ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I By: Shweta Sundar School of PLanning and Architecture New Delhi
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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
DECLAR ATION The research work embodied in thesis titled “Eco Center� has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the undergraduate program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi - 110002, India under the supervision of Mr. Amit Hajela and Mr. Rahul B. Singh. The undersigned hereby declared that this is her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.
_____________ Shweta Sundar A/2468/2012
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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled “Eco Center� has been submitted by Shweta Sundar and is a artial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture. Furthermore, it certifies that to the best of our knowledge the work reported herein does not form any part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occassion on this or any other candidate. This thesis was carried out during the months of January to May 2017, the 10th Semester in the Department of Architecture of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. Thereafter, based on the declation by the candidate, the thesis was placed in front of an external jury held on the 24th and 25th of May 2017. On successful completition of the Jury process and the report in all respects including the last chapter by the candidate, we provisionally accept the Thesis report and forward the same to the Studio director.
_______________________________
__________________________
Ar. Rahoul B. Singh (Research Guide)
Dr. Amit Hajela (Thesis Guide)
On the successful completion of the Bachelors of Architecture by the Candidate, the udersigned hereby accepts the thesis report on behalf of the Department so that it may be placed in the Architecture aisle.
___________________ Prof. Jaya Kumar 4
Date: 02.06.2017
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis guides Mr. Amit Hajela and Mr. Rahoul B. Singh for their constant support and encouragement to push the boundaries and experiment with our design skills. I’m grateful to Mrs. Zeenath Niazi from Development Alternatives for helping with my primary case study. Goonj, an NGO working with recycling materials, helped me understand how these small-scale recycling ventures and outreach programs work. I would also like to thank Mr. Vinod Gupta for his expert advice on HVAC systems. This thesis would not be possible without the guidence of Mr. Vaibhav Gandhi and Mrs. Vineeta Sahare from the Development Planning department of BMC and Ar. Ajit Gupte, who helped me understand the physical , political and the socio-economic context of Oshiwara District centre, Mumbai. I would like to express my gratitude towards my studio coordinators Prof. Jaya Kumar and Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover for their relentless efforts in making sure this semester went easy on us. My family, Prithvi and Shravan. I know how difficult I can be and I’m glad you all possess the patience to deal with it. This project wouldn’t have materialized if it wasn’t for you. Thank you.
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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
SYNOPSIS This thesis project’s USP ; It celebrates waste. Architecture here attenpts to amalgamate the principles of sustainable living with development that this country presently requires. It is a synergy of the research and knowledge-based aspects of eco-innovation with its practical implementation, hoping to bridge the ‘Green Gap’ in the society. The area program and design derives heavily from present site conditions, incorporating the slum situation and the overarching development proposal of the District centre with its core design decisions. Concluding the building typology to an Eco-centre, the research work primarily revolved on such building typologies and their success at triggering behaviour changes in their immediate communities. The core challenge of the project was to ensure the feasibility of unconventional functions such as a waste-to-energy facility, eco-learning centre, eco-innovation centre amongst others within the context of a developing city centre. Exploring the principles of Design for Behaviour change in architecture, the envisioned impact has been deciphered based on research on human behaviour pattens. Though this project has attempted to incorporate DfBC principles in its architecture, there is much scope of research in various possibilities of its architectural manefestation.
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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
साराां श इस थीससस परियोजना के यूएसपी; यह कचिा मनाता है यहाां वास्तु कला सवकास के साथ स्थायी जीवन के ससद्ाां तोां को एकजु ट किने का प्रयास किता है , जो वततमान में दे श की आवश्यकता है । यह अपने व्यावहारिक कायात न्वयन के साथ पयात विण-नवप्रवततन के अनु सांधान औि ज्ञान-आधारित पहलु ओां की एक तालमेल है , जो सक समाज में 'ग्रीन गैप' को पुल किने की उम्मीद है । क्षे त्रीय कायतक्रम औि सिजाइन वततमान साइट परिस्स्थसतयोां से भािी रूप से प्राप्त होता है , सजसमें झुग्गी बस्ती की स्स्थसत औि सजला केंद्र के अत्यसधक सवकास प्रस्ताव शासमल हैं , इसके मु ख्य सिजाइन सनणतयोां के साथ। ईको-सेंटि में भवन की टाइपोग्राफी को समाप्त किते हुए, शोध कायत मु ख्य रूप से इस तिह के सनमात ण के प्रकािोां औि उनके तत्काल समु दायोां में व्यवहाि परिवततन को सटि गि किने पि उनकी सफलता पि घूमती है । परियोजना का मु ख्य चुनौती एक सवकासशील शहि केंद्र के सांदभत में अपसशष्ट-ऊजात , ईको-लसनिं ग सेंटि, पयात विण-नवोन्मे ष केंद्र जै से अपिां पिागत कायों की व्यवहायतता सुसनसित किना था। वास्तु कला में व्यवहाि परिवततन के सलए सिजाइन के ससद्ाां तोां की खोज किते हुए, मानव व्यवहाि पैटेंस पि शोध के आधाि पि अनु मासनत प्रभाव को स्पष्ट सकया गया है । यद्यसप इस परियोजना ने इसकी वास्तु कला में िीएफबीसी ससद्ाां तोां को शासमल किने का प्रयास सकया है , इसके वास्तु सशल्प उन्मू लन के सवसभन्न सांभावनाओां में अनु सांधान का बहुत गुांजाइश है ।
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table of contents
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8
2. areas of research
24
3. Case Studies
Design for Behaviour change
25
Development 40 Alternatives, New Delhi
15
Practical models of DfBC
27
20
Application of DfBC in the project
28
Decentralizing Waste
32
1. Thesis Basics
10
Introduction
11
Thesis proposition
13
Building typology: ecocentre Oshiwara district centre
TERI, New Delhi
41
48
Sydhavns Recycling 53 Center, Copenhagen Hartberg Eco Park, Austria
55
Queens Center, New York
58
Recycling center, Hong Kong
65
4. Site Analysis
71
5. Progr am analysis
92
Land Use
72
Existing Site conditions 74
Deriving the Area program
93
Site Study
79
Program analysis
95
Bye Laws
87
Area program
97
Climate Analysis
89
SWOT Analysis
91
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
6. concept
103
Site level strategies
104
Building level strategies
106
Concept sketches
108
7. Design development
110
Stage 1
111
Stage 2
112
Stage 3 Stage 4
8. Final dr awings
115
9. Technology
132
Site plan
116
Waste to energy
133
Interior Wall options
161
Concept views
117
Calculations
139
Structure system
163
113
Plans, sections, elevations
118
Rain Water Harvesting
150
114
Facade system
128
Passive strategies
154
Model photos
130
Ventilation systems
156
Basement 158 construction technologies Using waste in construction
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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
list of figures Fig.1 The four tenets of sustainable architecture 11 Fig.2 Aspects of ‘White’ Architecture 12 Fig.3 Ecosite feature matrix, across multiple sites 16 Fig.4 Developmental Options in Eco- Innovation 17 Fig.5 Functional Distribution in a typical Eco-Site 18 Fig.6 Ecosite Du Pays de Thau 19 Fig.7 TERI RETREAT, Gurgaon, Haryana 19 Fig.8 MMRDA backed development of the ODC 20 Fig.9 Site Photos. 21 Fig.10 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) 22 Fig.11 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) 22 Fig.12 Pedestrian and vehicular segregation 26 Fig.13 Musical Stairs at Odemplan Subway, Stockholm, Sweden 26 Fig.14 The Fogg model for behaviour change 27 Fig.15 Solar city Gleisdorf, Austria 28 Fig.16 Solar installations Gleisdorf, Austria 28 Fig.17 Area Programme/Zoning 29 Fig.18 Area Programme/Zoning 29 Fig.19 Constant Visibility 30 Fig.20 Solar Artwork 30 Fig.22 Infotainment at eye level 30 Fig.21 Solar Artwork 30 Fig.23 Visible Services of RWH, Kunststoff passage, Dresden 31 Fig.25 Unattended waste on the streets 33 Fig.26 Landfill sites on the city outskirts 33 Fig.24 Current scenario of waste management 33 Fig.28 Difference in process chain between regular MSW treatment and recycling in India. 34 Fig.27 Domestic waste management chain of informal sector 34 Fig.29 Schematic site planning 35 Fig.31 Section of the building showing its processes 35 Fig.30 Amagerforbraending 35 Fig.32 Plan 36 Fig.34 3D views 36 Fig.33 Sectional view 36 Fig.35 3D views 36 Fig.36 Aerial view 37
Fig.37 Green public space below the main functions Fig.39 Waste treatment module for every locality Fig.38 Service oriented functions placed in the basement with public access Fig.40 Development Alternatives Fig.41 Site plan Source: Offices in India Fig.42 Circulation Source: Offices in India Fig.43 Central courtyard acts as a nodal access space. Source: author Fig.44 Wall Section Source: Offices in India Fig.45 Ferrocement Vault Source: Offices in India Fig.46 Split Column Design Source: author Fig.47 Roof Structure visible in ceiling Source: author Fig.48 Brick Dome Source: author Fig.51 Green wall treatment Fig.52 Inclined windows Fig.49 Elevations Source: Offices in India Fig.50 Facade Treatment Source: Offices in India Fig.53 HVAC System Source: Offices in India Fig.54 Displacement Cooling Source: Offices in India Fig.55 Section Showing Daylight Penetration Source: Offices in India Fig.58 Inclined windows Fig.59 Jaali treatment Fig.60 Larger windows on the courtyard side Fig.57 Daylighting Source: Offices in India Fig.56 Artificial Lighting
38 38 38 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 46 46 46
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Source: Offices in India Fig.61 Rainwater Channels On Site Source: author Fig.62 Porosity of Soft Paved Areas Source: author Fig.63 Soft paved Parking Source: author Fig.64 Energy and Resources Institute Source: Works of Sanjay Mohe Architects Fig.65 Private - Public Zoning Source: TERI Fig.66 Site Plan Showing Spine Source: TERI Fig.67 Zoning Source: TERI Fig.68 Site Plan Source: TERI Fig.69 Niches for Services Source: TERI Fig.73 Passive solar Design through Orientation Source: TERI Fig.72 Section showing the wind movement within the built Source: TERI Fig.70 Micro-Climate due to predominant wind Source: TERI Fig.71 Shaded courtyard with adjustable louvers Source: TERI Fig.74 Facade Detail Source: TERI Fig.75 Facade Louvre Detail Source: TERI Fig.76 Earth Tunnel Source: TERI Fig.77 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhagen Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.81 Site Plan Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.78 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhage Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs Fig.79 Conceptual Model
46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 52 53 53 53
Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 53 Fig.80 Conceptual Model Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 53 Fig.82 Process Diagrams Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs 54 Fig.83 Hartberg Eco Park, Austria Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 55 Fig.84 Site Plan Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 55 Fig.85 Collaborative Organisation 56 Fig.86 Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 56 Fig.87 Reseach Labs combined with Offices Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 56 Fig.88 Bird’s eye view Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 56 Fig.89 Hartsberg Industrial Park Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 56 Fig.90 Structures Designed by Zinganel Architects Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 56 Fig.91 Site plan 58 Fig.92 WARD LAND USE PLAN 72 Fig.93 A Site Photos from location A. Source: Author 74 Fig.94 B Site Photos from location B. Source: Author 74 Fig.95 C Site Photos from location C. Source: Author 74 Fig.96 D Site Photos from location D. Source: Author 75 Fig.97 Satellite Imagery of Site Location D. Source: Google Earth 75 Fig.98 Existing Land-Use Distribution 76 Fig.99 Existing Land Distribution Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 76 Fg.100 Proposed Land-Use Distribution Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.101 Existing Residential Typology Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.102 Projected Residential Typology by 2030 Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010) 77 Fg.103 Socio-economic context Source: Author 79 Fg.104 Nolli diagram Source: Author 80 Fg.105 Land Use Plan
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.106 Fig.107 Fig.108 Fig.109 Fig.110 Fig.111 Fig.112 Fig.113 Fig.114 Fig.115 Fig.116 Fig.117 Fig.118 Fig.119 Fig.120 Fig.121 Fig.122 Fig.123 Fig.124 Fig.126 Fig.125 Fig.127 Fig.128 Fig.129 Fig.130 Fig.131
Source: Author Building Heights Source: Author Slum Land Use Source: Author Movement Patterns Source: Author Urban Connectivity Source: Author Site Dimensions Source: Author Section AA’ Source: Author Section BB’ Source: Author Daylight Hours Diagram Source: Accuweather Weather Variables across 12 months Source: Accuweather Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com Sun Path Diagram Wind Rose Plot Graphic representation of internal processes ERS plant 100 ton unit Layout of the system ERS plant 50 ton unit Sludge treatment Schematic functioning of an ERS system Micro CHP system Models of micro CHP systems by Japanese company Yamnar Components of micro combined heat and power unit Key plan Site plan with culvert layout design Culvert design Cross ventilation airflow in relation to wall openings and
81 82 83 84 85 86 86 86 89 89 90 90 90 90 134 134 135 135 135 136 136 136 137 139 151 151
Fig.132 Fig.133 Fig.134
surrounding vegetation DA HVAC system, New Delhi Colt cyclone jet fan Process of treating construction waste
156 157 159 160
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SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 1.
THESIS BASICS
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ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
1.1.
INTRODUCTION
“We have a limited amount of resources
next stage was sustainable design.
available and more and more people using
It is a holistic package, judiciously addressing
them up. If we want our future generations
the need of the user first. A design process
to enjoy the same standard of living we’ve
which incorporates a sustainable outlook in all
experienced, we need to take action.”
possible fields of intervention.
(NAR, 2017) Going green, however, was the talk of the decade a decade ago. We have
Sustainable architecture only addresses the
reached the tipping point where all process
basic requirements of the user. Our current
and production activity, by default, has to
economy, driven by profit and luxury, looks to
be eco-sensitive in nature. “Green living is
reap maximum benefits from any investment.
no longer a luxury but a necessity” (Shapely, 2013). The evolution of Green architecture was recently addressed in a talk by architect Sanjay Prakash. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, buildings account for nearly half of the world’s energy expenditures,
40%
of
greenhouse
gas
emissions, 25% of the earth’s potable water, and, in developed countries, over 20% of all solid waste generated (including food waste, yard waste and unrecycled materials). Green architecture primarily addresses the issues of resource and energy efficiency in design and construction. It doesn’t take into account an important stakeholder; the user himself. The
Your text here Fig.1
The four tenets of sustainable architecture 11
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Hence any development will be expected to
design which deters vehicular intrusion.
fulfill all the ambitious desires of the clients.
Architecture, due to its sheer scale and
Sustainability doesn’t cater to this.
level of interaction with the user, is a design product that can be used to trigger desirable
This is where ‘White’ architecture steps in,
behaviour changes in the public. Currently
as coined by Mr. Doshi. A perfect blend
the most popular application of this idea
of sustainability, social needs and green
is in the field of sustainability. Designs for
innovation while responding to the current
behaviour change towards sustainability are
development trends. This is what the project
largely identified as ‘design interventions’,
aspires to be.
when a behavioural problem is identified with
White architecture puts emphasis on the most
a conclusive list of ideals to be achieved.
important player; the user. If the user doesn’t share the same core values, even though the
This
building is highly energy efficient, the project
overconsumption
fails to be a sustainable model. It is afterall a
in mega cities. You buy more, use more
joint venture between the architect, the client
and
and the user. Can architecture then be used
you’re
you
consumerist trend is rising, the mitigation
to influence user behaviour as well?
buy even more. It is a vicious cycle, which
measures might be insufficient to satisfy the
the
does
demands of the projected global population.
This process of design is called Design for
nothing to break. It thrives on enticing the
Instead of trying to pace the supply rate to
Behaviour Change. It is an approach to
masses with attractive offers and lucrative
meet the current demand, measures must be
making
encourage
market schemes which results in a single
taken to reduce demand in the first place.
desirable human practices. It is already
catastrophic environmental impact; depletion
Such an individual-level change towards
known that various forms of design influence
of natural resources. The last two decades
a sustainable lifestyle would eliminate a
lifestyles and human behaviour. An interactive
have witnessed a gradual shift from non-
significant chunk of the problem.
staircase design which makes the commuters
renewable resources to alternate sources of
opt for stairs over escalators. A 3D zebra
energy like solar, wind, hydel, geothermal etc.
crossing design which makes the vehicles halt
Due to the massive monetary and resource
before the crossing. A pedestrian footpath
capital required for their infrastructure setup,
12
design
decisions
to
project
throw
identifies and
away
accustomed
current
the
issue
waste
more. to
consumerist
generation
And
using
of
because
more,
economy
Fig.2
Your text here
Aspects of ‘White’ Architecture
it is a slow process. At the rate in which the
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
1.2. Thesis proposition What are you designing and why? Though this project, I want to explore how
working towards eco-sensitive development
spaces can be designed to educate and
for efficient execution of schemes. This will
make the users aware of the amount of
provide
waste generated regularly.
products which at present lacks in India due
showcases
and
A space which
celebrates
the
precious
resource that waste is, which demonstrates
a
stable
market
for
sustainable
to the absence of full time alliances between the above mentioned parties.
the recyclable value of the domestic waste generated in and around the site. An Eco Centre;
Eco-innovation
centre
with
an
environmental learning facility. Bringing together the producer and the consumer, the design hopes to promote a dialogue addressing user aspirations in a
more
sustainable
environment
with
way. the
An
interactive
consumers
to
incorporate an ecological conscience in their lifestyles. The site chosen for this pilot project is a commercial district centre coming up in Oshiwara, Mumbai. In one of the most energy-intensive
mega
cites,
this
project
hopes to be an architype for the upcoming development in the district centre. The project aims to synergise the research (theoretical) and industrial (practical) sectors 13
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Who are you designing for?
Project goals
• The site is currently a part of a large slum 1. To educate and spread environmental locality
whose
primary
occupation
is
awareness amongst the general public.
scheme, responding to the dearth in open
waste segregation of domestic waste. This
The environmental learning centre hopes
public spaces in the immediate vicinity.
informal sector is an important link in our
to demonstrate the implications of their
waste management process. Once ODC
day-to-day activities such that they can
gets the green flag, these slum dwellers,
be mindful of their actions.
though rehabilitated in close proximity
2. Celebrating
waste
by
The project will be financed by renting out
recycle
offices and assembly spaces to entities with
various
their livelihood. On-site waste-to-energy
upcycle systems within the built.
innovative
reuse,
Financial viability?
incorporating
or at the outskirts of the city, will lose facility and recycling centres will provide
and
similar principles, looking for a collaborative
3. It hopes to set an example of an alternate
work space. Offices will also be rented out
them employment and facilitate learning
form
development
to NGOs at subsidized rates, addressing their
various hands-on skills.
which is more inclusive in nature. The
obvious lack of infrastructure and financial
various
public sphere, the WTE facility and the
backing. The commercial zone will generate
educational and recreational activities,
sustainable design strategies are some
a regular revenue due to the highly public
events, festivals etc.
of the building components that can be
nature of the project.
• Learning
enthusiasts
for
• The project will serve as a large green, public
democratic
meadow
in
the
of
commercial
adopted by any other building type.
4. Creating a sustainability driven innovation
concrete jungle of Mumbai. It will be
centre
further activated as the site is situated at
with research facilities come together
the edge of the proposed centre, acting
in a symbiotic affiliation such that one
as a transitory function between highly
company’s waste is the raw material for
residential and commercial zones.
the other. This leads to design innovations
where
various
ventures
along
in a variety of products.
5. Providing employment opportunities for the waste informal sector who are the current residents of the site.
6. Create a public sphere of recreation and 14
learning through a Nallah redevelopment
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
1.3. Building Eco centre
typology:
There is a significant disconnect between
• Develops,
on
site,
sustainable
available theoretical knowledge of design
development related innovation (such as
for
research, experimentation, testing)
behaviour
change
and
its
practical
implementation. Reasons for this include a
• Proactively
carries
out
actions
for
lack of awareness and common language, of
knowledge transfer, such as awareness
evidence based examples, and of evaluation
campaigns,
methods and intersector collaborations. Thus
interpretation,
arises an urgent need for a space where a
visitors and demonstrating environmental
diverse range of sectors and stakeholders,
technologies/systems is a regular and
including business and service providers, can
integral
come together to address these challenges
(ECOLINK – EVG-2002-00509)
education,
part
and
of
where
the
site’s
training, receiving
activities.
(Cooke & Willis, 1999; McElroy, 2003). The It is often combined with applied sustainable
answer - an eco-centre.
development R&D activities with a visitor As adopted in the European Federation
centre
of
a
training activities, and thus generating an
demonstration site dedicated to innovation
regular income and contributing to local
and
development.
Ecosites
Statutes,
knowledge
an
ecosite
information,
Eco-centres
education
also
and
play
a
to
promote
and
equitable
significant role in ensuring dialogue between
sustainable development. An ecosite is a
R&D and stakeholders, be it through public
centre which:
visitors, NGO links, publications, or their range
• Is a physical site (or local network of
of on-site training courses for professionals,
environmental
transfer
is
and
protection
SMEs,
related sites)
students
and
decision
makers.
• Actively promotes and contributes to Workshops brings together actors who do environmental
protection,
development and social equity
sustainable
not usually meet and exchange (ecosite practitioners and professional researchers), 15
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.3 16
Ecosite feature matrix, across multiple sites
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
which provided a potential forum for the discussion
of
environmental
issues
and
development. The common facilities provided in ecosites around the world are as illustrated in the previous page. The scale of these eco-sites, however, range from 15-2500 ha. Most are large scale eco-industrial parks, which serve a city-scale function of resource management, water treatment or energy generation. The design proposal is of a much smaller scale (6.2 acres) in a dense urban centre, to allow maximum interaction with the public. The scale of activities are sufficient to sustain the project, primarily serving as a tool for education and awareness programs. Fig.4
Developmental Options in Eco- Innovation
17
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
The
following
considered
dimensions in
the
were
originally
development
of
ecoindustrial parks (Lowe et al. 1996):
1. Single by-product exchange pattern or network of exchanges (Industrial Symbiosis)
2. Recycling
business
cluster
(resource
recovery or recycling companies)
3. Collection of environmental technology companies
4. Collection of companies making green products
5. Industrial park designed around a single environmental theme (e.g. a solar energy driven park)
6. Park
with
an
environment-friendly
development
Functional Distribution in a typical Eco-Site
to the IMF), it can play a dominating role in
infrastructure or construction
7. Mixed-use
Fig.5
(industrial,
commercial, and residential)
the sustainable movement if it chooses to holistically adopt its principles.
There are
rest of the country to follow.
• An
eco-centre
requires
a
growing
market for innovative ideas, an influential
numerous attributes of an eco-centre which
outreach
and
The design proposal is a collaboration of 2,4,5
makes it a feasible option in the financial
accepting
audience
and 6.
capital of Mumbai:
has. The need to tap into the sustainable
Due to requirement of large open spaces in
• The site, being in the heart of suburban
market makes this project a feasible
eco-centres, they often turn into active public
Mumbai, will function as a socially active
spaces. The highly public movement through
public space, which are currently scarce
complex allows for the eco-sensitive mindset
in the city.
to influence a larger population. This building
• Mumbai holds the position of the most
typology will be the first of its kind in India.
developed city in the country. As it
With the country being the second fastest
continues to scale up, its architecture and
growing economy in the world (according
development pose as an example for the
18
an
unconventionalwhich
Mumbai
investment in the commercial capital.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Architecture has a strong influence on its immediate
landscape,
both
visual
and
psychological, due to which it is pushed under the microscope of criticism the moment it triggers a change. What we perceive of a building has a huge impact on the way we reside in it. The design of the structure, its spaces, façade, interiors etc. subconsciously guide
the
occupant’s
behaviour
to
the
spaces inside. For example, a GRIHA-rated green building with onsite energy generation, proper waste management systems, good daylighting design etc makes the users more Fig.6
Ecosite Du Pays de Thau
aware of the amount of energy they use, leading to judicious use of resources. The RETREAT model of TERI in Gurgaon, Haryana is a sustainable prototype which incorporates
various
forms
of
renewable
energy systems and has successfully cut down the energy consumption of the building by 60%. Its presence in the rapidly developing Gurgaon area, which is often criticised for its lack of sustainable design practices, is a message in itself. As a constant reminder of such possible practices, this TERI model hopes to bring about a sustainable revolution in the architectural style of Gurgaon. Fig.7
TERI RETREAT, Gurgaon, Haryana 19
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
1.4. Oshiwar a District Centre Mumbai city has witnessed a northwards shift in the commercial real estate market. The agenda was to decentralize economic activities and shift offices and whole sale establishments from South Bombay to the newly developing commercial centres in the city. This lead to BMC’s’s proposal in 1992 for the creation of 2 District centres- one each in eastern and western suburbs to increase employment. They were assigned to MMRDA under the Special Planning Authority for these Special Economic Zones(SEZ) . The locations selected were Bandra- Kurla Complex
and
Oshiwara.
Though
BKC
established itself as a bustling commercial hub,
ODC
took
a
back
seat
due
to
unavailability of land. In 2015, BMC took over the project from MMRDA, accelerating the development based on the planning proposal drafted by the latter. Oshiwara
is
a
neighbourhood
located
within the suburbs of Andheri in Mumbai. Flanked by the greenery of Aarey milk colony on the east and the coastline on the west, this suburb witnessed an exponential growth in residential, commercial and retail 20
Fig.8
MMRDA backed development of the ODC
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.9
Site Photos. Source: Author
development in the min-eighties. Due to the
city-wide connection. The extension of Harbor
shop sand small industries, large number
lack of a planned development scheme at
line till Goregaon, Jogeshwari and Hub Mall
of stables densely located in the low lying
that time, scattered clusters of infrastructure
flyovers, airports will offer easy accessibility
inaccessible
were erected all over, creating niches of
to central Mumbai. It is a Transit-oriented
conditions surrounding them represents total
unclaimed land which soon turned into
development with greater emphasis on public
chaos that mar the development prospects
slum dwellings. One of the reasons MMRDA
transport systems.
of this area.� (MMRDA, 2010)
area,
and
the
insanitary
narrowed down on Oshiwara was to tap into this land potential.
The temporary structures including hutments, shops and stables are going to be removed,
Accessibility
and the tenants rehabilitated to the outskirts
Existing development
of the city. The stables will be moved to Aarey “The
road and rail networks. Its close proximity to
rather depressing picture, testifying to the
The primary source of livelihood of the slum
the Ram Mandir railway station and expected
years of neglect and inadequate control
dwellers is material recovery, Segregation
passage
of development in the area, large scale
and recycling of domestic municipal waste
encroachments
of the entire Oshiwara district is conducted by
of
Dahisar-Charkop-Bandra-
Mankhurd Metro-2 through ODC will create a
existing
development
comprising
presents
a
Mill colony.
Oshiwara offers good connectivity through
hutments,
21
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
this informal sector. Once rehabilitated, they will be forced to find an alternate source of income. The
proposals
are
being
implemented
through the participation of the land owners. Under the scheme, the private lands in the area is notionally acquired and is leased to the land owners who are expected to develop the lands in accordance with the MMRDA ’s plan and architectural control.
Fig.10 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC)
Envisioned activities As mentioned in the ODC development plan 2010, “the site identified for the proposed District
Centre
is
102
ha,
predominantly
including house public and private offices, offices of professionals and other commercial establishments, business services. The high order retail trade and semi-wholesale market will employ nearly 10,000 persons and will emerge as the largest concentration of retail trading activity in the western suburbs with nearly 3000 shops of various sizes. Around 22
Fig.11 Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC)
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I this core of intensive commercial activity, a variety of cultural and recreational activities will
be
provided.
Besides,
the
District
Centre will include some residential area to accommodate about 50,000 population.� Envisioned to develop along the lines of BKC, ODC is poised to become a world class district centre, turning it into hot spot for residential realty and emerging as a corporate hub.
(MMRDA, 2010)
23
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 2.
AREAS OF RESEARCH
24
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
2.1. Design for behaviour change design
for their behaviour and the extent to which
decisions to encourage desirable human
their environment influences them. Adam
practices. It is already known that various
Greenfield said, “Every piece of Design
forms of design influence lifestyles and human
encodes
behaviour. This evolution of user behaviour
behaviour” (Against the Smart City, 2013).
This
is
an
approach
to
making
a
hypothesis
about
human
into social behaviour, on a macroscopic level, might revolutionise communal biases and
Designers
ideals; an idea that needs to be tapped into.
preconceived
need
to notions
recognise and
their social
connotations to be able to alter them and Let
us
consider
a
hypothetical
situation
this alteration must be initiated at a personal
where a large market for alternate Diwali-
level. The realisation for behaviour change
celebration merchandise is set up instead
comes when one halts the current way of
of crackers. Those looking for a smoke-free
doing things and decides that it doesn’t work
Diwali will propagate its use and eventually,
anymore.
when the environmental benefits of going cracker less is widely realised and accepted, this market will develop into a booming business. Bursting crackers would soon be frowned upon. Here the proactive user groups successfully came together to convert smokefree Diwali from an individual’s choice to a public movement. To explore the potential of such design approaches, we need to first understand people, the way they behave, the motivation 25
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
For example, in Austria, to segregate the pedestrian and cycle paths, a material difference was chosen instead of a divider. When the cycle strays over to the pedestrian track, excessive vibrations are felt which makes the cyclist return to his/her path. With continued use of this designed pathway, the users developed an innate awareness of their actions and the circulation became more orderly. Fig.12 Pedestrian and vehicular segregation
Another example is in the Odenplan subway in Stockholm, Sweden, where a team from Volkswagen transformed the subway stairs into a giant functioning piano keyboard; applying pressure on each step played a musical note. Even though there was an
escalator
right
beside
the
staircase,
commuters soon opted for the intriguing new stairway and enjoyed creating musical notes as they ascended up and down the scale. The number of staircase users increased by 66%.
Fig.13 Musical Stairs at Odemplan Subway, Stockholm, Sweden 26
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
2.2. Pr actical models of DFBC
• Inter active lens gauges the influence of the interface of the object on change. • Ludic Lens discusses how games engage people, the designed setting ultimately influencing the mindset. • Perceptual Lens shows how the sensory elements of a design influence people’s perception of the design. • Cognitive lens addresses people’s biases and views and attempts to change them through design.
that can be adopted on an individual level. The Fogg model attributes behavioural change to three elements; motivation, ability and trigger. This model helps designers to understand why the intended target behaviour is not being followed. Clune’s model talks about the influence of the context in shaping behaviour patterns which is most efficient when applied at the smallest community level. These models take cues from different design methods like persuasive design, mindful design, and coercive design (manipulation of the user into taking action) to develop suitable programs applicable to different user groups.
Locton was one of the first to so classify the spheres of possible influences in these lenses of investigation, deriving a logical path of action to follow from the indistinct mass of theories. Dr BJ Fogg, another behaviour scientist from Stanford University, proposes a practical model for behaviour change
Currently the most popular application of this idea is in the field of sustainability. Another example is of The Solar city of Gleisdorf, where the first PV power plant in Austria was realised through a shareholder programme, allowing environmentally engaged people to own a share of a PV power plant. The project
Dr Dan Lockton, in his PhD, categorized the various ways in which design can influence user
behaviour
to
help
designers
and
practitioners broaden the extent of influence of their designed object.
Fig.14 The Fogg model for behaviour change
27
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.15 Solar city Gleisdorf, Austria
manager put a lot of effort into this area and a huge advertising effort was made. This led to a lot of interest in participation by the local population. About 2500 persons obtained information about photovoltaics. Small scale urban-level interventions like the Solar Street and Solar Tree projects showcased various types of landscape features that can incorporate PV cells. When the shareholders of the PV power plant on the roof of utility “The Feistritzwerke-STEWEAG GmbH” were surveyed, half of them indicated that they had positively changed their energy use attitude and nearly 80% of them had taken energy saving measures in order to use energy efficiently. Designs
for
behaviour
change
towards
2.3. Pr actical application of DFBC in the project The behavior problem identified for this project is the mindless overconsumption and waste generation by the bourgeoisie and the elite of large urban centres like Mumbai. Of the 1,27,486 tonnes of waste generated daily in India in 2011-12, Mumbai alone accounted for 6.11 per cent. (Saldanha,
2014)
Studies
suggest
that
household
waste contribute to 70-80% of the total waste
generated
in
the
city.
Treatment
of household waste can offer a potential solution to the problem. The simplest and the most fundamental solution to this problem is segregation of the waste at the household level. (Tyagi, 2016)
sustainability are largely identified as ‘design
Fig.16 Solar installations Gleisdorf, Austria 28
interventions’, when a behavioural problem
To instil an ecologically conscious attitude
is identified with a conclusive list of ideals to
in the visitors, certain design decisions have
be achieved. Undertaking voluntary initiatives
been taken:
like recycling and waste segregation is based
1. Area program and zoning: The Eco-
on commitment. Designs intended to indulge
centre includes an Eco-learning facility,
such activities tend to place a sense of
focusing
responsibility on the consumer, giving him a
household waste generated from the
choice to act. This commitment is an internal
vicinity. A waste-to-energy module, which
stimuli and far more lasting in its effects.
propagates of
on
waste
recycling
and
decentralized and
energy
upcycling
treatment production.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I These with to
activities public
allow
have
and
been
entwined
circulation
overhead
views
spaces
and
free
movement through the workshops. With a high degree of permeability, visitors are encouraged to interact and participate with the workers. Participatory learning/ exhibition spaces will be able to reach out to a larger audience.
2. Constant visibility: The transparency of the waste management process will allow for
Fig.17 Area Programme/Zoning
a better understanding of what happens to a product once it is discarded. This hopes to get rid of the ‘out of sight, out of mind’ attitude of throwing away garbage.
3. Ground
floor
façade
covered
with
infotainments
4. Solar artworks 5. Sustainable lifestyle elements like bicycle parking,
large
green
pockets,
fitness
infrastructure, permaculture.
6. Visible services of rain water harvesting system
7. A ‘green’ building in itself, it has a positive effect on its occupants. For example, “green” buildings are associated with a high workplace satisfaction, resulting in healthier psychological and behavioural benefits.
One
mechanism
that
may
Fig.18 Area Programme/Zoning 29
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
reinforces the effects of “green” labelling is social desirability (i.e., the tendency to behave in a manner that is approved by others) because “being in favor of environment-protecting
buildings
could
be viewed as more socially approvable than being indifferent to the certification.”
(Holmgren, et al., 2017)
Fig.19 Constant Visibility
It is recognized that the visitors may not have a prolonged interaction with such an ecosystem, change
hence
might
be
long
term
difficult
permanent to
achieve.
However, due to its location in such a busy neighbourhood and the public activities supplementing the project, a wider circle of influence can be drawn. Making the audience pause and question their actions,
Fig.20 Solar Artwork
even for a moment, is a herculean task. This project aims to accomplish that, if not more.
Fig.22 Infotainment at eye level 30
Fig.21 Solar Artwork
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.23 Visible Services of RWH,Kunststoff passage, Dresden 31
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
2.4. Decentr alizing waste
to lack of landfill space. Of the collected
Current scenario
while the rest rots on landfill sites on the
Daily Waste that Mumbai produces: 9,600
outskirts of the city. This raises one issue. With
Tonnes No. of landfills:
3 (Deonar, Mulund and
waste, only 9% is treated through composting
the city’s population rising at the rate of 20% in 10 years (World Population Review, 2016),
Kanjurmarg)
and each person generating 0.6 kg per day,
Deonar is a 90 years old landfill where
TERI estimates that for disposing MSW, the
garbage heaps stand 15 metres high spread
land requirement will rise from 200 sq km in
across 132 hectares in a densely populated
2011 to 1,400 sq km in 2047. The city will face a
eastern suburb of the city.
perennial garbage problem.
The Mulund landfill, functional since 1968, handles nearly 2,600 tonnes daily within an
Why do we need this?
area of 25 hectares. These two landfills should
“Decentralized waste management means
have been shut down a long time ago.
that waste is managed as close to its source
Their long term effects include leaching of
as possible.” (Global communities, 2013) In
contaminants and chemicals from the landfills
certain cases, the treated waste becomes
into the soil and groundwater.
an economic resource which can be used,
Kanjurmarg, opened in 2003, is a bio-reactor
thereby eliminating the need for transport,
waste processing facility with a capacity
landfill, or treatment at the waste disposal
of
site. They also encourage civic responsibility,
approximately
3,000
tonnes
per
day
generates gas/fuel from waste.
livelihood generation, social entrepreneurship
MMRDA has been looking for alternate landfill
and innovation, suited to the different needs
sites, outsourcing waste-to-energy facilities to private companies.
Due to internal politics,
such plans have not been realized to date.
(Modak & Waghmode, 2016) 7
32
of neighbourhoods. (Asher & Ganghi, 2008)
Decentr alizing architecture
About 70–80% of generated MSW is collected
Though
many
and the rest is unattended on the streets due
neighbourhood-level
waste
residential waste
complex
with and
management
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.25 Unattended waste on the streets
Fig.26 Landfill sites on the city outskirts
Fig.24 Current scenario of waste management 33
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
schemes
have
been
launched
and
successfully running, this issue is yet to be addressed Organic
architecturally
waste
treatment
and
spatially.
needs
to
be
mandated by architectural bye-laws, either at the project or community level. Wasteto-energy i.e conversion of organic waste into energy has become a popular solution to the waste problem in urban areas, since it addresses the requirement of sustainable energy
production
a
well.
Due
to
the
limited requirements of its machinery and processes (which has been elaborated in the technology chapter), W2E plants can be easily combined with various development projects,
thereby
greatly
pressure on the landfills.
reducing
the
Fig.27 Domestic waste management chain of informal sector
Fig.28 Difference in process chain between regular MSW treatment and recycling in India. 34
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I CASE EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR CONCEPTS Amagerforbraending is a waste-to energy plant in Copenhagen, designed by BIG Architects.
To
establish
a
relationship
between the plant and the city, as opposed to an isolated structure in the outskirts which they tend to be, the roof of the new Amagerforbraending is turned into a 31.000 square meter ski slope of varying skill levels. The amalgamation with recreational functions will result in a high footfall, giving rise to education and awareness programmes. Fig.29 Schematic site planning
Fig.30 Amagerforbraending
Its highlight is the smokestack, modified to puff smoke rings of 30 meters in diameter whenever 1 ton of fossil CO2 is released. An example of Hedonistic sustainability’,a concept
introduced
by
Bjarke
Ingels,
embodying the idea that sustainability is not a burden, but that a sustainable city in fact can improve the quality of life of its citizens.
(Beekmans, 2011) The building envelopes the entire unit with the façade, allowing the visitors perforated views of the internal processes. The public functions such as visitor centre, lecture rooms etc are placed at the periphery to maintain a secure Fig.31 Section of the building showing its processes
power plant. 35
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Heterotic Architecture: Stacks, Chimneys and chutes, an architectural thesis by Joshua Feldman (MArch ’16) from Harvard School of Design This project explores the architectural implications of combining a wasteto-energy facility with housing in Johannesburg, South Africa. In doing so, the project pairs energy producer with consumer, industry with housing, and peripheral with centrally located program. The building is raised to maintain the ground plan as a public arena, comprising of a promenade and recycling center on the west, a central green space, and a recreation and sports area on the east. The impact of the project extends beyond the site, as the waste plant provides district heating and electricity for 400,000 city residents and processes 362,000 tons of waste annually.
36
Fig.32 Plan
Fig.33 Sectional view
Fig.34 3D views
Fig.35 3D views
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Apartment + Power plant Perkins+Will
proposes
an
unconventional
idea for the city of Philadelphia; a waste-toenergy plant within an apartment building. Using numbers from a study from Columbia University that considered the idea of a waste-to-energy
facility
in
Brooklyn,
the
designers calculated that the plant could provide power for around 26,000 homes in addition to the entire apartment building. The idea was to investigate the possibility of coupling large-scale energy generating infrastructure with conventional development models. The design also caters to the social needs of the context by providing various recreational activities along the coastline. Fig.36 Aerial view
This was an entry for a design competition, although the firm has submitted this proposal to the government for approval. (Adele, 2014)
37
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Drawing from the abovementioned examples:
• Each project proposes an active public front in addition to its primary function, supporting
recreational
and
learning
activities. This is done to make such service-intensive buildings more inclusive in nature.
• As a services-driven function, the most Fig.37 Green public space below the main logical location for it in a hybrid building
functions
is the basement, which caters to both proximity and the seclusion required for its smooth functioning.
• For education and awareness purposes, view ports have been provided into the facility. The public functions of the facility like the visitor center, information center etc are placed at the periphery of the complex to avoid any security breaches.
• All three power plants are designed to cater to the project itself and its immediate
context.
This
suggests
a
module that can be strategically repeated throughout a city, each supplying within a calculated radius of development.
Fig.39 Waste treatment module for every locality 38
Fig.38 Service oriented functions placed in the basement with public access
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
CHAPTER 3.
CASE STUDIES
39
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.1. DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES
Centres and Conference Facilities Built- up area: 3096 sqm superstructure 1526 sqm basement Plot size: 3116 sqm Location: New D-elhi Climatic Zone: Tropical, Composite Actual Occupancy: 250 Architects: Ashok B Lall Architects
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION: Development Alternatives world headquarters offers a model for urban development in transitional or emerging economies seeking to It
improve is
an
environmental
NGO
committed
environmentally-
sensitive
performance. to
spreading technology
and fostering socioeconomic equity. In a participatory approach, the client and the architects jointly sought alternative means of achieving these aims through the project. In 1988, the first headquarter was built using 40
stabilized
used in present day construction. In 2006, the organization had grown from 50 to over 200
Type of building use: Office, Resource
Fig.40 Development Alternatives
presenting itself as a viable technology to be
compressed-earth
blocks,
employees; a larger workspace was needed.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.2 Zoning: The built is sprawled across the site for achieving maximum built up, keeping in character of the original design, The ground floor and the outdoor areas of D.A. world headquarters are open to the public. The public functions have been distributed on the site through a matrix of open, semi-open and closed spaces.
3.1.3 Open, semi open and closed relationships:
Fig.41 Site plan Source: Offices in India
Porous ground floor is webbed with open (courtyard), semi-open (corridors, cafeteria) and closed (offices) spaces.
Fig.42 Circulation Source: Offices in India
Fig.43 Central courtyard acts as a nodal access space. Source: author 41
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.1.4 Structure: Vaulted precast-concrete deck elements are used to span most spaces. Five-meter spacing between columns makes for flexible office spaces while reducing steel consumption. The shells are 30mm thick, have a pitch of 1.2 meters, and can span up to 5.5 meters. One column is designed as 2 units with an air gap to allow ducting to pass unhindered centrally in the floor plate. This is treated with a panel finish.
Fig.44 Wall Section Source: Offices in India 42
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Exterior masonry cavity walls are anchored with PVC ties. The earth removed from the site after the demolition of the original building was recycled into compressed earth block using simple machinery. The fly-ash blocks used in the building were made using fly-ash from a local power plant.
Fig.47 Roof Structure visible in ceiling Source: author
Larger spans in the basement use filler slab technology with earthen pots to reduce concrete use. Fig.45 Ferrocement Fig.46 Split Column Vault Design Source: author Source: Offices in India
Some rooms are spanned by shallow masonry domes supported by reinforced concrete frames. Using
these
construction
methods,
the
consumption of steel in a typical bay of the superstructure of the building works out to 28.4 kilograms per square meter of floor area, compared to an average of 50 to 60 kilograms per square meter for conventional multistory buildings with spans of 7.5 to 8 meters.
Fig.48 Brick Dome Source: author 43
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.1.5 Façade treatment: The building volume is modulated in response to the climate – shading against the sun in summer, welcoming it in winter, and capturing the monsoon breezes. The shading grills with planters and daylight reflectors on the north and south sides moderate the summer sun and intense light. No more than twenty percent of the envelope is glazed. Those facing east and west, which take the brunt of the morning and afternoon sun, are kept small and shaded by sunscreens Fig.51 Green wall treatment
or by the building volume itself. Three types of glazing are used in the building: 1. fixed insulating glass panels with a 16mm air space, 2. operable windows with insulating glass with a 16mm air space, and 3. windows consisting of a fixed single-pane
Fig.52 Inclined windows Fig.49 Elevations Source: Offices in India
44
outer panel and an operable inner sash, with an adjustable venetian blind in between.
Fig.50 Facade Treatment Source: Offices in India
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.5 HVAC design:
between the vaulted deck elements carry
3.1.6 Displacement cooling
away the warm air.
Principle- Large central systems like water cooled units were unsuitable for this building,
in which cool air is introduced at the floor and
which is designed for decentralized operation
return air is collected at the ceiling – reduces
and control.
energy consumption on two counts. The air
An innovative hybrid system was designed by
need be cooled only to 19° Celsius or 20° (as
the architect. In the hot dry season the system
opposed to 14° in overhead-feed systems)
would use direct and indirect evaporative
because the cool air does not mix as much
cooling, and in the humid season refrigerant
with the warm air, which naturally rises.
the building and lower energy consumption,
Displacement cooling is about 15 percent
maximum indoor temperature of 28° Celsius
cooling. A control unit was installed that could
more energy efficient than conventional air-
automatically
distribution systems.
adjust
air-handling
levels
DA
building,
Considering the high costs of installing and operating air-conditioning equipment, and seeking to reduce the ecological footprint of the
DA
staff
volunteered
to
accept
a
(30° on exceptional days ) at 60 percent relative humidity instead of the industry norm of 24°. Spaces such as corridors, toilets and
and switch the mode of the hybrid unit, the
3.1.7 User behavior:
evaporative cooling being the base mode.
At
the
air-distribution
This design was 30-50% more effective than
channels are integrated into the structural
the conventional systems
system. U-columns conduct cool air down
cafeteria could be naturally ventilated. Such design decisions greatly reduced the airconditioning requirement in the building.
to the floor, and overhead hollow spaces
Fig.53 HVAC System Source: Offices in India
Fig.54 Displacement Cooling Source: Offices in India
45
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.1.8 Lighting: All workspaces are illuminated by daylight, which is modulated for glare-free distribution. The conference room has roof lights that can be closed with shutters when the room must be darkened. General illumination at night is 150 to 200 lux. Desk lamps provide task
Fig.58 Inclined windows
lighting.
Fig.59 Jaali treatment
Fig.57 Daylighting Source: Offices in India
Fig.60 Larger windows on the courtyard side
Fig.55 Section Showing Daylight Penetration Source: Offices in India 46
Fig.56 Artificial Lighting Source: Offices in India
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.1.10 Water conservation: All water is purified in a low-cost bio-sand, multi-layer gravity filter designed by DA for rural applications. All wastewater is treated on site in an aerobic-anaerobic digestion tank which is periodically charged with special bacteria. This water is filtered and reused for flushing toilets and for watering plants by means of a drip irrigation system that delivers water in small quantities at the roots. All rainwater that falls on the site is used to recharge the groundwater. All wastewater is recycled, treated on site and used for irrigation and flushing toilets. 61% of the rain water runoff on-site is utilized. Site landscape is treated with soft or semi-paved surfaces, no
Fig.61 Rainwater Channels On Site Source: author
hard paved.
Fig.62 Porosity of Soft Paved Areas Source: author
Fig.63 Softpaved Parking Source: author 47
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.2. THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI Year: 2008 Owner: TERI Location: Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Architect: Sanjay Mohe Architects and TERI Building Type: Institutional Type: Semi-Intensive, Test/Research Size: 7432 sqm Access: Semi-private/ Private Fig.64 Energy and Resources Institute Source: Works of Sanjay Mohe Architects
3.2.2 SiTE PLANNING STR ATEGIES: The linear geometry of the site with a narrow frontage and an aspect ratio of almost 1:3 dictated the strong linear axis in the design. Public-private transition in site planing: The public front of the office functions are place towards the road, and the private residential block at the innner-most zone. Pedestrian spine: The primary circulation is a semi-open spine, leading the user from most public to the most private space, The spine is
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
staggered to provide visual seclusion
Built on around 2 acres of land in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi this four-storeyed structure in masonry, with stone cladding and glazings, is an example of a sustainable campus responding to the site and environment using energy saving technologies.
Fig.65 Private - Public Zoning Source: TERI 48
Fig.66 Site Plan Showing Spine Source: TERI
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.67 Zoning Source: TERI
Fig.68 Site Plan Source: TERI
Fig.69 Niches for Services Source: TERI
49
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.2.3 PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Wind control:
Passive Solar Design through Orientation:
The predominant wind direction is taken into account in designing the open space. The
All geometry of the built has ben tilted for
pedestrian spine contains water bodies, using
maximum exposure to the north face. The
concepts of evaporative cooling.
south-west
face
is
treated
with
thermal
insulation and louver systems.
Fig.73 Passive solar Design through Orientation Source: TERI
Fig.72 Section showing the wind movement within the built Source: TERI 50
Fig.70 Micro-Climate due to predominant wind Source: TERI
Fig.71 Shaded courtyard with adjustable louvers Source: TERI
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Thermal Insulation:
• Rock wool insulation on the facade Energy efficiency
Treatment of external surfaces:
• Insulation of the roof slab.
• Double glazing window • SW facade has stone cladding which
Cooling systems: The campus is equipped with three types of cooling systems (i)Variable Refrigerant Volume system (VRV), (ii) Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) and (iii)
is fixed to the wall by channels.
Thermal Mass Storage
• The air gap between the wall and the stone for insulation
The VRV system is proposed for the peripheral
• South facing walls are mounted with
commercial block and the administrative
aero screen louvers (Hunter
block of the institute. It allows customized
Douglas) fixed at an
control of individual zones eliminating the use
angle of 35 deg. This esures that
of chilled water piping, ducting and plant
the winter sun let in whereas
room.
the summer sun is blocked.
Fig.75 Facade Louvre Detail Source: TERI
The Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) is used in the hostel blocks. This is a dual heating-cooling system using the heat sink property of the earth to maintain comfortable temperatures inside the building. Air which passes through the buried pipes gets cooled in summer and heated up in winter.
Fig.74 Facade Detail Source: TERI 51
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
proposal.
3.2.5 LEARNINGS:
3.2.4 ARCHITECTUR AL EXPRESSION:
• The concept of using the built as a method The south-west walls with few fenestrations and
stone
cladding,
responding
to
the
• Site planning decisions for pedestrian movement
and
service
entries
when
climatic conditions, forms an impenetrable
service-intensive functions are located
wall.
within the building.
• Passive design strategies efficiently used form
in composite climate. Artistic juxtaposition
visual links as well as create drama in light
of modern and vernacular techniques to
and shade, which is quintessential to Mohe's
achieve thermal comfort.
Pergolas,
overhangs
and
balconies
work. The northern walls, in contrast, are
• Scale of the project is feasible study for
lightweight with their glazing and large
the research component of the thesis
fenestrations, once again in response to the site and climate.
Fig.76 Earth Tunnel Source: TERI
52
of education and spreading awareness.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
3.3. sydhavns recycling center, copenhagen Architects: BIG Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Client: Amagerforbrænding Area: 1500.0 sqm
Fig.77 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhagen Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
Fig.78 Sydhavns Recycling Center, Copenhage Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
Project type: Public facility Commissioned by Amagerforbrænding, BIG has designed the Sydhavns Recycling Center as a public space complete with fitness facilities, running tracks and picnic areas. At its core, the recycling center is submerged beneath a lush landscape, offering curious citizens a peak into the “recycling square” while enjoying their daily exercise.
Fig.79 Conceptual Model Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
The recycling activities of the centre will work as a laboratory for new measures with focus on waste as a resource; through partnerships it will contribute to creating new green jobs. Sydhavn Recycling Centre will become the City’s centre forinnovation, knowledge, and green growth in the resource and waste field.
Fig.81 Site Plan Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
Fig.80 Conceptual Model Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
53
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.82 Process Diagrams Source: https://www.big.dk/#projects-gbs
3.3.1 LEARNINGS •Establishing connections between
service oriented functions and
public functions. •Allowing maximum visibility through roof windows. •Feasibility of a recycling center as a basement function.
54
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.83 Hartberg Eco Park, Austria Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
3.4. hartberg eco park, austria
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Year: 1998 Owner: Local government Architect: Zinganel Architects Location: Hartberg, Austria Building Type: Commercial and R&D Type: Demonstration and Pilot project Size: 15 ha Access: Public/ Semi-private
Steiermark is a business park which combines
Hartberg Ecopark in the Austrian region of on its premises a wide range of ecologically conscious businesses and industries, scientific research institutions as well as a permanent public exhibition on environmental protection technology and the natural environment. needs of the region
Through the eco-park it is intended to meet economic development needs in a sustainable way. Its objectives are:
• it
explores
innovative
ways
of
imparting information to consumers on environmental
problems
and
possible
solutions;
• it raises public awareness of environmental issues in a comprehensive manner;
• it
promotes
applied
research
on
environmental techniques and industrial symbiosis;
• it responds to the economic needs of the context
Fig.84 Site Plan Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al. 55
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.4.2 CONCEPTS: To reach these goals, three interconnected approaches have been adopted:
1. The creation of park for eco-businesses: With the idea of natural cycles in mind, preferences in selecting businesses to move in is given to those which can and wish to enter into cooperation and symbiosis with neighbouring firms.
Fig.85 Collaborative Organisation Fig.86 Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
2. The creation of an applied research centre: to help technical innovations on their way to practical application.
3.4.3
MAIN
INFR ASTRUCTURES
IN
THE
HARTBERG ECOPARK
• A plant for sewage disposal; • Three cooling systems; • Two water purifiers and
two
Fig.87 Reseach Labs combined with Offices Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
Fig.89 Hartsberg Industrial Park Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
Fig.88 Bird’s eye view Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
Fig.90 Structures Designed by Zinganel Architects Source: Eco Industrial Park, Caroli et.al.
water
containers;
• A plant for nitrogen disposal; • Solar panels on the roof of each building to produce and use clean energy;
• A regional power plant that generates energy mainly from renewable sources. 56
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.4.4 prOJECT STRENGTHS NOTED:
3.4.5 Learnings from the case study:
Firms are attracted to the Hartberg Ecopark
• Research material supporting the validity
because they wish to be part of a strong
and requirement of an eco-park
directly
• Study of spaces and functions pertaining
with research centres and other firms on
to the concepts being explored in this
environmental problems.
thesis
net¬work
and
to
collaborate
The main quantita¬tive results could be summarized as follows and are related to the reduction of:
• 250,000 t of industrial waste from steel
• Community spaces with flexible public activities.
• Architectural expression being used as a method for educating the users.
plants
• about 100,000 t of industrial waste from blast furnaces
• • • •
13,000 t of recyclable paper 500,000 t of wood 30,000 t of bark 150,000 t of ferrous waste.
57
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.5. QUEENS BOTANICAL VISITOR AND ADMINISTR ATION CENTER Year: 2007 Owner: Queens Botanical Garden Architect: BKSK Architects Location: Flushing, NY, USA Building Type: Park Type: Semi-Intensive, Test/Research Size: 3000 sq.ft. Slope: 8% Access: Accessible, Open to Public
3.5.1 Introduction:
3.5.2 DESIGN CONCEPTS
The Queens Botanical Gardens is located at the former World’s Fair Grounds, the Flushing Meadows Park.The master plan was formulated with water as a major design theme. The building’s auditorium has a planted green roof that reduces urban heat island effect. It has solar panels that generate 17% of the building’s electricity and a geothermal heat ng and cooling system that uses water pumped from an aquifer for the building’s climate control. 58
Fig.91 Site plan
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
59
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.5.3
Circulation
through
the
site:
Circulation responds to the existing movement outside site along with the immediate context.
Site analysis diagrammatic representation 60
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.5.4 Area Progr am Observation
decks,
lookouts,
gathering
spaces, and places for rest are woven throughout the gardens. Hands-on experiments, a variety of water playground areas, performance and festival spaces, and plazas are included. Central to the plan are the Village Gardens, which include places for children, seniors, volunteers, community members, and staff to plant, grow, and harvest fruits, flowers, vegetables, and herbs. are activities fundamental to the QBG. The Master Plan offers the Garden for education, therapy, and self-development.
61
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
62
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 3.5.4 Water systems In
this
concept,
systems
I
and
V
are
independent systems whereas systems II, III, and IV are interlinked by the sharing of a storage cistern and the central pond as a storage reservoir.
• System I - runoff is collected from the Administration Building roof
• System II - “urban” water features as well as water play areas with cultural water elements are supplied by roof-collected rainwater.
• System III - water is drawn to a cistern on the high ground of the Sun and Moon Garden where it reappears as a spring-fed stream that includes interactive areas with cultural water elements.
• System IV - roof-collected rainwater bursts forth in a fountain at the Crommelin Street entrance to the Garden.
• System V - excess storm runoff, parking runoff, and the natural drainage of the land collects in a wetland depression.
63
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
3.5.5 Landscape elements
3.5.6 Inferences:
• Site planning decisions based on water harvesting systems
• Landscape design; selection of plants and elements
• Deriving from their detailed area program for better understanding of service spaces.
64
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
3.6. RECYCLING CENTER, HONG KONG Year: 2014 (proposal stage Architect: Thomas Schmidt, Sepia Designs Location: Hong Kong Building Type: Public facility Type: Prototype building Size: 267 sqm (proposed site Access: Public 3.6.1 Introduction to the ‘Community Green station’ concept: Like many other areas of the world, Hong Kong is drowning in waste. In February 2014, Sepia Design Consultants Limited created and proposed a neighborhood recycling center
landfills into treatment at the source itself. This
prototype to community leaders and the
project demonstrates the a merger of public
HKSAR Government.
interaction with waste such that it celebrates waste
Instead of the current system of refuse collection centers throughout Hong Kong,
The site has been located in the bustling
which involves direct transport of waste to
urban neighborhood of Wan Chai. The small
the territory’s three overflowing landfills, this
site of 267 sqm makes it possible the project to
proposal proposes the creation of new one-
be viable in any neighborhood.
stop satellite recycling and recovery centers
The
at the community level, in order to divert as
installed in the basement along with an odour
much material as possible away from the
prevention system, with easy access to the
landfills. The aim is to divert the waste from
truck docking area.
food
composting
system
has
been
65
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
66
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
The area program allows for a high degree of public activity, enabling learning and awareness through architecture.
3.6.2 Learnings form the case study: 1. The feasibility of the project at any location, adaptable to culturally diverse context.
2. The area program designed to concentrate on community education and awareness towards waste reduction and behavioral changes towards an environmentally sustainable lifestyle.
3. Zoning of functions w.r.t. program requirements and the intended circulation path of the user through the building for maximum interaction with different user groups.
4. Scale of the project, which is flexible for expansion. 67
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
68
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
69
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
70
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
CHAPTER 4.
SITE ANALYSIS
71
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
4.1. LAND USE
Mumbai is divided into wards for the ease of administrative functioning. The Oshiwara district centre lies in the P south ward. Marked in grey, it falls under the Special Planning Authority (SPA), which has recently been taken up by BMC. The district centre is located within a highly dense residential zone, promoting the idea of ‘walk to work’. It also provides the required footfall
for
the
success
of
commercial
establishments and active public zones. The site chosen has been designated as mixed land use in the ODC proposal.
Fig.92 WARD LAND USE PLAN 72
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
73
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
4.2. EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS The nature of built on the site is mostly small industries consist of engineering workshops, Fig.93 A Site Photos from location A. Source: Author
fabrication units, automobile repair workshops and the like units. Nearly all of them are unregistered units located in unauthorizedly built structures. Other nonresidential units consist of new and old furniture shops, tea shops and shops serving the surrounding population
and
storages
for
scrap
and
miscellaneous goods.
Fig.94 B Site Photos from location B. Source: Author
As per the municipal record, there are about 3200 licensed cattle in this area. The stables housing these cattle are rickety structures located in low-level land on the east of S.V. Road. These stables have been in this area for a long time and apparently, unlike hutments and workshops, their number has not increased in the last few years.
Fig.95 C Site Photos from location C. Source: Author
74
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I The site is currently occupied by slums and stables. The primary activity on this site is waste collection and segregation. They perform the role of a Material Recovery Facility (MRF). Residents for over 3 decades, the slum dwellers form an indispensable part
of the
waste management system of Oshiwara. Fig.96 D Site Photos from location D. Source: Author
The industrial zone (I2) is a bustling small scale industry, which manufactures small appliances, acrylic cutting, laser cutting, repair workshops etc. A lot of workers have taken to residing here itself in temporary shelters. The
development
of
permanent
nature,
mostly consisting of industries has taken place on the east of S.V. Road. Two pockets are intensively developed with some multi-storied flatted factories. The West side of the S.V. Road is lined with unauthorized shops and industries whose number seems to have grown rapidly ever since the MHADA acquired vast lands here.
Fig.97 Satellite Imagery of Site Location D. Source: Google Earth 75
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.98 Existing Land-Use Distribution Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,
76
2010)
Fig.99 Existing Land Distribution Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA, 2010)
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.100 Proposed Land-Use Distribution Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,
2010)
Fig.101 Existing Residential Typology Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,
2010)
Fig.102 Projected Residential Typology by 2030 Source: Oshiwara District Centre proposal (MMRDA,
2010) 77
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
78
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
4.3. SITE study
Fig.103 Socio-economic context Source: Author 79
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.104 Nolli diagram Source: Author 80
The fine grain and texture are primarily residential buildings. Coarse grain uneven texture are commercial or institutional buildings. The large open spaces around the site are informal shelters which have been proposed for rehabilitation.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.105 Land Use Plan Source: Author 81
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.106 Building Heights Source: Author 82
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.107 Slum Land Use Source: Author 83
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.108 Movement Patterns Source: Author 84
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.109 Urban Connectivity Source: Author 85
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.110 Site Dimensions Source: Author
Fig.111 Section AA’ Source: Author 86
Fig.112 Section BB’ Source: Author
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I total floor area in case of shops upto 20 sq.mts
4.4. BYE LAWS
PARKING
SETBACKS
ISLAND CIty, SUBURBS and EXTENDED SUBURBS
in area and one parking for 50 sq.mts of floor area for shops over 20 sq.mts.
One parking space for:
• 4 tenements with carpet area above 35
SITE AREA: 6.2 ACRES, 25300 SQM Front
setback
from
roads
for
residential,commercial bldgs
• For highway road more than 52m:
for mercantile, & commercial office buildings
sqm. each.
Setback from nallah is 25m on either side.
7.5 m for both (R) and (C)
• For road wider than 21m:
3.0 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in city
6.0 m for (R) and (C) in suburbs
In addition to the parking spaces provided
• 2 tenements with carpet area exceeding 45 sqm. but not exceeding 35 sqm. each
• 1 tenements with carpet area exceeding 45 sqm. but not exceeding 70 sqm each.
, parking space for transport vechicles of site 3.75 x 7.5 m shall be provided at the rate of one space for each 2000 sq.mts subject to maximum 6 nos.
• 6 tenements with carpet area exceeding 70 50.m.
• Visitor parking at 25% of above.
• For lesser roads:
3.0 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in
One parking space for every 37.50 sq.mts
city
GOVT, SEMI GOVT, PRIVATE OFFICE BLDGS
4.5 m for (R) and 4.5 m for (C) in suburbs
• For some specific roads like Pedder road, Carmicheal, Altamount,
of office space upto 1500 sq.mts and for every 75 sq.mts of additional space for areas exceeding 1500 sq.mts
Neapfansea, Hughes road the setback is 4.5 m for both (R) and (C)
MERCANTILE
MARKETS,
DEPARTMENTAL
STORES, SHOPS FSI
One parking space for every 40 sq.mts of
As a Special Economic Zone, ODC has been
office space upto 800 sq.mts and for every
allowed a higher FSI than usual to rope in as
80 sq.mts of additional space for areas
many developers as possible.
exceeding 800 sq.mts
• FSI FOR RESIDENTIAL IS 1.5 • FSI FOR COMMERCIAL IS 1.5
CONVENIENCE SHOPPING One parking space for every 150 sq.mts of 87
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
RECREATIONAL SPACE • • • • •
Plot area 1000 to 2500 sqm : 15% Plot area 2500 to 10000 sqm : 20% Plot area over 10000 sqm:
25%
Minimum area of RG: 125 sqm For
layout
more
than
5000
sqm.
Can provide RG at more than one place provided RG at at least one place shall be 1000 sqm.
• Minimum width of rg shall be 7.5m and if average width of the recreational space is less than 16.6m the length thereof shall not exceed 2.5 times the average width.
• 50% of required RG to be provided on mother earth as per MOEF requirement
• RG can be provided in open spaces with minimum distance of 3.00m from bldg.
• RG can be proposed on top of podium or top of basement.
• However as per recent supreme court judgement the RG required under Reg. 23 has to be provided entirely on ground. It cannot be provided on the podium. Any additional RG if required can be provided on the podium.
88
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
4.5. CLIMATE ANALYSIS • Mumbai receives a steady 11-12 hours of sunlight throughout the year.
• The large amounts of rainfall during June, July, August and September can be efficiently collected and used.
• The predominant wind direction is West to East during summer and monsoon and East to West during the other months.
Fig.113 Daylight Hours Diagram Source: Accuweather
Fig.114 Weather Variables across 12 months Source: Accuweather
89
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Fig.115 Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com
Fig.117 Sun Path Diagram
Fig.116 Sun Angles for Shading Devices Source: http://www.solargainisapain.com
Fig.118 Wind Rose Plot 90
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
4.6. SWOT ANALYSIS
91
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 5.
PROGR AMME ANALYSIS
92
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
5.1. DERIVING THE AREA PROGR AM BASED ON SITE Currently
2
major
activities
are
taking
waste
and
recyclable
materials.
The
place on site which will be affected by the
household waste will be provided by the
redevelopment
material
immediate residential colonies. The nallah
workshops and cattle sheds. Instead of a
redevelopment will require large amounts
high-end
of waste to be processed.
scheme;
commercial
waste
development
that
will eliminate any avenue of income for the
• The slum residents will get an alternative
slum dwellers, this project will generate jobs
location to receive education after
requiring the skill set that they already possess.
office working hours (Flex buildings).
The cattle will be relocated to Aarey milk colony for a healthier upbringing.
the
• The NESCO exhibition corporation can be a potential tie-up for large scale expos and demonstrations. It can also function
• The project can include functions like recycle workshops, waste processing units
as a resource provider to our site.
• Its vicinity to the uncoming commercial
etc which will allow the current occupants
developments hopes
to stimulate an
to continue their livelihood in Material
environment-conscious
attitude
recovery facilities and will generate many
day-to-day as well as overarching business
more jobs.
schemes of the users.
in
the
• A commercial hub will be a potential job opportunity for the residents living in the vicinity.
• The proximity to the metro and local train stations increases its area of influence as an occupation gold mine.
• The project will consist of a waste to energy plant, treating primarily organic 93
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
BASED ON CASE STUDIES • A collaborative work environment for SMEs, Corporations, NGOs or individual entities
to
sustainable
practice innovation
in
the like
field the
of R&D
spaces in DA and Hartberg Eco park.
• Recycling centre as a means of spreading awareness has been derived from the Sydhavns recycling center. Placing the function in the basement with view ports may lead to incidental learning.
• Including upcycling studios, artist studios and workshops has been inspired by the Recycling center module in HongKong.
• Onsite energy generation (W2E) as a viable architectural typology has been talked about in case examples cited under ‘Decentralizing waste’.
• Queens
administrative
center
demonstrates the basic facilities required in a learning center like computer labs, library, workshops etc.
• Exhibition and outreach functions have been used as outdoor spaces to showcase various products and objects developed in the labs at Hartberg.
94
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
95
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
96
5.2.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I AREA PROGRAM AREA PROGR AMME AREA PROGRAM
Sr. no. FUNCTION Sr. no. FUNCTION Environmental learning centre Environmental learning centre 1 Reception Receptionworkshops 21 recycling recycling workshops 32 upcycling studios upcycling studios 43 artists studio 4 artists studio 5 electronic and furniture workshops electronic and furniture workshops 65 Stores Storesexhibition hall/ retail gallery 76 large 7 large exhibition hall/ retail gallery small exhibition hall+demonstration small exhibition hall+demonstration 8 space space and office 98 curator curator and office 109 stores 10 seminar stores rooms 11 11 seminar rooms
Area Area
Qty. Qty. 200 200 200 100 100 30 30 T 50 50 T 25 25 200 200
100+ open 100+ open50 50 50 1,50,300 1,50,300
12 library and digital learning space hall learning space 12 Multi librarypurpose and digital 13 Multi purpose hall 13 AV 14 room
400 700 400 700 20
14 storage AV room 15 15 storage
20 100 100
Toilet: men Toilet: men 16 women 16 women 17 17 shops and retail 18 18 flea shops and retail 19 market 19 flea market
25 25 25
Occupant load Occupant load 1 21 2 82 8 6 16 1
25 25
1 1
For screening matches 1 For when not in use screening matches 1 when not in use 50 1 50 200 200 2 2
1 5000-10000 1 5000-10000 1 1 1
18WC + 20 U 18WC + 20 U 8 30WC 8 30WC 30 30 500 500
Total Area in sqm Remarks Total Area in sqm Remarks
20 20
1 1
1200 1200 20 20
200 200 basement 400 400 basement 200 200 basement 240 240 150 basement 150 basement 150 basement 200 200 100 100 50 50 200 200 450 450
15000 books 70 sqmbooks reader space 15000 140 sqmreader circulaton 70 sqm space 175 space 140 sqm shelf circulaton 70 space 175reader sqm shelf space 90 sqm 70 reader space 400 additional additional 90 height sqm 400 7.2 700 sqm clear 700 20 7.2 sqm clear height 20 100 100 should be places between the hallbe and otherbetween functions should places theefficient hall anduse other functions 400 for 400 for efficient use 600 600 500 500
97
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
20 Finance office 21 management office
22 23 24 25 26 27
Nursery Gardening center Visitor information center waste showcase room NGO offices executive office TOTAL
100 30
200 100 50 100 75 50
1 1
1 1 1 1 4 1
100 open plan 30 includes demo areas, plants 200 for sale 100 50 100 300 50 5990
Waste-to-energy facility
Material sorting Facilities for existing services 200+open space 1 on site 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 98
Recycling center management office ERS system room food waste recovery area waste water treatment facility+ storage Triage/ incoming material sorting Temp storage for ERS waste Grid room staff lockers+common room further treatment systems customer care
Drop off for garbage admin entrance foyer security
1 2000 ton/day
50 2500 75 200 75 200 30 100 150 30
100 50 100 30
1 300ton/year 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 200 footfall throughout 1 the day 1 1 2
well ventilated and daylit 200 4.5m clear height (basement) 50 2500 75 200 300 200 30 100 150 30
4.5m clear height (basement) close to the composting area basement close to the loading area basement basement
easily accessible from site 100 adjacent roads 50 100 30
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 16 toilets 25%
200 ground floor, next to an access lane. 6m ht
17 vehicle docking area TOTAL Office component 1 office A 2 Office B 3 entrance lobby + foyer 4 5 Restaurant(50 cover + kitchen) 6 foyer 7 conference room A 8 conference room B 9 seminar room 10 meeting room 11 toilets 25% TOTAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Services security control BMS room fire fighting fire hydrant garbage disposal water pumping communication/ network electrical AHU house keeping x4 general stores x4 TOTAL
4115
600 300 450
8 15 1
4800 4500 450
350 150 100 50 200 25
1 1 3 1 2 3
350 150 300 50 400 75 11075
45 25 10 1 20 50 15 100 1.5 90 100
2 1 4 8 1 1 1 1 8 1 1
90 25 40 8 20 50 15 100 12 90 100 550
Office support 99
11 general stores x4 TOTAL
1 2 3 4 5 6
Office support stationary shop courier service bank extension counters comp repair/service creche Toilets TOTAL
Hospitality 1 food court (of organic produce)
2 food kiosks with seating 3 common kitchen TOTAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Administration GM with PA+waiting Asso. Mg+sales+oper. maintainance+housekeeping security emergency med staff lockers director's office + toilet finance open plan office general admin toilets TOTAL Eco park + nallah redevelopment Public pedestrian plaza Communal garden
100
Research labs
100
15 20 15 30 30
1
2 1 2 2 1
100 550
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
30 20 30 60 30 170
1200
20 300
24 30 30 36 40 60 35 30 50 50
1 15 stalls
20 20 kiosks 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1200 7m height Can be distributed in the 400 building 300 centrally placed 1900
24 30 30 36 40 60 35 30 50 335
open open open/roof
Public pedestrian plaza Communal garden ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Research labs 1 Testing lab 2 research labs 3 Dry labs
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Wet labs Heavy equipment lab lounge(student and faculty) Testing lab computer lab maintainance offices utility rooms storage research scholars' rooms seminar rooms meeting/ conference rooms central data+server room data centre+ UPS room canteen admin executive offices TOTAL Total Total Built-up (Total + 40% ) FAR Ground coverage Site area Total permissible built up Parking
open open/roof
100 150 150
200 200 20 100 100 20 30 100 15 100 30 150 35 150 150 100
1 3 2
2 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 10 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
100 450 300 near toilets for plumbing 400 services 200 on the ground floor 40 300 100 60 90 100 150 200 100 150 35 150 150 100 3175
27310 38234 1.5 19% 6.2 acres 25300 sqm 37500 1.67 ECS/100 sqm 600 101
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 6.
CONCEPT
102
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
103
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
6.1. SIte level str ategies
One towards the residentia node of the site, the other towards the leisure activites at the promenade.
104
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
2 main axes of circulation have been identified; one connecting the 2 public spheres and the other forming a pedestrian spine through the building. The entire site is accessibe on the ground floor.
Exhibition spaces and view ports into the basement have been lined along the circulation lines for maximum participation.
105
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
6.2. building level str ategies SECTIONAL STORYLINE
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAMS BUILDING LEVEL STRATEGIES
STORYLINE IN PLAN The solid footprint has been extruded.
ECOLEARNING CENTER
OFFICES
A burrow is caved out for mass movement across the site. OFFICE
ECO-LEARNING CENTER
The slope is north aligned for maximum glareless light.
Hot and humid climate: Cavities for air movement.
Collaborative offices
Functions spilling out into a central open space
Open ground floor for maximum permeability across the built.
Visually light connector between the 2 buildings.
Altering building profile to provide permanent shading in times of rain or severe heat 106
Resultant form
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
107
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
6.3. concept sketches
108
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
109
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 7.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
110
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
7.1. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 1
ECOLEARNING
OFFICE
111
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
7.2. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 2
112
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
7.3. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STAGE 3 ECOLEARNING
OFFICE
113
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
7.4. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
114
STAGE 4, FINAL DESIGN
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
CHAPTER 8.
FINAL DESIGN DR AWINGS
115
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
116
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.1. SITE LEVEL VIEWS
117
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.3. GROUND FLOOR PLAN
118
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.4. BASEMENT LEVEL PLANS
119
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.5. FIRST FLOOR PLAN
120
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.6. SECOND FLOOR PLAN 8.7.
121
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.8. EXTERNAL WALL SECTION AND HVAC DESIGN
122
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.9. THIRD FLOOR PLAN
123
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.10. PERSPECTIVE
SECTION EXTERNAL WALL SECTION
124
AND
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.11. PERSPECTIVE
SECTION EXTERNAL WALL SECTION
AND
125
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.12. OTHER FLOOR PLANS
4th FLOOR 126
5th FLOOR
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
6th, 7th, 8th FLOOR
9th FLOOR 127
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.13. facade design
128
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
129
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
8.14. Model photos 1: 1000 context model
130
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
8.15. Model photos 1: 500 model
131
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
CHAPTER 9.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
132
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
9.1. WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
JAPAN ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM Waste to energy is a process of conversion of MSW into any form of usable energy. The
The selected locality of Oshiwara which has
waste undergoes the following sequence of
been earmarked for redevelopment functions
treatments;
as a garbage collection center run by the informal sector. With the removal of slums, this garbage will be directly transported to
Segregation into recyclables and non- recyclables
its ultimate location; the city landfill. Deonar, Mulund and the recently created Kanjurmarg landfill are the 3 dumping grounds, of thich Deonar and Mulund were stated for closure
Aerobic and anaerobic composting of source separated organic waste
8 years ago and Kanjurmarg is allegdly
treatment by ERS. Any kinds of waste can
occupying coastal wetlands as a part ofthe
be put into ERS altogether
dumping site. (Saldanha, Alison; Lukose,
Anjali, 6th February, 2014)
Energy recovery through a thermal waste conversion process
One method to decentralize this chain of
depending upon population statistics. The waste-to-energy facility on site aims to fulfil a triple pupose; local waste mamagement, employment for the current site workers and a medium of education for the public.
2. Generates
Electric
Power
at
approx.
5 MW/hour
3. The output of the plant can also be
waste management is to set up localized waste treatment and segregation locations
1. 300 ton waste fermentation and drying
converted into briquettes for further use as Complimentary to this energy recover system
fuel
is reduction of source waste and recucling
4. No water drain from ERS system to protect
which is taking place in the environmental
environmental conditions in neighboring
learning center.
area
A recent energy recovery system (ERS) has
5. Pure water is also produced been developed by HYATH JAPAN CO.,LTD 6. Reduce CO2 gas emission to obtain credit which compacts the conversion equipments
(no harmful gas emission from the plant)
into a cube, making it suitable for the land-
7. Produce Distilled Water (drinkable after
starved urban context of Mumbai.
treatment)approx. 300 ton/day
8. Requires no segregation of household Some of its sailent features are:
waste
(that
doesn't
mean
it
is 133
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
recommended!)
9. General conversion time into compost: 45 days. With ERS system: 4-6 hours
EQUIPMENT SYSTEM • ERS System : ERS-model 8 body: 3 units (Idea 1) , (or other model) • Microbe Deodorizing & Cooling Equipment : 1 unit • Biomass Boiler : 1 unit • Cogeneration Plant: 1 unit Fig.119 Graphic representation of internal processes
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
speed fermentation and dry • Type: ERS 3 • Indigenous Microbes: Local microbes • Max. Operation Cycles / day : selected & cultivated from soil near by the • Max. 10 cycles / day(20 hours/day & 2.0 hours/cycle) (Spare time : 4 hours / day)
installation.
Max. amt. per load: 800 kg
system), Class A fuel Oil (for steam boiler)
• Max. Qty per day: 8 ton/ day (24 hour • Application: Any organic materials • Energy sources: Electricity (For whole operation) • • • • • • • • 134
Size of ERS:
• Specialty: High speed ferment & dry. Need
Width: 9m
no bacterial replenishment, no waste
Dimension: 2m
water design
Height: 2.2 m
• Output:
Height of hopper: 4.3m (above ground)
Weight of main unit: 15 ton
Fertilizer
Technology: Heated and depressurized
Food waste: Animal feed or Bio Organic waste: Animal feed or Bio
Fig.120 ERS plant 100 ton unit
Fertilizer
Food processing waste: Bio Fertilizer
Sewage and sludge: Bio Fertilizer or
Fuel (Phosphoric can be collected)
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I TYPE OF WASTE Waste can be thrown together in this. The output can be easily
Fig.121 Layout of the system
segregated into organic and plastic products.
Fig.122 ERS plant 50 ton unit
SEWAGE AND SLUDGE TREATMENT
For on-site Nallah treatment Fig.123 Sludge treatment
135
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
BIOMASS CONVERSION UNIT
1. Fuel (coal, natural gas, oil, or biomass) is added at one end.
2. The engine (roughly the same size as a four-cylinder car engine) burns the fuel by ordinary combustion.
3. An electricity generator is connected to and driven by the engine's driveshaft.
4. Something produced,
like
15kW
which
can
of
electricity be
used
is for
conventional power or as an emergency supply.
5. Exhaust gases from the engine flow through one or more heat exchangers, which remove most of their waste heat.
6. A catalytic converter (similar to the one in a car) removes some of the pollution from the Fig.124 Schematic functioning of an ERS system
gases.
7. The (relatively clean) exhaust emerges through a tailpipe or chimney.
8. Cold water flowing into the heat exchanger picks up heat from the exhaust gas and exits at a much higher temperature. If it's hot enough, it can be piped directly into radiators or fed into a conventional centralheating boiler for further heating. A unit like this will produce about 40kW of thermal Fig.126 Micro CHP system 136
Fig.125 Models of micro CHP systems by Japanese company Yamnar
energy (heat).
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Fig.127 Components of micro combined heat and power unit
137
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Linear circulation of waste Garbage truck movement is restricted to the surface. The waste, segregated at source, will be transported to its destination via conveyer belts. The entire WTE facility is placed underground, With skylights and large viewing windows, it allows for chance glimpses for the public, instigating curiosity and interest. skylight design as a landscape element
Garbage vehicle is restricted only to surface movement.
conveyer belt
Spatial tr anslation
Lighting and ventilation for workspaces at basement level 138
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
9.2. WASTE
Avg. Waste generated by an Indian per day in Mumbai= 0.6 kg "Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian garbage will undergo the following changes:" Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent Plastic will rise from 4% to 6% Metal will escalate from 1% to 4% Glass will increase from 2% to 3% Paper will climb from 5% to 15% Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%"
CALCULATIONS
P
R
Q L
O N
K
M J
I H
D
E
F
G
B A
Average household includes 25% recyclable waste
ON site: 60% organic waste"
Function
Area
No. of occupants
Offices
15394
1016
Educational
5290
1322
Industrial
4115
412
Assembly
2600
4316
Waste generated= 1700 kg/day C
Organic waste= 850 kg/day Recyclable waste= 400kg / day
Fig.128 Key plan 139
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
Waste gener ated around the site:
D Residential complex 31 storeyed:
H Residential society:
Built up of one building= 18700
Total built up= 9610
No of occupants= 800
no. of occupants= 770
A Housing society:
Total number of occupants= 1600
Waste generated= 390 kg/day
Built up of one building= 820sqm
Waste generated= 820 kg/day
Organic waste= 200 kg/day
No of occupants=65
Organic waste= 490kg/day
Recyclable waste= 100 kg/day
Total number of occupants= 585
Recyclable waste= 205kg/day
Waste generated= 300 kg/day
I Commercial center:
Organic waste= 180 kg/day
E Residential tower:
Built up= 2400 sqm
Recyclable waste= 75 kg/day
Built up of one building= 76300 sqm
no. of occupants= 150
No of occupants=6000
Waste generated= 75 kg/day
B Housing society:
Waste generated= 3000 kg/day
Organic waste= 10 kg/day
Built up of one building= 3390sqm
Organic waste= 1500 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 60 kg/day
No of occupants=270
Recyclable waste= 750 kg/day
J Independent residence:
Total number of occupants= 270*14 =3796 Waste generated= 1930 kg/day
F Commercial tower
:
Organic waste= 970 kg/day
Built up= 8435 sqm
no. of occupants= 80
Recyclable waste= 480 kg/day
no. of occupants= 845
Waste generated= 40 kg/day
Waste generated= 400 kg/day
Organic waste= 20 kg/day
C Housing society:
Organic waste= 80 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 10 kg/day
Built up of one building: 1164
Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day
Built up= 1200 sqm
K office and cinema hall:
no. of occupants= 92 total number of occupants= 92*6=550
G Residential society:
Built up= 7500 sqm
waste generated= 280kg/day
Total built up= 9100
no. of occupants= 750 (10 / 100sqm)
Organic waste= 140 kg/day
no. of occupants= 720
waste generated= 382kg/day
Recyclable waste= 70 kg/day
Waste generated= 360 kg/day
Organic waste= 40kg/day
Organic waste= 180 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 90 kg/day 140
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I L Industrial buildings:
P Residential society
:
Total Built up= 55450 sqm
Total Built up= 15800 sqm
No. of occupants= 5500
No. of occupants= 1265
waste generated= 2500kg/day
Waste generated= 645 kg/day
Organic waste= 500kg/day
Organic waste=320 kg/day
Industrial waste= 2000 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 160 kg/day
M Residential society:
Q Residential buildings:
Total Built up= 29500 sqm
Built up= 4440 sqm
No. of occupants= 2360
no. of occupants= 355
waste generated= 1200kg/day
Waste generated= 180 kg/day
Organic waste= 600kg/day
Organic waste= 90 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 300 kg/day
Recyclable waste=45 kg/day
N Residential society:
R Commercial center:
Total Built up= 26125 sqm
Built up= 8160 sqm
No. of occupants= 2090
no. of occupants= 816
waste generated= 1063 kg/day
waste generated= 200 kg/day
Organic waste= 530kg/day
Organic waste= 40 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 265 kg/day
Recyclable waste= 160 kg/day
O Residential society:
Total Built up= 48800 sqm
Total organic waste = 7675 kg per day
No. of occupants= 3900
Total recyclable waste=
waste generated= 1950 kg/day
Plus sludge from the nala
2860 kg/ day
Organic waste=975 kg/day Recyclable waste= 490 kg/day 141
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
SPACES
Area (sqm.)
9.3.
Occupancy load HVAC
Electricity consumption (W)
Electricity Demand Load (W)
SERVICES Captive Power Load (W)
Lighting requirement
Environment learning centre Reception
200
Semi
120
Medium
Recycling workshops
400
Semi
240
High
upcycling studios
200
Semi
120
High
artists studios
250
Semi
150
High
electronic and furniture workshops
150
Semi
90
High
large exhibition hall
200
Semi
120
High
small exhibition hall
100
Semi
60
High
curator and office
50
60
Medium
200
240
Low
300,150
540
High
storage seminar rooms library and digital learning space
400
Multi purpose hall
700
1162
480
High
840
Medium Medium
AV room
20
24
finance office
100
120
Medium
management office
50
60
Medium
Shops and retail
600
Nursery
200
X
Gardening center
100
X
NGO offices
200
Collaborative NGO workshops
350
Total
4,920
Semi 280
720
Medium
60
Medium
30
Medium
240
Medium
210 4524
High 3166.8
3958.5
Waste-to-energy facility Reception
100
120
Visitor information center
100
120
Medium
waste showcase room
120
144
Medium Medium
Recycling center management office
Medium
50
60
Material sorting facility
200
240
High
ERS system room
2500
3000
Medium Low
Grid room
75
X
22.5
Waste water treatment facility
200
X
60
Low
staff lockers + common room
100
120
Medium
Drop off garbage
100
30
Low
security
50
X
Total
3595
240
3916.5
2741.55
3426.9375
Office component
10775
1080
12930
9051
11313.75
Medium
Restaurant (50 cover)
350
35
420
294
367.5
Medium
Office support functions
150
20
180
126
157.5
Medium
Office support functions
1800
2500
1080
756
945
Medium
Administration
325
45
390
273
341.25
Medium
Semi
Research labs Lobby + reception
100
120
Medium
research labs
600
720
High
Dry labs
300
Semi
180
High
400
Semi
240
High
142 Wet labs Heavy equipment labs
200
Lounge
50
X
60
High
60
Medium
Water supply
Service access
energy CALCULATIONS
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
9.4.
electrical load calculations SPACES
Area (sqm.)
Occupancy load HVAC
Electricity consumption (W)
ELECTRICAL LOAD CALCULATIONS Electricity Demand Load Captive Power Lighting (W) Load (W) requirement
SUSTAINABILITY Water supply
Service access
STRUCTURE
Daylighting
Space requirement
Structure system
Material
Environment learning centre RCC +
Reception
200
Semi
120
Medium
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Recycling workshops
400
Semi
240
High
Partial
regular span
"
Domestic
Partial
regular span
"
Plastic Waste
regular span
"
upcycling studios
200
Semi
120
High
artists studios
250
Semi
150
High
electronic and furniture workshops
150
Semi
90
High
regular span
"
large exhibition hall
200
Semi
120
High
regular span
"
small exhibition hall
100
Semi
60
High
regular span
"
curator and office
50
60
Medium
regular span
"
storage seminar rooms
Partial
200
240
Low
regular span
"
3,00,150
540
High
large span
Column beam with coffered slab
480
High
regular span
"
840
Medium
large span
Column beam with coffered slab "
library and digital learning space
400
Multi purpose hall
700
1162
AV room
20
24
Medium
regular span
finance office
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
management office
50
60
Medium
regular span
"
Shops and retail
600
Nursery
200
X X
Gardening center
100
NGO offices
200
Collaborative NGO workshops
350
Total
4,920
Semi 280
720
Medium
regular span
"
60
Medium
regular span
" "
30
Medium
regular span
240
Medium
regular span
"
210
High
regular span
"
4524
3166.8
3958.5
Waste-to-energy facility
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Reception
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
Visitor information center
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
waste showcase room
120
144
Medium
Partial
regular span
"
Recycling center management office
50
60
Medium
regular span
"
Material sorting facility
200
240
High
Partial
regular span
"
ERS system room Grid room
2500 75
X
3000 22.5
Medium Low
None None
regular span regular span
" "
Waste water treatment facility
200
X
60
Low
None
regular span
"
staff lockers + common room Drop off garbage
100 100
120 30
Medium Low
regular span
"
X
security
50
Total
3595
240
3916.5
2741.55
3426.9375
Office component
10775
1080
12930
9051
11313.75
Medium
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Restaurant (50 cover)
350
35
420
294
367.5
Medium
regular span
"
Office support functions
150
20
180
126
157.5
Medium
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Office support functions
1800
180
1080
756
945
Medium
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Administration
325
45
390
273
341.25
Medium
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Column beam with filler slab
Semi
Research labs Lobby + reception
100
120
Medium
regular span
research labs
600
720
High
regular span
"
Dry labs
300
Semi
180
High
large span
Column beam with coffered slab
Semi
240
High
regular span
"
60
High
regular span
"
Wet labs
400
Heavy equipment labs
200
Lounge
50
60
Medium
regular span
"
Testing lab
300
360
High
regular span
"
Computer lab
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
Maintenance office
60
72
Medium
regular span
"
utility rooms
90
27
Low
regular span
"
X
X
143
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT Research scholar's rooms
150
180
Medium
regular span
"
Discussion rooms
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
seminar rooms
200
240
Medium
regular span
"
Meeting/ conference rooms
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
central data + server rooms
150
X
45
Low
regular span
"
data center + UPS room
35
X
10.5
Low
regular span
"
Executive offices
100
120
Medium
regular span
"
Canteen
50
30
Medium
regular span
"
Low
regular span
Column beam with filler slab
Total Services
3085
Semi 200
700
X
GRAND TOTAL Electricity consumption by DEVAP system: Non-airconditioned = 0.3 W/ sqm
0.3
Semi-airconditioned = 0.65 W/ sqm
0.65
Fully airconditioned = 1.2 W/ sqm Demand Load Factor / Utilisation Factor = 0.7 Captive Power Load (for DG set) = Demand Load / 0.8
144
1.2
2824.5
1977.15
2471.4375
210
147
183.75
18532.5
23165.625
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
9.5.
lighting calculations SPACES
Area (sqm.)
Occupancy load
Illumination (lux or lumens/m2)
LUMINOUS FLUX (lumens)
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS LUMINOUS EFFICACY Lighting power Lighting (lumen/Watt) (W) requirement
Environment learning centre Reception
200
Medium
Recycling workshops
400
High
upcycling studios
200
High
artists studios
250
High
electronic and furniture workshops
150
High
large exhibition hall
200
High
small exhibition hall
100
High
curator and office
50
Medium
storage
200
Low
3,00,150
High
seminar rooms library and digital learning space
400
Multi purpose hall
700
High 1162
150
105000
100
1050
Medium
AV room
20
Medium
finance office
100
Medium
management office
50
Medium
Shops and retail
600
Medium
Nursery
200
Medium
Gardening center
100
Medium
NGO offices
200
Medium
Collaborative NGO workshops
350
Total
4,920
High 280
500
2460000
100
24600
Waste-to-energy facility Reception
100
Medium
Visitor information center
100
Medium
waste showcase room
120
Medium
Recycling center management office
50
Medium
Material sorting facility
200
High
ERS system room
2500
Medium
Grid room
75
Low
Waste water treatment facility
200
Low
staff lockers + common room
100
Medium
Drop off garbage
100
Low
security
50
Total
3595
240
250
898750
100
8987.5
145
Grid room
75
Low
Waste water treatment facility
200
Low
staff lockers + common room
100
Medium
Drop off garbage
100
Low
security
50
Total
3595
240
Office component
250
898750
100
8987.5
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
10775
1080
500
5387500
100
53875
Medium
Restaurant (50 cover)
350
35
250
87500
100
875
Medium
Office support functions
150
20
250
37500
100
375
Medium
Office support functions
1800
180
250
450000
100
4500
Medium
Administration
325
45
500
162500
100
1625
Medium
Research labs Lobby + reception
100
research labs
600
High
Dry labs
300
High
Medium
Wet labs
400
High
Heavy equipment labs
200
High Medium
Lounge
50
Testing lab
300
High
Computer lab
100
Medium
Maintenance office
60
Medium
utility rooms
90
Low
Research scholar's rooms
150
Medium
Discussion rooms
100
Medium
seminar rooms
200
Medium
Meeting/ conference rooms
100
Medium
central data + server rooms
150
Low
data center + UPS room
35
Low
Executive offices
100
Medium
Canteen
50
Medium
Total Services
3085
200
700
GRAND TOTAL
Activity Illumination
Working areas where visual tasks
1542500
100
15425
150
105000
100
1050 112362.5
From Bureau of Indian Standards:
146 Simple orientation for short visits
500
(lux or lumens/m2) 50-100
Low
Services
700
150
105000
100
1050
Low
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I GRAND TOTAL
112362.5
From Bureau of Indian Standards: Activity Illumination
(lux or lumens/m2)
Simple orientation for short visits
50-100
Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed
100-150
Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives Easy Office Work, Classes Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms, Laboratories
150 250
500
Luminous Efficacy of a LED bulb is 76 lumen/Watt and LED tube is 100-110 lumen/Watt Power (W) = Luminous Flux (lm) / Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)
147
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.6. hvac
calculations
SPACES
Area (sqm.)
Occupancy load
HVAC CALCULATIONS HVAC
Area BTU
Lighting power Occupant BTU (W)
Lighting BTU
TOTAL HEAT LOAD BTU
HVAC cooling capacity
HVAC system
(ton)
Environment learning centre Reception
200
Semi
Recycling workshops
400
Semi
upcycling studios
200
Semi
artists studios
250
Semi
electronic and furniture workshops
150
Semi
large exhibition hall
200
Semi
small exhibition hall
100
Semi
curator and office
50
storage
200
seminar rooms
3,00,150
library and digital learning space
400
Multi purpose hall
700
AV room
20
finance office
100
management office
50
Shops and retail
600
1162
Nursery
200
X
Gardening center
100
X
NGO offices
200
Collaborative NGO workshops Total
350 4,920
Semi 280
153750
168000
25650
109012.5
430762.5
35.9 DEVAP cooling
Waste-to-energy facility Reception
100
Visitor information center
100
3125 3125
waste showcase room
120
3750
Recycling center management office
50
1562.5
Material sorting facility
200
6250
ERS system room
2500
Grid room
75
X
Waste water treatment facility
200
X
staff lockers + common room
100
Drop off garbage
100
security
3125 X
50
Total
3595
240
20937.5
144000
8990
38207.5
203145
16.93 DEVAP cooling
Office component
10775
1080
336718.75
648000
53875
228968.75
1213687.5
101.14 DEVAP cooling
350
35
10937.5
21000
875
3718.75
35656.25
3 DEVAP cooling
150
20
4687.5
12000
375
1593.75
18281.25
1.52 Passive cooling
148 Restaurant (50 cover) Office support functions
security Total
50 3595
240
20937.5
144000
8990
38207.5
203145
16.93 DEVAP cooling
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I 10775
1080
336718.75
648000
53875
228968.75
1213687.5
101.14 DEVAP cooling
Restaurant (50 cover)
Office component
350
35
10937.5
21000
875
3718.75
35656.25
3 DEVAP cooling
Office support functions
150
20
4687.5
12000
375
1593.75
18281.25
1.52 Passive cooling
Office support functions
1800
180
56250
750000
4500
19125
825375
68.8 DEVAP cooling
Administration
325
45
10156.25
27000
1625
6906.25
44062.5
3.67 DEVAP cooling
120000
15425
65556.25
267118.75
22.26 DEVAP cooling
Semi
Research labs Lobby + reception
100
3125
research labs
600
18750
Dry labs
300
Semi
9375
Wet labs
400
Semi
12500
Heavy equipment labs
200
Lounge
50
1562.5
Testing lab
300
9375
Computer lab
100
3125
Maintenance office
60
utility rooms
90
Research scholar's rooms
150
4687.5
Discussion rooms
100
3125
seminar rooms
200
6250
Meeting/ conference rooms
100
central data + server rooms
150
X
data center + UPS room
35
X
Executive offices
100
Canteen
50
Total Services
3085
X
1875 X
3125
3125 Semi 200
700
GRAND TOTAL
1562.5 81562.5
X 253.22
Area BTU = Length x Breadth x 31.25 Occupant BTU = Occupancy x 600 Lighting BTU = Lighting Power x 4.25 Total Heat Load BTU = Area BTU + Occupant BTU + Lighting BTU HVAC Tonnage = Total Heat Load BTU / 12000
149
Administration
325
45
390
273
341.25
Medium
Research labs Lobby + reception
100
research labs
600
Dry labs
300
Semi
Wet labs
400
Semi
Heavy equipment labs
200
Lounge
50
X
120
Medium
720
High
180
High
240
High
60
High
60
Medium
Testing lab
300
360
High
Computer lab
100
120
Medium
Maintenance office
60
utility rooms
90
Research scholar's rooms Discussion rooms
72
Medium
27
Low
150
180
Medium
100
120
Medium
X
seminar rooms
200
240
Medium
Meeting/ conference rooms
100
120
Medium
central data + server rooms
150
X
45
Low
data center + UPS room
35
X
10.5
Low
Executive offices
100
Canteen
50
Total Services
3085
Semi 200
700
Medium
30
Medium
2824.5
1977.15
2471.4375
210
147
183.75
18532.5
23165.625
X
GRAND TOTAL
Total Electricity consumed in one day: 23.16kW x 16 hrs = 370 kWh Based on WTE projects functioning in Kerala, 750 kg of organic household waste produces 5kW of electricity daily. Organic waste collected on-site= 7675 kg/ day Electricity generated from organic waste= (7675 x 5 x 24)/750 = 1228 kW = 1.2 MW The surplus generated will be sold to the Oshiwara power station located 1km away.
120
Low
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.7.
R AIN
WATER
HARVESTING
Roof area = 6049 sqm Hard paved area = 4465 sqm Semi-hard paved area = 4414 sqm Soft paved area = 10160 sqm Average annual rainfall in Mumbai = 2150 millimetre (mm) Hard paved surface Volume of rainfall = 4465 x 2.15 = 9599000 litres Hard paved area is cement finishing Run-off Coefficient = 0.9 The coefficient for evaporation, spillage, first flush wastage is considered as 0.8. Efficient Volume of water to be harvested = 9599000 x 0.8 x 0.8 = 6911280 litres Soft paved surface Volume of rainfall = 14575 x 2.15 = 31336250 litres Water Run-off Coefficient = 0.35 The coefficient for evaporation, spillage, first flush wastage is considered as 0.8. Efficient Volume of water to be harvested = 31336250 x 0.35 x 0.8 = 8771450 litres
150
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I Roof catchment area = 6049 sqm Volume of rainfall = 6049 x 2.15 = 13005350 litres Roof finish with recycled tiles and ceramics Run-off Coefficient for tiles = 0.95 The
coefficient
spillage,
first
for flush
evaporation, wastage
is
considered as 0.8. Efficient volume of water to be harvested = 13005350 x 0.95 x 0.8 = 9884066 litres Total
annual
rainwater
collected
=25566789 litres
Fig.129 Site plan with culvert layout design
Fig.130 Culvert design 151
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT SPACES
Area (sqm.)
Occupancy load
WATER CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS Consumption Consumption of water/day/ of water/day (L) head (l)
MENS WC (1 PER 25)
MENS Urinal (1 PER 20)
MENS WB (1 PER 20)
25
WOMENS WC (1 PER 15)
WOMENS WB (1 PER 20)
Environment learning centre Reception
200
Recycling workshops
400
upcycling studios
200
artists studios
250
electronic and furniture workshops
150
large exhibition hall
200
small exhibition hall
100
curator and office
50
storage
200
seminar rooms
3,00,150
library and digital learning space
400
Multi purpose hall
700
AV room
20
finance office
100
management office
50
Shops and retail
600
Nursery
200
Gardening center
100
NGO offices
200
Collaborative NGO workshops
350
Total
4,920
1162
15
17430
20
25
280
45
12600
6
7
45
10800
5
6
6
8
6
7
34
25
10
7
Waste-to-energy facility Reception
100
Visitor information center
100
waste showcase room
120
Recycling center management office
50
Material sorting facility
200
ERS system room
2500
Grid room
75
Waste water treatment facility
200
staff lockers + common room
100
Drop off garbage
100
security
50
Total
3595
240
Office component
10775
1080
45
48600
21
27
27
36
27
350
35
70
2450
1
1
1
1
1
152 Office support functions
150
20
45
900
1
1
1
1
1
Office support functions
1800
180
45
8100
4
5
5
6
5
Restaurant (50 cover)
Waste water treatment facility
200
staff lockers + common room
100
ECO Drop off garbage
CENTRE | MUMBA 100 I
security
50 3595
Area (sqm.)
Occupancy 240 load
10775
1080
Restaurant (50 cover)
350
35
Office support functions Environment learning centre
150
20
45
Reception Office support functions Recycling workshops
200 1800 400
180
upcycling studios Administration artists studios
200 325 250
Total
SPACES
Office component
electronic and furniture workshops Research labs large exhibition hall Lobby + reception small exhibition hall research labs curator and office Dry labs storage Wet labs seminar rooms Heavy equipment labs library and digital learning space Lounge Multi purpose hall Testing lab AV room Computer lab finance office Maintenance office management office utility rooms Shops and retail Research scholar's rooms Nursery Discussion rooms Gardening center seminar rooms NGO offices Meeting/ conference rooms Collaborative NGO workshops central data + server rooms Total data center + UPS room Executive offices Waste-to-energy facility Canteen Reception Total Visitor information center
45
10800
Consumption 45 Consumption 48600 of water/day/ of water/day 70 2450 (L) head (l)
5 21
6
6
WATER CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS 27
8
6
WOMENS 36 WOMENS 27 WB WC 1 1 (1 PER 15) (1 PER 20)
27
MENS WC 1 (1 PER 25)
MENS Urinal 1 (1 PER 20)
MENS WB 1 (1 PER 20)
900
1
1
1
1
1
45
8100
4
5
5
6
5
45
45
2025
1
1
1
1
1
1162
15
17430
20
25
25
280
45
12600
6
7
200
45
9000
4
5
5
111905
63
78
78
150 200 100 100 600 50 300 200 400 3,00,150 200 400 50 700 300 20 100 100 60 50 90 600 150 200 100 100 200 200 100 350 150 4,920 35
7
34
25
10
7
100 50 100 3085 100
waste showcase room Services Recycling center management office
120 700 50
Material sorting facility GRAND TOTAL ERS system room
2500
200
7
5
104
78
Grid room 75 Consumption of water/head /day in referred from Chapter 5.4 of the Bureau of Indian Standards Waste water treatment facility 200 Number of sanitary fixtures per given users in referred from Chapter 5.4 of the Bureau of Indian Standards staff lockers + common room 100 Annual water consumption 40845325 litres Drop off garbage 100 Annual rain water harvested 25566789 litres security 50 Total 3595 62.5% of water demand is met by rain water harvesting.
240
Office component
45
10800
5
6
6
8
6
10775
1080
45
48600
21
27
27
36
27
Restaurant (50 cover)
350
35
70
2450
1
1
1
1
1
Office support functions
150
20
45
900
1
1
1
1
1
Office support functions
1800
180
45
8100
4
5
5
6
5
153
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.8. Passive design str ategies
154
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
155
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.9. PASSIVE SYSTEMS
VENTILATION
Thumb rules for opening: A High inlet and outlet do not produce good air move ment at body level.
In Natural Ventilation the airflow is due to wind
B Low inlet and outlet produce
and buoyancy through cracks in the building
a good pattern of air movement,
envelope or purposely installed openings.
when it is required for cooling. C Low inlet and high outlet also
• Single-Sided Ventilation: Limited
produce a low level wind pattern.
to zones close to the openings
D The airflow at ceiling heigh
• Cross-Ventilation: Two or more openings
produced by a high inlet is hardly affected by an outlet at low level. E Projection shading devices produce an upward airflow in the room. F A slot between wall and shade
on opposite walls covers a larger zone
results in a more direct flow of air.
than the single-sided openings • Stack Ventilation: Buoyancydriven gives larger flows
Fig.131 Cross ventilation airflow in relation to wall openings and surrounding vegetation (after Evans 1980 156
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I –
Displacement cooling
in which cool air is introduced at the floor and return air is collected at the ceiling – reduces energy consumption on two counts. The air need be cooled only to 19° Celsius or 20° as opposed to 14° in overhead-feed systems) because the cool air does not mix as much with the warm air, which naturally rises. Also due to buoyancy, the energy required to move the air through the distribution circuit is reduced. Displacement cooling is about 15 percent more energy efficient than conventional air-distribution systems. At the DA building, the air-distribution channels are integrated into the structural system U-columns conduct cool air down to the floor, and overhead hollow spaces between the vaulted deck elements carry away the warm air. This system also cools the thermal mass of the building interior, providing a flywheel .effect that moderates swings in cooling loads
Fig.132 DA HVAC system, New Delhi
157
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.10. MAKING BASEMENTS GREEN Basement construction is one of the most
ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
design flexibility and ease of construction.
Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) Its added benefits are:
high-impact interventions in architecture.
• continuity of insulation;
From excavating large amounts of earth and
• reduced air infiltration; and
gravel, which ultimately makes the soil unstable
• thermal mass.
to the vast amount of concrete used in wall construction, both the materials and processes
The inner filling is fly ash concrete or recycled
use large amounts of energy. Hence here are a
concrete with steel reinforcement bars for
few steps to wholistic reduction in energy use: ENSURE REUSE OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS In creation of artificial contours on site, in the offset area of the nallah to prevent unnecessary loads on the basement slab
enterior and interior wall construction.
Typically ICF foundations link together like building blocks and are then filled with foundation concrete Basement drainage on the right.
Using the gravel and earth to compact the nallah edges along its entire length. The gravel
forms for poured concrete walls that stay
retaining walls can add an asthetic element.
in place as a permanent part of the wall assembly. The forms, made of foam insulation, are either pre-formed interlocking blocks or separate panels connected with plastic ties. This union allows concrete to perform as a thermally efficient building structure, boasting R-values. According to Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA), EPS, in this application, may help provide lower energy cost by up to 50% and noise abatement by as much as two-thirds compared to ordinary
158
frame wall with fiberglass insulation, as well as
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I HOW
TO
VENTILATE
THE
BASEMENT
the impulse ventilation concept.
EFFICIENTLY? The
Ducting
Induction ventilation systems further enhance
mechanical
extract
systems
• Induction fans have thrusts up to around
often used for basement ventilation pose the
100N, hence the floor area ventilated per fan is
following issues:
thus significantly greater, equating to a
• The ductwork runs underneath the ceiling,
requirement for fewer units.
reducing the already restricted height normally
• Shorter and slimmer than impulse fans,
available.
allowing a reduced excavation cost and lower
•Downstand beams require the ducting to
car park height.
be set down below them, thus diminishing the
• Fewer units mean lower cabling and controls
height even further.
requirements
• Low level extract points are required, often
maintenance costs.
needing protective
•
barriers to surround them, and these take up
Complies
and
lower
withthe
installation
design
and
approach
to
Fig.133 Colt cyclone jet fan
generally size fans based on 6 ACH for all floors
valuable floor
together. In the fire mode fans would be run to
space.
give at least 10 ACH on the fire floor only.
• The ductwork gives the car park a cluttered look and can
Design: Colt Cyclone is a low profile, high
interfere with CCTV coverage and lighting.
velocity induction jet fan. • Only 308mm or 252mm overall depth.
Impulse
ventilation
systems
push
the
air
• There is no ductwork to clean.
through the car park towards a single extract
• Speed options - Where the unit is inverter
point, rather than pulling it to multiple extract
(variably) controlled, theamount of power
points as a ducted mechanical extract system
consumed is reduced.
would. They provide greater flexibility and
• Low noise output
effectiveness.
159
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
9.11. REUSE RECYCLE OF WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION
Newspaper wood
Reuse and recycling is recognized as a solid waste management strategy that is preferable to
landfilling
environmentally generated
by
or
incineration
desirable. the
urban
and
Waste
more
materials
community
such
as plastics, glass and metallic objects can find a variety of applications in the building construction,
landscape
elements,
Nappy roofing
utility
structures, pavements and decorative fittings. The demonstration of such techniques in the built strengthens the motive of the recycling center towards educating the public. Various types of wastes and their potential
Plastic blocks
utilization are given in the table.
Glass walls
Fig.134 Process of treating construction waste 160
Mushroom walls
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
9.12. INTERIOR WALL OPTIONS
wool blanket; 15 mm thick plasterboards
As opposed to conventional brick interior walls,
paint on each surface. This results in a
there are various interior wall options availale
total thickness of 80 mm. Besides the main
which are lighter and use a variety of recycled
structural frame, the various components
materials. They are not suceptable to the harch
of a building can be constructed using the
weather conditions and exterior forces, hence
sustainable products and components.
allow for experimentation.
Eg: Dry wall, Cork board, MDF, pre-
Due to the flexibility in positioning of patition
fabricated bamboo frames etc.
in each surface; and a coating of alkyd
walls, it allows the space to be utilized for different purposes by different users, leading to design of 'flexible spaces'. STC is the decibel reduction in noise a partition
LIGHT WEIGHT REFERENCE PLASTERBOARD PARTITION WALL :
can provide. The higher the STC value, the
The LRP is the lightweight technology
better is the acoustic performance. STC is
that is normally used in alternative to the
the basis on which most partition walls are
conventional heavyweight technology.
chategorized.
This technology is based on plasterboards
Its sailent features are:
supported by a cold formed galvanized
• The high impact resistance dry boards are
steel structure. This structure is based in
tested to severe duty in strength and able
profiles placed vertically and fixed with two
to withhold minimum loading of 25 kg at
horizontal profiles, attached to the floor
each point. The fire rating for the board
and ceiling. Installations (e.g. water pipes
is about 60 minutes.
and electrical cables) and the necessary
•Lightweight (about 10-15% of
acoustic and thermal insulation are placed
conventional brick walls); allowing
in the gap between the plasterboards. The
designers to adopt lighter structures and
STC values with uses
analysed LRP technology is composed by: vertical cold formed profiles (placed every
foundations. Dead load reduction. • Ease of installation and reconstruciton.
1.5 m); a core filled with a 50 mm thick rock 161
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
FILLER SLAB CONSTRUCTION The filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is subjected to compressive forces
and
the
lower
part
of
the
slab
9.13. structure SYSTEM
experience tensile forces. Concrete is very
LIGHTWEIGHT SANDWICH
steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus
MEMBR ANE PARTITION WALL:
the lower tensile region of the slab does not
good in withstanding compressive forces and
need any concrete except for holding the steel
It consists of: a modular fibrous core (70
reinforcements together.
mm); a plastic or cardboard grid composed
Filler material is compressed plastic waste.
by 600 600 mm panels; a fixing structure in tensioned straps; a structural coating (3 mm) and a finishing over coating (1.5 mm). This results in a total wall thickness of 79 mm. This wall is easily assembled and disassembled and can be cut in sections of 75 mm, since the core modules have this dimension. Therefore
A standard post-lintel structure system is
the proposed lightweight partition is flexible to
considered most
fit different wall heights, until 3000 mm, without
feasible for the
additional reinforcement and if there are
project location.
fixing points in the horizontal slabs it can cover any wall length. There are already in the market other modular partition systems, mainly for office buildings.
162
Column design: This allows for lesser use of materials and provides space for vertical ducts/ pipes. It is ultimately cladded with the desired finish. Used in Development Alternatives.
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
Section showing member sizing Criteria for filler material selection: - Filler material should be inert in nature. It should not react with concrete or steel in RCC slab constructed.
insulation (compared to a conventional RCC slab) from the hot climate outside the building providing thermal comfort to the user. - Filler material texture should match with the desired ceiling finish requirements so as not to provide an ugly ceiling pattern
- Filler materials water absorption should be checked for as it will soak the hydration water from concrete. - Filler material should be light in weight, so that overall weight of the slab reduces and also the dead load onto the foundations is reduced. - Filler material should be low cost so that it cost is much lesser then the cost of the concrete it replaces. This is very important to achieve economy. - Filler material should be of a size and crosssection, which can be accommodated within the spacing of the reinforcement and also thickness wise could be accommodated within the cross section of the slab. - Moreover the Filler slab also provides 163
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
164
ECO CENTRE | MUMBA I
165
SHWETA SUNDAR | THESIS REPORT
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