phywe-tess-phy-lex-advoptik-en

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ADVANCED OPTICS AND LASER PHYSICS

Laserphysik_07

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About Phywe

Founded in Gรถttingen, Germany in 1913 by Dr. Gotthelf Leimbach, Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KG quickly advanced to one of the leading manufacturers of scientific equipment.

Over this period of more than 90 years Phywe has been putting quality and innovation into its products as a fundamental requirement.

As a well known international supplier in the fields of science and engineering we have made a significant impact on the market through high quality equipment.

Phywe products are made in Germany and in use throughout the world in the fields of education und research, from primary schools right through to university level.

Up-to-date educational systems, planning and commissioning of scientific and engineering laboratories to meet specific requirements are our daily business.

As a supplier of complete, fully developed and established systems, Phywe provides teaching and learning systems for students as well as teacher demonstration experiments. The system ranges from simple, easy to operate equipment intended for student use up to coverage of highly sophisticated and specialised university equipment demands.

Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KG has achieved a very high standard based on research and technology and through exchange of experiences with universities and high schools as well as with professors and teachers.

As experienced and competent manufacturer, we would gladly assist you in the selection of the "right" experiments for your particular curricula.

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

The Experimental Concept in a short overview: The customers The Phywe Educational System for “Advanced Optics and Laser Physics” is intended for physics laboratory courses at universities, colleges and similar institutions and also for advanced courses in highschools.

Contents Page

Laser Physics Helium-Neon-laser (P2260700)

6

CO2-laser (P2260400)

7

Nd-YAG-laser (P2260900)

8

Advanced Optics Diffraction of light through a double slit or by a grid (P1216800)

9

Diffraction of light through a slit and stripes, Babinet’s theorem (P1216900)

10

Michelson interferometer (P1217100)

11

Newton’s rings (P1217200)

12

Polarisation through /4 plates (P1217400)

13

1. Geometrical optics

Kerr effect (P1217600)

14

2. Wave optics

Faraday effect (P1217700)

15

3. Holography

Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometer (P1218000)

16

Michelson interferometer – High Resolution (P1306700)

17

Doppler effect with the Michelson interferometer (P1307000)

18

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer (P1307100)

19

Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (P1307500)

20

The equipment system

Fabry-Perot interferometer – Determination of the laser light’s wavelength (P1307700)

21

To investigate these experimental topics we offer a large didactical equipment set with:

Fabry-Perot interferometer – optical resonator modes (P1307800)

22

Fourier optics – optical filtration – 4f Arrangement (P2261200)

23

1. high-quality light sources (different types of lasers)

LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometry (P1308000)

24

White light hologram with expansion system (P1290200)

25

2. easy and stable placeable magnetic optical equipment

Transmission hologram with expansion system (P1290400)

26

Transfer hologram from a master hologram (P1290500)

27

Real time procedure I (bending of a plate) (P1290900)

28

Student System “Advanced Optics” and Laser Physics

29

Equipment Holders

30

Optical Components

31

Further equipment and components

32

Lasers and Accessories

34

Index

35

How to order

36

Order form

37

The specific fields The experimental system allows many important experiments in:

4. Interferometry 5. Fourier optics 6. Applied optics 7. Laser Physics

Furthermore three didactic Laser Systems are available to investigate the fundamental working principles and characteristics of lasers

The experimental literature We support your experimentation with 3 handbooks containing 45 accurately described experiments incl. theoretical backround information, drawings, safety and maintenance remarks.

3

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Experimental Literature This volume which has been developed by Phywe presents an assortment of 23 experiments in “Advanced Optics and Laser Physics”.

In this brochure these experiments are shown in a short form.

The three Laser Physics manuals below-mentioned include extensive descriptions of 45 experiments. In addition, they provide safety information concerning the use of lasers as well as information on handling and maintaining optical components.

In our Laboratory Experiments Physics manual you can find experiments related to our three didactic laser systems and a wide range of other highly interesting experiments on other subjects.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS PHYSICS Klaus Hermbecker Ludolf von Alvensleben Regina Butt Andreas Grünemaier Robin Sandvoß

16502.12

Laboratory Experiments

Laser Physics II Holography

Please ask for a complete equipment list Ref. No. 22702

Please ask for a complete equipment list Ref. No. 22703

Please ask for a complete equipment list Ref. No. 22704

230 experiments in the field of:

1 Diffraction of light LP 1.1 (12166) Diffraction of light through a slit and at an edge.

LP 1.2 (12167) Diffraction through a slit and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

LP 1.3* (12168) Diffraction of light through a double slit or by a grid.

LP 1.4* (12169) Diffraction of light through a slit and stripes, Babinet’s theorem

LH 1 Fresnel zone plate

(12900)

1. Mechanics

LH 2 White light hologram

(12901)

LH 3* White light hologram with expansion system

(12902)

LH 4 Transmission hologram

(12903)

LH 5* Transmission hologram with expansion system

(12904)

2 Interference of light LP 2.1 Fresnel mirror and biprism LP 2.2* Michelson interferometer LP 2.3* Newton’s rings

LH 6* Transfer hologram from a master hologram.

(12905)

(12171)

LH 7 Double exposure procedure

(12906)

(12172)

LH 8 Time-averaging procedure I (with tuning fork).

(12907)

LH 9 Time-averaging procedure II (with loudspeaker).

(12908)

LH 10* Real time procedure I (bending of a plate).

(12909)

LH 11 Real time procedure II (oscillating plate).

(12910)

LI 1 (13066) Michelson interferometer LI 2* (13067) Michelson interferometer – high resolution LI 3 (13068) Mach - Zehnder interferometer LI 4 (13069) Sagnac interferometer LI 5* (13070) Doppler-Effect with Michelson interferom.

LI 6* (13071) Magnetostriction with Michelson interferometer LI 7 (13072) Thermal expansion of solids with Michelson interferometer LI 8 (13073) Refraction index of CO2-gas with Michelson interferometer LI 9 (13074) Refraction index of air with Michelson interferometer LI 10* (13075) Refraction index of air with Mach-Zehnder interferometer LI 11 (13076) Refraction index of of CO2-gas with Mach-Zehnder interferometer LI 12* (13077) Fabry - Perot interferometer – determination of the wavelength of laserlight LI 13* (13078) Fabry - Perot interferometer – optical resonator modes LI 14 (22611) Fourier optics –2 f arrangement LI 15* (22612) Fourier optics – 4 f arrangement, filtering and reconstruction LI 16 (13079) Optical determination of the velocity of ultrasound in liquids – phasemodulation of laserlight by ultrasonic waves LI 17* (13080) LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometry LI 18 (13081) Twyman-Green interferometer

(12170)

3 Polarisation of light LP 3.1 (12173) Fresnel’s law, theory of reflection LP 3.2* (12174) Polarisation through λ/4 plates LP 3.3 (12175) Half shadow polarimeter, rotation of polarisation through an optically active medium LP 3.4* (12176) Kerr effect LP 3.5* (12177) Faraday effect 4 Refraction of light LP 4.1 (12178) Index of refraction n of a flint glass prism LP 4.2 (12179) Determination of the index of refraction of air with Michelson’s interferometer LP 4.3* (12180) Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometer 5 Law of radiation LP 5.1 Lambert’s law of radiation

(12181)

4 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

01400.02

Laser Physics III Interferometry

Laboratory Experiments Physics 16502.12

Laser Physics I – Experiments with coherent light 01179.02

01401.02

64 experiments 2. Optics 34 experiments incl. the three didactical laser experiments with: 1. He-Ne laser* 2. Nd-YAG laser* 3. CO2 laser* 3. Thermodynamics 21 experiments 4. Electricity 45 experiments 5. Physical Stucture of Matter 66 experiments incl. 20 experiments for the Phywe X-Ray Unit

* These experiments are shown in a short form in this brochure

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics The experiments in the PHYWE Publication Series “Advanced Optics and Laser Physics” are intended for physics laboratory courses at universities, colleges and similar institutions and also for advanced courses in high schools.

All experiments are uniformly built-up and contain references such as Related terms, Principle and Objective to introduce the subject.

Set-up and procedure with a lot of information for an easy, quick and comfortable experimental set-up.

Theoretical backround information and remarks on safety and maintenance of laser, equipment and optical components.

Drawing for an easy, quick and safe experimental set-up.

Equipment List guarantee time-saving and easy conducting of the experiment.

Experimental literature

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Handbook Laserphysics 1 “Experiments with Coherent Light”

01179.02

Handbook Laserphysics 2 “Holography”

01400.02

Handbook Laserphysics 3 “Interferometry, Fourier-Optics, etc.”

01401.02

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 5

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P2260700

LEP

Helium-Neon-laser What you can learn about Spontaneous and stimulated light emission Inversion Collision of second type Gas discharge tube Resonator cavity Transverse and longitudinal resonator modes Birefraction Brewster angle Littrow prism Fabry Perot

Principle: The difference between spontaneous and stimulated emission of light is demonstrated. The beam propagation within the resonator cavity of a He-Ne-laser and its divergence are determined, its stability criterion is checked and the relative output power of the laser is measured as a function of the tube’s position inside the resonator and of the tube current.

Class 3B Laser What you need: Experiment set He-Ne-laser, basic set

08656.01

1

Optical bench on carrier rail

08599.01

1

Diaphragm for adjustment of laser

08608.00

2

Photoelement, silicon

08734.00

1

Digital multimeter

07134.00

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

Danger sign -LASER-

06542.00

1

Barrel base –PASS-

02006.55

1

Vernier caliper

03010.00

1

Measuring tape, l = 2 m

09936.00

1

Protective glasses for the He-Ne-laser

08581.10

1

Cleaning set for laser

08582.00

1

Helium-Neon-laser, basic set

P2260701

Option: Experiment set He-Ne-laser, advanced set

08656.02

1

consisting of: • Birefringent tuner (Lyot Plate, BFT) with holder and rider (08656.10) • Littrow prism with x/y-holder and rider (08656.20) • Fabry Perot Etalon in x/y-holder and rider (08656.30)

Helium-Neon-laser, advanced set

P2260705

Relative output power as a function of mirror spacing.

The following items can be realized with advanced set 08656.02.

By means of a birefringent tuner and a Littrow prism different wavelengths can be selected and quantitatively determined if a monochromator is available.

4. Measure the beam diameter within the hemispherical resonator right and left of the laser tube.

Finally you can demonstrate the existence of longitudinal modes and the gain profile of the He-Ne-laser provided an analysing Fabry Perot system is at your disposal.

5. Determine the divergence of the laser beam.

Tasks:

The He-Ne-laser can be tuned using a BFT or a LTP. Longitudinal modes can be observed by use of a Fabry Perot Etalon of low finesse. Remark: These points can only be covered quantitatively if a monochromator and an analysing Fabry Perot system are available.

1. Set up the He-Ne-laser. Adjust the resonator mirrors by use of the pilot laser. (left mirror: VIS, HR, plane; right mirror: VIS, HR, R = 700 mm) 2. Check on the stability condition of a hemispherical resonator.

6 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

3. Measure the integral relative output power as a function of the laser tube’s position within the hemispherical resonator.

6. Measure the integral relative output power as a function of the tube current.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LEP

Nd-YAG-laser

P2260900

What you can learn about Optical pumping Spontaeous emission Induced emission Inversion Relaxation Optical resonator Resonator modes Polarization Frequency doubling

Principle: The rate equation model for an optically pumped four-level laser system is determined. As lasing medium, a Nd-YAG (Neodymium-Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) rod has been selected which is pumped by means of a semiconductor diode laser.

Class 4 Laser What you need:

The IR-power output of the Nd-YAG laser is measured as a function of the optical power input and the slope efficiency as well as the threshold power are determined.

PNd-YAG

Basic set optical pumping

08590.93

Sensor for measurement of beam power

08595.00

mW

1 1

Nd-YAG laser cavity mirror/holder

08591.01

1

Laser cavity mirror frequency doubling

08591.02

1

Frequency doubling crystal in holder

08593.00

1

Filter plate, short pass type

08594.00

1

Digital multimeter

07134.00

1

Oscilloscope, 30 MHZ, 2 channels

11459.95

1

Screened cable, BNC, l 750 mm

07542.11

3

Protective glasses for the Nd-YAG-Laser

08581.20

1

Cleaning set for laser

08582.00

1

Optical base plate in experiment case

08700.01

1

Nd-YAG-laser

P2260900

25

20

From graphic: Threshold power = 57 mW

15

From graphic: Slope efficiency: 30%

10

Optional equipment for setup and storage: 5

Pump power mW 50

Tasks: 1. Set up the Nd-YAG laser and optimize its power output.

2. The IR-power output of the NdYAG laser is to be measured as a function of the pump power. The slope efficiency and the threshold power are to be determined.

3. Verify the quadratic relationship between the power of the fundamental wave, with l = 1064 nm, and the beam power of the second harmonic with l = 532 nm.

4. Determine the power output of the semiconductor laser as a function of the injection current.

5. Trace the fluorescent spectrum of the Nd:YAG rod pumped by the diode laser and verify the main absorption lines of neodymium.

6. Measure the mean life time of the 4 F3/2-level of the Nd-atoms.

7. Extend laser cavity by KTP-crystal for frequency doubling. Finalize alignment testimate output power of second harmonic line.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG 路 D - 37070 G枚ttingen

100

150

Nd-YAG laser power output as a function of the pump power l = 808.4 nm.

Finally, a KTP-crystal is inserted into the laser cavity and frequency doubling is demonstrated. The quadratic relationship between the power of the fundamental wave and the beam power for the second harmonic is then evident.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 7

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P2260400

LEP

CO2-laser What you can learn about Molecular vibration, excitation Electric discharge Vibration / Rotation niveau Inversion / Optical amplification Induced/Spontaneous emission Spectrum of emission Polarization Brewster angle Optical resonator

Principle: Among molecular lasers, the CO2laser is of greatest practical importance. The high level of efficiency with which laser radiation can be generated in continuous wave (cw) and pulse operation is its most fascinating feature.

Class 4 Laser

The experimental equipment set is an open CO2-didactic laser system of typ. 5 W power output. All components of the system can be handled individually and the influence of each procedure on the output power can be studied. One target in learning is the alignment of the CO2-laser.

What you need: CO2-laser tube, detachable, typ 5 W Module box for CO2-laser tube Set of laser mirrors, ZnSe and Si with x/y holder/rider Optical bench on steel rail l = 1.3 m HV-power supply 5 kV/50 mA DC Ballast resistor unit incl. 3 HV cables Cooling water unit, portable Vacuum pump, two-stage Gas filter/buffer unit He-Ne-laser/adjusting device Diaphragm for adjusting CO2-laser Screen translucent, 250 250 mm Right angle clamp –PASSPowermeter 30 mW/10 Watt Support for power probe Protecting glasses, 10.6 micro-m Cleaning set for laser ZnSe biconvex lens, d = 24 mm, f = 150 mm Digital thermometer, 2 channels, NiCr-Ni HV-isolated temperature probe Control panel with support, 1 gas* Pressure control valve 200/3bar* Laser gas in bottle, 50 l/200 bar*

08596.00 08597.00 08598.00 08599.00 08600.93 08601.00 08602.93 02751.93 08605.00 08607.93 08608.00 08064.00 02040.55 08579.93 08580.00 08581.00 08582.00 08609.00 08583.00 08584.00 08606.00 08604.00 08603.00

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

*Alternative: Laser gas mixing unit, 3 gases (see picture) He-, N2- and CO2-gas

08606.88

1

2. Check the influence of the Brewster windows position on the power output.

08610.10

1

3. Determine the power output as a function of the electric power input and gasflow.

08611.10

1

Option: Experiment set for laser beam analysis 1. estimation of wavelength by diffraction grating and 2. distribution of power by diaphragm IR conversion plate for observation of CO2-laser infrared radiation

CO2-laser 8 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

Laser power as a function of the angle of inclination of the brewster window normal N.

Tasks: 1. Align the CO2-laser and optimize its power output.

4. Evaluate the efficiency as a function of the electric power input.

5. If the gas-mixing unit is supplied the influence of the different components of the laser gas (CO2, He, N2) to the output efficiency of the CO2-laser are analyzed.

6. Measurement of temperatures differences for the laser gas (input/output) for study of conversion efficiency.

P2260400 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LP 1.3

Diffraction of light through a double slit or by a grid

P1216800

What you can learn about Fraunhofer diffraction Huygens’ principle Interference Coherence

Principle: The coherent monochromatic light of a laser is directed to a diaphragm with a varying number of slits. The resulting interference patterns are studied using a photoelement.

What you need:

Intensity distribution of the corresponding simple slit

Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

3

Diaphragm holder for optical base plate

08724.00

1

Diaphragm, 4 double slits

08523.00

1

Diaphragm, 4 multiple slits

08526.00

1

Photoelement for optical base plate**

08734.00

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

Universal measuring amplifier**

13626.93

1

Voltmeter, 0.3-300 VDC, 10-300 VAC

07035.00

1

Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red**

07361.01

2

Tasks:

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

Si-Photodetector with amplifier

08735.00

1

Control Unit for Si-Photodetector

08735.99

1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm

07542.11

1

Adapter, BNC-socket/4mm plug pair

07542.27

1

Diffraction of light through a double slit or by a grid

P1216800

or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Qualitative intensity distribution of diffraction through 2 and 4 slits, the distance x being normalised to /s. The intensity distribution of the simple slit has been represented with exaggerated height to give a clearer view.

**Alternative:

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

The intensity distribution of diffraction patterns formed by multiple slits is measured using a photoelement.

The dependence of this distribution from the slit widths the number of slits and the grid constant is investigated. The obtained curves are compared to the theoretical values.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 9

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1216900

LP 1.4

Diffraction of light through a slit and stripes, Babinet’s theorem What you can learn about Fraunhofer interference Huygens’ principle Multiple beam interference Babinet’s theorem Coherence

Principle: Babinet's Principle states that the diffraction pattern for an aperture is the same as the pattern for an opaque object of the same shape illuminated in the same manner. That is the pattern produced by a diffracting opening of arbitrary shape is the same as a conjugate of the opening would produce.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 mm

08711.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

3

Diaphragm holder for optical base plate

08724.00

1

Screen, with diffracting elements

08577.02

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

Photoelement for optical base plate**

08734.00

1

Universal measuring amplifier**

13626.93

1

Voltmeter, 0.3-300 VDC, 10-300 VAC

07035.00

1

Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red**

07361.01

2 LD

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

Si-Photodetector with amplifier

08735.00

1

Control Unit for Si-Photodetector

08735.99

1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm

07542.11

1

Adapter, BNC-socket/4mm plug pair

07542.27

1

or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Principle of set up for diffraction through a slit and qualitative distribution on intensities ( ) 0 in the detector plane LD.

**Alternative:

Diffraction of light through a slit and stripes, Babinet’s theorem P1216900

10 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

Tasks: Babinet’s theorem is verified by the diffraction pattern of monochromatic light directed through a slit and an opaque stripe complementary to the latter. The experiment is also performed with a circular aperture and an opaque obstacle conjugate to this opening.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 11

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LP 2.2

Michelson interferometer

P1217100

What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Refraction index Light velocity Phase Virtual light source Coherence

Principle: In a Michelson interferometer, a light beam is split into two partial beams by a semi transparent glass plate (amplitude splitting). These beams are reflected by two mirrors and brought to interference after they passed through the glass plate a second time.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

4

Michelson interferometer

08557.00

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pinhole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

Formation of interference rings.

or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Michelson interferometer P1217100

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG 路 D - 37070 G枚ttingen

Tasks: The wavelength of the used laser light is determined through the observation of the change in the interference pattern upon changing the length of one of the interferometer arms.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 11

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1217200

LP 2.3

Newton’s rings What you can learn about Coherent light Phase relation Path difference Interference at thin layers Newton's colour glass

Principle: The air wedge formed between a slightly convex lens and a plane glass plate (Newton's colour glass) is used to cause interference of monochromatic light. The wavelength is determined from the radii of the interference rings.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pinhole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

5

Newton colourglass for optical base plate

08730.02

1

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm

08020.01

1

Screen, transparent with holder for optical base plate

08732.00

1

Measuring tape, l = 2 m

09936.00

1

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

The diameters of interference rings produced by Newton’s colour glass are measured and these are used to:

P1217200

1. determine the wavelength for a given radius of curvature of the lens,

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

Tasks:

or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Generation of Newton’s rings.

Newton’s rings

2. determine the radius of curvature for a given wavelength.

12 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LP 3.2

Polarisation through /4 plates

P1217400

What you can learn about Linearly, circularly and elliptically polarised light Polarizer Analyser Plane of polarisation Malus' law Double refraction Optical axis Ordinary and extraordinary beam

Principle: Monochromatic light impinges on a mica plate, perpendicularly to its optical axis. If the thickness of the plate is adequate (l/4 plate), a phase shift of 90° occurs between the ordinary and the extraordinary beam when the latter leaves the crystal.

The polarisation of exiting light is examined for different angles between the optical axis of the l/4 plate and the direction of polarisation of incident light.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

7

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm

08018.01

1

Diaphragm holder for optical base plate

08724.00

2

Polarizing filter for optical base plate

08730.00

2

Polarization specimen, mica

08664.00

2

Photoelement for optical base plate**

08734.00

1

Universal measuring amplifier**

13626.93

1

Voltmeter, 0.3-300 VDC, 10-300 VAC

07035.00

1

Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red**

07361.01

2

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Intensity distribution of polarised light for different angles of the /4 plate, as a function of the analyser position.

**Alternative: Si-Photodetector with amplifier

08735.00

Control Unit for Si-Photodetector

08735.99

1 1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm

07542.11

1

Adapter, BNC-socket/4mm plug pair

07542.27

1

Polarisation through l/4 plates P1217400

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Tasks: 1. Measurement of the intensity of linearly polarised light as a function of the analyser’s position (Malus’ law) 2. Measurement of the light intensity behind the analyser as a func-

tion of the angle between the optical axis of the l/4 plate and the analyser.

3. Carrying out experiment (2) with two successive l/4 plates.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 13

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Seite 14

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1217600

LP 3.4

Kerr effect What you can learn about Polarisation of light Double refraction Optical anisotropy Modulation of light Electro-optical modulator

Principle: Monochromatic light, which is polarised vertical impinges on a PLZT element (lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanium preparation) rotated in its support by 45° against the vertical.

An electric field is applied to the PLZT element (Kerr cell) and causes the latter to become double refracting. The phase difference between the ordinary and the extraordinary beams after the PLZT element is recorded as a function of the applied voltage. It is shown that the difference of phase is proportional to the square of the electric field intensity, due to the applied voltage.

What you need: Phase shift

Optical base plate with rubber feet He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* Power supply for laser head 5 mW* Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Magnetic foot for optical base plate Kerr cell PLTZ for optical base plate High voltage supply unit, 0–10 kV Loudspeaker, 8 /5 k Polarizing filter for optical base plate Photoelement for optical base plate*** Universal measuring amplifier*** Voltmeter, 0.3-300 VDC, 10-300 VAC Digital multimeter Flat cell battery, 9 V Power frequency generator 1MHz** Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm Adapter, BNC-socket/4 mm plug pair Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, yellow Connecting cord, l = 750 mm, red*** Connecting cord, l = 750 mm, blue *Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

08700.00 08701.00 08702.93 08711.00 08711.01 08710.00 08731.00 13670.93 13765.00 08730.00 08734.00 13626.93 07035.00 07134.00 07496.10 13650.93 07542.11 07542.27 07361.02 07362.01 07362.04

1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

**Alternative: Radio and adapter plug

1

***Alternative: Si-Photodetector with amplifier Control Unit for Si-Photodetector Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm Adapter, BNC-socket/4mm plug pair Connecting cord, l = 500 mm red

08735.00 08735.99 07542.11 07542.27 07362.01

Kerr effect

P1217600

14 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

1 1 1 1 1

Voltage for peaks and minima

Relative light intensity I/I0 after analyser A as a function of the voltage U applied to the Kerr cell and of phase shift between the ordinary and the extraordinary beams.

Tasks: 1. The phase difference between the ordinary and the extraordinary light beam is recorded for different voltages applied to the PLZT element, that is, for different field intensities. The half wavelength voltages U(l/2) must be determined.

3. Superimposing an alternate voltage to the constant electric HV field, the PLZT element is transformed to an electro optical modulator. Its function is demonstrated by means of alternate voltages of variable frequency in the audible range.

2. By plotting the square of the applied voltage against the phase difference between the ordinary and the extraordinary beam, it is shown that the relation between both magnitudes is approximately linear. The Kerr constant is calculated from the slope of the straight line.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 15

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LP 3.5

Faraday effect

P1217700

What you can learn about Interaction of electromagnetic fields Electronic oscillation Electromagnetism Polarisation Verdet’s constant Malus’ law

Principle: The angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation of a linearly polarised light wave in a rod of flint glass appears to be a linear function of the average magnetic flow density and of the length of optical medium travelled through by the wave. The factor of proportionality is a medium specific constant and is called Verdet’s constant.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* Power supply for laser head 5 mW* Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Magnetic foot for optical base plate Polarizing filter for optical base plate Faraday modulator for optical base plate Power frequency generator 1 MHz** Ammeter, 1 mA - 3 A DC/AC Photoelement for optical base plate*** Universal measuring amplifier*** Loudspeaker, 8 /5 k Screen, transparent with holder for optical base plate Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue *Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

08700.00 08701.00 08702.93 08711.00 08711.01 08710.00 08730.00 08733.00 13650.93 07036.00 08734.00 13626.93 13765.00 08732.00 07361.01 07361.04

1 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

Experimental set up (* only required for 5 mW laser)

**Alternative: Radio and adapter plug or Low frequency amplifier Function generator Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue

13625.93 13652.93 07361.01 07361.04

1 1 1 1

*** Alternative: Si-Photodetector with amplifier Control Unit for Si-Photodetector Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm Adapter, BNC-socket/4mm plug pair

08735.00 08735.99 07542.11 07542.27

1 1 1 1

Faraday Effect

P1217700

1

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Tasks: Qualitative investigation of the Faraday effect through observation of the electro optical modulation of the polarised laser light with frequencies in the acoustic range.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 15

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

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Seite 16

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1218000

LP 4.3

Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometer What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Index of refraction Light velocity Phase Virtual light source Coherence

Principle: Light is caused to interfere by means of a beam splitter and two mirrors according to Michelson’s set up.

Substituting the air in a measurement cuvette located in one of the interferometer arms by CO2 gass allows to determine the index of refraction of CO2.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

1

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

5

Michelson interferometer

08557.00

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pinhole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

Glass cell, diameter 21.5 mm

08625.00

1

Compressed gas, CO2, 21 g

41772.06

1

Pipette, with rubber bulb

64701.00

1

Universal clamp with joint

37716.00

1

Silicone tubing, d = 5 mm

39297.00

1

08180.93

1

08760.99

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC or Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm

Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometer P1218000

16 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

Michelson’s set up for interference.

Tasks: A Michelson Interferometer is set up and adjusted so that interference rings can be observed. CO2 gas is filled into a measurement cuvette that was filled before with air. From changes in the interference pattern the difference of the refraction index between air and CO2 is determined.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 17

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LI 2

Michelson interferometer – High Resolution

P1306700

What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source

Principle: With the aid of two mirrors in a Michelson arrangement, light is brought to interference. While moving one of the mirrors, the alteration in the interference pattern is observed and the wavelength of the laser light determined.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

4

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

4

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

6

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

1

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm

08018.01

1

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

Interferometer plate with precision drive

08715.00

1

Photoelement for optical base plate

08734.00

1

Digital multimeter

07134.00

1

Flat cell battery, 9 V

07496.10

1

Measuring tape, l = 2 m

09936.00

1

08180.93

1

Experimentally determined contrast function in comparison to the theoretical contrast function K of a 2-mode laser.

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

Michelson interferometer – High Resolution P1306700

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Michelson interferometer using separate components.

2. The interferometer is used to determine the wavelength of the laser light.

3. The contrast function K is qualitatively recorded in order to determine the coherence length with it.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH · D - 37070 Göttingen

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 17

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 18

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1307000

LI 5

Doppler effect with the Michelson interferometer What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Temporal coherence Special relativity theory Lorentz transformation

Principle: With the aid of two mirrors in a Michelson arrangement, light is brought to interference. While moving one of the mirrors, the alteration in the interference pattern is observed and the modulation frequency is measured using the Doppler effect.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* Power supply for laser head 5 mW* Interferometer plate with precision drive Light barrier with counter Power supply 5 VDC/2.4 A Support Motor with gearing and cord pulley Perforated disk with driving belt Recorder, tY, 2 channel** Perforated disk with driving belt Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red** Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue** Photoelement for optical base plate** Power supply 0-12 V DC/6 V,12 V AC Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Magnetic foot for optical base plate Support rod, stainless steel, 100 mm Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter Right angle clamp -PASSBeam splitter 1/1, non polarizing Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm Lensholder for optical base plate Screen, white, 150 150 mm

08700.00 08701.00 08702.93 08715.00 11207.30 11076.99 09906.00 08738.00 08738.01 11415.95 08738.01 07361.01 07361.04 08734.00 13505.93 08711.00 08711.01 08710.00 02030.00 08719.00 02040.55 08741.00 08018.01 08723.00 09826.00

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

08180.93

1

**Alternative: Stop watch

03071.01

1

Doppler effect with the Michelson interferometer

P1370000

18 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

Sample measurement with the y-t recorder.

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Michelson interferometer using separate components.

2. Measurement of the Doppler effect via uniform displacement of one of the mirrors.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG 路 D - 37070 G枚ttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 19

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LI 6

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer

P1307100

What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Ferromagnetic material Weiss molecular magnetic fields Spin-orbit coupling

Principle: With the aid of two mirrors in a Michelson arrangement, light is brought to interference. Due to the magnetostrictive effect, one of the mirrors is shifted by variation in the magnetic field applied to a sample, and the change in the interference pattern is observed.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

3

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

4

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

7

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

1

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm

08018.01

1

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Screen, white, 150 150mm

09826.00

1

Faraday modulator for optical base plate

08733.00

1

Rods for magnetostriction, set

08733.01

1

Power supply, universal

13500.93

1

Digital multimeter

07134.00

1

Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue

07361.04

1

Flat cell battery, 9 V

07496.10

1

08180.93

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer P1307100

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG 路 D - 37070 G枚ttingen

Measuring results of the magnetostriction of nickel with the relative change in length l/l plotted against applied field strength H

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Michelson interferometer using separate optical components.

2. Testing various ferromagnetic materials (iron and nickel) as well as a non-ferromagnetic material, copper, with regard to their magnetostrictive properties.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 19

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Seite 20

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1307500

LI 10

Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source

Principle: Light is brought to interference by two mirrors and two beam splitters in the Mach-Zehnder arrangement.

By changing the pressure in a measuring cell located in the beam path, one can deduce the refraction index of air.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00 10

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

4 4

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Pin hole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

2

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

2

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

Glass cell, diameter 21.5 mm

08625.00

1

Manual vacuum pump with manometer

08745.00

1

Universal clamp with joint

37716.00

1

Tubing connector, T-shape, ID 8-9 mm

47519.03

1

Tubing adaptor, ID 3-6/7-11 mm

47517.01

1

Vacuum hose, di = 6 mm

39286.00

1

Silicone tubing, di = 3mm

39292.00

1

Glass cell holder on rod

08706.00

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

08180.93

1

Schematic representation of the cell with normal pressure (a) and nearly absolute vacuum (b)

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer using individual optical components.

2. Measurement of the refraction index n of air by lowering the air pressure in a measuring cell.

Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer P1307500

20 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG 路 D - 37070 G枚ttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 21

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LI 12

Fabry-Perot interferometer – Determination of the laser light’s wavelength

P1307700

What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Multibeam interferometer

Principle: Two mirrors are assembled to form a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Using them, the multibeam interference of a laser’s light beam is investigated.

By moving one of the mirrors, the change in the interference pattern is studied and the wavelength of the laser’s light determined.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Interferometer plate with precision drive

08715.00

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

3

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

3

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

6

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

2

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

1

Beam splitter T = 30, R = 70, with holder

08741.01

1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm

08018.01

1

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

08180.93

1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

Fabry-Perot interferometer – Determination of the laser lights’s wavelength P1307700

Multibeam interferometer after Fabry and Perot. Illustration of the principle for deriving the individual amplitudes.

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Fabry-Perot interferometer using separate optical components.

2. The interferometer is used to determine the wavelength of the laser light.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 21

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 22

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1307800

LI 13

Fabry-Perot interferometer – optical resonator modes What you can learn about Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Two-beam interferometer

Principle: Two mirrors are assembled to form a Fabry-Perot Interferometer. Using them, the multibeam interference of a laser’s light beam is investigated.

On moving one of the mirrors, the change in the intensity distribution of the interference pattern is studied. This is a qualitative experiment, to study the shape of different laser modes and compare it with some photos given in this description.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet

08700.00

1

Interferometer plate with precision drive

08715.00

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder*

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW*

08702.93

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

4

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

2

Concave mirror OC; r = 1.4 m, T = 1.7 %, mounted

08711.03

1

Plane mirror HR >99%, mounted

08711.02

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

5

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm

08018.01

1

Lensholder for optical base plate

08723.00

1

Screen, white, 150 150 mm

09826.00

1

Fabry-Perot interferometer – optical resonator modes

P1307800

Intensity distribution of the Hermitian-Gaussian resonator modes.

Tasks: 1. Construction of a Fabry-Perot interferometer using separate optical components.

2. The interferometer is used to observe different resonator modes within the interferometer.

22 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 23

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LI 15

Fourier optics – optical filtration – 4f Arrangement

P2261200

What you can learn about Fourier transform Lenses Fraunhofer diffraction Index of refraction Huygens’ principle Debye-Sears-effect

Principle: The electric field distribution of light in a specific plane (object plane) is Fourier transformed into the 4f configuration by 2 lenses and optically filtered with appropriate diaphragms.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* Power supply for laser head 5 mW* Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Magnetic foot for optical base plate Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm Lensholder for optical base plate Screen, white, 150 150 mm Slide -Emperor MaximilianScreen, with arrow slit Diffraction grating, 4 lines/mm Diffraction grating, 50 lines/mm Diaphragms, d = 1, 2, 3, 5 mm Screen, with diffracting elements Sliding device, horizontal xy shifting device Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 Adapter ring device Pin hole 30 micron Ruler, plastic, 200 mm Ultrasonic generator Glass cell, 150 55 100 mm Table with stem Support rod, stainless steel, 250 mm Bosshead Universal clamp

08700.00 08701.00 08702.93 08711.00 08711.01 08710.00 08719.00 08021.01 08723.00 09826.00 82140.00 08133.01 08532.00 08543.00 09815.00 08577.02 08713.00 08714.00 62174.20 08714.01 08743.00 09937.01 11744.93 03504.00 09824.00 02031.00 02043.00 37715.00

1 1 1 2 2 9 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter: Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC

08180.93

1

Fouriert optics – optical filtration – 4 f Arrangement

P2261200

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

object plane P1

lens L1

Fourier plane P2

lens L2

observation plane SC

filter

half plane

Principle of the set-up for coherent optical filtration.

Tasks: 1. Optical filtration of diffraction objects in 4f set-up.

2. Reconstruction of a filtered image.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 23

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Seite 24

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1308011

LI 17

LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometry with Cobra3 What you can learn about Interference Doppler effect Scattering of light by small particles (Mie scattering) High- and low-pass filters Sampling theorem Spectral power density Turbulence

Principle: Small particles in a current pass through the LDA measuring volume and scatter the light whose frequency is shifted by the Doppler effect due to the particle movement.

The frequency change of the scattered light is detected and converted into a particle or flow velocity.

What you need: Optical base plate with rubber feet He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder Power supply for laser head 5 mW Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Magnetic foot for optical base plate Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm Iris diaphragm Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing Si-Photodetector with Amplifier Control Unit for Si-Photodetector Adapter, BNC-socket/4 mm plug pair Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm Prism table with holder for optical base plate Lensholder for optical base plate Screen, white, 150 150 mm xy shifting device Pin hole 30 micron Sliding device, horizontal LDA-Accessory-Set Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm Right angle clamp -PASSUniversal clamp Support base -PASSAspirator bottle, clear glass 1000 ml Pinchcock, width 10 mm Glass tubes, straight, 80 mm Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole Rubber stopper, d = 22/17 mm, 1 hole Measuring tape, l = 2 m Spatula, double blade, 150 mm 24 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

08700.00 08701.00 08702.93 08711.00 08711.01 08710.00 08719.00 08021.01 08020.01 08018.01 08045.00 08741.00 08735.00 08735.99 07542.27 07542.11 08725.00 08723.00 09826.00 08714.00 08743.00 08713.00 08740.00 02027.55 02040.55 37715.00 02005.55 34175.00 43631.10 36701.65 39258.01 39255.01 09936.00 33460.00

1 1 1 2 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1

Measurement of the signal spectrum with a signal peak.

Tasks: 1. Measurement of the light-frequency change of individual light beams which are reflected by moving particles.

2. Determination of the flow velocities.

Silicone tubing di = 7 mm Glass beaker, short, 150 ml COBRA3-Basic-Unit Power supply 12 V/2 A Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole Software Cobra3-Frequency Analyzer PC, Windows® 95 or higher

LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometry with Cobra3 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

39296.00 36012.00 12150.00 12151.99 14602.00 14514.61

4 1 1 1 1 1

P1308011

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:38 Uhr

Seite 25

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LH 3

White light hologram with expansion system

P1290200

What you can learn about Bragg reflection Object beam Reference beam Real and virtual image Phase holograms Amplitude holograms Interference Diffraction Developing of film

Principle: White light holograms are prepared by allowing the coherent reference and object waves to strike the hologram plate from two different sides during image-capture. Interference layers are generated in the photosensitive material. If the developed hologram is illuminated with white light, those layers act as interference filters. According to the condition for Bragg reflection constructive interference for a specific wavelength can

What you need: Optical base plate in experiment case

08700.01

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW

08702.93

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

4

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

1

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pin hole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

2

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

2

Object for holography

08749.00

1

Holographic plates, 20 pieces*

08746.00

1

Darkroom equipment for holography

08747.88

1

consisting of:

Principle of the white light hologram. Image-capture geometry and Bragg reflection.

occur only at certain angles of observation.

Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W • Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

Set of photographic chemicals

08746.88

Tasks: Prepare a hologram which can also be reconstructed with white light of a punctiform lightsource (e.g. the sun)

1

consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent • Laminate • Paint *Alternative: Bleaching chemicals: Potassium dichromate, 250 g

30102.25

1

Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml

30219.50

1

Holographic sheet film

08746.01

1

Glass plate, 120 120 2 mm

64819.00

2

White light hologram with expansion system P1290200 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 25

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Seite 26

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1290400

LH 5

Transmission hologram with expansion system What you can learn about Object beam Reference beam Real and virtual image Phase holograms Amplitude holograms Interference Diffraction Coherence Developing of film

Principle: In contrast to normal photography a hologram can store information about the three-dimensionality of an object. To capture the three-dimensionality of an object, the film stores not only the amplitude but also the phase of the light rays. To achieve this, a coherent light beam (laser light) is split into an object and a reference beam by being passed through a beam splitter. These beams interfere in the plane of the holographic film. The hologram is recon-

What you need: Optical base plate in experiment case

08700.01

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW

08702.93

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

6

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

2

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pin hole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

2

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

2

Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm

08712.00

1

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

1

Object for holography

08749.00

1

Holographic plates, 20 pieces*

08746.00

1

Darkroom equipment for holography

08747.88

1

consisting of:

Experimental set-up for the image-capture of a transmission hologram using the optical expansion system.

structed with the reference beam which was also used to record the hologram.

Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W •

3. Reconstruct the transmission hologram (reconstruction beam is the reference beam during image capture).

Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

08746.88

1

consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent •

*Alternative:

Laminate • Paint Bleaching chemicals: Potassium dichromate, 250 g

30102.25

1

Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml

30219.50

1

26 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

1. Capture the holographic image of an object.

2. Perform the development and bleaching of this phase hologram.

thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film

Set of photographic chemicals

Tasks:

Holographic sheet film

08746.01

1

Glass plate, 120 120 2 mm

64819.00

2

Transmission hologram with expansion system P1290400 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 27

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

LH 6

Transfer hologram from a master hologram

P1290500

What you can learn about Coherence of light Object/Reference beam Real and virtual image Phase conjugation Phase/Amplitude holograms Interference diffraction Developing of film

Principle: After preparing a transmission hologram (master hologram) of an object, the reconstructed real image is used to illuminate a second holographic plate. Thereby a transfer hologram is prepared.

What you need: Optical base plate in experiment case

08700.01

1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder

08701.00

1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW

08702.93

1

Magnetic foot for optical base plate

08710.00

6

Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter

08719.00

2

Sliding device, horizontal

08713.00

1

xy shifting device

08714.00

2

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45

62174.20

1

Pin hole 30 micron

08743.00

1

Adapter ring device

08714.01

1

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

08711.00

2

Surface mirror 30 30 mm

08711.01

2

Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm

08712.00

1

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing

08741.00

1

Object for holography

08749.00

1

Holographic plates, 20 pieces*

08746.00

1

Darkroom equipment for holography

08747.88

1

Correct selection of the object position so that the image-capture of a transfer hologram is possible.

Tasks: consisting of: Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W •

Image-capture and reconstruction of a transmission hologram, which is also termed the master hologram.

Reconstruction of the master hologram with the phase conjugated

reference wave R* and image-capture of the transfer hologram, whereby an image-plane hologram should be generated.

Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

Set of photographic chemicals

08746.88

1

consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent •

*Alternative:

Laminate • Paint Bleaching chemicals: Potassium dichromate, 250 g

30102.25

1

Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml

30219.50

1

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Holographic sheet film

08746.01

1

Glass plate, 120 120 2 mm

64819.00

4

Transfer hologram from a master hologram P1290500 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 27

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Seite 28

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics P1290900

LH 10

Real time procedure I (bending of a plate) What you can learn about Interference Optical path length Refraction index Phase difference

Principle: – In real time procedures, alterations of an object are directly observed. A hologram is recorded under the initial object conditions and remains in exactly the same position (at exactly the same place) where it was located during the image-capture procedure while it is being developed.

– The hologram is reconstructed with the reference beam and the object is illuminated with the object beam (both waves are unchanged with respect to the captured image). The light scattered by the object interferes with the reconstructed light wave of the hologram.

What you need: Optical base plate in experiment case He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder Power supply for laser head 5 mW Magnetic foot for optical base plate Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter Sliding device, horizontal xy shifting device Adapter ring device Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 Pin hole 30 micron Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing Screen, white, 150 150 mm Slotted weight, 50 g, black Right angle clamp -PASSCell with magnetic base Hose clip, diam. 8-12mm Filter funnel, PP, d = 75 mm Retort stand, h = 500 mm Pinchcock, width 15 mm Ballon flask, HDPE, 10 l Universal clamp Holographic sheet film* Insert for cell 08748.00 for films* Rubber tubing, vacuum i. d. 6 mm Gas wash bottle, w/o frit, 250 ml Manual vacuum pump with manometer* Silicone grease, 50 g Silicone tubing, di = 8 mm

08700.01 08701.00 08702.93 08710.00 08719.00 08713.00 08714.00 08714.01 62174.20 08743.00 08711.00 08711.01 08712.00 08741.00 09826.00 02206.01 02040.55 08748.00 40996.01 46895.00 37692.00 43631.15 47477.00 37715.00 08746.01 08748.02 39286.00 35834.05 08745.00 31863.00 47531.00

1 1 1 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Darkroom equipment for holography 08747.88 1 consisting of: Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W • Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

28 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

Experimental set-up for real-time procedures as a holographic interferometer for a bending plate.

– During the occurrence of minor alterations (e.g. bending) of the object, interference fringes become visible on observing the hologram.

Tasks: Image-capture and reconstruction of a hologram of a plate which is covered with different masses during the reconstruction.

Set of photographic chemicals 08746.88 consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent • Laminate • Paint

1

Bleaching chemicals: Potassium dichromate, 250 g Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml

30102.25 30219.50

1 1

*Alternative: Holographic plates, 20 pieces Insert for cell 08748.00 for plates

08746.00 08748.01

1 1

Real time procedure I (bending of a plate)

P1290900

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 29

Student System “Advanced Optics” and Laser Physics Complete set of interferometer experiments

08700.88

Under the order-no. 08700.88 we offer a complete equipment set to realize the following 5 types of interferometers: (Please see also page 4 in this brochure: Handbook Laser Physics III) Michelson interferometer (LI 1) Sagnac interferometer (LI 4) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (LI 10) Fabry-Perot interferometer (LI 12) Twyman-Green interferometer (LI 18)

Experiment-no. P1306600 Experiment-no. P1306900 Experiment-no. P1307500 Experiment-no. P1307700 Experiment-no. P1308100

Experimental System “Advanced Optics” This experimental system allows many important experiments in

● Geometrical optics ● Wave optics ● Applied optics

● Holography ● Interferometry ● Fourier optics

to be performed.

All experiments are supported by corresponding handbooks, which contain detailed descriptions of experimental set-ups and procedures, as well as results of measurements.

By use of a base plate and magnetically held adjustment devices, which can be positioned jerkfree, 1 and 2 dimensional measuring set-ups with laser light sources can be quickly and dependably realized. By deflecting the light path, experiments with larger focal lengths can also be carried out on the base plate.

The high inherent stiffness and vibration damping of the base plate enables sensitive interferometer arrangements to be set up.

Experimental set up for transmission hologram (LH5 – P1290400)

The practical system enables all important experiments in • Geometric optics • Wave optics (diffraction, interference, polarisation and refraction, Kerr and Faraday effect) • Holography ( white light, transmission and transfer holograms, average time and real time holography) • Interferometry (Michelson, MachZehnder, Fabry-Perot, Sagnac, Twyman-Green interferometer, as well as the insert for producing non-optical phenomena such as e.g. measurement of magnetostrictions).

• Fourier optics, diffusion of light, optical Doppler effect and laser Doppler anemometry to be carried out.

Optical base plate

08700.00

For setting up magnetically adhering optical components. Rigid and vibration-damped working base made of steel plate. With corrosion protection, NEXTEL® plastic coating and imprinted grid (5 × 5) cm. Three fixed adapter sleeves for laser and laser shutter. With rubber feet for non-slip working.

Base plate size (mm) 590 × 430 × 24 Mass 7 kg

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Optical base plate in experimental case 08700.01 Design as for base plate 08700.00, however with vibration-damped storage in the base of a case. Bottom clamp screws. When carrying out the experiments, the base plate remains in the bottom of the case. Separate case hood with lock.

Case dimensions (mm) 620 × 460 × 280 Mass 13 kg

With the aid of a base plate and magnetic adhering holders, which can be positioned jolt-free, 1 and 2 dimensional measuring arrangements can be quickly and reliably realised using laser light sources. By folding the light paths experiments with larger focal distances can also be carried out on the working base.

The high stiffness and vibration damping of the base plate allows sensitive interferometer arrangements to be set up. The base plate with hooded case 08700.01 is recommended for the use of particularly vibration-sensitive applications, which is accommodated with particular vibration-damping in the bottom of a transport case.

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 29

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Seite 30

Equipment Holders

Magnetic foot for

optical base plate 08710.00 Due to internal three-point guide way, stable and highly accurate work holding device for optical components with round stems (∅ 10 mm…13 mm).

Magnetic base with sliding and attrition-free plastic coating for jolt-free positioning of the optical components on the base plate.

Base height 55 mm

Adjusting support 35 35 mm

Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00

Adapter ring device

For precise and reproducible linear shift of optical components.

Two edge resistant holes for holding optical components and a central, linearly adjustable adjustment with spindle drive and scaled, clampable adjustment knob. With round stem l = 50 mm and d = 10 mm.

Shift range 40 mm Adjustment accuracy 0.1 mm

with internal thread for holding microscope objectives (e.g. objective 20×, 62174.20) in xy-shifting device 08714.00

08711.00

XY-shifting device 08714.00

For holding optical components (e.g. front surface mirrors). With sensitive adjustment screws for setting the x,y-position of the optical components. With round stem l = 75 mm and d = 10 mm.

For holding and fine positioning optical components for extending beams (microscope objectives) and spatial filtering (pinhole/aperture plate). With three point bearing and adjusting facility in two mutually perpendicular directions, as well as perpendicular to the optical axis in one plane. With clamping pegs for sliding device, horizontal 08713.00.

Incl. adjustable aperture plate. x,y-adjustment path max. ± 2 mm

Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 Rubber-covered clamping jaws with knurled screws for clamping and holding glass plates, beam splitters, etc. With two round unscrewable stems l = 50 mm and l = 68 mm and d = 10 mm.

Lens holder for opt. base plate 08723.00

Slit, adjust for opt. base plate 08727.00

for holding of framed lenses. Design as 08012.00 (s. Page 288), however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Design as 08049.00, however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Diaphragm holder 08724.00

Prism table for opt. base plate 08725.00

Design as 08040.00, however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Design as 08254.00, however with short stem l = 50 mm.

Holder for direct vision prism for opt. base plate 08726.00

08714.01

Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 For suppressing interference in the laser light (spatial filter) in connection with microscope objectives. In frame ∅ = 25 mm.

Adjusting ring 25 10 13 mm 08710.01 For placing and clamping on round stem optical components, to place them with a fixed height in magnetic feet.

Rot. guide rail with angular scale 08717.00

Holder for coaxial laser

Interferometer plate with precision drive 08715.00 For precise and reproducible linear shift of optical components e. g. in interferometer set ups.

Suppression of tilting effects due to traverse construction. Position adjustment through lever device with micrometer screw. Stiff steel base plate with NEXTEL®-Plastic coating.

Set up on base plate.

Shift path max. 0.25 mm Resolution 500 nm Dimensions (mm) 320 × 200 ×14 Mass 5 kg

For reproducible angle adjustment of optical components about a freely positionable pivot. With fixed hold of components with round stem in the pivot. Swivel rotating track for holding magnet feet for additional components.

Rotating range 360 ° Divisions 5°

Design as 08255.00, however with short stem l = 50 mm.

30 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

08705.00

Holder with three-point bearing for laser tube ∅ = 30…55 mm. On stem l = 65 mm.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 31

Optical Components

Surface mirror

08711.01

High-quality front-surface plane mirror with SiO2- protective coat; on aluminium holder with protective edge. Can be used in adjustment holder 08711.00 Mirror area (mm) 30 × 30 Plan evenness λ/8

Surface mirror, large

08712.00

High-quality front-surface plane mirror with SiO2- protective coat.

On holder with round stem l = 76 mm. Rear adjustment screws for adjusting inclination of the mirror in x,y direction.

Mirror diameter (mm) 80 Plane evenness λ/10

Concave mirror f = 5 mm, with holder 08720.00 Front-surface mirror ∅ = 10 mm on magnetic adhering ball joint, mounted on round stem l = 110 mm.

Fresnel mirror for opt. base plate 08728.00

Photoelement for opt. base plate 08734.00

Faraday modulator for opt. base plate 08733.00

Design as for 08560.00, however with short stem l = 50 mm.

Newton colour glass for opt. base plate 08730.02

For determining light intensities.

With replaceable holders l = 110 mm and l = 250 mm. Incl. attachable aperture slit d = 0.3 mm.

Spectral range 400…1100 nm

Design as for 08550.00, however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Screen, transparent for opt. base plate 08732.00

Polarisation filter for base plate 08730.00

Area (mm)

Copper coil on temperature-stable aluminium winder with insert for holding glass rods (SF58) for Faraday effect (included). With round stem, clamp screws and fixed connection cable l = 1 m with 4-mm jacks.

Number of windings 1200 Inductivity 6,3 mH Ohm’s resistance 4Ω Internal diameter 14 mm Max. current 5 A (1min)

Design as for 08610.00, however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Polarizing filter halfshade for opt. base plate 08730.01 Design as for 08628.01, however with short stem l = 35 mm.

Kerr cell, PLZT for opt. base plate 08731.00 Design as for 08661.00, however with short stem l = 68 mm.

150 ×150

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 Semi transparent, non-polarizing glass mirror for separating light beam intensity into 50 % transmission and 50 % reflection. Designed for wavelength λ = 633 nm.

Plate dimensions (mm) 50 × 30 × 3.2

Beam splitter T = 30, R = 70, with holder 08741.01

Rods for magnetotriction, set of 3 08733.01 Ni-, Fe- and Cu-rod with single-sided M6 thread and silicon hose cover for vibration damping. Can be fixed in coil for magnetostriction 08733.00.

Each l = 150 mm, ∅ = 8 mm.

Semi-transparent glass plate for separating light beam intensity into 30 % transmission and 70 % reflection.

E.g. for Fabry-Perot interferometer.

Mounted on a metal frame.

Plate dimensions (mm) 30 × 20 ×1.7 Frame (mm) 50 × 30 × 4

Special components for holography Cell with magnetic base 08748.00

Insert for holographic films 08748.02

For holding holography plates/ films for experiments on real time holography. Cuvette made of streak-free glass plates. With 2 hose connections.

Dimensions (mm) 200 ×150 × 60

Corrosion-proof plexiglass holder for holography films (80 × 60, 80 ×100 or 127 ×102) mm. Can be used in cuvette with magnetic feet 08748.00.

The plane film fixing is achieved by producing low air pressure with the aid of a hand-held vacuum pump with manometer 08745.00.

Dimensions (mm) 170 ×130 × 40

Insert for holographic plates 08748.01 Corrosion-proof stainless steel holder for standard plates (102 ×127) mm or even for half-size in cuvette with magnetic feet 08748.00.

Dimensions (mm) 170 ×130 × 40

Object for holography 08749.00 Three dimensional model body on magnetic foot. Total height 17 cm.

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 32

Further equipment and components Holographic plates, 25 pcs.

08746.00

Photo plates with extremely high resolution (approx. 6000 Lines/mm). Sensitive for He-Ne-laser light (633 nm). Plate format (127 ×102) mm.

Holographic sheet films, 50 pcs.

08746.01

With extremely high resolution (approx. 6000 Lines/mm). Sensitive for He-Ne-laser light (633 nm).

Extent of delivery: 30 pcs (100 × 80) mm, 50 pcs (80 × 60) mm.

Set of photographic chemicals

08746.88

Consisting of: Developer, stop bath, wetting agent, white paint and laminate.

Dark room equipment for holography

08747.88

Consisting of: 4 plastic dishes, darkroom light with green filter and lamp, shell thermometer, roller squeegee, 2 clips, 2 photo pincettes, laboratory gloves 100 pcs., funnel and 4 narrow-necked flasks 1000 ml, cleaning set for optical components.

Equipment set for CO2-laser beam analysis

08610.10

With this equipment the experiment P2260400 “CO2-laser” (p. 8) can be extended to: 1. estimating the wavelength by a diffraction grating and 2. measuring the distribution of power with the help of a diaphragm Consists of: (1) Diffraction grating, metal, slit width 0.2 mm, distance of slit centers 0.4 mm, aperture diameter: 12 mm, thermal stable up to a power of 8 W/3 mm beam diameter (2) Diaphragm for powermeter 08579.93 (included in the experiment P2260400), aluminium, black anodised, slit width/diaphragm diameter: 1 mm, thermal load tolerance: 10 W at 3 mm beam diameter (3) Sliding device, horizontal, for powermeter sensor, linear adjustment with spindle drive, shift range ±20 mm, with slide mount that goes with the optical bench supplied with P2260400 (4) Slide mount to hold diffraction grating (1)

IR conversion plate for observation of infrared CO2-laser radiation

08611.10

Using this Thermal Image Plate it is possible to see IR laser beams in real time and with high resolution. The conversion plate displays IR laser beams through the use of thermal sensitive phosphors. When illuminated by a long wavelength ultraviolet light (source supplied) these phosphors fluoresce. The intensity of fluorescence decreases with increasing temperature. When an IR laser beam strikes the thermal-sensitive surface, the absorbed energy raises the surface temperature and produces a corresponding thermal image.

Laser beam profiler Consisting of:

08587.00

– CMOS 1,3 mega pixel USB 2.0 camera – Set of neutral density filters – Software for acquisition and analysis of image data

Although special consideration was given to the requirements and problems of laser beam profiling during its development, the set is not limited to this function. The software provides tools for 2D- as well as 3D-visualization, beam cross section analysis but also for studying e.g. the image of diffraction patterns. The beam profiler is made for analysing laser beams in the UV, VIS and NIR wavelength range.

Sensor 1 1/8” CMOS Pixel Size 6 x 6 µm Dynamics 8 bit Max. frame rate 18 fps Size 34 mm x 32 mm x 27.4 mm The filters have an optical density of: OD 0.9, OD 1.8, OD 3.0 and OD 4.0 respectively

32 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

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Seite 33

Further equipment and components Si-Photodetector with amplifier

08735.00

This silicon photodiode with a built in transconductance amplifier is designed for precision, linear photometric measurements over 6 decades at high interference levels. It works in connection with the control unit 08735.99 .

The diode is supplied with a front lens which can be partly covered by a screw-on slit diaphragm for measurements with a higher local resolution. A second diaphragm, that slides onto the first one, can be used to alter the entrance aperture in a variable fashion. Thereby it is possible to measure high light intensities without reaching the saturation level of the amplifier.

Spectral range Maximum sensitivity at Band width Diameter of lens aperture Diaphragm slit aperture min. 0.3 mm x 0.3mm

390 nm…1150 nm 900 nm DC...65 kHz approx. 8mm max.0.3 mm x 10 mm;

Control unit for Si-Photodetector

08735.99

In connection with the Si-Photodetector 08735.00 it serves for photometric measurements of low direct- or alternating light signals. It is especially useful for photometric measurements in LDA and fibre optics experiments.

It supplies the working voltage for the Si- Photodetector 08735.00. As outputs it offers a monitor signal, a variable gain output for alternating light signals and an output that is filtered via a bandpass filter (200 Hz…10kHz). The latter output is recommended when low frequency noise (e.g. fluorescent lamps) as well as noise of high frequency has to be suppressed in the light signal.

Input terminal for: Output, 1 Output, 2 Output, 3 External power supply

Si-Photodetector 08735.00 DC…60 kHz, amplification 1 (monitor) AC; 10Hz…60 kHz, amplification 1…10 AC; 200Hz…10 kHz, amplification 1…10 110 VAC…240 VAC, 50/60 Hz

Universal power supply for He-Ne-laser

08701.99

This power supply is suited for He-Ne-laser tubes in the output power range of 0.5…10 mW. The output current of this unit can be varied continuously from 3…10 mA. The value of this current is shown on a digital display. The connection to the laser tubes is made via a high voltage connector.

Power supply Ignition voltage Working voltage Currrent output

100 V…240 V, AC, 50/60 Hz max. 12 kV max. 4 kV continuous, 3…10 mA

Laser and Accessories Lasers are ideal, highly monochromatic light sources with excellent coherence and very low beam divergence.

They are particularly suited as light sources for interference, diffraction and holography experiments.

Helium-Neon-laser 5 mW, with holder 08701.00

Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93

Wavelength 632.8 nm TEM00 Modes selection 99 % Degree of polarisation 1: 500 Beam diameter 0.81 mm Beam divergence 1 mrad max. power drift 2.5 %/8h Service life approx. 15000 h Coaxial cylinder casing = 44.2 mm, l = 400 mm With fixed connection cable with HV jack for laser power pack 08702.93 Incl. 2 holders with three-point bearing 08705.00 and 2 setting collars 08710.00

HV supply for laser 08701.00. With programmable timer for selectable hologram light exposure times of 0.1s…99 s with the aid of a controllable shutter. Digital display for preselected and expired shutter times.

Shutter control via time selection, restart, stop and permanent switching.

Plastic casing (mm) 184 ×140 ×130 Incl. Shutter with fixed connection cable with appliance plug; in upright ∅ = 10 mm

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Class 3B Laser

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 33

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Seite 34

Laser and Accessories Laser, helium-neon, 0.2/1.0 mW

08180.93

linearly polarised light source, very short design. Welded glass tube assures a very long lifetime > 18 000 operating hours. Key switch and integrated grey filter to reduce radiation power to 0.2 mW. Screw-in release to deactivate the grey filter.

Anodised aluminium casing with integrated mains power supply, screw-in holding stem, signal light and required warnings printed on both sides. Fixed mains connecting cable 140 cm.

Class 2 Laser

wavelength optical output power without filter with filter beam diameter beam divergence minimum polarisation max. drift over 8 hours oscillating mode lifetime power requirements connecting voltage Further connecting voltages on request dimensions (mm) stem diameter distance between middle of beam and end of stem

632.8 nm 1.0 mW 0.2 mW 0.5 mm < 2 mrad.

500:1 ± 2.5% TEM00 > 18000 h 35 VA 230 V, 50…60 Hz 210 × 80 × 40 10 mm 180 mm

Laser, helium-neon, 1.0 mW

08181.93

same design as 08180.93, but without grey filter.

Diode Laser 0.2/1.0 mW

08760.99

The PHYWE diode laser is particulary suitable as a light source for interference and diffraction experiments. Apart from its compact design it is distinguished by its unbeatable price which makes it a cost-effective alternative to traditional He-Ne-gas lasers.

The diode laser complies which the technical requirements of DIN 60825-1, laser class 2. It is equipped with a key switch, an indicator diode indicating the operating status and an electronic shutter to limit the laser output. It is therefore approved for being used at schools. It comes supplied with a support rod (length 180 mm, diameter 10 mm), a power supply unit, an instruction manual and several test records.

Class 2 Laser

Green Laser 0.2/1 mW; 532 nm

08762.99

Diode-pumped frequency-doubled yttrium vanadate solid-state laser (Nd:YVO4) Since the human eye is particular sensitive to green light, the beam of this laser is a lot better visible than a red laser with the same output power. Dimensions and the other features correspond to the Diode Laser 08760.99

Class 2 Laser

Laser Class Wavelength Power output Dimensions

2 532 nm 1 mW/0.2 mW length 15 cm/ ∅ 3,5 cm

Including power supply (110 - 230) VAC Two holding rods

length 15 cm/8.5 cm, ∅ 10 mm

Danger sign “Laser”

06542.00

glass fibre reinforced plastic, 315 × 220 mm, on a stem, d = 10 mm Recommended accessories: »PASS« barrel base

02006.55

Protection glasses, 10.6 micrometer (CO2-laser) Protection glasses for He-Ne-laser He-Ne-laser alignment glasses (no picture) Protection glasses for Nd:YAG-laser

08581.00 08581.10 08581.11 08581.20

These laser goggles protect the eyes of the user against scattered light and diffuse reflection of a laser beam. All persons staying in the danger zone of laser radiation must have an appropriate eye protection. Before using the goggles you always have to make sure that the laser goggle is suitable for the intended laser radiation.

34 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Laserphysik_07

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Seite 35

Index

A

Fourier transform

Amplitude holograms

25, 26

Analyser

13

23

Fraunhofer diffraction

9

Fraunhofer diffraction

23

Fraunhofer interference

10

Frequency doubling

8

Babinet’s theorem

10

Birefraction

6

Bragg reflection

25

Brewster angle

6, 7

Gas discharge tube

6

H 6

Hologram 8

Coherence of light Coherence

27 9, 10, 11, 16, 26

Coherent light

12

Collision of second type

6

D Debye-Sears-effect

23

Developing of film Diffraction index

25, 26, 27 17, 18, 19, 20 21, 22

Diffraction

18, 24

Double refraction

13, 14

E

24

25, 26, 27, 28

Huygens’ principle

9. 10, 23

I Index of refraction

16, 23

7

Electromagnetism

15

Electro-optical modulator

14

F 6, 21, 22

11, 16, 28

11, 16 17, 18, 19 14

Molecular vibration, excitation Multibeam interferometer

21

Multiple beam interference

10

N Newton's colour glass

12

Spectral power density

24

Newton’s rings

12

Spectrum of emission

7

Speed of light

O Optical axis

13

Optical path length

28

Kerr effect

14

L

25, 26

Optical pumping

8

Optical resonator

7, 8

Ordinary and extraordinary beam

13

P Path difference

12

Phase conjugation

22

Phase difference

23

Phase holograms

25, 26

Phase relation Phase

8

Spontaneous and stimulated light emission

6

T Temporal coherence

24

Two-beam interferometer

22

V Verdet’s constant

Virtual light source

Phase/Amplitude holograms

27

23

Plane of polarisation

13

W

Polarisation of light

14

Wavelength

15

Ferromagnetic material

19

Littrow prism

Fourier optics

23

Lorentz transformation

13 6

Polarizer

13

15

Vibration/Rotation niveau

Lenses

7, 8, 13, 15

6

Turbulence

24

Polarisation

18

Transverse and longitudinal resonator modes

12 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 21, 22

19

Spontaeous emission

Laser Doppler Anemometry

11, 16

17, 18, 19, 20 21, 22

Spin-orbit coupling

12

7

S 18

Interference at thin layers

Inversion/ Optical amplification

8

Special relativity theory

14

6, 8

Resonator modes

7

Nd-YAG-laser

Optical anisotropy

Inversion

6

24

15

16, 25, 26, 28, 17, 18 19, 20, 21, 22, 24

Resonator cavity

Scattering of light bysmall particles (Mie scattering)

Interaction of electromagnetic fields

Interference

8

24

27

9, 11, 22

Relaxation

Sampling theorem

Object/Reference beam

Interference diffraction

25, 26, 27

7

7

Linearly, circularly and elliptically polarised light

Faraday effect

25, 26

Refraction index

Induced/Spontaneous emission

Light velocity

Fabry Perot

Reference beam

Object beam

15

Electronic oscillation

19 13, 15

Magnetostriction

8

K

Electric discharge

Real and virtual image

Induced emission

9, 10, 25, 26

Doppler effect

20

Modulation of light

High- and low-pass filters

CO2-laser

Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer

Michelson Interferometer

He-Ne-laser

C

R

Malus' law

G

B

M

7

11, 16, 17, 18 19, 20, 21, 22

11, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22

Weiss molecular magnetic fields

19

18

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Advanced Optics and Laser Physics 35

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:41 Uhr

Seite 36

How to order The experiments can be offered or ordered completely or partially, if desired, in accordance with the comprehensive equipment lists. On request, we will gladly send you detailed experimental descriptions.

You can order the experiments as follows: What you need: Optical base plate in exp. case He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder Power supply for laser head 5 mW Magnetic foot for optical base plate Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter Sliding device, horizontal xy shifting device Adapter ring device Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 Pin hole 30 micron Adjusting support 35 35 mm Surface mirror 30 30 mm Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing Object for holography Holographic plates, 20 pieces*

08700.01 08701.00 08702.93 08710.00 08719.00 08713.00 08714.00 08714.01 62174.20 08743.00 08711.00 08711.01 08712.00 08741.00 08749.00 08746.00

1 1 1 6 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

Darkroom equipment for holography 08747.88 1 consisting of: Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W • Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

Didactically adapted descriptions of experiments – easy, direct preparation by the students is possible

Set of photographic chemicals consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent • Laminate • Paint

08746.88

1

Bleaching chemicals: Potassium dichromate, 250 g Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml

30102.25 30219.50

1 1

*Alternative: Holographic sheet film Glass plate, 120 120 2mm

08746.01 64819.00

1 2

Transmission hologram with expansion system

Comprehensive experiments – cover the entire range of classical and modern optics

Quantity Order No.

All additional nessecary items are mentioned (e.g. spare parts).

Where applicable alternatives are also mentioned.

P1290400

Please specify this Order No. if you would like to order the complete experiment.

Complete equipment offering modular experimental set-up – multiple use of individual devices, cost effective and flexible

Excellent measurement accuracy – results agree with theory

Developed and proven by practicians – unproblematical and reliable performance

Computer-assisted experiments – simple, rapid assessement of the results

36 Advanced Optics and Laser Physics

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D - 37070 Göttingen

Laserphysik_07

12.12.2006

12:41 Uhr

Seite 37

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 6 0 41 15 or by post or contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D-37070 Gรถttingen Federal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Information / Quotation Please send detailed descriptions, free of charge Please send an offer for the following experiments

Telephone

Date

Fax

Signature

Please circle the corresponding experiment numbers

P2260700

P2260400

P2260900

P1216800

P1216900

P1217100

P1217200

P1217400

P1217600

P1217700

P1218000

P1290200

P1290400

P1290500

P1290900

P1306700

P1307000

P1307100

P1307500

P1307700

P1307800

P2261200

P1308000

37

Laserphysik_07

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12:41 Uhr

Seite 38

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 6 0 41 15 or by post or contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D-37070 Gรถttingen Federal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Information / Quotation Please send an offer for the following equipment

Telephone

Date

Equipment

38

Fax

Signature

Article-No.

Quantity

Laserphysik_07

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Seite 39

– catalogues, brochures and more…

PHYSICS · CHEMISTRY · BIOLOGY

PHYSICS – CHEMISTRY – BIOLOGY The comprehensive catalogue for physics, chemistry and biology. Additionally you can find a large number of laboratory materials and an insight in our particularly successful teaching systems TESS, Cobra3 and Natural Sciences on the board.

Available in English and Spanish.

Laboratory Experiments The experiments in the Phywe publication series “Laboratory Experiments” are intended for the heads of laboratories, colleges of advanced technology, technical colleges and similar institutions and also for advanced courses in high schools.

Laboratory Experiments is also available on CD-ROM. Available in English.

Special brochures Additionally there are special brochures for our particularly successful teaching systems TESS (available in German, English, French and Spanish), Cobra3 (available in German, English) and Natural Sciences on the board (available in German, English).

Laserphysik_07

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Seite 40

PHYWE SYSTEME GmbH & Co. KG Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 D-37079 Gรถttingen Germany

phone: ++49/551/604-0 fax: ++49/551/604-115 int.sales @ phywe.com www.phywe.com

12.06.05

Order No. 00117.02