the table.

Glass walls

Fig.134 Process of treating construction waste 160

Mushroom walls

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

9.12. INTERIOR WALL OPTIONS

wool blanket; 15 mm thick plasterboards

As opposed to conventional brick interior walls,

paint on each surface. This results in a

there are various interior wall options availale

total thickness of 80 mm. Besides the main

which are lighter and use a variety of recycled

structural frame, the various components

materials. They are not suceptable to the harch

of a building can be constructed using the

weather conditions and exterior forces, hence

sustainable products and components.

allow for experimentation.

Eg: Dry wall, Cork board, MDF, pre-

Due to the flexibility in positioning of patition

fabricated bamboo frames etc.

in each surface; and a coating of alkyd

walls, it allows the space to be utilized for different purposes by different users, leading to design of 'flexible spaces'.

STC is the decibel reduction in noise a partition

LIGHT WEIGHT REFERENCE PLASTERBOARD PARTITION WALL :

can provide. The higher the STC value, the

The LRP is the lightweight technology

better is the acoustic performance. STC is

that is normally used in alternative to the

the basis on which most partition walls are

conventional heavyweight technology.

chategorized.

This technology is based on plasterboards

Its sailent features are:

supported by a cold formed galvanized

• The high impact resistance dry boards are

steel structure. This structure is based in

tested to severe duty in strength and able

profiles placed vertically and fixed with two

to withhold minimum loading of 25 kg at

horizontal profiles, attached to the floor

each point. The fire rating for the board

and ceiling. Installations (e.g. water pipes

is about 60 minutes.

and electrical cables) and the necessary

•Lightweight (about 10-15% of

acoustic and thermal insulation are placed

conventional brick walls); allowing

in the gap between the plasterboards. The

designers to adopt lighter structures and

STC values with uses

analysed LRP technology is composed by: vertical cold formed profiles (placed every

foundations. Dead load reduction.

• Ease of installation and reconstruciton.

1.5 m); a core filled with a 50 mm thick rock 161

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

FILLER SLAB CONSTRUCTION The filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is subjected to compressive forces

and

the

lower

part

of

the

slab

9.13. structure SYSTEM

experience tensile forces. Concrete is very

LIGHTWEIGHT SANDWICH

steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus

MEMBR ANE PARTITION WALL:

the lower tensile region of the slab does not

good in withstanding compressive forces and

need any concrete except for holding the steel

It consists of: a modular fibrous core (70

reinforcements together.

mm); a plastic or cardboard grid composed

Filler material is compressed plastic waste.

by 600 600 mm panels; a fixing structure in tensioned straps; a structural coating (3 mm) and a finishing over coating (1.5 mm).

This results in a total wall thickness of 79 mm.

This wall is easily assembled and disassembled and can be cut in sections of 75 mm, since the core modules have this dimension. Therefore

A standard post-lintel structure system is

the proposed lightweight partition is flexible to

considered most

fit different wall heights, until 3000 mm, without

feasible for the

additional reinforcement and if there are

project location.

fixing points in the horizontal slabs it can cover any wall length. There are already in the market other modular partition systems, mainly for office buildings.

162

Column design: This allows for lesser use of materials and provides space for vertical ducts/ pipes. It is ultimately cladded with the desired finish. Used in Development Alternatives.

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

Section showing member sizing Criteria for filler material selection: - Filler material should be inert in nature. It should not react with concrete or steel in RCC slab constructed.

insulation (compared to a conventional RCC slab) from the hot climate outside the building providing thermal comfort to the user.

- Filler material texture should match with the desired ceiling finish requirements so as not to provide an ugly ceiling pattern

- Filler materials water absorption should be checked for as it will soak the hydration water from concrete.

- Filler material should be light in weight, so that overall weight of the slab reduces and also the dead load onto the foundations is reduced.

- Filler material should be low cost so that it cost is much lesser then the cost of the concrete it replaces. This is very important to achieve economy.

- Filler material should be of a size and crosssection, which can be accommodated within the spacing of the reinforcement and also thickness wise could be accommodated within the cross section of the slab.

- Moreover the Filler slab also provides 163

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

164

ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I

165

SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT

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