Contiguous Urban Regenerative Environments (C.U.R.E.)

C ontiguous U rban R egenerative E nvironments Diversity and multiplicity in the adaptive reuse of an industrial harbour: Gullbergsvass, GĂśteborg, Sweden

Chalmers University of Technology Architecture / Master thesis / Spring 2010 Ante Flygare & Sigrid Ă–stlund

Master Theses at Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture Begun: 1 January 2010 Presented: 1 June 2010 Authors: Ante Flygare, anteflygare@gmail.com Sigrid Östlund, sigrid.laurel.ostlund@gmail.com Examinator: Michael Edén, professor, Sustainable Design and Development Jury: Chrisna du Plessis & Mika Määttä

“A durable architecture need only delay the inevitability of decay.

A sustainable architecture need only maintain the status quo of natural carrying capacity.

A regenerative architecture, however, must concern itself with the reproduction of the institutional agreements that tie humans to the ecological conditions of a place.�

- Stephen A. Moore

C ontiguous U rban R egenerative E nvironments Diversity and multiplicity in the adaptive reuse of an industrial harbour: Gullbergsvass, Gรถteborg, Sweden

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Developing a Framework for a Methodology Considerable effort has been spent on defining the necessary methods and ideologies to carry us forward on our path to a healthier world: a “sustainable world”. However, what does “sustainability” mean? Is it sufficient to simply sustain life and perpetuate our way of living or do we need to begin to create circumstances and designs that regenerate wellbeing into ailing systems?

Nature provides a number of services that are the basis for all life. To ensure the continued existence of these services it is vital to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. Ecosystems should, therefore, serve as guidelines and a precedent for all planning and architectural design. This entails adopting practices and technologies that are inherently self-renewing.

The interplay of social, technological, and cultural forces with environmental design are a philosophical and logical direction to take our world into a healthy, and viable future. A full cultural integration with the natural environment, including reusing, recycling or assimilation of all waste materials is therefore necessary.

This thesis aims to investigate what issues are necessary to enrich and interweave the ecological, technical and social systems. It seeks principals for a design that fosters a productive relationship between the human species and their nonhuman counterparts. It does so by developing principles and strategies for urban design (C.U.R.E.). It then tests and develops these within a physical context: Gullbergsvass, Göteborg, which is a former industrial harbor near the city centre and the river Göta Älv.

Basic Principals for C.U.R.E.

- Society must incorporate aspects of ecosystems into design in order to achieve a healthy, equitable world, capable of sustaining life.

- Cultural embeddedness, place-making and identity is as vital to human wellbeing and habitat as shelter, water, food and waste processing.

- Elements and systems that are interdependent rely upon a contiguous relationship with one another.

- Because “all ecosystems include human influence and most include human presence” the responsibility of maintaining healthy ecosystems lies with humanity.

Key Concepts: regeneration / systemic integration / ecosystems / urban design/ waste-to-resource / urban farming

Abstract

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Table of Contents Abstract

Developing a Framework for a Methodology

Preface

The Journey Towards a Set of Principals

Theoretical Background

Defining Sustainable Design Regenerative Design and the Social Constructs Eco-Design Contiguous Urban Regenerative Ecosystems

Site Analysis

Methodology and Approach Historical, Physical and Social Context Ecological Context

Project Positioning Introduction SWOT analysis Positions on Key Issues from Site Analysis Stakeholders Evaluating existing building stock Point of departure

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5

7 9 23 28

30 35 57

71 72 74 78 84 87

Urban Strategies Creating Contiguity Transportation and Movement Ecosystem Services Social and Functional Fabric Waste to Resource A Framework for Future Development Systems Analysis

Urban Sketches

Introduction Naming Places A Precursor A Riverfront A Park A Commercial Corridor An Entrance and a Residential Corridor Community Gardening Living in Gullbergsvass Final Discussion

Appendix and Bibliography Appendix Bibliography

89 96 98 110 112 119 121

155 157 159 161 169 181 189 195 197 199

203 215

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Thanks is extended to the following for their support and valuable advice: Michael Edén, Professor, Chalmers University of Technology Pål Castell, Landscape Architect, Chalmers University of Technology Karolina Källstrand, Park- och Naturförvaltningen Cecilia Strömmer, Älvstranden Utveckling AB Lennart Gustafson, Park och Naturförvaltningen Bo Lindgren, Banverket Erik Karlsson, Chairman, Gullbergs Kaj ship association

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The Journey Towards a Set of Principals From the onset, this thesis was intended to deal with a small section of an industrial harbour in Göteborg, (i.e. only a small portion of the region Gullbergsvass). More specifically, the site was comprised of the three most western blocks along the quay and was boardered by Mårten Krakowsgatan and the river Göta Älv.

The final product was to be an urban strategy for a mixed use development of a few urban blocks and a correlating building design. The area was identified as conducive towards further development and probing of our initial theoretical queries. These queries had begun by questioning what ‘sustainability’ truly implies for architecture and society in a context of urban transformation and evolution.

A closer look at our initial search for sustainable principals and strategies revealed that these

centered around the mediation of barriers and the development of correlations between the physical and metaphysical constructs of life and cultural identity. When we examined our site through this lens, it became clear that our site boundaries had to expand. At this point we gave up any preconceived notions of what the thesis would result in and let our queries and loosely defined principals lead us on our quest.

Unknowingly, we had embarked upon a journey towards a philosophical framework and set of principals for urban development in general.

The path leading to this framework was not easy, nor direct. The vastness of the issues we were trying to address was overwhelming, causing us to doubt our sanity and the direction of our work on more than one occasion. However, each attempt to narrow the investigation and particularize

a singular thread of thought reconfirmed the interconnectedness and interdependence of our intitial principals.

Ultimately, this lead us to the conclusion that the ‘answer’ to our initial problem statement (“What is sustainable design?”) had more to do with the systemic correlations between constructs rather than the constructs in themselves. The task was then to investigate the network of interconnectedness that fosters regenerative life and well-being rather than to delve into the study of any one life form or manner of well-being.

The following report documents our search and development towards what we believe to be a viable starting point for a robust theoretical and practical approach to urban development and design.

Preface

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Theoretical Background Defining Sustainable Design

Two Threads

In a project whose central issue is ‘sustainable development´ one must define this vague concept more specifically. The following two essays provide the theoretical framework for the development of Gullbergsvass.

There are two essays in this chapter due to the fact that there are two authors and designers of this thesis. The two inquiries began by separately delving into personal interests and thoughts on what sustainability encompasses and how it may take form in architectural design. These two threads of thought carry a great deal of correlations.

The objective then is to weave these paths into a cohesive structure and actual design. The first essay provides a solid theoretical context for the thesis and the second essay provides an overview of a methodology and philosophy of implementation for the strategic development of the project.

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Regenerative Design and the Social Constructs Beyond sustainability: Designing for abundance and change through multiplicity and diversity.

Author: Sigrid Östlund

IN SEARCH OF A PROPER LANGUAGE

Sustainability is quickly becoming the pervasive concept in the ongoing question of future human development, yet few know what it really means and even fewer how to achieve it. We know that we wish to persevere. We have also become aware of the systemic nature of our world and thereby, our connection to and in luence on the ecosystem. This awareness creates a desire to affect a healthy, equitable world, capable of sustaining life. Considerable effort has been spent on de ining the necessary methods and ideologies to carry us forward on our path to a healthier world: a sustainable world. However, what does ‘sustainability’ mean? The term has been so widely used (and misused) that it brings into question its overall effectiveness in helping us to de ine the task at hand.

In order to expand our concept of architecture, it is important to examine the importance of language as an in luential connection to the reexamination of our goals. The search for adequate language and the evolution of meaning is an inherent and vital element in all processes of discourse and change. Language is “an indissoluble element of human self-creation”1 and cannot be separated from the understanding of our relationship to and creation of the world around us. It is then neces1 Harvey (1996) p.88 ci ng Williams (1977) p.29 theoretical background

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sary to de ine what general principals to consider in the design of human habitat as a framework for action. This is not to say that by choosing the right terminology or wording we will be done with it and have a clear path laid out before us. However, as we walk this path, we must continuously examine how time and circumstance affect the meaning of our discourse and whether or not our use of language is suf icient to support our goals.

“Language has…to be seen as a persistent kind of creation and re-creation: a dynamic presence and constant regenerative process.” 2 Sustainability

Sustainability has become the dominant term used to sum up the many ideologies that address the challenges of our days. Since a multitude of meanings have been ascribed to it, a linguistic examination of its literal and implied meanings is imperative. To sustain, derived from Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sus, up), has many uses in the English language, the primary ones being to “maintain”, “support”, or “endure.”3 This de inition creates a mental image of a somewhat static world capable of permanence, robustness, and persistence.

However, in the arguments for sustainability 2 Harvey (1996) p.88 ci ng Williams (1977) p.33 3 h p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability (12-12-2009) project positioning

there are continuous references to lessons from ecosystems and the need for ecological stewardship,. However, if to sustain is to uphold and persist through supporting what already is in existence, the term is incapable of expressing the central character of ecosystems, which is a persistent cycle of change. The term also invites misinterpretations by insinuating that that which is natural and healthy is by its nature stable and unchanging. Yet leading scientists4 tells us that “persistence and equilibrium are not the natural state of things but require explanation, which must be sought in the actions of opposing forces.” 5 In fact, a system “perpetuates itself through circular and cumulative causation”6 and it is this continuous movement which gives the impression of stability and allows the system to persist.

To sustain only indicates the supply of suf icient support to maintain current and basic conditions.

It can also imply the narrow escape of misfortune, or the balance on the brink of it. A healthy ecosystem doesn’t balance on the brink of extinction; it thrives. Healthy ecosystems perpetuate condi4 Richard Levins is a mathema cal ecologist…best known for his work on evolu on in changing environments. h p:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Levins (20-12-2009) Richard LewonƟn is an evolu onary biologist, gene cist and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathema cal basis of popula on gene cs and evolu onary theory. h p:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewon n (20-12-2009) 5 Harvey (1996) p. 55 ci ng Levins and Lewon n (1985) 6 Harvey (1996) p. 92 urban strategies

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tions through abundance, multiplicity and diversity. McDonough and Braungart eloquently illustrate this concept with the analogy of a cherry tree producing many times the number of lowers, fruit and seeds it needs in order to reproduce.

Only some of these become trees; the rest provide multiple services to the ecosystem of which it is a member.7 The term sustainability is broad enough to appease and engender support from a wide range of interests; it is effective in describing our desires to persevere as well as support the systems that maintain life, yet it does not infer the qualities inherent in and necessary to achieve the desired state of health and stability. Most signi icantly, it fails to incorporate key practices of healthy systems namely: change, evolution, adaptation, lexibility and cyclical re-creation. It also fails to encompass the vitality and energy that is needed to carry us on our path towards a prosperous and healthy future. Can we realistically practice ecological stewardship with a concept of sustainability that only addresses a few aspects of ecology?

Stephen Moore reiterates this point:

Resilience

Resilience is sometimes used as an alternative term for sustainability. It is derived from the Latin word resilíre, meaning “to leap back.” To be resilient is to have the “ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change.”9 “Resilience is de ined as the capacity of an ecosystem to tolerate disturbance without collapsing into a qualitatively different state that is controlled by a different set of processes. A resilient ecosystem can withstand shocks and rebuild itself when necessary.”10

“To merely maintain the status quo of material systems is a necessary, but insuf icient, strategy to achieve life-enhancing conditions.” 8

In contrast to the term sustainability, resilience encompasses adaptability and lexibility as crucial elements in surviving the test of time. It entails strength from elasticity: a resilient thing persists and achieves stability by shifting to accommodate changes. It infers that a design strategy should have a passive and reactionary stance, i.e. rather than feeding on and prospering from change, it remains poised until it must contend with an external force. It is meant to keep as close to its original form as possible, much like the elastic band or the blade of grass which deforms and twists in the wind only to return to its former state. Forces of change are understood as negative (primarily external) elements of contention.

Therefore, it is questionable if the term is suf icient to describe the work that lies ahead of us as designers of habitats.

While resilience is a dynamic term that emphasizes adaptation and lexibility, and re lects our desire for perseverance and stability. However, it lacks the notion of support inherent in the term

7 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p.92 8 Moore (2005) p. 440

9 h p://www.merriam-webster.com/dic onary/resilience (12-12-2009) 10 h p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_(ecology) (15-12- 2009)

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sustainability, is unable to address change in a constructive way, and can imply a bordered relationship between forces and systems. Resilience is a good term, no doubt, but incapable of truly relecting a design strategy which draws its lessons from natural systems.

Regeneration

In retrospect, both terms, sustainability and resilience illuminate our overwhelming fear of change, yet change is an essential and unavoidable element of reality and crucial to an equitable future. Consequently, architects need to look beyond mere perseverance, support and adaptation to mend the mistakes of the past, meet the needs of the present and build a brighter future.

Sustainability and resilience are perhaps adequate for describing a result of a strategy based on lessons learned from ecosystems, however they are inadequate terms for describing the strategy itself or the entire result. On the other hand, the term regenerative, derived from the Latin regenerāre “to bring forth again”, is a promising candidate. It has many de initions in the English language primarily “to come into existence or be formed again; reconstituted or made over in a better form;.”11 Generate (Latin generāre to beget) lies at the root of the word and is therefore implicated when using the term. Its main de initions include:12 - to bring into existence; cause to be; produce - to create by a vital or natural process - to create and distribute vitally and profusely - to reproduce; procreate 11 h p://dic onary.reference.com/browse/regenerate (16-12-2009) 12 h p://dic onary.reference.com/browse/generate (16-12-2009) urban strategies

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Its synonyms are also worth noteworthy: create, evolve, originate, engender, institute.

Unlike sustainability and resilience, regeneration does not wait for the inevitable and bolster itself against change, but incorporates it as a central ingredient. It is tantalizingly active in nature and engenders a sense of a participatory and proactive involvement and suggests adaptation through creativity. Rather than simply supporting life and well-being, it implies the act of enhancing and engendering it as well.

The pre ix re, meaning “again,” emphasizes the cyclical nature of healthy systems and the evolutionary process of re-creation and re-use. It also suggests breathing new life and prosperity into ailing systems that have suffered from our mismanagement and reminds us that humanity not only has the power to destroy and survive, but also to create and nurture. A sense of stability is created through the implication of fertility and rebirth with a nurturing environment of growth and recovery, which is by no means static.

Furthermore, regeneration denies the concept of self-containment and suggests porous borders with other forces and systems. It is a fertile word that calls on creativity, action, productivity, vitality and evolution in the process of design towards a better society. Regenerative design, then, is a viable alternative to help us elaborate upon the concept of sustainability.

THE ORIGINS OF REGENERATIVE DESIGN

The term regenerative design was coined by John Lyle, in his book Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. Without directly refuting the term sustainability, he emphasizes the need for further re inement and development of the concept of sustainability beyond “[maintaining] the status quo of natural carrying capacity.”13 He therefore sets out to de ine regenerative systems and their implications for society and the design of the human habitat.

Lyle argues that since “all ecosystems include human in luence and most include human presence, we might as well think of human ecosystems as the ordering systems of life.”14 This in turn places the responsibility of supporting life on our species. Designers must, therefore, create habitats and systems that support and learn from natural ecosystems which are inherently regenerative.

He de ines regenerative practices and technologies as those which are “inherently self-renewing.”15 More speci ically, a regenerative system “provides for the continuous replacement, through its own functional processes, of the energy and materials used in its operation.” 16 This concept is diametrically opposed to the degenerative practices of today which “[devour their] own sources of sustenance.” This does not necessarily imply that architecture and society can design its way out of the second law of thermodynamics, and eliminate entropy. Rather, humans can participate more ef13 Moore (2005) p. 442 14 Lyle (1994) p.22 15 Lyle (1994) p. x 16 Lyle (1994) p. 4

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fectively in natural ecological systems then they currently do and thereby reduce the highly entropic conditions we are living in today.

Lyle further analyzes the basic structure and processes of ecosystems and develops general characteristics and strategies for regenerative processes for human purposes. These processes focus on supporting “the necessities of daily life: shelter, water, food and waste processing.”17 While Lyle suf iciently moves beyond the limits of sustainability and resiliency, there lies a signi icant conceptual oversight in Lyle’s manifesto: he fails to address the full implication of an individual’s cultural embeddedness as a cornerstone of human existence and as vital to human survival and habitat creation as any of the issues of shelter, water, food and waste processing. An understanding of Lyle’s premises illuminates the arguments inherent in and implicit to them.

Three Orders

To begin with he describes ecosystems as being comprised of three orders:18 1) The Structural Order - the composition and interaction of living and nonliving elements 2) The Functional Order - material and energy lows 3) Locational Patterns - contextual and physical location If all ecosystems are ordered and in luenced by human presence and activity, as Lyle claims, an additional order is needed to speci ically address the social and cultural issues that invariably come 17 Lyle (1994) p. 10 18 Paraphrased and quoted from Lyle (1994) pp.23-24 urban strategies

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to bare upon all human activity. The social and cultural variables are too unique in character and proportionally signi icant to be placed under any of these three orders Lyle proposes.

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Existing throughput systems source

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Six Basic Processes

Lyle then continues his analysis by outlining six basic processes of regenerative systems:19 1) Conversion - a thing becomes something else 2) Distribution - how energy and materials reach members of an ecological community

waste

efficiency Effec veness as end goal

Degenera ve linear flows

Regenerative systems assimila on

distribu on

5) Storage - materials are held inactive awaiting eventual reuse 6) Thought – the in luence human activity and cognitive thought has on all ecosystems and the challenges and responsibilities that accompany that. Thought processes mesh with ecological processes; together, they transcend and ultimately determine form.

In this sixth process, Lyle begins to address the relevance of human psychodynamics in systems.

However, the focus here, as in the entire manifesto, is primarily on cognitive thought, leaving the immense territory of non-cognitive processes largely untouched. Though it is a complicated realm, non-cognitive processes, none-the–less, have bearing on the well-being of humans, communities and all that they affect. “A good deal [of 19 Paraphrased and quoted from Lyle (1994) pp.26-28 theoretical background

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The characteristics of diversity, multiplicity and adaptability are not included in this list of generalities. This is questionable as these qualities are inherent and crucial in natural ecosystems and are arguably equally crucial for human purposes and perseverance.

source filtra on

Twelve Strategies

He subsequently proposes twelve strategies for regenerative design.22, 23

3) Filtration - restoration of air and water 4) Assimilation - waste becomes a resource through decomposition

- Composition and volume of wastes within the capacity of the environment to re-assimilate them without damage

storage

1) Letting nature do the work

Effec veness as end goal

Symbiosis

2) Consider nature as both model and context

Within renewal capacity

Closed loop system

3) Aggregating, not isolating

Integrate with natural processes

Mul ple pathways

4) Seeking optimum levels for multiple functions, not the maximum or minimum level for anyone

human societies’] inner life is lived in the imagination and based on unarticulated assumptions and unre lective judgment.”20 General Characteristics

Lyle subsequently outlines the general characteristics of regenerative systems for human purposes:21

5) Matching technology to need 6) Using information to replace power 7) Providing multiple pathways 8) Seeking common solutions to disparate problems

- Operational integration with natural processes, and by extension with social processes

9) Managing storage as a key to sustainability

- Minimum use of fossil fuels and manmade chemicals except for backup applications

11) Shaping form to manifest process

10) Shaping form to guide low

- Use of renewable resources within their capaci-

12) Prioritizing sustainability

20 Parekh (2000) p. 51 paraphrasing Giambia sta Vico 21 Lyle (1994) p. 11

22 Lyle (1994) p. 38-45 23 see Appendix A for defini ons

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These strategies address the physiological needs of human beings but do not address the equally important needs for psychological and social well-being. Evidence is also surfacing to indicate psychological and even social well-being is also essential to wildlife.24 Once again, there is also a lack of a strategy (or strategies) that supports the important issues of diversity, multiplicity and their relation to adaptability. While strategy seven hints at the inherently diverse nature of regenerative systems, it fails to speak of this issue on a larger scope.

An Eco-technocratic View

Lyle follows the “philosophical tradition of Heidegger, [where] technology is understood as an ontological practice, meaning that it comes to de ine who and how we are…[However,] the literature of science and technology studies has demonstrated that technology is part of a social system that is inextricably part of society. Technology, like place, is a ield where the struggle between competing interests plays out.” 25 This technophelia (or ecotechnophelia) in Lyle’s manifesto is reminiscent of that of the industrial age where society and nature were relegated to the sidelines and expected to keep up with modern progress. While Lyle’s discourse is far from the nonchalant hubris of the industrial age, he tends to oversimplify and fails to address some crucial issues.

mind with the inner rhythms of the earth.”26 Lyle far from ignores the issues of societal systems and his suggestions for social reform are not without merit.27 He also recognizes that “regenerative systems…are enmeshed in natural and social processes.”28 However, he fails to address the social and cultural embededness of technology and human beings. Neither does he suf iciently investigate the inherently related issues of place and identity. Every attempt to do so is approached in a technocratic manner, relegating these issues to an integrated but practically subsidiary position to technology. A natural extension to the work begun in this book would be to study the concept of regeneration in relation to cultural embeddedness of human existence, complex social structures and the related issues of identity and place.

THE POPULARIZATION OF REGENERATIVE DESIGN

Lyle’s approach to psychological well-being focuses primarily on the issue of employing proper technology and thereby “[connecting] the human

William McDonough and Michael Braungart popularized and expanded the principles of Lyle’s manifesto with their book Cradle to Cradle.

Though they have chosen the term eco-effective, in place of regenerative, their strategies are, none the less, an extension of Lyle’s work. While Lyle’s thesis is weighted towards land use and habitat, McDonough and Braungart pay considerable attention to industrial product design. They see no reason to limit productivity, creativity and growth and call for an “industrial re-evolution” where “products and processes… resemble the living world.”29 This living world is where abundance,

24 The Delinquents (retrieved 6-1-2010) www.cbsnews. com/stories/2000/08/22/60II/main226894.shtml 25 Moore (2005) p. 435

26 Lyle (1994) p. 28 27 See page 8: Regenera ve Design and Society 28 Lyle (1994) p. 37 29 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 154

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diversity, and niche adaptation into metabolic cycles dominate and support a continuous recreation. They argue that, though it is a complex design challenge, human beings can it into this living realm and prosper without endangering ourselves, nature’s ecosystems and our shared future.

Eco-efficiency vs. Eco-effectiveness

Mc Dounough and Braungart challenge the common and contemporary strategy for sustainability that is termed eco-ef iciency.30 The basic aim of eco-ef iciency is to do more with less; to be “less bad”, as McDonough and Braungart put it. It is deined by the caveats of the “four R’s”: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Regulate.

The authors illustrate: an eco-ef icient house is designed to save energy (or reduce energy loss).

It is tightly sealed against air-in iltration, has added insulation, and its small windows (which do not open) are tinted dark to protect from solar heat gain and prevent energy loss. Though the authors take an extreme stance here, the example illustrates how goals that are limited to the four R’s of eco-ef iciency, are still unable to address the qualitative measures that foster sense of place, well-being and prosperity.

“Eco-ef iciency is an outwardly admirable, even noble concept, but it is not a strategy for success over the long term, because it does not reach deep enough.” 31 “Simply being free of one [bad material or chemical] does not necessarily make a 30 The term eco-efficiency was coined in 1993 by the Business Council for Sustainable Development 31 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 62 urban strategies

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product healthy and safe.” 32 The proposed alternative is then eco-effectiveness.

To illustrate this concept, the authors ask us to consider the eco-effectiveness of ants. As part of their daily activity, they: 33

terials accrued for human and natural purposes each year (Storage) - Transportation that improves the quality of life while delivering goods and services (Distribution)

- Safely and effectively handle their own material wastes and those of other species

- A world of abundance, not one of limits, pollution, and waste (Thought)

- Grow and harvest their own food while nurturing the ecosystem of which they are a part

Their manifesto is littered with illustrative explanations and stories of eco-effectiveness. For example, the cherry tree referenced earlier, where all of the “wasted” fruit and lowers serve a function in the local ecosystem. They then poignantly encourage us to

- Construct houses, living quarters, farms, foodstorage facilities, cemeteries, and dumps from materials that can be truly recycled - Maintain soil health for the entire planet McDonough and Braungart then propose the following goals34 as a design assignment to industry and people around the world. These goals relate to Lyle’s six processes of regenerative systems (in parentheses): - Buildings that, like trees, produce more energy than they consume and purify their own waste water (Conversion, Filtration) - Factories that produce ef luents that are drinking water (Filtration possibly) - Products that, when their useful life is over, become food for plants and animals and nutrients for soil; or, alternately, that can return to industrial cycles to supply high-quality raw materials for new products (Assimilation) - Billions, even trillions, of dollars’ worth of ma32 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 167 33 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 79 34 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 90-91 theoretical background

“imagine a building like a tree, a city like a forest.” 35 Diversity

Moreover, McDonough and Braungart admonish us to respect the diversity that has come into existence over millennia in the natural world and to learn from its evolutional approach. It is common to mistake the dogma of evolutionary theory ‘survival of the ittest’ to imply that the strongest survive, when in fact evolution has more to do with niche adaptability and the interplay of multiple bene iciaries than with pure brute force. By the phrase “the ittest survive, the itting-est thrive”,36 the authors underline that those which are able to it into their local milieu most effectively are those which will prosper and persevere.

Like Lyle, they emphasize the need for a diverse interplay of regenerative (or eco-effective) tech35 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 139 36 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 120

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nical systems to deal with infrastructural issues of energy and waste. They also highlight how diversity can be supported through buildings and products which are adaptable to a great number of uses and generations. They argue that design which deeply respects diversity on all levels will stimulate the process of industrial re-evolution.

Waste Equals Food

A central element in their approach, which they have borrowed from Lyle and popularized, is the slogan: Waste equals food. In essence this is the source for the title of the book where regenerative cyclical processes (cradle to cradle) are preferable to degenerative linear ones (cradle to grave). They describe an eco-effective system as one where materials are up-cycled rather than down-cycled. Down-cycling happens when products with multiple materials are recycled down into a single material which often has fewer uses and is of poorer quality. In contrast, up-cycling results in materials that are equally useful after being recycled. This is assimilation as described by Lyle in his six processes of regeneration.

What McDonough and Braungart add to Lyle’s analysis of assimilation for human purposes is their identi ication of two separate sets of nutrients with corresponding metabolic cycles: The Biosphere and the Technosphere.

Up-cycling in the biosphere is, for example, decomposition of biological waste into fertile soil.

Most packaging can be designed as biological nutrients that can be tossed into the compost.37, 38 37 McDonough, Braungart (2002) p. 105 38 McDonough and Braungart claim that 50% of all municipal waste is packaging that could be made biodegradable. I would further argue that a great deal of this urban strategies

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3 The Biosphere (biological nutrients) Feeds ecosystems

The Technosphere (technical nutrients) Feeds industrial systems

Up-cycling in the technosphere, however, is more complex. In broad strokes, it requires products that are designed for disassembly. Discarded products can then be harvested for parts and materials for re-use, thereby avoiding the melting of multiple materials into one.

McDonough and Braungart are essentially proposing to design our way out of entropy, or at least to a level of entropy that is equal to that of natural ecosystems. While this is an admirable sentiment, even possible to an extent, even they acknowledge that some level of down-cycling and toxicity is unavoidable, or at least until we have a completely eco-effective society and industrial process in place (which they acknowledge will be long in coming).

It is likely that any industrial society (re-evolutionized or not) will include some amount of down-cycling and toxicity. The entropy inherent in the second law of thermodynamics suggests that down-cycling even exists in natural ecosystems as well. The earth and natural organisms waste is unnecessary packaging and can be eliminated all together. theoretical background

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produce their own set of pollutants at various levels. However, these pollutants are generally released in amounts that are assimilated into the metabolic systems of the earth and usually stored from harm’s way. When the pollutants exceed acceptable levels, extinctions and evolution take place. The four R’s of eco-ef iciency aims to bring pollution levels down to acceptable levels; however, herein lies the problem. How are the “acceptable” levels determined?

The authors also attempt to be realistic by inferring that it is not consumption that is wrong, but rather the modes of production. While it can be seen as pragmatic to philosophically support society’s voracious appetite, it is doubtful humans can maintain such consumption just by making the processes regenerative. Numerous examples in nature illustrate that disproportionate consumption of an otherwise biologically benign creature can threaten an ecosystem.

Perhaps eco-ef iciency and the four R’s have a place in a regenerative system after all. While it is dramatic to discredit eco-ef iciency, it is none the less incorporated into the principles of ecoeffective and regenerative design. As McDonough and Braungart point out, eco-effectiveness is also ef icient and is inherently concerned with reducing or eliminating bad materials and processes.

Eco-effective/regenerative design, however, takes sustainability to a level of health and prosperity which eco-ef iciency alone is unable to do, and it is questionable that eco-effective measures are even enough to keep us from harming ourselves and our surroundings.

True to its focus on commerce, the manifesto is littered with catchy phrases, stories and selling arguments that expound numerous well-grounded discussions and proposals. While the underlying premise is compelling, there is a lack of scrutiny.

This in turn gives the impression that the intention for the book leans more towards the proliferation of a concept then the studious investigation of it.

Relating to Commerce

The gift of McDonough and Braungart is their efforts to weave regenerative technologies with commercial interests. They wish to embrace the hubris of creativity and production that industry has harnessed over the past couple of centuries and direct it towards “good growth.” Contrary to many environmentalists who work and argue against industry, they prefer cooperation and dialogue over opposition. Though this strategy is to an extent more realistic; in reality, both opposition and cooperation are necessary. project positioning

REGENERATIVE DESIGN AND SOCIETY

These two manifestos assert that a great change is necessary in society; a change that will bring us into collaboration with the regenerative cycles of the earth. Lyle sees a need to alter human activities at all levels and reconnect humans to the natural surroundings and the ecosystems that de ine them. He proposes three strategies to address society: 1) Connection to ecological cycles 2) Shape the environment for community interaction 3) Public participation

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He further asserts that a greater understanding of ecological cycles can bring us closer to the natural world and be accomplished through: community responsibility, casual contact (with the natural world), and environmental education from childhood on.

bers of a cultural community, and what they succeed in giving themselves as re lective individuals. All three are parts of their psychological and moral constitution and relate to three different dimensions of their being.”39

As vital as these points are, why are they not included in Lyle’s twelve strategies for regenerative design? When he addresses societal issues, his analysis consists mainly of its structural qualities, such as issues of size and organization. Communities and individuals are discussed primarily as users, managers, and bene iciaries or products of regenerative technologies.

While design cannot discard the question of human nature, it will fail to address the full quality of being human if it disregards our cultural embeddedness.

Conversely, McDonough and Braungart imply that we don’t have to change societal habits all that much. We just need a dramatic change in the mechanisms by which we support the current societal framework, speci ically in how we construct our physical artifacts. However, they also point out that this will require a massive attitude shift and concerted effort from society.

While Lyle, McDonough and Braungart on occasion assert the vital importance of human well-being and our relation to place, it is rarely expounded upon and often lost in the hubris of eco-technophelia. They appear to hold the classical (and modernist) view that it is possible to extract human nature from culture and address it independently. They thereby fail to acknowledge the cultural constitution of human beings: “Human beings are articulated at three different but interrelated levels: what they share as members of a common species, what they derive from and share as mem-

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“Since human beings have always led organized lives, their nature has been so deeply shaped by layers of social in luences that we have no direct access to it in its raw or pristine form, and cannot easily detach what is natural from what is manmade or social.”40 “…human nature alone can never explain human behavior or justify a way of life… any moral and political theory that does so is inherently lawed.”41 The overriding message in the two earlier manifestos that technology will supply us with the means to create healthy and dynamic societies brings into question the nature of the relationship between society, technology and place.

REGENERATIVE REGIONALISM

Stephen A. Moore takes this issue to point in his book Technology and Place, where he explores the relationship between critical regionalism and 39 Parekh (2000) p.123 40 Parekh (2000) p.119 41 Parekh (2002) p. 123 (for a detailed and well ar culated discussion on this ques on see also pp.114-123) project positioning

regenerative architecture.42 Within his thesis he addresses many of the issues raised in the earlier discussions on sustainability and regenerative design, and helps to give them a theoretical framework. To begin with, Moore criticizes the technocratic approach found in the previous manifestos and maintains that “it is simply a passive form of positivism (traditional science by another name) to imagine that ecologists can repair the ecosystem in isolation from political processes.” 43 He goes on to say that Lyle’s (and one can add here McDonough and Braungart’s) de inition of regenerative systems “is lawed because it ignores the social and political constitution of an ecosystem.”44 In response to this conceptual oversight, Moore adds the following to Lyle’s de inition of regenerative design: “A regenerative architecture will seek to engage human institutions in the democratic reproduction of life enhancing places.”45 He also develops eight points for Regenerative Regionalism which is the culmination of his critique and development on both critical regionalism and regenerative design. Before delineating the contents of this list, it is important to consider Moore’s theoretical arguments that expound upon his thesis that place, technology and society are dialectically interrelated and must be addressed equally in the regenerative process.

Linking Place and Technology

Moore develops three signi icant concepts that 42 The arguments presented here, though derived from this book, are excerpted from two ar cles by Moore.

43 Moore (2005) p. 440 44 Moore (2005) p. 440 45 Moore (2005) p. 440 urban strategies

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“[act] as the glue that holds the discourse of places and technologies together”: 46 1) Places and technologies are both spatial concepts with related structures Where place is easily understood as spatial, understanding technology as a spatial concept is more complex. The basis for this concept is found in Bruno Latour’s de inition of a technological network. Latour explains that technology is not a ‘set of objects’ but rather “…the social networks that construct relationships between human knowledge, human practices, and nonhuman resources…

Technology is essentially a spatial concept because its operation depends upon the mobilization of human and nonhuman resources that exist in different places.”47 2) These qualities are dialogically related This concept is best argued by Henri Lefebvre. He develops two main points that explain the dialectic relationship between technology, place and society: “First, that social spaces are produced by technology acting upon nature…second… that each society – or each mode of production – makes its own peculiar type of space.”48 3) Modern forms of knowledge, like the economics of location, tend toward the abstract and over-determined (the outcome of events is strongly tied to structural conditions) while our understanding of ob46 Moore (2005) p. 436 47 Moore (2005) p. 436 paraphrasing Latour (1993) p. 117 48 Moore (2005) p. 437 paraphrasing Lefebvre (1974) p.

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jects and sense of place tends toward the under-determined (the outcome of events is weakly tied to structural conditions) This third concept is related to Moore’s analysis of the theoretical background of modernism, postmodernism and critical regionalism and their stance on place. However, this idea is most poignantly illustrated by John Agnew’s three scales to understand the phenomenon of place:49 Location - A geographic area encompassed by the objective structures of politics and economy Sense of place - The local ‘structure of feeling’ that pervades Being in a particular place Locale - The inter-subjective realities that give a place what conventional language would describe as ‘character’ or ‘quality of life’. It is the setting in which social relations are constituted. It is the institutional scale of living to which architecture contributes so much: the city, the public square, the block, and the neighborhood.

Moore’s third concept then speci ically points out the dialectically opposed relationship between location and sense of place thereby inferring the importance of its interlocutor: locale.

“By understanding the concept of place as a dynamic process that links humans and nonhuman in space at a variety of scales, we might get beyond the opposition between those who understand [place] as a set of objective structures and those who 49 Moore (2005) p. 437 paraphrasing Agnew (1987) p. 253 project positioning

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understand it as a set of romantic myths tied to subjective experience.” 50 By effectively interlinking these three concepts Moore helps us understand why it is so essential that any theory on the design of regenerative systems (which is inherently a technological network) addresses both place and technology on equal terms.

Locus

These three aspects of place elaborated by Agnew and brought to bear on regenerative design

by Moore, can effectively be correlated to Aldo Rossi’s de inition of locus. While Moore does not draw this correlation, Rossi’s thorough analysis of urban forms in his book Architecture and the City helps illustrate the signi icance of place and its physical manifestations in the cityscape.

One of the key notions Aldo Rossi identi ies for understanding the urban context is locus. Locus is that which de ines our relationship to a speci ic location. The locus is related to what he de ines as the collective memory (the memory of the society) and artifacts (physical forms/monuments).

It is the “intersection of space, time, form, and site of a succession of both ancient and more modern events.” 51 “[The city] is an event and a form. Thus the union between the past and the future exists in the very idea of the city that it lows through in the same way that memory lows through the life of a person; and always, in order to be realized, this idea must not 50 Moore (2005) p. 435 51 Jo Seungkoo, “Aldo Rossi: Architecture and Memory”, JAABE vol.2 no.1, (05-2003), p.233 urban strategies

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only shape but be shaped by reality. This shaping is a permanent aspect of the city’s unique artifacts, monuments, and the idea we have of it.” 52 Locus is, therefore, a crucial element in the bonding process of human relations, culture and society. These affect human activity which in turn comes to bare on all interaction including ecosystems and political constitutions.

Eight Points of Regenerative Regionalism

With the basis for these concepts understood, Moore then elaborates eight points for regenerative regionalism:53, 54 1. A regenerative architecture will construct social settings that can be lived differently.

2. So as to participate in local constellations of ideas, a regenerative architecture will participate in the tectonic history of a place.

3. The producers of regenerative architecture will participate in the construction of integrated cultural and ecological processes.

4. A regenerative architecture will resist the centers of calculation by magnifying local labor and ecological variables.

5. Rather than participate in the aestheticized politics implicit in technological displays, regenerative architecture will construct the technologies of everyday life through democratic means.

52 Rossi, Aldo, The architecture of the city, The MIT Press, (1984), p.34 53 Moore (2005) pp. 441-442 54 See Appendix B for defini ons theoretical background

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6. The technological interventions of regenerative architecture will contribute to the normalization of critical practices.

7. The practice of regenerative architecture will enable places by fostering convergent human agreements.

8. A regenerative architecture will prefer the development of life-enhancing practices to the creation of critical and historically instructive places.

Moore does not elaborate on exactly how this list is to relate to Lyle’s twelve strategies for regenerative design. However, it is clear that they are not intended as a substitution but rather a compliment and critique on Lyle’s strategies. Conclusively he adds: “A durable architecture need only delay the inevitability of decay. A sustainable [and resilient] architecture need only maintain the status quo of natural carrying capacity. A regenerative architecture, however, must concern itself with the reproduction of the institutional agreements that tie humans to the ecological conditions of a place.” 55 Moore describes society as a “dynamic process” that transforms places and technology and which is in turn transformed by these. Equally crucial to his thesis is the rejection of “the notion that technology in itself might be an autonomous agent capable of liberating humans from the oppressive

55 Moore (2005) p. 442 Brackets indicate addi on by Sigrid Östlund. project positioning

natural and/or social conditions of place.”56 By combining society, place and technology he has taken regenerative design beyond the realm of technology, and into the realm of human experience.

SOCIAL DIVERSITY AND MULTIPLICITY

While the diversity and multiplicity in relation to technological and ecological systems, and even place, have been discussed in depth by the aforementioned authors, they often allow the discussion of understanding these aspects in a social context be relegated to broad statements and be illed by the imagination of the reader. Consequently, the identi ication and discussion of what regenerative aspects exist in the social realm itself is non-existent in these texts. In discussing regenerative ecological, spatial and technical systems that must co-exist with society, it is not only interesting to discuss how society interacts as user, participant and regulator but also what inherent regenerative qualities social systems have and how these might support and bene it from evolution, creativity, rebirth and a nurturing environment of balanced growth and recovery in the physical realm. An essential aspect of regenerative systems has been proven to be the combination of diversity, multiplicity, and adaptability. Is this also true for social systems, and if so, what does this entail and what how does it affect the work of the designer of physical environments?

In a world of increasing global interaction and mass migration, cultural diversity is becoming 56 Moore (2005) p. 441 urban strategies

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a challenge and opportunity that most societies around the world are grappling with. These cultural differences create dynamics that affect the way that physical space and technology is perceived and used. Arguably, a multi-cultural society has the potential to be more regenerative in nature than a homogeneous one. Yet does this mean that a regenerative society would bene it and support a regenerative environment? These issues warrant further study, yet this paper cannot delve into an in-depth study or discussion of these. However, the following sections brie ly outline the premises for such an argument.

The Cultural Embeddedness of Human Beings

When considering the mixing of cultures in society, one must irst consider the interplay of culture and the nature of being human. Is culture irrelevant to human nature or are the two integral parts of one another? Bhiku Parekh, in his book “Rethinking Multiculturalism”, explores this complex interrelationship and argues that “human beings are born with a cluster of species-derived capacities and tendencies [human nature] and are gradually transformed by their culture into rational and moral persons.” 57 He emphasizes culture’s crucial role in structuring a person’s “perceptual and moral world, [by giving] meaning to their activities and relationships, [helping] them to make sense of themselves, and [enabling] them to make intelligent choices, and in these and other ways provide the necessary basis of their freedom and autonomy.” 58 He concludes that human “identity is a product of a dialectical interplay between the 57 Parekh (2000) p. 155 58 Parekh (2000) p. 95 paraphrasing J. Raz theoretical background

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universal and the particular, between what [we] all share and what is culturally speci ic.”59 He argues that in understanding culture’s role in society one must avoid the mistakes of the naturalists who argue “that human beings are basically the same in all societies and that [cultural] differences are shallow and morally inconsequential.”60 He also warns against the reactionary dogma of the culturalists who argue that cultures are distinct “self-acting collective agent[s]” which completely dictate how the more or less passive members are to act, and can therefore not be understood or judged except from inside its own internal laws and logic.61 Both theoretical camps assume that cultures are somehow well-de ined integrated, ixed and relatively unchanging units.

Parekh skillfully exposes the faultiness of this assumption and reveals cultural identity to be something which is much more amorphic.

However, as society grapples with the growing multiculturalism in the highly migratory and mobile world we live in today, it has become more adept at perceiving the interrelationship between an individual’s culture and her personal identity.

“We appreciate better than before that culture matters to people, that their self-esteem depends on others’ recognition and respect, and that our tendency to mistake the cultural for the natural and to unwittingly universalize our beliefs and practices causes much harm and injustice to others.”62 We are also realizing that cultures are constructions of a continuous creative reinvention through internal and external in luences over 59 Parekh (2000) p. 124 60 Parekh (2000) p. 114 61 Parekh (2000) p. 78 62 Parekh (2000) p. 8 project positioning

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time. This characteristic has become more apparent and often a source of societal con lict as our relationship to time and the interchange of ideas becomes subject to the speed of our technological framework.

Cultural Diversity and Regeneration

Cultural diversity offers the individual and cultural units the freedom and impetus to re-create themselves and adapt, in short: evolve. Thomas Fisher makes an eloquent parallel between social diversity and agricultural (or biological) diversity. Biological monocultures are subject to massive crop failures when problems arise. Diverse biological stock inhibits the spread of disease and allows lexibility and adaptability to occur between years, as well as the ability to develop new crops for new climatic conditions.

Cultural diversity similarly provides a resource that can help us appreciate our cultural roots, critique outdated beliefs, foster personal freedom, and inspire creativity. It thereby, helps avoid stagnation, internal degradation, and personal entrapment which can sometimes occur in homogeneous and isolated cultures. Parekh aptly explains this in the following argument: “Since human capacities and values conlict, every culture realizes a limited range of them and neglects, marginalizes and suppresses others...Different cultures thus correct and complement each other, expand each other’s horizon of thought and alert each other to new forms of human ful illment. The value of other cultures is independent of whether or not they are options for us. Indeed they are often valuable pre-

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cisely because they are not…Its inassimilable otherness challenges us intellectually and morally, stretches our imagination, and compels us to recognize the limits of our categories of thought. We appreciate that our culture is a product of different in luences, contains different strands of thought, and is open to different interpretations…It also encourages an internal dialogue within the culture, creates a space for critical and independent thought, and nurtures its experimental vitality.”63 Parekh further argues that cultural diversity and the exposure to the differences and similarities of different cultures is an essential element for human freedom.

“Unless human beings are able to step out of their culture, they remain imprisoned within it and tend to absolutize it, imagining it to be the only natural or self-evident way to understand and organize human life…other cultures enable them to view their own from the outside, tease out its strengths and weaknesses, and deepen their self consciousness…Since cultural diversity fosters such vital preconditions of human freedom as self-knowledge, self-transcendence and self-criticism, it is an objective good, a good whose value is not derived from individual choices but from its being an essential condition of human freedom and well-being.”64 The task for the designer who seeks to support these qualities is to create opportunities for maintaining the integrity and evolution of a diverse set 63 Parekh (2000) pp. 167-168 64 Parekh (2000) p. 168 paraphrasing Weinstock (1994) theoretical background

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of cultural identities, freedom of the individual to de ine herself in relation to these, as well as the interaction between all of the varieties that inevitably will emerge. Perhaps the most engaging and vital challenge is then for the designer to investigate how regenerative technical solutions can support and be supported by these issues of socio-cultural interaction and individual freedom.

Three Types of Cultural Diversity

If one is to create space for multi-cultural societies, one must irst endeavor to understand its dimensions. Having established irst the importance of culture, and second the importance of cultural diversity, let us now investigate the different types of diversity that can manifest itself in society: 65 Subcultural Diversity – wishes to be accepted and open up issues of personal choice (e.g. gay rights, women’s rights) Perspectival Diversity – wishes to change societal framework (green movement, religious movement) Communal Diversity – self de ined community with history and own cultural identity separate from the dominant culture (Basque, Catalan, indigenous tribes) Multiculturalism is therefore a much broader issue than ethnicity and country of origin. There can, in fact, be larger cultural differences between individuals from two socio-economic groups in one society than between two individuals who share similar socio-economic conditions in two separate societies.

65 Parekh (2000) p. 3 project positioning

Regenerative Multiculturalism

Having established the argument that multiculturalism is conducive to the regenerative qualities of social systems, one must then consider what a regenerative multiculturalism might entail. In creating human habitat that supports and fosters a multicultural society one must irst understand what the constituents and requisites are for a multicultural coexistence. “[a multicultural perspective] is dialogically constituted, and its constant concern is to keep the dialogue going and nurture a climate in which it can proceed effectively, stretch the boundaries of the prevailing forms of thought, and generate a body of collectively acceptable principles, institutions and policies…it sees itself both as a community of citizens and as a community of communities, and hence a community of communally embedded and attached individuals…The common good and the collective will that are vital to any political society are generated not by transcending cultural and other particularities, but through their interplay in the cut and thrust of a dialogue.” 66 To be regenerative, a multicultural society supports the evolution of society and encourages the invention of new ways of Being as well as improving those that already exist. Yet for this change and evolution to be constructive it must exist within an environment (social and physical) that develops a common sense of belonging among its citizens. Though Moore does not speak directly of multiculturalism, his eight points for regenerative 66 Parekh (2000) pp. 340-341 urban strategies

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regionalism are helpful guides in this discussion as they set up a framework for dialogue and social interaction.

In designing we should investigate how space can support creative expression and evolution of cultural and individual identity. This implies allowing freedom and space for cultural rituals to form and evolve while also encouraging the interaction and challenges of different viewpoints. In conclusion, creating architecture and urban environments for a multicultural society is largely about creating “a diversity of unities.” 67 And while a large part of a multicultural society is public interaction and communication, it is equally important to ponder the creation of opportunities for seclusion and the private and semi-private expression of one group’s particular strand of culture, as well as the individual’s freedom to interpret and identify with it.

THE SYSTEMIC NATURE OF A REGENERATIVE SOCIETY

Society must be understood as an evolving process that is as much about connectivity as it is about elements. Each element of society is a loose realm of constituent qualities that relate to the qualities of other realms. In other words, it is a system. This system is far from a harmonious set of relationships, and is more accurately described as a set of differences and contradictions. However, if we are to believe Heraclitus: “The inest harmony is born from differences…discord is the law of all becoming.”68 67 Fisher (2000) p. 64 68 Harvey (1996) p. 76 quo ng Heraclitus theoretical background

Harmony in this discussion effectively refers to the state of a healthy equitable world sought by the sustainability movement of the day. The topics hereto delineated in this discussion underline, however, that a ‘sustainable’ or ‘resilient’ society in fact involves a complex and dialectic system of relationships under constant evolution and is therefore most accurately de ined as a ‘regenerative’ society. Harmony in this sense can also to be understood through Whitehead’s understanding of reality as a process: “Not only is everything changing, but all is in lux. That is to say, what is is the process of becoming itself, while all objects, events, entities, conditions, structures, etc. are forms that can be abstracted from this process.” 69 The harmony of discords is then the stability of a system under continuous and constant change.

This is the reality of the stability so many seek in their visions of an equitable world.

Systems to Consider in Regenerative Design

To realize the vision of regenerative design presented in this essay, one must consider the different systems that come to bear on human habitat.

The following is a brief overview of these. While the interconnectedness and interchanges of these systems are of most import, one must irst delineate them as abstract and separate entities so that one then can begin to identify their role in the interwoven mesh of reality. One can then subsequently correlate these to design elements and strategies.

69 Harvey (1996) quo ng Whitehead (1985) p. 90 site analysis

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1) Technology – Involves material practices and processes, objects, and is inextricably tied up with human knowledge and creativity.

2) Place – A complex and broad topic. Suf ice to say that there is no limit to the qualities that are associated with place. However, particularly interesting to architectural form is its manifestation as locus. It involves aspects of space, materiality, identity, memory and ephemeral experience.

“Place is the locale of the truth of being.” 70 3) Community – Most succinctly de ined as social relations, but also is a realm where beliefs, values and desires are developed and expressed.

However, community can be as varied in its de initions as place.

4) Culture - Inextricably intertwined with language and identity. Key expressions of culture are rituals, institutions and discourse. Beliefs, values and desires are also expressed through culture as they are through community, however this does not imply that they are interchangeable between these two realms.

5) Individual Autonomy – Involves human nature and our ability to transcend and challenge that nature as well as cultural norms. It is a complex issue, yet succinctly put it is the “continuous process of self-creation by means of small and large decisions concerning signi icant areas of one’s life.” 71 6) Ecology – Most succinctly described as a material process that undergoes constant transforma70 Harvey (1996) p. 299 quo ng Mar n Heidegger 71 Parekh (2000) p. 92 paraphrasing J. Raz urban strategies

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tion, re-use and re-creation. It is the realm most associated with our relationship to non-human creatures of this earth. Ecology therefore also represents all animal and plant life with which humans must share this earth.

7) Time – Simply put: the future, present and the past. In a conceptual framework it is also caught up with our perspective of temporal processes (cyclical, linear, spiraling, or other). Time also has to do with the shared stories that help to perpetuate a shared imaginary realm of society. Most signi icant for our discussion is time’s relation to perseverance, change, evolution, and place and locus.

8) Power – Expresses itself in formal or informal regulatory structures and is fought out in the realm of politics, economy, social structures, hierarchies, institutions, and justice.

9) Diversity - Encompasses the rich variation which must exist within all other elements in order for their to be the constant regeneration of life forms, identity and creativity that constitutes a healthy persistent system. Diversity is the core aspect the lexible and evolutionary existence of life on earth. The very same qualities that are necessary for us to sustain a resilient and regenerative society.

CHANGING BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

How we imagine the future is inevitably caught up with the way the future eventually manifests itself. Like language, that is both a re lection and generator of change that builds through the engine of social interplay, cultural evolution builds momentum in the dialectic systems of our world.

A set of dialectic reactions is where effects are multiple in nature not sequential and singular, as in a set of chain reactions. This means that changes occur exponentially.

Signs that suggest a change in society’s belief systems are increasingly present. For example, the concept of ecological stewardship is becoming an important issue in all realms of human activity. Moreover, there is hope that the world is at the onset of an exponential change towards a more equitable world. However the disparity between beliefs and practices exists, in addition to the greater and deeper problem of denial that the world is indeed in trouble.72 Addressed in this essay are philosophies and practices that could converge with these emerging beliefs and result in a positive future.

tion through diversity and multiplicity.

If all resources are caught up in maintaining the status quo, there is no lee-way for innovation and experimentation. At the moment society is dangerously close to consuming all of the resources available for the industrial re-evolution of which McDonough and Braungart speak, and the transition to regenerative societal practices Lyle, and Moore suggest. By continuing our current path, we risk falling into a downward spiral of mass dystopia. Sooner or later, society will learn to live with their local ecology and, of necessity, employ regenerative practices. The issue at stake is if we are capable of carrying through with this inevitable change before the onset of dystopia. Designers have a signi icant role to play in both the preparation for and the encouragement of this transition.

Spatial designers must understand the social, technological, and cultural forces that affect and are affected by our physical environment in order to be able to begin the journey towards a healthy and viable future.

Conclusively, where sustainable development aims are to continue growth without harm and resilient development the ability to persevere, regenerative development aims to enrich and interweave ecological, industrial and social systems so as to foster a productive relationship between the human species and their nonhuman counterparts. A regenerative system reserves resources for future use, fosters prosperity, and provides a framework for creativity, adaptation and evolu72 See Appendix C on beliefs and prac ces

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EcoDesign Natural integration by design Author: Ante Flygare

Our health and quality of life much depends on the health and quality of our natural environment.

We find it relevant to utilize this knowledge as far as possible in all architectural projects.

Nature provides us with a great number of services; primary productivity (photosynthesis, oxygen production, CO2 fixation into plant material, etc); pollination; biological control of diseases; supply, regulation and purification of water; waste recycling and pollution control; nutrient cycling; raw materials production; climate and atmospheric regulation; etc. These fundamental functions of nature is the basis for human life. To ensure the continued existence of these services it’s vital to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems.

A sustainable ecosystem is based on a balance over time between the outputs and inputs of energy and materials. This steady state should be the goal for all human made design.

What is Ecodesign

Ecodesign is not about proscribing one material or system in favour of another, but rather about the overall perception of how man-made environments can be integrated in a seamless and symbiotic relationship with the natural surroundings.

The Malaysian - British architect Ken Yeang has actively worked with issues concerning ecological building since the mid -70s. Yeang became famous for his ideas about vertical farms and vegitecture

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which integrates organic material as an element of construction.76 Yeang claims that there is a big difference between classical engineering and an ecological approach to design. The firstmentioned starts from the end, with the goal of production and the outcome. The later approach begins with the environmental preconditions and the nature is allowed to direct the design.77 The main objective of EcoDesign is environmental integration by design.

Integration with nature

Randolph T Hester writes in Design for Ecological Democracy: “A primary lesson of ecology is that everything is interconnected in one single web of life. Every action in the urban landscape causes an opposite equivalent and many secondary reactions and side effects, which may be invisible, unknown, and harmful to us.”78

But what if there’s another side of that picture.

What if we could reach the symbiotic effects mentioned earlier. The keys to reach such achievements is knowledge, humbleness and generosity towards nature itself. Every action taken doesn’t 76 http://danstewart.building.co.uk, 031209 77 Yeang Ken., EcoDesign, a manual for ecological design, Wiley-Academy, UK, (2006), p.24 78 Hester Randolph. T., Design for Ecological Democracy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, (2006), p.49 project positioning

lead to invisible, unknown harm but with the right strategies nature could benefit from our actions, as we do from nature. Therefore natural integration or connectedness within nature is important to learn from and to use as a guideline and precedent for all planning and architectural design.

Generally sustainable design has as a goal to minimize the harm or impact on the natural environment. EcoDesign aims for a full integration with the natural environment, including reusing, recycling or assimilation with the nature of all waste materials (solids, gases, liquids) from the built environment. The natural environment is to be considered as a host instead of as a resource.

Another way of integrating nature is to derive advantages from natural services like water management, raw material extraction and food production. City design that incorporates urban farming helps to reduce the energy footprint of eating. It also results in more stable and resilient urban environments. The more resources that have to be imported, the less resilient the city.

This is true when it comes to food, water, energy and any raw or processed materials needed in the city.

Yeang formulates this bio-integration from three separate levels;79 Physical integration is the geographical and locational integration of our built 79 Yeang, p.27

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environment with the natural environment. It should strive for minimal ecological disturbance and maximum ecological benefits; Systemic integration is the integration of the flows (air, water, etc), functions and processes of our built environment with those of the ecosystems.

Temporal integration is the way the building uses the environment at sustainable rates.

Ecodesign is partly based on ecomimicry which differs in scale from biomimicry. While biomimicry imitates organisms and structures ecomimicry adopts the properties, structure, functions and processes of whole ecosystems. We don’t have to invent our built environment from scratch if we use the knowledge about nature. In most senses nature is far more complex, beautiful and sustainable than what we can ever come up with.

Some ecosystems properties worth imitating are80; Elimination of the concept of waste. Waste 80 Yeang, p.48-53

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is a human phenomena. In nature everything is reintegrated into the ecosystems; Efficient use of energy. Some algae and bacteria are able to use 95% of the energy that reaches them through sun light; High structural diversity and spatial efficiency. There are three forms of diversity in ecosystems: species-, functional- and structural diversity. The last one refers to size, shape and distribution of species and habitats to optimize the use of space and energy; Complexity. Studies and imitation of connections in ecosystems is a fruitful way to improve connections between parts of the built environment and between manmade and natural systems.

The EcoDesign method

Yeang has developed a method, or rather an instruction manual, to be used mainly in architectural work but also in product design, process design, business management, design of energy systems, etc. He proscribes guidelines not only project positioning

about the actual design but also for manufacturing, transportation, assembling, disassembling, reuse, recycling and reintegration in nature. The manual, organized and presented in the book EcoDesign, consists of 31 steps or categories. He divides the method of ecodesign into four parts: 1) the designed system itself

2) the environment surrounding the designed system 3) the input of energy and materials

4) the output of energy and materials

The method can be both a theoretical and a practical resource. It can be used as a source of inspiration or as a checklist, but not in the same way as checklists provided by standards such as LEED or BREEAM. These standards have the purpose of certifying certain qualities, but ecodesign is more of a working tool. urban strategies

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31 steps of EcoDesign

Step 25 - input and output

Step 1 - to build or not to build

Step 26 - minimize energy use

Step 2 - level of permanence

Step 27 - waste management

Step 3 - rules for energy use

Step 28 - design for disassembly

Step 4 - ecological history

Step 29 - comparing materials

Step 5 - ecological functions

Step 30 - preserving ecosystem services

Step 6 - defining boundaries

Step 31 - reassessing the design

Step 7 - organic/inorganic integration Step 8 - continuing ecosystems Step 9 - the heat island effect Step 10 - traffic

Step 11 - integration with the urban patterns Step 12 - indoor climate strategies Step 13 - the passive mode Step 14 - the mixed mode Step 15 - the full mode

Step 4 - ecological history...

... deals with analysis of the site and the natural environment. Ecosystems can be divided into the seven categories81 described in the adjacent table.

Mature ecosystems, characterized by high biodiversity and little human interference; Immature ecosystems, that are in the process of regeneration; Simplified ecosystems, where the natural complexity has been reduced, by for instance controlled burning or forestry; Mixed artificial ecosystems, like gardens, parks and agro-forestry areas; Monoculture ecosystems, mainly productive areas like agricultural fields or replanted forests for timber; Zeroculture ecosystems, typically urban or industrial areas where most traces of the ecological history is removed; Contaminated ecosystems, like abandoned industrial land. The first on the

Step 16 - the productive mode Step 17 - the composite mode

Step 18 - integration of biomass

Step 19 - rain water management

Step 20 - sewage water management Step 21 - urban agriculture

Step 22 - minimize material use Step 23 - vertical greenery Step 24 - light and noise theoretical background

All the steps are described in Appendix D. Even though all steps are highly relevant to reach sustainable or regenerative solutions and all steps have been considered in our work, we have chosen to primarily work with the following in our design:

list has the highest biodiversity, the best natural control processes and the least need for human maintenance. The later the ecosystem appears in the list, the more suitable for exploitation.

Analyzing the ecosystem on the site determines which of the following design strategies to use: Step 5 - ecological functions...

...is a study of the ecosystems characteristics, functions, structure, processes, etc. Ways to improve physical integration are; establish limits of change and protect fragile parts of the site; introduce biodiversity enhancement into already built areas; repair and restore previously damaged areas.

Ecosystem Type

Design strategy

Ecologically mature

Preserve and conserve. Avoid any building or build carefully to prevent disturbance.

Ecologically immature

Preserve and conserve. Build on areas of least impact on existing ecosystems.

Ecologically simplified

Preserve and conserve. Build om low impact areas and increase biodiversity.

Mixed artificial

Conserve. Build on low impact areas and increase biodiversity.

Monoculture

Increase biodiversity. Build on areas of non-productive potential. Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

Zeroculture

Increase biodiversity and organic mass. Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

Contaminated

Assess cause of damage and source of contamination. Decontaminate.

Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

81 Yeang, p.99 site analysis

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A starting point for the analysis is making a ecological site map including an inventory of the present species including; their numbers and distribution over the site; a hierarchy of the species to determine which are most valuable to the functioning of the ecosystem; topographic maps; solar paths and wind directions; natural drainage; view points; etc.

Step 7 - organic/inorganic integration...

...describes the balance between organic and inorganic elements and the need to integrate them.

Yeang throws light upon the advantages with integrating biomass in buildings; CO2 absorption; natural pollutant control; control of rainwater runoff; shadowing; temperature and humidity control; reducing of wind speeds; food production; etc. The most obvious way of using organic materials in a building is on the roofs and terraces but Yeang also advocates vertical greenery by using the facades.

Parallel to the use of organic materials in buildings is the pattern of greenery in the city. Yeang forms strategies to link these two parallel patterns and claims the need of unbroken ecological corridors as a step in the rehabilitation of zeroculture ecosystems within the city landscape.82 Step 8 - continuing ecosystems...

...deal with how to enhance biodiversity by improving ecological linkages and conserving continuity of ecosystems. Continuity is important for migrating species as well as for the balance of food chains. One of the main ideas is to prevent roads and other built structures from becoming ecological barriers. A way to solve the problem is 82 Yeang, p.138

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to create vegetated land-bridges (ecoducts) that allows animals and plants to continuously spread across the potential barrier. Yeang equals the ecological corridors with the planning of unbroken bicycle paths, water management systems and other infrastructure networks.

Step 11 - integration with the urban patterns...

...such as existing infrastructures of utilities and roads. One of the main goals with ecodesign is to integrate the building with its natural environment. This also counts for its surrounding urban systems. A way of integration in the urban context is to recycle waste in a efficient way. The waste management systems should be grouped in the same cycle as energy production, to utilise biogas harvesting and provide district heating. Another way of integration is to carefully adjust the layout of the city pattern to the topography. This reduce the environmental impact and saves cost at the same time.

Step 19 - rain water management...

...like the harvesting of storm water. Instead of letting rain water flow directly into sewage pipes it should be taken care of through a slower and more site specific process. Green roofs, ponds and canals would decrease the pressure on the urban sewage systems and make it possible to harvest water for watering plants, flushing toilets and even for food production, e.i. fish breeding and urban agriculture.

Step 20 - sewage water management...

...is important since sewage water contributes with a considerable part of the total output from a building. Integration with the ecosystems demand strategies to minimize all such output project positioning

and conventional waste water treatment doesn’t.

One possible strategy is to use ecosanitation, i.e. using black water from toilets to produce biogas and fertilizer for farming. Another is to clean the sewage water on site through natural processes, described in the book, and only allow clean water to be discharged into the ecosystem.

Step 21 - urban agriculture...

... corresponds well with the integration, multifunctionality and re-vegetation proscribed in ecodesign. Yeang points out that a city with 1 million inhabitants use 1.8 million kg (4 million pounds) of food every 24 hours83. Most of this food have been transported over long distances and is produced by a total dependency on fossil fuels and nitrate based fertilizers. By establishing fish breeding, switching to utility plants in parks and by building growing lots and greenhouses on top of function areas, such as parking lots, the urban food production could contribute to the food supply.

Locating food production in urban areas also reduce transportation needs since much of our organic waste could be used locally as compost.

Urban agriculture can be integrated in the building itself by utilizing balconies roof terraces and facades.

Step 23 - vertical greenery...

...is a design help to provide for a vertical integration of biomass in buildings. One way is to create large vertical slots or cuts in the buildings and use these to enhance daylight, natural ventilation and to ad vegetation into the core of the building.

Yeang propose spiralling ramps and terraces that 83 Yeang, p.280

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continually bring the biomass up and also down to below ground level. The physical integration should be followed by a systemic integration by recycling of nutrients, rainwater management and enhancing of biodiversity.

Step 26 - minimize energy use...

...starts with relating to the first steps where the design brief is addressed. The actual need for the building have to be determined, i.e. the permanence of the building and the user demands. To know how much energy a building really consumes there have to be an analysis of the managing of the building throughout its lifetime and also for the total embodied energy. This include all energy used to produce, transport and assemble all the building parts. Some strategies to conserve energy is; polluter pays principle84 in the material production face, which makes the responsible part pay for the pollution produced; exact inventory of needed material before start building; information and education of the users to change their energy consumption; installation of separate metering systems for all tenants. We have a lot to learn from nature where most species have learned to use as little energy as possible.

Step 27 - waste management...

...is one of the steps where ecomimicry comes to use. Since waste is a resource in ecosystems this should be the basis also in ecodesign. Waste utilisation can be carried out within the building or in a wider context, i.e. compost, district heating facilities or biogas production. The aim is to minimize the waste output and to assure that the waste isn’t harmful for nature. Waste management include 84 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle, 100101 theoretical background

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the pollution emitted from the building and it’s important to do emission analysis simultaneously with the site analysis to prevent harm on fragile ecosystems. In this step Yeang comes back to the concept of reuse, recycle and reintegrate (RRR).

Along with CO2, SO2, radioactive waste, nutrients, etc, Yeang consider the housing stock itself as an output, following the idea of RRR.85 These ideas of waste as a resource is much related to cradle-tocradle design developed by William McDonough.

Step 30 - preserving ecosystem services...

If the ecosystem services (i.e. oxygen production, cleaning air, food production, material production, etc) are going to work properly there’s some basics that have to be provided for. The system must have a certain degree of biodiversity, no toxic substances should be added, the extraction of biomass must correlate to the regrowth, etc.

The reintegration of material in the ecosystems have to be made in a way that the decomposition doesn’t change or harm the nature. This step is a general reminder of the necessity of healthy ecosystems and that all our actions somehow interplay with them.

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Yeang’s principals also place little attention on social, cultural and community issues. In regards to urban systems an economically and socially diverse city is resilient over time. The journalist and author Paul Hawkens claims that there are obvious connections between biological diversity, economical diversity and resilience.

“A community that can provide many of its necessities locally will be less affected by the national and world economy, It can prosper in good times, [and] will be more resilient in bad.”86

Hence in the design should approach solutions both from an ecocentric and an anthropocentric point of view and let nature take place in the city and the city take place in nature.

Diversity and integration

Just as important as the integration of nature, is the diversity within nature and within urban systems. The natural diversity has to be of a selective kind, which means that biodiversity has to be locally generated. The same biodiversity everywhere doesn’t give resilient solutions. Therefore it is of highest priority to adjust the guidelines given in Yeang’s EcoDesign and similar methods to fit local conditions.

85 Yeang, p.348

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86 Hawken Paul, The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability, Harper Business, USA, (1993), p.146 urban strategies

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Contiguous Urban Regenerative Environments Towards a conceptual framework for urban design

While there is much overlap and a high level of correlation between Regenerative Design and Eco-design principals, each also add aspects to the other. Lyle’s definition of Regenerative Design and Yeang’s definition of Eco-Design is also similar in what they lack, and therefore additional principals and methods must be added. The previous essays have addressed these missing elements by discussing principals from other sources and developing new ones. Through the combination of these principals in the theoretical and practical investigations of this thesis, a conceptual framework for Contiguous87 Urban Regenerative Environments (C.U.R.E.) has emerged. The work has lead to an initial set of principals and praxis for the design of socially and ecologically regenerative urban environments.

A point of departure for C.U.R.E.

The aim of this thesis is to begin a discussion on what a Contiguous Urban Regenerative Environment might entail, and how it could be implemented on a given site. Additional investigations are needed in order to elaborate the precise 87 Merriam-Webster definition for contiguous: Latin origin: contiguus, from contingere - to have contact with - being in actual contact: touching along a boundary or at a point - next or near in time or sequence - touching or connected throughout in an unbroken sequence

framework, structures, hierarchies, definitions, and methodology for this topic.

Issues brought to light by the two previous essays provide us with an outline for what a theory and methodology of C.U.R.E. would consider and develop further.

Basic Principals

>> Society must incorporate key practices and aspects of ecosystems into design in order to achieve a healthy, equitable world, capable of sustaining life. >> Cultural embeddedness, place-making and identity is as vital to human well-being and habitat as shelter, water, food and waste processing. >> Elements and systems that are interdependent rely upon a contiguous relationship with one another.

>> Because “all ecosystems include human influence and most include human presence”88 the responsibility of maintaining healthy ecosystems lies with humanity.

Praxis

- integrate man-made environments in a seamless and symbiotic relationship with natural surroundings 88 Lyle, p.22

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- seek solutions that “provide for the continuous replacement, through [their] own functional processes, of the energy and materials used in [their] operation.” 89

- seek solutions and processes that “engage human institutions in the democratic reproduction of life enhancing places.”90 - seek contiguous patterns and synergistic relationships in natural and man-made systems and forms - develop solutions that foster ecological stewardship

- support existing ecosystems and regenerate well-being into ailing ones - foster abundance through the elimination of the concept of waste (treat waste as a resource) - use energy, materials and space efficaciously

- develop and support complexity, creativity, multiplicity and diversity - support productivity that remains within the limits and pace of natural reproduction and evolution

- provide opportunities for cultural identification and interchange as well as the autonomy that allows individuals to challenge cultural norms 89 Ibid, p.4 90 Moore, p.440

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- address the systemic nature of society, ecology, and their physical environments

- address present issues, systems and forms in their temporal context - use processes naturally occurring in ecosystems to manage water, air and soil replenishment - foster diversity through the unity of differences

Place Ecosystems Habitat

Society and Culture

Systemic relationships

Ecological stewardship

Identity

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Project area: Gullbergsvass

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Site Analysis A Framework for Analysis

If one is to create contiguous and regenerative conditions within an area and its surroundings, one must first understand the pre-existing quantitative and qualitative aspects of the place.

As a starting point in the development of a methodology for urban development, a thorough site analysis was therefore conducted.

The framework for the analysis has been drawn in part from Rossi’s analysis of urban form, in particular his notion of locus1, Lynch’s notion of a legible city2, and Yeang’s steps of Eco-design.3

Time

- human history - ecological history - change and evolution Community

- role in the local cultural identity - cultural zones and institutions - public spaces and meeting points Form

- current physical and spatial conditions - artifacts (physical and spatial) Function

The sections highlighted in orange are the industrial harbour areas of Göteborg. Most are either currently being developed into vibrant city districts or plan to be in the future. theoretical background

The general categories for guiding the inquiries on the following pages are:

1 See p.18 2 Lynch Kevin, The Image of the City, MIT Press, (1960) 3 See Appendix D

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- Human use - Ecological use - Elements pertaining to ecosystem functions urban strategies

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Why Gullbergsvass?

The project area, Gullbergsvass is located in the city of Göteborg (Gothenburg), Sweden. It is a former industrial harbour, and though most industry has left the area, it continues to manifest a character of large scale transport, docking and reloading. Though it is near the busiest part of the city, it practically does not exist for most residents. However, everyone knows the characteristic Gasklockan and Skansen Lejonet as they are iconic artifacts in the city landscape and history.

View from Gullberget looking north

Gullbergsvass is one of the largest of several old industrial harbour sites in Göteborg that either have begun, or are expected to undergo, a complete transformation into vibrant city districts. It also holds an advantageous location near the city center and the river Göta Älv, Because of this, it is one of the most interesting places for development for the city.4 How exactly one might go about the transformation of such an area is an interesting dilemma many cities are facing today. From a C.U.R.E. perspective, it is advantageous to develop these areas as they have already been heavily exploited and are often near the city center. Such sites offer the city an opportunity to improve the city fabric, increase density and grow without encroaching on the natural surroundings. As there is little or no ecosystem left on these sites, they also offer humanity the chance to give back some of what it once took from nature.

4 Göteborg Stad, ÖP-99 (Göteborg Comprehensive Plan), Del 1, Kap 5, (2001), p.102

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Cooling Tower and Brick Buildings

Train tracks leading to Central Station

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Säveån

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250m

500m

Göta Älv

Göta Älvsbron

“Drömmarnas Kaj” Gullbergs Strandgata Gullbergs Strandgata Falutorget

Lilla Bommen

Gasklockan

Sä

ve

ån

Stadstjänaregatan

Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45) Gullbergsvass junction

ån

G

way

E6

Packhusgatan

e

lb

ul

s rg

Nils Ericson Terminal

sgatan

Drottningtorget

Fa

ttig

hu

High

Kruthu

Central Station

Skansen Lejonet Olskroks Junction

så

n

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Odinsplatsen

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Gullbergs strandgata and Läppstiftet 4

Interstate E6 and Marieholm’s Tower

Drömmarnas Kaj

Skansen Lejonet

Gasklockan

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Train tracks leading to Central Station

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General facts Boundaries

The area is defined by Göta Älv in the north, Säveån and E6 in the east, Göta Älv bridge in the west, and an extensive band of railroad tracks in the south.

Size

The size of Gullbergsvass is about 1200m x 700m, or 100 hectares, which is as much as 150 football fields. It is larger in size than the historic core of Göteborg, i.e. the size of the first city plan.

The furthest point of Gullbergsvass from the Central Station and Nils Ericson city bus terminal is 1,4 km away as the bird flies.

Topography

1,4 km

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The topography in the area is basically flat with 11.0m at the harbour and 12,0m at the train tracks (the river of Göta Älv is at 10m) with the exception of Gullberget which reaches the height of 32,0 m.

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Prior to the founding of the city

1623

1659

1888

1923

2010

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History

Hultmans Holme

In the north west part of Gullbergsvass there was a small islet called Hultmans Holme. After the land reclamation in 1859 the name was used for a larger area along the river starting at Lilla bommen and ending at the interstate E6 and highway 45 junction (Gullbergsvass junction). The official name was changed from Hultmans Holme to Gullbergsvass in 1923.8

The name Gullbergsvass is derived from the 20 meter high stone outcropping called Gullberget located in the southeast corner of the area. In 1303 Gullberg’s castle was erected on Gullberget to defend the Swedish lands from invaders. After the foundation of Göteborg in 1621 the fortification of Gullberget was readdressed. In 1687-1689 the present fortlet, Skansen Lejonet, was therefore built and remains in its original form.

The first buildings on Hultmans holme were erected in the 1860s and during the 1880s several industries were established along the newly built quays. The most dominating of these being the gas company which produced gas for the city between 1888 and 1969. Large portions of Gullbergsvass were dominated by piles of coal awaiting to be turned into gas and stored in Gasklockan before being distributed throughout the city. Gasklockan and Pagodan (the old tobacco factory) are reminders of the early industrial period and remain as significant landmarks in the region.

The rest of Gullbergsvass consisted of meadows, wetland and the river, Göta Älv, which was considerably larger than today. The wetland added to the defensibility of the city (as troops move slowly through such terrain) and was one of the factors which made Göteborg’s location advantageous.5 The area was drained and filled in 1859 and some of the area was used for cultivation until the turn of the century.6 In 1864 the city council of Göteborg approved a plan for the expansion of the city. Gullbergsvass was included but was never developed according to the plans (image 7).7

5 Skansen Lejonet (1687-89) and the adjoining wetlands of Gullbergsvass were strategic tools for defending the city of Göteborg.

In the 1880s parts of Hultmans Holme were also developed as residential areas with the traditional landshövdinge style houses. These were demolished during the second half of the 1900s and no residential housing has been built in the area since.9 There was also a bath house in the area between 1875 and 1916: Löfströmska Kallbadinrättningen (image 8). It was an open-air bath facility in Göta älv. Because of its position it was torn down when

5 Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser Fas Två - Fallstudie Gullbergsvass, (01-2009), p.9 6 Karlsson J. H., Gullbergsvass- Hultmans holme. Stadsdelshistoria, Föreningen Gamla Holmepojkar, (1951), p.23-29 7 ibid, p.39 theoretical background

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8 Birgersson Lisbeth, Wrigglesworth Trad, Industrihistorisk inventering av Göteborgsområdet, Länsstyrelsen i Göteborgs och Bohus län, (1984), p.55 9 Ibid, p.56 site analysis

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Gullbergsvass

7 City plan of Gullbergsvass, approved in 1864. The plan links Gullbergsvass to Stampen with a road to Odinsplatsen and an extensive park where Skansen Lejonet is a focal point. It also includes a canal approximately where Mårten Krakowsgatan is today.

6 Map from 1777 showing most of Gullbergsvass under water. This view would repeat itself with a 0,5m sea level rise coupled with extreme storm flooding.

EXTREMA VÄDERHÄNDELSER FAS 2

FALLSTUDIE GULLBERGSVASS, JANUARI 2009

8 The Löfströmska Kallbadinrättningen (Cold bathing facility) was located in Göta Älv near Gullbergsvass until the new bridge was built in 1916. theoretical background

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9 Picture of the area before 1950, showing Ringö canal (left) prior to it being filled in.

Gasklockan is clearly visible in Gullbergsvass.

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the old bridge over Göta Älv was rebuilt.10 Today the water in Göta Älv is considered unsafe for bathing. However, new plans for bathing in the river have been considered by creating basins in the river that filter the river water for recreational bathing near the city center (Skeppsbron).

10 Aerial photograph taken in 1938 showing gas company and the expansion of the train tracks.

Flygfotogra över gasverket medthe omgivningar år 1938.

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The railway came to the area during the 1850s, when parts of Gullbergsvass were drained and tracks were laid for a train route between Göteborg and Stockholm, called Västra Stambanan.11 Additional railways were added as time went on such as Bergslagsbanan, tram lines, local trains and cargo tracks for industry. The Central Station and Berglagsbanan’s station (Vita Huset) are two landmarks brought to the region by the railways.

Transformations during 1900s are characterized by a lack of planning and vision for the area. This has resulted in making Gullbergsvass a chaotic mix of office buildings, shops, light to heavy industry, shipping and storage facilities.

11 Gullbergs quay was an active industrial harbour through the mid 1900s. Pagodan and Gasklockan are clearly visible icons in the industrial landscape.

10 Olson B., Svenson C., Hamnbilder från Göteborg, Wezäta, Sweden, (1981) 11 Karlsson, p.64-65

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Landmarks Of Cultural and Historical Value12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Skansen Lejonet Jewish Cemetery Brick Buildings & Cooling Tower Gasklockan Pagodan Vita Huset The Central Station Drömmarnas Kaj

11

8

Other 9 Nils Ericson Bus Terminal 10 Läppstiftet

4

3 13

Potential Landmarks

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11 Marieholm Tower 12 Göta Älv Bridge 13 The Concrete Factory

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1

10 2

6

9 7 250m

500m

12 Lönnroth Gudrun, Kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse - del 1, Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Göteborgs Stad, (1999) theoretical background

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Jewish Cemetery (1792)

The first Jewish cemetery and chapel in the city of Göteborg was built in a classic Moorish style. It suffers damage from the vibrations caused by the passing trains.

Skansen Lejonet (1687-1689)

The fortlet Skansen Lejonet on Gullberget was built in 1687-1689 by Erik Dahlberg, one the most famous Swedish architects at the time, and was used for military purposes until it was left empty in 1942. In 1975 the building was rented

by Götiska Förbundet, and their contract runs out in 2025. Today the building is used for the gatherings of Götiska Förbundet, and is occasionally rented out for special events.13

Gasklockan (The Gasometer) (1888) Brick Buildings & Cooling Tower (1889)

The cast iron cooling tower and two brick buildings beside it were built around the same time for the gas company of Gullbergsvass.

Gasklockan is the most significant landmark in Gullbergsvass and highly visible from the entire city. It is the one remaining structure left from the gas company that dominated Gullbergsvass from 1888 to 1969. The old gasometer is 84 meters high and 45 meters in diameter, and is an important artefact in the industrial history of the area and city.

13 http://www.skansenlejonet.se/historia.aspx, 25-01-2010 theoretical background

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Vita Huset (The White House) (1881)

Vita Huset was built to serve as the train station for Bergslagsbanan and was used for this purpose until 1930. Since then it has been used as office space for administration and a number of different businesses. The building’s name derives from its characteristic white facade.

The location of the building and its monumentality makes it a significant part of the experience of entering Gullbergsvass from the west.

Pagodan (1917)

Snusfabriken, also known as Pagodan, is owned by the Swedish tobacco company and is a reminder of the industrial history of Gullbergsvass. Built in 1917, its design was inspired by architecture from the orient. It currently contains a diverse array business types and sizes.

The regional government of Västra Götaland have plans to use the building for office space in the future.14

14 pers. com. Cecilia Strömmer, Älvstranden Utveckling AB, Project department, 08-02-2010 theoretical background

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Central Station (1858)

The central station was built in 1858 and drawn

by Adolf Wilhelm Edelsvärd, the chief architect of the Swedish railway company at the time. The building was changed in 1920 and an additional building was erected in 2003. The central station is linked to Nils Ericson bus terminal and serves about 40 000 travellers every day.15 15 http://www.jernhusen.se/templates/ Page.aspx?id=982, 25-01-2010 urban strategies

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Drömmarnas Kaj (1960s) (The Quay of Dreams)

Nils Ericson Terminal (1996)

Drömmarnas Kaj has been a place where local boat enthusiasts have tied up their dreams over the last half century. The promenade has been a source of inspiration for numerous local artists and musicians as it is such a unique environment.

The boats found here are primarily large metal boats of a utilitarian sort which underscores the industrial character of Gullbergsvass. They are found in a varying state of repair and rarely leave the dock. The quay itself is littered with rusting boat parts or other paraphernalia that supports the hobbyists fantasies and leisure activities. These artifacts at times resemble pieces of art rather than refuse. There are grills made of left over ship chimney stacks, antique motors, make-shift tables made from some now unidentifiable piece of machinery, etc. Besides the boats themselves, the structures associated with the Drömmarnas Kaj are a number of containers and a club house which is under construction.

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The main bus terminal of Göteborg was drawn by the Norwegian architect Niels Torp and awarded with the prestigious Kaspar Salin prize in architectural excellence.

There are about 1000 bus departures from the terminal every day16 and together with the central station and the tram junction at Drottningtorget it is at the heart of Göteborg’s public transportation system.

Läppstiftet (The Lipstick)

Just outside of Gullbergsvass, on the west side of Göta Älv bridge, is a high rise building which, because of its shape and color, goes by the name Läppstiftet (The Lipstick). Its volume is comparable to Gasklockan, and is a highly visible landmark in the city.

16 http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_ Ericsonterminalen, 25-01-2010

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Marieholm Tower On the southwest point of Marieholm, between Göta älv and the mouth of the river Säveån, there is a high cylindrical industrial building that is of similar shape to Gasklockan and is highly visible from the harbour of Gullbergsvass.

While it is not a landmark in its current state, it could easily become so with the new development in the area as it is highly visible and a preeminent feature in the landscape.

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Göta Älv Bridge

Concrete Factory

Considering the ambition of the municipality to better connect the two sides of the river and make both river fronts into vibrant city districts, it would be advisable to design the new bridge so that it becomes an attractive landmark in the city center.

If the factory stays in the area, its size and placement gives it the potential to become a significant landmark welcoming people to Gullbergsvass and Göteborg. However, in its current condition it is more of an eye sore than a landmark and new facades should be considered in order to make it an attractive element in the urban context.

The 20 meters wide bridge was built in 1939 replacing an old bridge from 1874. Its vertical clearance is 19.5 meters and it opens about 1000 times a year. The bridge has served out and must be replaced before 2020.

project positioning

Close to Gasklockan, on the opposite side of Mårten Krakowsgatan, is a concrete factory owned by Cementa company. It is clearly visible for anyone approaching central Göteborg by car on highway 45.

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45

Surrounding regions and Social Context

There are five distinct regions surrounding Gullbergsvass. However only three of these contain a vibrant social character (Nordstaden, Olskroken and Stampen).

Marieholm

Nordstaden

Nordstaden is part of the historical center of Göteborg and can be divided into three zones:

Ringön

1) A river front which contains harbour activities, offices, entertainment and tourist attractions, and a community meeting center (Älvrummet). It has been undergoing extensive changes and includes numerous cultural and highly visible landmarks.

2) The central public transportation hub for the city and region, as well as the main hub for bus and train connections to distant cities and countries.

3) A highly active area containing residences, offices and shops, historical buildings, municipal centers, museums, and other tourist attractions.

It includes the largest indoor shopping galleria in Scandinavia with around 180 shops and restaurants and 150 offices.17

Stampen

Stampen consists of dense city blocks with a mix of housing, office and commercial activities. The area is based on a city plan from 1866 where the main streets are laid out in a radial pattern with Odinsplatsen as the center point18 and a clear intended connection to Gullbergsvass.

1

2 Olskroken

1 2

Stampen

Nordstaden 3

Surrounding Regions and Social Context

250m

500m

Areas with a strong social identity Areas that generally lack social identity

17 http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstan, 25-01-2010 18 http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampen, 02-02-2010 theoretical background

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There are two cemeteries located in the area: Stampen cemetery and the Jewish cemetery.

These make Stampen one of the greenest areas surrounding Gullbergsvass.

Olskroken

Olskroken is separated into two distinct areas by the railway: 1) The area that directly boarders Gullbergsvass is a highly industrial and transportation based zone.

2) The socially vibrant area that contains residences and commercial activities is strongly separated from Gullbergsvass by numerous transportation barriers, including the above mentioned industrial zone.

Olskroken also includes shorelines of Säveån and Gullbergsån. Säveån is a EU protected wildlife habitat.19

Ringön Located north of Gullbergsvass, on the other side of Göta Älv, one finds an industrial zone of Hissings island: Ringön. Like Gullbergsvass it was once a wetland, known as one of the richest habitats for birds in Europe.21 In the 1870s the area was filled in and became an island separated by Göta älv in the south and Ringkanalen (filled in during the 1950s) in the north (image 9).

Today it is a typical industrial and logistics area completely based on transport. There are no high rise buildings and the visual connection from Gullbergsvass is dominated by cranes and buildings of stockroom aesthetics.

However, due to its central location, Ringön is considered to be an important area for the future development of Göteborg22 and is likely to become a vibrant city district with residences, offices and commercial activities.

Marieholm Marieholm is dominated by industrial buildings and logistics and has very little social activity to speak of. Amongst the industrial activities in the area there are several recycling businesses and a large composting center where biogas and soil is created from urban waste.

The Säveån shoreline is a prominent feature along the boarder of the area. There is also a large cylindrical building that is visible from Gullbergsvass and reminiscent of Gasklockan.20

19 see p. 63 20 see p. 44

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21 Liljedal J. et al, En kartläggning och analys av Ringön och dess utvecklingsmöjligheter, Master theses, Göteborg University of Business Economics, (2002), pp.15-17 22 http://www.alvstranden.com/default. aspx?id=154&navId=56, 02-02-2010 project positioning

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Human use and Social FABRIC

Gullbergsvass can be divided into six distinct areas. They are distinguishable by the nature of activities within them as well as the physical barriers that divide them. However, the only areas that can be identified as having an active and vibrant social identity are areas 3 and 5.

6 5 4

2 3

1

Human Use and Social Fabric

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500m

Areas with a strong social identity Areas that generally lack social identity

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Area 1:

There is little social character to speak of in area 1.

It primarily contains parking for a number of vehicle types: trains, cars, buses, and lorries. There are a number of smaller logistics and transport companies in the area as well as maintenance garages, gas stations, and a number of offices (most significantly the central post office).

Area 2:

There is little social character to speak of in area 2. Parking and logistics are the main activities in the area. It is dominated by the large goods terminal which is used by several companies. There is also a tanking station, a cement plant, and several offices (located in Vita huset).

Skansen Lejonet is located in this area and contains a public meeting room. The natural areas surrounding Skansen Lejonet provides a small amount of greenery and habitat for a number of creatures.

Area 3:

Area 3 is the only area that resembles a city neighborhood, however it is primarily a business district with no residential qualities. There are a number of small and large offices in the area, as well as several restaurants, services and shops.

The Pagoda building includes light industry, workshops, studios and second-hand shops.

The quay is primarily used for parking, however among the boats docked in this area is a ship used as a hotel (Hotel Ibis).

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Area 4:

There is little social character to speak of in area 4. In this area there are a number of offices, some shops, a snus factory, Renova (recycling center), Park och Natur (organization in charge of maintaining parks and natural areas in the city), Gasklockan, and several industrial and storage facilities. It also includes a small amount of largely fenced off natural landscape around Gasklockan and along the highway.

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Area 5:

Drรถmmarnas Kaj (The Quay of Dreams) is a distinct social area where ship enthusiasts have tied up their dreams and vessels in varying stages of repair since the 1960s. The area has been and continues to be a source of inspiration for artists, poets and musicians. Many consider Drรถmmarnas Kaj to be an important alternative cultural institution of Gรถteborg.

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Area 6:

The meeting of interstate E6 and highway 45 creates a large barrier to Gullbergsvass. It is unclear to what part of the city this area actually belongs, however it has been considered an inextricable part of the project area for this thesis. Though the area is dominated by a snake bed of traffic ways, it is also provides habitat for a number of animals and plants and is the most lush area in Gullbergsvass.

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Barriers, Entrances and Nodes Barriers 1.

1 2.

2 3.

3 4.

4 5.

5 6.

6 7.

7 8.

8

Göta Älv Mårten Krakowsgatan (highway 45) Goods terminal with surrounding loading area Central post office Railway tracks Interstate E6 Nils Ericsonsgatan and the Göta älv bridge Pagodan

12 1

8

Nodes 8.

9 9.

10 10.

11 11.

12

6

11 2 3

Stadstjänaregatan junction Central Station and Nils Ericson bus terminal Falutorgs junction Gullbergsvass junction

4

9

Entrances

5

Entrances to the site are indicated by arrows.

7 10

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Barriers

In truth there are more barriers than contiguity in the area. However, only the most significant ones are highlighted in this section.

Gullbergsvass is surrounded by clear limits and barriers (Göta Älv bridge, the railway tracks, Göta älv and Säveån) and divided by massive barriers (Mårten Krakowsgatan, E6, and the goods terminal).

The goods terminal through its size and surrounding fencing is a significant barrier in the area. The city of Göteborg has given notice to terminate the contract in 2012 in preparation for a new city plan in the area.

Entrances

Entrances to Gullbergsvass prioritize vehicular traffic and there are considerable physical and experiential barriers which keep the pedestrians from entering the area.

Paradoxical to its nature as a forgotten and uninviting post-industrial landscape, Gullbergsvass in fact serves as a gateway into the historical center of Göteborg when arriving by car, bus, or train from the north and east, and to an extent from the south as well.

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Nodes

There are many connecting points of different kinds surrounding Gullbergsvass but very few within it.

The Gullbergsvass junction is an important junction where a large part of the car traffic is redirected to their various directions from interstate E6 and highway 45. The Central Station, Drottningtorget and the Nils Ericson bus terminal are the most important public transport nodes in Göteborg. Odinsplatsen, Olskroks junction and Lilla bommen are also important connecting points for the traffic in the city.

Falutorgsmotet and Stadstjänaregatan are the two transportation ways that link the southern and northern zone of Gullbergsvass. They are also access points to Mårten Krakowsgatan.

The railway tracks are a significant hindrance to connecting the area to the city as there are few possibilities to cross. The only current opportunity is a pedestrian/bicycle passage under the tracks close to E6. However, people will illegally cross the tracks at the bottle neck point near the post office terminal.23

The post office building reinforces the barrier created by the railway and complicates a connection to Odinsplatsen.

The additions made to Pagodan over the years have complicated a continuation of Gullbergs Strandgata into the eastern parts of the site. It currently makes two 90 degree turns to circumvent Pagodan.

23 from interviews conducted at the post office terminal theoretical background

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Transportation

Generally the roads in the area are designed for motorized traffic and little or no city street life exists except on Gullbergs Strandgata.

Gullbergs Strandgata

MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan

Kruth

usga

tan

Interstate E6

Current Traffic Patterns

250m

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Main bicycle & pedestrian paths Public transport Highways Major junctions Railway tracks

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Gullbergs Strandgata

Mårten Krakowsgatan/Highway 45

7100 (+-6%) vehicles/day (2005)

24

51 460 (+-6%) vehicles/day (2005)

28

The street consists of two car lanes with a pedestrian/bicycle path beside these. The road runs along most of the quay until it passes Pagodan and becomes the central street of a relatively vibrant city district in Gullbergsvass. It also connects Gullbergsvass to Marieholm by a bridge over Säveån. The road was laid out in 1882 and was slightly changed in 1937.25

Interstate E6

112 700 (+-6%) vehicles/day (2005)

26

The road has six lanes and is the main connection between Göteborg and northern cities such as Trollhättan and Karlstad. It divides Gullbergsvass into distinct southern and northern parts and is a dominant feature in the area. There are only two possibilities to cross the road: at Falutorget and Stadstjänaregatan. The road is named after a war hero who, together with his wife Emerentia Pauli led the defence of the fortlet Gullbergs fästning from Danish attacks in 1602.29

The interstate starts in Kirkenes, Norway, connects cities such as Trondheim, Oslo, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Malmö and ends in Trelleborg in Sweden.27 Where the road passes Gullbergsvass it has six to eight lanes and completely designed for motorized traffic and is a distinct limit and barrier.

24 http://vv.se/Service--e-tjanster/Sok-i-vara-databaser/ Trafikfloden-och-medelhastigheter/, 26-01-2010 25 Baum Greta, Göteborgs gatunamn, Tre Böckers Förlag AB, (2001), p.123 26 http://vv.se/Service--e-tjanster/Sok-i-vara-databaser/ Trafikfloden-och-medelhastigheter/, 26-01-2010 27 http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6, 23-01-2010 theoretical background

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Kruthusgatan

5000 (+-6%) vehicles/day (2005)30

The road is mostly used for transports to and from the post office terminal and other logistics firms in the area but is also the only way to reach Skansen Lejonet by car. There is a pedestrian/bicycle path that runs beside it. The road is in itself not a significant barrier, however the fences that line it on both sides make it so by blocking south to north passage.

Stadstjänaregatan

26900 (+-6%) vehicles/day (2005)31

The road leads the traffic between Mårten Krakowsgatan and the central station. Even though there is space for pedestrians and bicycles it is dominated by cars.

28 http://vv.se/Service--e-tjanster/Sok-i-vara-databaser/ Trafikfloden-och-medelhastigheter/, 26-01-2010 29 http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mårten_Krakow, 22-01-2010 project positioning

30 http://vv.se/Service--e-tjanster/Sok-i-vara-databaser/ Trafikfloden-och-medelhastigheter/, 26-01-2010 31 ibid urban strategies

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Municipal Plans Elements planned to be removed 1

Probable location for new bridge

2

Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45) will be lowered by 4-6m

3

Partially underground train tracks of Västlänken

4

Underground train tracks of Västlänken

5

Underground train station for Västlänken

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2 5

4

3

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Municipal plans

Development Density

Initial plans for Gullbergsvass are described in the current comprehensive plan for Göteborg32 as well as in a special report conducted by the city planning office of Göteborg.33 It is considered one of the most interesting areas of development in Göteborg.34

The city desires Gullbergsvass to become an area of mixed use full of meeting spaces, parks and a place where public transport, walking and bicycling is prioritized. A dense and diverse development is preferred with good connection to the city and the region and adequate protection against future flooding. The city also wishes to enhance the connection to water and preserve the cultural history of the area.35 Supporting biological diversity is also stressed as a critical issue in the municipal plans for Göteborg, and are particularly applicable to Gullbergsvass. 36

Existing Buildings

The removal of the goods terminals is seen as a precondition for the development of Gullbergsvass south of Mårten Krakowsgatan (highway 45).38 The present owner of this land and the buildings there is Älvstranden Utveckling AB. The process of relocating and removing these businesses from the area has already begun.39 New locations for the present businesses in the area have been investigated by Banverket and Vägverket.40 DHL, who used to dispose of two thirds of the area, left in 2008. Since then a number of smaller firms rent the spaces on short-term contracts.

Transportation Göta Älv Bridge

Göta Älv bridge, built in 1939, must be replaced by 2020.41 The preferred location for the new bridge is just east of the existing one.42 A proposal submitted by the Göteborg building committee on the 10th of March 2010 suggests a 10-13m high bridge that extends from Stadstjänaregatan. The proposed bridge is lower than the current bridge in order to reduce the amount of ramps in the city center.

Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45)

Vägverket recently conducted a pre-study for the future plans of highway 45 in the area of Gullbergsvass. This study recommended lowering the road starting from the Gullbergsvass junction (interstate E6) and reaching a point of 5 meters below Falutorget.43 The intention is to enable the crossing of Mårten Krakowsgatan at this point with a road at grade, effectively connecting the north and south parts of Gullbergsvass.

Kruthusgatan

Trafikkontoret (the local traffic authorities) would like to convert Kruthusgatan into a bus street that links Gullbergsvass to Gamlestaden over one of the railway bridges that will be abandoned when changes to the train tracks are undergone with the project Västlänken.44

32 Göteborg Stad, ÖP-99, del 1, p.94 33 Göteborgs stad: Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Gullbergsvass. Programutredning, (2000) 34 Göteborg Stad, ÖP-99, del 1, kap 5, p.102 35 Göteborg Stad, ÖP-09 (Göteborg Comprehensive Plan), del 1, p.114 (2009) 36 Ibid, p.93 theoretical background

The suggested floor area of future development is 800 000m2, a figure that can be compared to 150 000m2 for Södra Älvstranden, 300 000m2 for Ringön and 500 000m2 for Frihamnen. However, the planning of the area isn’t likely to start before 2015 and the actual development will probably not start before 2030.37

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37 pers. com. Cecilia Strömmer 38 Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser Fas Två - Fallstudie Gullbergsvass, (2009), p.26 39 pers. com. Cecilia Strömmer 40 Banverket, Vägverket, Nytt läge för kombiterminal i Göteborgsområdet. Kunskapsanalys, (2006) site analysis

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41 Västsvenska Industri- och Handelskammaren, rapport nr 2005:5, Ny förbindelse över Göta älv. Ett måste för Göteborgsregionens fortsatta utveckling, (2005) 42 http://gbg.yimby.se/2009/08/en-ny-gotaalvbro---stads_744.html, 25-01-2010 43 Vägverket Region Väst, Förstudie. E45 Lilla Bommen - Gullbergsmotet, (2009) 44 pers. com. Cecilia Strömmer, Älvstranden urban strategies

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Västlänken

Other Train Tracks

Västlänken is a project aimed at improving regional train traffic to and from Göteborg and reducing congestion in the city center. It entails a train tunnel under Göteborg and an overall reduction of train tracks in Gullbergsvass.

A great deal of train tracks that are related to the logistic based businesses in the area are to be removed when the businesses and the related buildings are relocated.

Gullbergsvass

The main actors in the project are the City of Göteborg and Banverket. The city of Göteborg considers it of vital importance in their goals to reduce emissions and congestion. It is predicted that the earliest date for construction of Västlänken could begin sometime between 2011 and 2013 and be completed by 2017.45 46 In December 2007 a decision was made to proceed with the alternative called Haga-Korsvägen (left). Though there are no detail plans for this design, so far it is clear that in Gullbergsvass this alternative will include the following:47 - a new underground station just north of, and connected to, the Nils Ericson bus terminal

- a tunnel under Gullberget for the train traffic approaching from the northeast - some additional train tracks where the tunnel opens towards the west

- a reduction of the total amount of passenger train tracks in the area (from 16 to 8) 45 Banverket, Västlänken - en tågtunnel under Göteborg, (2006), p.38 46 Christensen, Belinda (e.d.), Larsson, Karin (e.d.).

Det är dags att tänka på Gullbergsvass: Fallstudie 2006, Göteborgs Miljövetenskapliga Centrum, Göteborgs universitet / Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, (2006) , p.37 47 Banverket, Västlänken. Beslutshandling, (2007) theoretical background

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13 The route of the chosen alternative for Västlänken.

Path of the train tracks Locations for train stations Approximate tunnel entrance

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Contamination in the area Air Contamination

There are no air quality measurements taken directly in Gullbergsvass, however measurements were taken from the nearby roof of Femmanhuset department store and Friggagatan.

Particulates

Measurements for particulates that were taken near Gullbergsvass (Femmanhuset and Friggagatan) show that the level of particulates in the area do not exceed the recommended levels of the Swedish environmental quality standards (MKN).48 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Central and Eastern Europe is often the source of high levels of SO2 in Göteborg. However, this has been improving in the past years and high levels of SO2 in Göteborg seem to be from a local source near ships and the harbour. Levels of SO2 have reduced with 90-95% since the 1960s, which is due in large part to oil with less sulfur in it, an extension of the district heating network and a reclamation of waste heat from trash incineration, refineries, sewage and waste water. For the past ten years Göteborg has had SO2 levels below the national goal for clean air, and it is on a continuing downward trend. 49 Ozone

Background levels show a variation year round, with the highest levels during summer. The trend 48 Göteborgs Stad Miljö. Årsrapport Luftföroreningar Mätningar i Göteborgsområdet 2008, R 2009:4, (2009) 49 Ibid, p.18 theoretical background

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Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)

Particulates

NOx are gases are colorless and odorless, and are formed in all types of combustion. Traffic is the dominating source of NOx in population centers.

Particulates exist in various sizes and come from traffic, the burning of oil, wood and coal.

It contributes to increased risks for inflammatory diseases in airways and lungs, as well as lung cancer. People with asthma and pollen allergies are particularly sensitive.

Health affects of particles are not certain and it is unclear what size of particulate is most harmful.

Ozone

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Ozone is a highly reactive gas and dangerous for humans, animals and plants. It is indirectly produced by human activity through the decomposition of NOx in sunlight and as it reacts with hydrocarbons. Sunny summer days with high traffic intensity is therefore when ozone is primarily produced.

Sulfur Dioxide is a colorless gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels and slowly turns into drops or particles of sulfuric acid. Sources of this pollution are mainly from tall chimneys, which means that the origin point can be far from where it is actually measured.

Heavy Metals

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Most lead, zinc and copper concentrations in the environment are a result of human activities. Zinc and copper is necessary for the health of most species but is harmful in high doses. Lead is harmful to individual organisms even in small doses. None of the heavy metals can be broken down and is accumulated in nature.

PAHs come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. They are fat dissoluble and many are mutagen or carcinogenic. They accumulate in organisms and are toxic to many microorganisms, making natural decomposition difficult.

PAH levels can therefore remain virtually unchanged over long periods of time.

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has been a slight increase in ozone levels over the past years. During 2008 there were “only” 6 days of moderately high levels near Femmanhuset department store and two days where MKN levels were breached.50

μg/m3 < 20 20 - 26 26 - 32 32 - 40 > 40

Average Annual Levels of NOx (2007) Gullbergsvass

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)

A computer simulation done in 2008, based on measurement stations around the city, shows approximate values of NOx for Gullbergsvass.

Interstate E6 and portions of Mårten Krakowsgatan are the only areas where pollution exceeds the recommended maximum annual levels.51 Odors

Occasional odors from the snus factory, Swedish Match, are a possible hinder to residential development in parts of the area.52

14 Red areas are those which exceed the annual levels of NOx allowed by the MKN.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution is heaviest around interstate E6, Mårten Krakowsgatan (highway 45), the train tracks and the goods terminals. Measurements show that noise pollution levels at the facades along the Mårten Krakowsgatan exceeds Naturvårdsverket’s standards.53 The planned lowering of Mårten Krakowsgatan is likely to reduce noise pollution in the area.

Gullbergsvass 50 51 52 53

Göteborgs Stad Miljö. Årsrapport Luftföroreningar, p.16 Ren_stadsluft/, 03-02-2010 Christensen, p.36 referring to pers. com. Marinell (2006) Christensen, p.36 referring to Brandberg (2002)

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15 Enlargement of the above map.

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Water Contamination

Säveån has for a long time been affected by human activities and has suffered from contamination.

From the 1960s the water quality has gradually recovered but is still affected by both old and new pollution.54

Säveån is threatened by the dumping of physical objects and chemical pollutants into its waters.

Renova and Park och Natur regularly inspect and clean the bottom and beaches of the river and say that the situation is getting worse. The garbage and associated leaking pollutants are threatening life in the river.55 In 2008 the city conducted a public education and research project aimed at reducing pollution from sources along the river.56 The project is considered to have been successful and contamination levels are lowering.

Gullbergsvass

16 Map of Säveån Contamination in Göteborg Municipality Circles = chemical contamination Stars = wreckage Gasverket från väster, seĴ från taket på den stora gasklockan. I bakgrunden sammanödet mellan Gullbergsån, Säveån och Göta älv. Koksen i förgrunden skulle räcka aĴ hålla bostäder varma för ca 80 000 personer under en vinter.

Soil Contamination

Only about 10% of the area has been investigated for soil and groundwater contamination. The most contaminating activities that have exited in Gullbergsvass are the gas company and the railway. However, other industries have also left traces of chemicals and heavy metals. 57 Measurements in the area show that the soil is moderately (with some areas heavily) contaminated with primarily PAH, particularly around the 54 Larsson Maria, Projekt Säveån, Göteborg Stad Miljöförvaltningen, (2008) p. 1 55 Gudmundson Linnéa “Renova rensar Säveån”, (20-01-2010), GP (Göteborgs Posten) 56 Larsson 57 Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser, p.39 theoretical background

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17 Gasverket från öster, bilder ur Göteborgs stads gasverk, 1888-1938, Gösta Bodman, Göteborg gas company (1938) viewed from the east with Göteborg 1938 Gasklockan preeminent amongst the industrial buildings.

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18 Göteborg gas company (1938) viewed from the west Gasverket från väster, seĴ från taket på den stora gasklockan. I bakgrunden samman ödet mellan Gullbergsån, Göta älv. Koksen i förgrunden skulle (most likely taken fromSäveån the och Gasklockan).

The meeting räcka aĴ hålla bostäder varma för ca 80 000 personer under en vinter. of Säveån and Göta Älv is seen in the background. The stockpiles in the foreground would heat the homes of 80 000 people for a whole winter.

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ISÄLVSSEDIMENT

Soil conditions around the train tracks is poorly documented, however due to the past 100 years of train use it is highly plausible one would find creosote, oils, PAH and heavy metals like lead, zinc and copper.58

OMVÄXLANDE MORÄN OCH ISÄLVSSEDIMENT (Göteborgsmoränen)

Jordartskarta, SGU 2000

MORÄN

Solid rock Moraine Clay Clay sand landfill Landfill ( 1985)

KALT BERG, TUNT ELLER EJ SAMMANHÄNGANDE JORDTÄCKE PÅ BERG

TORV

VITTRINGSJORD

SVÄMSEDIMENT (ler-sand)

FYLLNING (1985)

LERA (ler-silt)

The thickness of the soil which was used to fill in Gullbergsvass in the 1800s varies from two to four meters. It is relatively water tight and consists of a mixture of sand and clay along with construction debris.

SVALLSEDIMENT (finsand-klapper) ISÄLVSSEDIMENT

OMVÄXLANDE MORÄN OCH ISÄLVSSEDIMENT (Göteborgsmoränen) MORÄN

KALT BERG, TUNT ELLER EJ SAMMANHÄNGANDE JORDTÄCKE PÅ BERG VITTRINGSJORD FYLLNING (1985)

Some areas of Gullbergsvass are sinking due to surface loads and continued ground movement is expected with any increased surface loads. 60  Stadsbyggnadskontoret Göteborg skala skala 1:7000 1:7000

0m 0m

700m 700m

350m 350m

Förstorat kartutsniĴ över modellområdet från SGU:s jordartskarta producerad för skala 1:50 000.

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 Stadsbyggnadskontoret Göteborg

0m 0m

skala skala 1:7000 1:7000

350m 350m

19

700m 700m

Förstorat kartutsniĴ över modellområdet från SGU:s jordartskarta producerad för skala 1:50 000.

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00mm

rta

ska

art

ord

:s j

Heavy metals are found extensively throughout the area, particularly high levels of zinc. According to Göteborgs environmental management agency further measurements and cleaning of toxins are needed in any future development of the area.59

Soil conditions

U SG rån et f råd gg llom boorr ötteeb ode tt GGö m ttorree kkoonn ver 0. aaddss 19 ggggnn Ĵ ö 50 00 sbbyy ttaadds 000 : sni 0 SS 11:7:700 la la tut la 1 sskkaa kar r ska ö rat sto ad f För ducer pro

Gasklockan. No measurements are taken around the lorry terminal, as the ground is completely covered with asphalt. However asphalt contains high levels of PAH.

0

SVALLSEDIMENT (finsand-klapper)

t t il a nd s tab örä ng ess rk s d f t lä till d ma me ng ch nd tni a o ba . a r n sa m ena ing s i Ĵn da tsä tre g. öru lltid u stnin la a en ler be el c h/

De geotekniska förutsäĴningarna och markstabiliteten måste inom nämnda områden alltid utredas i samband med förändringar av marknivåer och/eller belastning.

LERA (ler-silt)

200

SVÄMSEDIMENT (ler-sand)

RIN

IN LLN FY

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GU

T VIT

TORV

60

) nen d) orä sm san erorg RG teb ) BE Gö per PÅ T( lap N KE d-k IME ÄC san DT ED (fin SS OR NT LV EJ SÄ ME ND HI T GA OC EN ÄN N NH DIM RÄ MA MO AM DE JS AN RE XL LE EL NT N U RÄ ,T RG BE RD LT JO KA GS 5) 198 G(

och Olskroksmotet samt längs trakleden som ansluter till Göta tunneln. Även i anslutning till dessa områden måste hänsyn tas till stabilitetsförhållandena.

Jordartskarta, SGU 2000

0mm 33550 mm 770000

58 Christensen, p.35 referring to pers. com. Svensson (2006) 59 Ibid, p.9 referring to pers. com. Svensson (2006) theoretical background

site analysis

60 Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

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Flooding Municipal Studies and Strategies61

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in their February report 2007 that the sea level is likely to rise by 0.2-0.6m in 100 years. The anticipated rise for the North Sea is 0.8m. Research reports from Germany, Scotland, Australia and the USA claim that the IPCC study 20 has not paid sufficient attention to the ocean Nivå +11,8 currents and the ice melting in the Arctic. The Water level of +11.8 estimates in these reports show a sea level rise of Nivå0.8-2m +11,8 in 100 years.

The flooding study of Gullbergsvass made by the City of Göteborg has been conducted using the current extreme flood levels in addition to raised sea levels of 0.5m and 1m.

Nivå +11,8

The city of Göteborg desires all important social functions to be protected from a flooding event that reaches 2 meters over the current extreme 21 levels. Current recommendations are for building Nivå +12.3 Water level of +12.3 entrances to be located above +12.8m in the area between Älvsborg bridge and the railway bridge Nivå +12.3 at Marieholm. Exceptions are allowed if sufficient flooding protection is provided in another way.

Nivå +12.3

Because there is a large amount of important roads and railway tracks in Gullbergsvass, the municipality prefers flooding protection in the area to be carried out by raising the quay edge and building artificial banks along the river. These could be complemented with temporary protections for extreme flooding conditions.

The municipal strategies for dealing with urban water run off primarily involves the use of pumping systems to send the water to Göta älv. This system would entail the addition of circa 1400m of pipes and a pumping station and water treatment plant of about 2000m2 - 3000m2.

Nivå +12,8

11

22 Water level of +12.8

theoretical background

important transportation routes for the water run-off from a large part of central Göteborg. The municipality recommends on-site water treatment and rain water delay strategies as a means to lessen the stress on these waterways.

The municipality also considers Highway 45 and E6 to be effective flood barriers during extreme weather conditions.

11

11

61

An increased water level in Göta Älv will lead to problems with the outflow of Mölndalsån, Nivå +12,8 Fattighusån, Gullbergsån and Säveån. These are

Nivå +12,8Göteborgs 61

site analysis

Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser, pp. 9, 13, 26, 30-31

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

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ECOLOGY

and bird species (some of which are threatened).

Natura 2000 additionally identifies the characteristic fennoscandic shoreline and woodland habitats as worthy of protection for their own sake.65

Current Condition

According to Yeang’s definition of ecosystems62 most of Gullbergsvass can be described as a zero-culture or contaminated ecosystem. These are urban or industrial areas where most traces of the ecological history is removed. The only exceptions to this classification is a remnant of a natural area near Säveån and another around Skansen Lejonet. These exceptions would accurately be described as ecologically simplified.

Waterways in the middle ages

Historical Condition

Until the mid 1800s (19th century) Gullbergsvass was a wetland only visited by birds and bird hunters. While the wetland has disappeared, the area continues to be an important congregation site for birds. The open waters where Säveån and Göta River converge is well known by local bird watchers as it attracts a great number of birds in winter.63 Despite the extreme exploitation of the area it supports a number of species, several of which are red listed. The habitats are mainly, but not limited to, the green areas near Säveån, Skansen Lejonet, and the waters of the Göta älv harbour and Säveån.

Green Ratio Göteborg and Stockholm average circa 100m2 of green space per inhabitant while Malmö has 33m2. 64 62 See p.25 63 Grahn-Hinnfors Gunilla. “På spaning efter fåglar”, (20-01-2010), GP (Göteborgs Posten) 64 O’Byrne, Dara. Malmö, Sweden, Radio p1, (retrieved 17-03-2010) theoretical background

site analysis

Göta älv

Säveån Gullbergsån

Fattighusån Vallgraven

Mölndalsån

Waterways today

Säveån

Säveån is classified as one of the nation’s most valuable wildlife habitats by both the Swedish government and the European Union. It was identified as an important area for preservation in the Natura 2000 project because it provides important and unique habitat for a number of fish project positioning

The part of Säveån that flows through the municipality of Göteborg has a slow current with few meandering curves and empties into Göta älv by the northeast end Gullbergsvass. Along the highly exploited urban shorelines are strips of natural vegetation that remain, primarily slightly wooded grasslands and flat beaches. The river is a popular route for small boats during summer months66 and the possibility of making it a natural reserve where it passes through the Lerum municipality is currently being discussed (this is outside of the Göteborg area).67

Amongst the species of particular interest to preserve is the Säveå Salmon. The Säveå Salmon is a species that has adapted to the conditions of this particular river over thousands of years and only exists here. The waterway is also an important habitat for sea trout.68 Säveån is also part of Göta älv’s water system which is one of Sweden’s most rich when it comes to fish species (59 species).69 The area is one of the most important waterways

65 Egriell Niklas, Bevarandeplan för Natura 2000-område – SE0520183 Säveån, nedre delen, Länstyrelsen Västra Götalands Län, (2005) 66 Källstrand Karolina Park- och naturförvaltningen, ”Fågelområden – Rast – och övervintring”, ID: 3 Göteborgs Hamn, (06-2008) 67 Lerums kommun, Förslag till bildande av naturreservatet Säveån – Hedefors, (03-02-2010) 68 Egriell 69 pers. com. Gustafson Lennart, biologist Park- och naturförvaltningen. 23-02-2010 urban strategies

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63

Aspen

Göta Älv

Gullbergsvass Natura 2000 boarders within Göteborg Adjacent natural environments in Göteborg Urban natural environments that could be connected to the Natura 2000 area

in western Sweden for resting and wintering white throated dippers. Kingfishers have been found in the area and is considered of particular interest for conservation efforts.70

Threats

70 Källstrand Karolina Park- och naturförvaltningen, ”Fågelområden – Rast – och övervintring”, ID: 2.2.

Säveån och mynningen i Göta älv, (06-2008)

71 Jacobsson Stig, Ström Åke, Viktiga rast- och övervintringsområden för fåglar i Göteborg, Göteborgs Ornitologiska Förening, (2008)

theoretical background

site analysis

Current threats to species in the area are:71 - pollution from rain water run-off - eutrification - rubbish dumping - future damning and control of Säveån - altering and surfacing of natural shorelines - the tearing down of Gasklockan

project positioning

Natura 2000 An EU initiative to create and preserve an “ecological network” of wildlife and plant habitat throughout all member states. Areas included in Natura 2000 receive extra legal protection. Säveån’s Natura 2000 area encompasses the circa 15 km long waterway and its adjacent environments from Aspen lake to the convergence with Göta Älv.

urban strategies

urban sketches

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250m

500m

Permeable ground Trees and bushes Natural areas outside of Gullbergsvass Waterways

1

2 3 6

4

5

7

19

8

18

10

9 12

11

13

17 14 15 16

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

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Natural area

Future status

Natural area

Future status

1

Along Gullbergs strandgata are various types of deciduous trees.

Preserve, improve, and investigate linkage to Säveån

12 Mature mixed forest with thick copse, deciduous trees, and pine.

Preserve and improve linkage to 10 and investigate linkage to 11

2

West of Gasklockan are about 15 mature deciduous trees.

Preserve

13 Mainly birch trees and ground cover plants. Partially thick copse.

Preserve

3

Large and thick brush and small trees of various kind.

Preserve and investigate linkage to Säveån

14 Very thick copse and small deciduous trees.

Preserve and investigate linkage towards the west

4

Thick ground covering copse and sparsely spread out mature deciduous trees, mainly birch.

Preserve and improve link to 5

15 Spread out deciduous trees and some ground covering plants.

Preserve, investigate linkage towards the west and secure contiguity when the Västlänken is constructed.

5

Thick copse and mature deciduous trees of various kind along the bank of Säveån.

Protected in Natura 2000

16 Spread out deciduous trees and richness of ground covering plants.

Preserve and secure contiguity when Västlänken is constructed.

Small trees planted on a lawn. No ground covering plants to support animal life.

Can be removed but try to preserve

17 Mature deciduous trees in a straight line along the railway tracks.

Can be removed but try to preserve

6

18 Old mature deciduous trees in a park-like area.

Thick copse and spread out deciduous trees.

Preserve because of the quality of the trees

Preserve

Birch trees and ground covering plants.

Preserve and incorporate in future development

8

Preserve and investigate possible linkage to 9.

19 Old mature deciduous trees planted on a lawn and recently planted trees along the road and in the round-about.

9

See 8

Protected in Natura 2000, improve linkages to 13

7

10 Mainly mature birch trees along the bank of Gullbergsån.

Preserve

11 Very thick copse and small deciduous trees.

Preserve and investigate linkage to 13 and 10

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

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urban sketches

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Species in the area

The tables on the following pages list a number of species that are either noteworthy or have been documented in the Gullbergsvass area.

No complete inventory has ever been done for Gullbergsvass and neighboring areas of Säveån, Gullbergsån and Göta Älv. The species documentation that exists has been conducted in a number of specialized studies or compiled from individual sightings and catches from local citizens. The following is therefore only a sampling of the full array of species that may use the small areas of nature in the area.

1

2

3

The tables note the habitat area for the species as well as its international red list status. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is the world’s main authority on the conservation status of species.

A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a “political management unit”.72

4

250m

Primary Habitat Zones

500m

IucnRED red-list threatened species IUCN LIST OFof THREATENED SPECIES

Abbreviation Abbreviation CR EN VU NT LC

Term Term Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Less Concern

Definitions Definition

Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

High risk of extinction in the wild.

High risk of endangerment in the wild.

Likely to become endangered in the near future.

Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category.

72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List, 10-03-2010 theoretical background

site analysis

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urban sketches

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Birds BIRDS

Twite

English English

Swedish Swedish

Peregrine falcon Twite

Pilgrimsfalk Vinterhämpling

Red-list Status Status Red-list VU VU

Habitat Zone Zone Comment Habitat 1, 2, 3 Resting and hunting area. Gasklockan is important part of habitat.

Kingfisher

Kungfiskare

VU

2

Lesser blackͲbacked gull

Silltrut

NT

1

Smew Pochard WhiteͲtailed eagle Eurasian EagleͲowl White ear WhiteͲthroated dipper Grey wagtail Goosander RedͲbreasted Merganser Great Crested Grebe Starling Tufted duck Cormorant Goldeneye Little grebe or dabchick Grey heron Buzzard Kestrel Moorhen Coot Wood pigeon Waxwing Redwing Goldfinch Brambling Redpoll Canadian Goose Mallard

Salskrake Brunand Havsörn Bergsuv Stenskvätta Strömstare Forsärla Storskrake Småskrake Skäggdopping Stare Vigg Storskarv Knipa Smådopping Gråhäger Ormvråk Tornfalk Rörhöna Sothöna Ringduva Sidensvans Rödvingetrast Steglits Bergfink Gråsiska Kanadagås Gräsand

NT NT NT NT NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC

2 2 3 1 2 2 1, 2 2 2 2 1 1, 2 1, 2

Year round habitat and nesting.

Year round habitat.

Winter habitat.

Significant winter habitat.

23 Kingfisher Grey Wagtail Hunting in the area.

24

site analysis

White Throated Dipper 25

Peregrine Falcon (perched on Gasklockan)

Seen in summer. (winter too?)

Year round habitat and nesting. Extremely important winter habitat.

Winter habitat for some flocks and rest area for others.

Year round habitat and nesting. Large population.

Year round habitat and nesting.

Year round habitat and nesting.

26 Pochard Important winter habitat. Large population.

Year round habitat and nesting. Large population.

Year round habitat.

Year round habitat and nesting.

28

27

2 1

2 1, 2

White-tailed Eagle Year round habitat and nesting.

Winter habitat.

Smew

Winter habitat.

Year round habitat. Large population.

29

theoretical background

67

project positioning

urban strategies

30 urban sketches

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Fish FISH SPECIES

English English Eel Säveå salmon Sea lamprey

Swedish Swedish Ål Säveålax Havsnejonöga

Red-list Status Status Red-list CR EN EN

European river lamprey Asp Bullhead Sea trout Perch Zander Chub Rudd Bream Pike Bleak Ide Roach

Flodnejonöga Asp Stensimpa Havsöring Aborre Gös Färna Sarv Braxen Gädda Löja Id Mört

NT VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC

HabitatZone Zone Comment Habitat 1, 2 Large population.

1, 2 Breeding upriver, nursery downriver. Moderate population.

1 2 2

Eats roach and bleak.

1, 2

Breeding upriver, nursery downriver. Fair population.

Old World Swallowtail 31 Small White Large population.

1, 2 1, 2 1, 2

Moderate population.

Fair population.

Fair population.

32

Large population.

Large population.

Large population.

Common Brimstone

33

Spawning Salmon

34

Eel

Butterflies BUTTERFLIES

English Swedish Red-list Status Status English Swedish/Latin Red-list http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search Old World Swallowtail Small White Common Brimstone

Makaonfäril Rovfjäril Citronfjäril

LC LC LC

Habitat Zone Zone Habitat 4 4 4

Small Tortoiseshell

Nässelfjäril

LC

4 Small Tortoiseshell

35

36

Other:

Säveån has a rich variety of bottom living creatures and plants that support and attract a great number of birds and fish to the area. There are a number of rare beetles, snails and bottom living creatures in Säveån, however only a few of these were found near Gullbergsvass.73

73 Henricsson Anna, Ericson Ulf, Bottenfauna i Säveån 2007, Medins, Mölnlycke (2007), p.9 theoretical background

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Mammals MAMMALS English English Rabbit Beaver

Trees TREE SPECIES English English Willow Alder Sallow Birch Pine and Cedar

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Rabbit Swedish Swedish Kanin Bäver

Red-list Status Status Red-list LC LC

TREE SPECIES

Swedish Swedish English Habitat Swedish Zone Vide Willow Vide 2 Al Alder Al 2 Sälg Sallow Sälg 2 BjörkBirch Björk3 Tall Pine and Cedar Tall 3

Habitat Zone Zone Comment Habitat 3, 4 A domestic species gone wild.

2 Lives up river; visits down river.

Habitat Zone Comment Habitat Zone Comment Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

2 Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

2 Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

2 Of particular import for the Natura 2000 area.

3 3

Beaver

38

37

Other:

There are also a few areas where wetland plants are still present.

Sallow

theoretical background

Alder

site analysis

Cedar

project positioning

Birch

urban strategies

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Project Positioning After conducting a thorough site analysis it is necessary to summarize and take a position on the issues that must be addressed by the future proposal. The following chapter entails such a positioning towards the problems that are to be considered in the development of Gullbergsvass.

The project positioning begins with a SWOT analysis which highlights and summarize the key issues that frame the design problem. A more detailed discussion on the specific issues discovered in the site analysis then follows. Subsequently, consideration for the existing and potential stakeholders takes place. Finally, the physical structures found on site are assessed, resulting in a strategic point-of-departure map for an urban proposal for Gullbergsvass.

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

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S

trengths

It is a large, relatively undeveloped area near the city center

SWOT Analysis

Important junction for west Sweden (train, road, public transportation)

A SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project.1 Though it is an “analysis”, this exercise aims to identify and summarize key factors identified in the site analysis that affect the sustainable development of Gullbergsvass. It is, therefore, in fact a positioning tool for future strategies.

There is political support for development and change in the area

Contact with the Göta Älv and Säveån which are important habitats for a great number of species (some of which are red-listed)

Opportunities for boating and fishing activities

Strengths

Several significant landmarks and cultural icons in the area

Attributes of Gullbergsvass that are helpful to achieving the objective.

Industrial and space demanding businesses in the area are planning to or can be easily moved

Weaknesses

Attributes of Gullbergsvass that are harmful to achieving the objective.

Opportunities

Conditions that are helpful to achieving the objective, or potential results that reinforce the viability of the objective.

Threats

Conditions which could prove to be a hindrance to the objective.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

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W

eaknesses

O

T

Densification and enlargement of the center of Göteborg would reduce car dependence

Too hasty development of the area

pportunities

Lack of social, functional and aesthetic diversity Landmark potentials are neglected

A number of poorly built structures

A large number of barriers in and around the area that are technically difficult to bridge Heavily traffic laden

Increased synergy effects and urban cohesiveness for Göteborg

The suitability for investment and speculation allows the city to place high standards on future development

Attractive area for mixed use development

Noise and air pollution

hreats

Risk of gentrification

High costs for new construction and infrastructure due to the risk of flooding and soil conditions

Undecided plans for bordering regions Gasklockan may be torn down

Poorly served by public transportation

Västlänken improves possibilities for mobility and reduces barriers in the area

Ecosystem is discontinuous, fragmented and neglected

Gasklockan’s potential for development

The train tracks, E6, and Mårten Krakowsgatan will continue to be strong mental and physical barriers, even when bridged well at crucial points

Skansen Lejonet can become a more attractive destination for tourists

Increased development can disturb existing ecosystems

Public transportation can easily be extended into the area

Poor bicycling and walking conditions

Potential for a enigmatic and unique riverfront promenade

Barren and concrete laden

Problematic soil conditions

Contamination of soil and water

theoretical background

Säveån can be utilized as a natural reserve for human and animal use

site analysis

project positioning

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Drömmarnas Kaj may be compromised by future development

The ground must be sanitized from years of polluting industrial activity

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History

- Strive to let historical artifacts of Gullbergsvass give identity to the area and Göteborg as a whole - Consider the possibility of increasing wetland habitats in the area and support bird life - Consider the possibility of reinstating bathing facilities in Göta Älv

- Consider plans to connect Gullbergsvass to Odinsplatsen

Industrial History

- To achieve a varied and diverse community and economic base, as well as allow for the contiguity of the historical nature of Gullbergsvass one should support the existence of light industries and workshops in the area.

Positions on Key Issues The key issues uncovered in the site analysis are summarized in this section and a position towards their resolution or development is taken here. Only the issues that will have a significant influence on the urban design of Gullbergsvass are elaborated upon. The discussion is then limited to the inherent potential of a situation and/or the options for its resolution. The actual resolution or development for potential is explored in the chapters Urban Strategies and Urban Sketches.

theoretical background

site analysis

- Because the new development in the area requires the removal of large scale logistics and transportation, heavy or large industries are not desirable in the area.

Landmarks

- Preserve and enhance culturally and historically significant landmarks and use them as nodes in the new urban district.

harbour city that has transitioned into modern times.

- Its height makes it visible from most of the city and also makes it a potentially good place from which to look out over the city.

-These aspects as well as the addition of public functions into the building could make Gasklockan an added tourist attraction in the city.

Pagodan

See Barriers - Preserve existing building and functions and diversify with residential spaces.

- Expand on the existing second-hand shops businesses that are located in this building

Vita Huset

- Municipal plans exist to extend the park area near Vita Huset so that it surrounds the building.

This proposal respects and enhances the monumental nature of the building and architectural style of the building and should be implemented.

The Central Station and Nils Ericson Bus Terminal

- Development in the area should improve the experience and ease of access to this monument.

- This complex will continue to be an important transportation hub. Improving access directly to Central Station from Gullbergsvass should be addressed. At the moment the building turns its back to the area.

- This artifact has the potential to become a powerful icon for Göteborg as a historically industrial

- The presence of these artifacts in the urban landscape is largely under valued. Enhancing

Skansen Lejonet

Gasklockan

project positioning

Brick Buildings and Cooling Tower

urban strategies

urban sketches

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their position in regards to surrounding buildings and conducting a sensitive restoration of certain facades would add a great deal of character to Gullbergsvass.

Drömmarnas Kaj

- It is inevitable that the quay will change, however it should not eradicate the central character and soul of Drömmarnas Kaj but instead let it evolve and allow the future citizens of Gullbergsvass access to the riverfront. It is also necessary to allow some space for other types of boats along the quay. These aspects are discussed more in depth in the following section on Existing Stakeholders.

Concrete Factory

- Due to its size and location it could become a landmark if facades and silos are creatively refinished.

- If the factory in turn produces the type of cement that sequesters CO2, it would also become a symbol of the city’s advanced technology and commitment to the well-being of the planet.

Surrounding regions and Social Context Nordstan and Stampen

- Connecting to these areas is essential for the enhancement of the urban and social fabric of Göteborg. However, to make this connection it becomes necessary to contend with the vast set of train tracks leading to Central Station.

theoretical background

site analysis

Marieholm

- Industries that do not fit in a residential and pedestrian based community in Gullbergsvass could potentially relocate here.

- From the perspective of waste to resource management and local energy production, Marieholm’s compost and biogas plant presents an important link for the implementation of C.U.R.E. in Gullbergsvass.

- The presence of larger recycling centers in Marieholm also could become an important factor in eliminating the concept of waste from the development of Gullbergsvass.

Ringön

- Consider a bridge to Ringön as is often suggested in discussions on future plans of Gullbergsvass

Human use and Social FABRIC

- Areas 3 and 5: maintain, diversify and enhance qualities and functions - Areas 1, 2 and 4: follow the lead of municipal plans and remove and discourage businesses based on logistics and heavy transport

- Adjust the city plan to existing structures where ever feasible and plan for the phasing out rather than immediate removal of buildings.

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Barriers Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45)

- Follow municipal plans to lower the highway below grade - Bridge at several points to connect the city fabric and facilitate access to the riverfront

Buildings

- Buildings that present barriers should be removed when feasible

- Pagodan is a barrier for movement from east to west and must be contended with. Fortunately there is a pedestrian passage way into an interior courtyard that could be extended by removing a central addition thereby allowing pedestrian movement through the building.

Train tracks

- Follow municipal plans for the reduction of train tracks in the area.

- The remaining train tracks must be addressed and their barrier affect reduced. There are three options: 1) Bridges over train tracks

*must rise 6m over train tracks, which limits the variety of modes of transportation that would be facilitated by this option

*the barrier effect is only minimally reduced and the tracks would continue to cut off Gullbergsvass from the fabric of the city *cheapest option but minimally effective

project positioning

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2) Tunnels under train tracks

*would offer possibilities for more types of transportation vehicles to cross into Gullbergsvass than bridges, but would have fewer points where this is possible *unpleasant and potentially dangerous environment for pedestrians and cyclists

*the barrier effect is only minimally reduced and the tracks would continue to cut off Gullbergsvass from the fabric of the city *the cost and technical challenges could outweigh the potential benefits

3) Lowering the tracks below ground level

*increases land available for development

*allows new city fabric to be contiguous with the old *reduces noise pollution

*offers a variety of points for a variety of transportation modes to enter Gullbergsvass *effectively reduces the visual and mental barrier of the tracks

*is technically difficult and expensive but feasible2, however the benefits are multiple and increase the profitability of development in Gullbergsvass

Entrances

- Explore and celebrate the fact that Gullbergsvass can serve as an entrance into central Göteborg - Increase possibilities of entering the area by foot and bicycle 2 Pers. com. Bo Lindgren, Banverket, 26-03-2010 theoretical background

site analysis

Connecting points/Nodes

Water Contamination

- Use landmarks as meeting points and to help orientation in the area

Soil Contamination

- Enhance the nodes at Central Station and Falutorget

Transportation

See Barriers, Entrances and Connecting Points.

- Increase public transportation in the area

- Increase possibilities for bicycle and pedestrian movement in the area

Municipal plans

- Municipal plans for the area are conducive to future development for the area

Air Contamination - Reduce traffic in the area

- Increase vegetation in general and in particular around highway 45 and interstate E6

- Consider the Concrete Factory as an opportunity for sequestering CO2 released by human activity

Noise pollution

- Follow municipal plans to lower Highway 45 - Consider lowering train tracks

- Use ecological process to purify rain water run off within the area - Soil must be decontaminated prior to development, preferably using ecological processes

Soil conditions

- Due to relatively unstable soil conditions the district cannot be filled with high rise buildings

- Göteborg has always built on unstable soils.

Municipal suggestions for the floor area development will be considered feasible - The lowering of Highway 45 potentially stabilizes the soil conditions around it, making these areas more viable for high rise development

Flooding

- Consider Highway 45 and E6 as flood barriers

- Follow municipal studies that recommend local rain water management, the raising of building entrances above flooding levels and a physical barrier along the riverfront - Reduce water run off, increase water containment and absorption within the area

- Increase vegetation in general and in particular around Highway 45 and E6 project positioning

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Ecology

- Apply Yeang’s design strategy for zeroculture ecosystems and contaminated ecosystems and simplified ecosystems.

- Enhance biodiversity by improving ecological linkages and conserving contiguity of ecosystems.

- Repair and restore previously damaged areas.

- Begin with the environmental preconditions and connect and enhance existing fragments of ecosystems and habitat - Augment wetlands in the area

- Use ecological processes to solve problems whenever possible

Species and Habitat Zones

- Ideally one would be able to leave dead trees and wood in the waterway. However, this is not always easily done as it comes in conflict with boat traffic.3 Natura 2000 plan for the area recommends that all cleaning and removal of wood from the area must be done with caution and with the cooperation of a habitat expert. Recommended presence of dead wood (diameter > 10 cm, length > 1m) in the water must exceed 6 pieces per 100m of shore line.5

- As development encroaches on Säveån the natural habitat is threatened by attempts to stabilize the shorelines. However, these should be left as natural as possible as they are key to the survival of the salmon, sea trout, kingfisher and other species.

- The natural flow of the river should be preserved and all water run-off from built areas should be taken care of on site in order to reduce the pollution that reaches the river. 3 - It is important to maintain a treeline along the 3 Egriell

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flowing or still waters and wetland grasses and other vegetation.7

- Amphibians, primarily frogs, were also likely to have existed in Gullbergsvass and due to their threatened status in the world in general it would be desirable to provide habitat to these in the area. Another advantage of introducing frogs is that they help to keep insect populations low.

- It may also be appropriate to add some vegetation that exists further up the river, such as the tree species ash, maple, oak and hazel. However, this should be done in consultation with a biologist.8 Human Interaction

- There are a number of species that have been documented in adjacent areas to Gullbergsvass that would flourish with any augmentation of plants and flowers in the area. Nearby cemetaries, for example, are teaming with butterflies that would be attracted by flowering plants added in Gullbergsvass.

- The Natura 2000 area around Säveån offers an opportunity to increase the quality of living and recreational opportunities for inhabitants and visitors of Göteborg. It is easy to imagine a 15km long nature reserve from Gullbergsvass to Aspen lake with paths and opportunities to learn about the natural species and environments that make Säveån unique. Several areas in the upper portions of Säveån already have paths and other facilities for recreation. The existing boat traffic could be complimented with facilities for canoe rental. Fishing activities could also be enhanced by improving accessibility to the Säveå shoreline.9

4 Ibid, p.5 5 Ibid 6 Källstrand, ID: 3 Göteborgs Hamn

7 Pers. com. Karolina Källstrand, Miljöutredare Miljöförvaltningen, plan- och trafikavdelningen, 17-03-2010 8 Egriell 9 Pers. com. Karolina Källstrand,

- Gasklockan should be preserved, as it is an important place for one or more peregrine falcon that hunt in the harbour area during winter.6 Extending Habitat

Maintaining Habitat

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river banks, preferably a tree height in width.

The trees provide shade and leaves and thereby nutrients to the water. Recommendations of tree species are for example willow, sallow, ash and alder.4

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- Reintroducing wetlands into the area will also allow for the re-introduction of species that lost their habitat when Gullbergsvass was filled in.

Dragonflies for example enjoy areas with slow

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Drömmarnas Kaj10

The scene along the harbour of Gullbergsvass is one that is controversial. It is a unique cultural icon in Göteborg that has inspired many artists and musicians. However, due to its rugged and unorthodox character it is threatened by future development in the area.

Existing Stakeholders The existing users of the area should be considered when developing an urban district based on C.U.R.E. principals. Interviews with organizations that have a vested interest in the development of the area , such as Älvstranden Utveckling AB, Banverket, Naturvårdsverket and Renova, have been interviewed throughout the study. Their comments in regards to the possible developments for the area have been spread throughout the site analysis and the previous pages of project positioning and are therefore not included here.

However, one interview stands out from the rest as it is of particular interest for the cultural character of the area. It regards the predicament of Drömmarnas Kaj in relation to future development of the area. The following summarizes key points from an interview aimed at understanding the issues and possibilities for future coexistence.

Other information regarding the character and history of the area is found in sections of the site analysis.

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Erik Karlsson, who is the chairman of the ship association is of the opinion that the boats need to be somewhat visibly shielded from any potential development so as not to offend those of sensitive tastes, while at the same time easily accessible and open to help prevent crime.

According to Erik, the boat activity along Drömmarnas Kaj actually pollutes less than most harbour areas as the majority of boats do not leave the harbour or even turn on their motor.

Project Position

Drömmarnas Kaj should not be removed from the area, and measures must be taken so that its central qualities are not lost and can continue to be a crucial part of the identity of the riverfront.

He suggested turning the boats with their prow towards the quay so as to keep the 50+ boats associated with Drömmarnas Kaj in the area, but also allow space for other types of boats.

To create stability for the area and prevent a total gentrification it would be advantageous if the leases (which are currently short term) would be made long term. The city must make an official commitment to maintain an area for the current activities or they will not survive in the speculative nature of ship mooring in the city.

The containers currently scattered along the quay are used as storage. Erik Karlsson says that they could easily be used more efficiently and even be shared by several members. They could even be collected in one central area.

10 Interview with Erik Karlsson, Chairman of Gullbergsvass ship association, 24-03-2010 project positioning

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Kviberg’s Market

Kviberg’s market is one of the most famous and largest permanent flee markets in Göteborg and has been operational since 1995. It is located just over 5 km northeast of the city in three buildings that were originally built as military horse stables in 1895.

The market is open only on weekends and supports a myriad of activities. Most of the stalls are used by recurring businesses but it is also possible to rent for a single day, as well as the possibility to rent a spot in the exterior yards between the buildings. The price varies from 200 to 500 SEK a day, depending on the size of the stall.

Kviberg’s market is an important unofficial meeting point for people of different ethnical and

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social backgrounds. The businesses are as mixed as the people. An inventory of the market finds: cafés, a diversity of specialized food vendors, three hairdressers, a tailor, a massage studio, textiles, antiques, clothes, tools, a new age crystal store, home decoration, a plumber, an abundance of electronics and some repair shops, carpets, office supplies, etc. Added to all this are people who rent a stall to sell whatever they found in the basement or the garage.

For some the market is their primary source of income, however for many it is an added income and a social activity. At the moment the future existence of the market is uncertain. There is an ongoing threat of shutting down the current location without suggestions for where the current activities could be relocated.

Potential stakeholders are future users that are not currently in the area. In the case of Gullbergsvass and in consideration for C.U.R.E. principals we have investigated three types of future stakeholders: - a multicultural market place with a high level of second hand commerce

- a recycling station that focuses on direct re-se repair, and creative reinvention - potential residents

These investigations are meant to be case studies of businesses and people that could be located at Gullbergsvass and are not necessarily intended as actual future users.

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Vendors at Kviberg’s Market11

Ralf

Yosuf

Yosuf, 38, permanently rents a box in which he sells tools and household appliances. He’s been doing so for about 5 years and sees the market as a vital part of his social life. He tells about the man in the box beside him who is an old friend from Iraq. The last time they saw each other was in their home country when they were young and to both their surprise ran into each other at Kviberg’s market one day.

Patricia

We find Patricia, 23, just inside one of the entrances. Today she sells eggs that she and her boyfriend procure from a local farmer. Together they also rent a separate stall where they sell clothes. When they first came to the market, two years ago, they sold electronics but since there’s a lot of people doing that, it was hard to make a profit.

Ralf, 62, is a salesman who travels around different fairs and markets since 1961 to sell paper articles and office supplies. We find him outside his van which he has parked on the open space between two of the stable buildings. He’s been coming to Kviberg since the market first started and he believes he sells more if he’s outside, even if its -10oC like the day we meet him. Ralf says that he thinks that if the market has to move, Gullbergsvass would be an excellent location, as it is easy to get to and there is a tradition of second hand markets in the northwest part of the area.

Håkan

In the innermost corner of one of the buildings is a stall that has been transformed into a small clothing store. Additional walls and a wooden floor have been added to create an enclosed room and the music pumps out from loudspeakers. Håkan, 26, has been an employee there for about 6 months. The owner imports the clothes himself and sees Kviberg’s market as a possibility to tryout the marketability of new goods so that he can subsequently sell these imports in larger quantities to other stores around the city.

Project Position

Whether or not Kviberg’s Market is moved to Gullbergsvass, the intention is that a city district based on C.U.R.E. principals should have a market that not only sells food but also a variety of other products old and new. In difference to Kviberg’s market, the market in Gullbergsvass would also support businesses that were open during the week.

Such a market serves a number of purposes for the region: - provides a social and cultural meeting point - fosters economic independence and variety - supports reuse within the area

- provides fresh and potentially local food

Anita

11 All stories are summaries of interviews conducted at Kviberg’s market 17-01-2010 theoretical background

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Anita, 59, has been at the market since it began.

The money her stall generates from selling porcelain collectables and antiques is an additional income she enjoys but isn’t dependent upon. She mostly has a stall at the market for social reasons.

Over the years she has made a lot of friends. Anita preferred the market as it started out where vendors were clustered by the type of items they sold. She feels the current mixing of vendors is chaotic and her sales have gone down. project positioning

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Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan

Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan, established in 2007, is a center for recycling and reuse that is located 6.5 km north of the city center. Its location makes it difficult to access by any other means than a private vehicle.

The entire complex is 30,000 m2 and its operation is managed by the coordinated cooperation of three agencies: Stadsmissionen (1000m2), Återbruket (1500m2), and Returhuset (450m2).

Within the property are sorting containers for the recycling of a variety of items and materials.

Before reaching these containers, one passes through a drop-off area for donations where the center’s employees actively encourage the donation of objects for reuse rather than recycling.

While much of what is resold and reused at the center is brought there by individuals, items and materials are also collected from other parts of the region. Most of the center’s customers are private home owners. It is believed that the combination of the different services and types of items available at the center is what attracts people and encourages the purchasing of reusable items.

Återbruket

Återbruket focuses on the reselling of used construction materials, appliances, and built-in furniture (such as closets, cabinets, bathtubs, etc.). They also assist construction teams by reviewing demolition plans to help them recover as much valuable materials for resell and reuse as possible.

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Returhuset

Returhuset is a center that focuses on the refurbishment and recreation of donated items that cannot be sold at Återbruket or Stadsmissionen.

However, sometimes they also buy items from these two organizations for use in their various workshops. Bicycles, furniture and other items are repaired, refinished or reinvented into new objects by individuals who are receiving work training. There is a small café and gift shop which displays and sells the items made in their workshop. The café sells as much ecological and local food as possible. project positioning

Stadsmissionen

Stadsmissionen is a for-profit charity organization, which means they donate a percentage of their overall profit but not all of it. They focus on the resell of used clothes, household items and furniture. Items they cannot sell are donated to Returhuset. There are seven Stadsmissionen stores in Göteborg. Prices in their shops vary according to location. At Kretsloppsparken the prices are quite low as they are far from the city center and shopping districts. urban strategies

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Project Position

A branch of Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan should be located in Gullbergsvass. There should be a coordinated effort between the branch in Gullbergsvass and Alelyckan. Functions more suitable to be near the city center should be placed in Gullbergsvass, while more car based functions should remain at Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan. Gullbergsvass could also serve as a drop off point for items that are more appropriate for storage at Alelyckan.

The reuse center at Gullbergsvass would hold courses on how to maximize the reuse of construction and demolition materials, giving out certificates and licenses for this expertise. They would also hold classes and workshops for making new items out of old ones, as well as employ a number of artisans who do this on a regular basis and sell their work in a local shop. Stadsmissionen would also have a shop nearby and benefit from its nearness to the reuse center.

Potential Residents The following are results from surveys that were conducted by other studies on attitudes towards residential areas and sustainable development in Göteborg and Sweden.

Attitudes in Göteborg

It is good to know what the general public of Göteborg consider important. That is why Göteborgs Miljövetenskapliga Centrum (Gothenburg’s Environmental Science Center) chose to conduct a public survey of 250 individuals from age 15 and above during their case study of Gullbergsvass in 2006. While the number of surveys collected is not enough to give a definitive answer to what citizens of Göteborg consider important, it is enough to give an indication of the views of the general public.12

The tables on the opposite page represent the results of their surveys. The first table shows that residents in Göteborg place high value on environmental factors in city district design and that safety is the prime concern for most people.

However, as safety is such a broad topic the surveyors asked the participants to define this a bit more closely (second table). Though ‘neighbor relations’, ‘presence of businesses that are open in the evening and night’, and ‘considerable human activity’ rank on the lower end of the list, these three topics are what support the existence of the top two priorities (few violent crimes and children can play in the district).

12 Christensen et al, p.43 theoretical background

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Opportunities for individuals to affect aspects of the districts was also expanded upon and is seen in the third table. While all survey participants valued ‘effective channels of information’, it was primarily older residents which were interested in actively participating in the development of the district. This may be because they have more time to do so.13

Attitudes in Sweden

In 2008 SIFO conducted a survey where 1000 people from all over Sweden were interviewed about how they would prefer to live in the near future.14 One of the questions in the interview was: “Are you willing to pay extra in order to reduce greenhouse gases from your residence?”

The results showed: - 62% are willing to pay extra for an environmentally friendly home.

- 78% of interviewees from ages 15-29 were willing to pay extra.

- Willingness to contribute to a better environment and climate was slightly better amongst women then men.

- Interest for environmentally friendly homes is higher in and around larger cities than in the rest of the country.

13 Ibid 14 Göteborgs Stad: Fastighetskontoret, MIljöanpassat Byggande, Program för Göteborg Bostäder, (2008) urban strategies

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City District Factor

Average Value

Safety Factor

Average Value

Safety

9,13

Few violent crimes

9,31

Access to green recreation areas

8,67

Children can play in the district

9,00

Good air quality

8,61

The area is clean and attractive

8,91

Public transportation is frequent and nearby

8,44

Good lighting in evenings and night time

8,87

Communal services are near (schools, health clinic, etc.)

8,41

Local police in the district

8,12

Neighbor relations

7,54

Recycling Stations

8,23 8,22

Low presence of cars

7,77

The presence of businesses that are open in the evening and at night

7,47

Low noise levels Opportunities for individuals to affect aspects of the district

7,76

There is considerable human activity at all times of the day

7,29

Bicycles are prioritized over cars

7,72

Security cameras

5,62

Buildings are energy efficient

7,7

Renewable energy is used as much as possible

7,59

Facilities for sports and other physical activities

7,49

The presence of effective channels of information to district residents

8,12

Facilities for cultural activities

7,37

Voting in the county elections

7,61

Opportunities for employment in the district

6,93

7,49

Large biological diversity

6,71

District decisions are taken with the participation of the local residents

A large number of businesses and jobs in the district

6,24

To actively participate in the development of the district

7,03

Facilities for religious activities

4,04

The average values indicated by survey participants are based on a scale of 1-10, 10 being the highest.

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Project Position

Because there is an increased awareness and concern for the well-being of our planet, it is both economically viable and desirable to build upon principles, such as C.U.R.E., that consider the health of our planetary ecosystems and societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relation to these.

Public opinion, combined with the financially advantageous location of Gullbergsvass in the city of GĂśteborg, allows the municipality to place higher demands on developers for more environmentally sensitive solutions.

Average Value

The factors marked with green are those which directly relate to issues that reduce harm to ecological systems and support biodiversity.

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Evaluating Existing Building Stock The following inventories evaluate the existing structures according to their future viability and according to C.U.R.E. standards of contiguity and regeneration. The actual need for the building is judged on several levels: the permanence of the building, the demands for mixed use, its ability to support a contiguous urban network of streets, and if the function within the building supports a vibrant city life or the concept of waste to resource.

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Finally, these maps are combined with the existing ecological areas in Gullbergsvass resulting in the map which will serve as a point of departure for Urban Strategies and Urban Sketches. urban strategies

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Landmarks Buildings of permanent quality Buildings of temporary quality

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Landmarks Can accommodate mixed use Limited possibility for mixed use

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Building Quality

Mixed Use

The building quality analysis identifies the buildings that are of sufficient quality to stand another thirty years without having to be completely reconstructed. The evaluation does not refer to a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aesthetic quality.

The mixed use analysis identifies the buildings that could easily be converted to accommodate a mix of residential and business use.

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Landmarks Can support an urban network Hindrance to an urban network

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Landmarks Can support an urban system Hindrance to an urban system

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Urban Network

Urban Functions

The urban network analysis evaluates how a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s placement supports or hinders a contiguous network of streets and urban blocks. This means that even though a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality is poor, another building could be built in the same location and support a viable urban network.

The urban functions analysis identifies which existing functions in the area support or hinder a vibrant city district or the concept of waste to resource.

The functions identified as supportive do not necessarily have to stay in the same building or location, but should stay in the area. Functions that are considered a hindrance are primarily ones that are related to large transportation loads. To reduce traffic congestion and pollution it is best these functions are placed at the edge of the city.

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This plan is the product of a comparison and weighing of the different factors in the analysis of the previous four maps and the municipal plan and the ecology map. It is the point of departure for the design proposal for Gullbergsvass.

Landmarks Buildings that remain Buildings that are phased out

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Point of Departure theoretical background

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Physical and Social Fabric - Geographical aspects - Historical aspects - Social aspects - Physical aspects - Functional Aspects

Ecology

- Ecological history - Contamination and pollution levels and sources - Characteristics of natural areas - Hydrology - Protected areas - Habitat areas and boarders - Species in the area

Point of Departure

- SWOT analysis - Existing stakeholders - Potential stakeholders - Evaluation of viability of existing conditions - Summary of municipal plans

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Urban Strategies This chapter aims to establish a set of strategies that build upon and enhance the positions taken towards existing conditions in the previous section. The following urban strategies developed for Gullbergsvass are therefore built on a layering of existing conditions (left) and the interweaving and examination of C.U.R.E. principals.

Creating Contiguity

To create contiguous relationships it is useful to consider Yeang’s three basic principals of integration: Physical integration:

- The geographical and locational integration of the built environment with the natural environment.

- Minimal ecological disturbance and maximum ecological benefits.

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Systemic integration:

- The integration of the flows (air, water, etc), functions and processes of the built environment with those of ecosystems.

Temporal integration:

- Use natural resources and ecological processes at a sustainable rate.1 To add to these three principals, a C.U.R.E. strategy focuses on issues of identity, diversity, dialogue and autonomy within the following areas:

Social integration:

- The enhancement and improvement of the existing social fabric.

- Opportunities for public involvement in the development of the area.

- Opportunities for individual expression and personal autonomy.

1

Yeang, p.27

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Cultural integration:

- Foster “a diversity of unities” 2 that offers a common sense of belonging among residents with diverse backgrounds and beliefs.

- Consider how the site has and will continue to act with the collective memory of society.

- Develop opportunities for the challenging and questioning cultural norms.

Architectural integration:

- A thoughtful response to the functional, experiential and historical context of the site and surrounding environments.

- Place attention on the phenomenon of place.

By incorporating these different levels of integration, C.U.R.E becomes a design approach that carries both an ecocentric and an anthropocentric point of view. It aims to let nature take place in the city and the city take place in nature.

2 Fisher, p.64

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Contiguous Biotopes

Contiguous Hydrology

The strategy for Gullbergsvass begins with the environmental preconditions and nature is allowed to direct the design. The aim is to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. To begin with, the plan connects and expands upon existing biotopes.

An important aspect of ecosystems and biotopes are the patterns of hydrology in the area. Poorly managed urban water run-off can cause a great deal of environmental degradation through the spreading of pollution and soil erosion. In a C.U.R.E. strategy, a system of water collection is implemented based on existing hydrology patterns and contamination is reduced using ecological processes. This system is best located within the network of ‘green’ biotopes.

“Biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. Biotope is almost synonymous with the term habitat, but while the subject of a habitat is a species or a population, the subject of a biotope is a biological community.”3

3 Hoshino, Toshiyuki. (Retrieved 16-05-2010) Fundamental research in nurtural management of large biotope aiming for regeneration of nature. theoretical background

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Instead of letting rain water flow directly into sewage pipes it should be taken care of through a slower and more site specific process. Green roofs, ponds and canals would decrease the pressure on the urban sewage systems and make it possible to harvest water for plants, flushing toilets and even food production, i.e. fish breeding and urban agriculture. The threat of flooding within Gullbergsvass further emphasizes the need for a water retention system that reduces the pressure on the already over stressed waterways of Göteborg.

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Contiguous Physical and Social Fabric

Contiguous Waste and Resource Cycles

The strategy then connects and expands upon the existing social and physical fabric. C.U.R.E. is built upon shaping the environment for community interaction. This is done through creating opportunities for formal and informal social meetings, public participation and individual expression.

These areas should strive to build upon and develop the history, identity, and legibility of the district.

While animal waste is incorporated into the ecosystems of biotopes and is regenerated into useful matter for other species, human waste typically is not. C.U.R.E. principals involve an active attempt to mimic ecosystems or integrate our waste within them. To do so, the first step is to eliminate the concept of waste. Doing so will reduce the amount of raw materials and pollution caused by transporting them prior to and after use as well as offer economic benefits and diversity.

A network of social corridors is then created by linking these nodes with one another and to the existing social zones of the area. This network is then scrutinized to identify missing nodes and connections. In this plan this has lead to the addition of links to Marieholm and Ringön, a central public space at the intersection of two social corridors, as well as the potential for smaller social nodes within neighborhoods (dotted circles).

1) There are two sets of nutrient cycles: Biosphere and Technosphere4

The plan begins by creating social nodes (circles) at strategic locations.

Most of these social nodes are in the vicinity of historical landmarks. The landmarks lend a temporal aspect and monumentality to each public space.

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The strategy then designates places in the district where waste is processed into a resource. The activities in these places can vary, however they all approach waste-to-resource processing from two perspectives: 2) Incorporate Lyle’s six basic processes of regenerative systems5 4 See p.15 5 See p.12

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Integration and synergy

For synergy to occur, and thereby reach an urban proposal in concurrence with C.U.R.E. principals, the networks established in the preceding four maps must be integrated. The aim is to effectively tie humans to the ecological conditions of a place. The map on the following page lays the foundation for a plan in Gullbergsvass through this integration of human and natural environments as well as human and ecological waste and resource cycles.

Sense of Place

Contiguous Waste to Resource Cycles Contiguous Biotopes Contiguous Physical and Social Fabric Contiguous Hydrology

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From the diagrammatic layering of contiguous networks on the existing conditions, a viable urban form emerges.

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Development ratio

Area calculations

m2

Total area

1 070 000

100

New plots

261 000

24.3

Existing building surface occupation New building surface occupation (50% of new plots) Total

46 700 130 500

4.7 12.1

177 200

16.8

Existing buildings total floor area (5 floors) New buildings total floor area (5 floors) Total

233 500 652 500 886 000

21.5 60.7 83.2

Residential total floor area (70% of all buildings calculated on 4 floors)

496 160

46.7

Existing yards New yards (50% of new plots) Total

8 700 130 500 139 200

1 12.1 13.1

Streets Parks Squares + Marketplace Waste to Resource Center

231 400 368 800 56 100 19 350

21.5 34.6 5.6 1.9

Remaining (undeveloped) land

77 900

7.5

% of total area

According to the municipality the suggested rate of future floor area in Gullbergsvass is 800 000m2. This correspond well with our proposal which includes 886 000m2.

The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is the amount of built m2 (on all planes) divided by the total m2 of the site. For the project area the FAR is: 233 500 + 652 500/1 070 000 = 0.83

Residents

The possible amount of residents in the area is calculated as: 70% of the total floor area on four floors (177 200 x 4 x 0.7 = 496 160m2). Ground floors are excluded as these are primarily intended for commercial and public use. The average person in Sweden currently uses approximately 40m2 of living space.6 The expected number of residents in the area is therefore 12400.

(496 160/40 = 12 404)

6 Based on a average value from SCB (Swedish office of statistics) theoretical background

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P

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Transportation and Movement

Nils Ericson Bus Terminal

Continues to be a central hub for bus travel

Tram routes and tracks

A tram line is added to Gullbergsvass and placed where there is approximately equal distance for all residents to access it.

The plan shows the motivations for the layout of streets as well as the possibilities for multiplicity and diversity of different modes of transport and movement.

Train tracks

Västlänken reduces the total number of train tracks in the area. The train tracks leading to Central Station make a gradual decline until they go completely underground at Odinsplatsen, effectively freeing more space for development and improving the possibilities for moving between Gullbergsvass and other districts. The lowering of the train tracks also reduces the noise pollution in the area.

Landmarks

Spatial orientation and legibility of the urban network is achieved by providing sight lines towards urban artifacts (landmarks).

Main bicycle routes

While all streets in Gullbergsvass are bicycle and pedestrian focused, these are the main thoroughfares in the area.

Ferry route and terminal

The ferry of Göteborg links Gullbergsvass to the opposite side of Göta Älv (Ringön).

Bus routes

Bus routes help to tie Gullbergsvass and the other districts of Göteborg together and reduce car dependency. theoretical background

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Highways The barriers created by interstate E6 and highway 45 are reduced by three separate ecoducts that allow the crossing of human, animal and plant life and reduce noise pollution. The lowering of highway 45 also helps to reduce noise pollution in the area.

Major junctions

These junctions are pre-existing.

Entrances to Gullbergsvass

Major entrances to Gullbergsvass both added and existing.

Train stations

Animal movement within biotopes

While animals are likely to exist anywhere there is greenery, i.e. also within neighborhoods, these are the main areas of animal movement in the area.

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Västlänken adds a train station to the existing Central Station and improves the connections to regions around Göteborg from Gullbergsvass and the city center.

Car-share and other parking

Central parking areas encourage visitors and residents to walk around the district, thereby reducing car traffic. Car-share programs reduce the total number of cars in the area. These spaces can also be converted to light industry, storage, and commercial areas as the need for parking diminishes.

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Mostly wild vegetation Moderately wild/controlled vegetation Waterways

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Ecosystem Services Possibilities for multiplicity and diversity of ecological functions, processes and services to humanity.

Food production in outdoor allotments

Land areas designated for gardening. These are flexible in size and can grow or shrink according to local demand for allotments. They may be managed by a foundation, an association or by the city.

Building integrated food production

According to development rules for Gullbergsvass, all buildings must offer the opportunity for gardening. This can take place on the site around the building, on the roof, terraces, balconies or in building integrated greenhouses.

Public greenhouses

Public greenhouses function in the way outdoor allotments and are intended to provide an extended growing season and the opportunity to grow more exotic plants. They also serve as a social platform and their placement is chosen to facilitate the creation of meeting points and maximize sunlight access.

Vertical farm units

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on a larger and more productive scale than is possible with private allotments. The proposed locations are chosen to maximize the sunlight access into the buildings. They are combined with residential, commercial and office spaces with which they interchange heat.

Natural animal habitat Vegetation in the area varies from thick copse, open forest, meadowland to wetland. Some food production occurs in the form of berries and fruit. These natural areas connect and enhance existing habitats.

A farming barge is placed at one of the piers and is an educational center for urban gardening techniques. While the barge produces food, it is more of a pedagogical platform to help gardeners with organic and productive gardening.

At strategic places, particularly along highways and train tracks, thick vegetation is used to reduce some of the negative effects of the traffic in the area.

Farming barges

Water storage for reuse

Water is stored in basins (ponds) and reused in urban farming, public spaces and within buildings.

Water storage as flooding protection

A small lake in the area captures all excess water from the system of ponds and canals. Part of the lake is deep and always contains water, whereas other parts consist of wetlands that periodically dry out. It is also the final stage of water purification and an important aesthetic and recreational element for the area.

Water filtration ponds

Before being led to the small lake, water runoff is filtered through a series of ponds, canals and wetlands. For each step the filtering is refined and smaller particles are extracted. Water movement is slowed down to facilitate this purification process. project positioning

Noise reduction and air filtration

Energy production

Both urban and natural environments can be suitable for energy production. In both cases itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to use technology that does not disturb human or animal species well-being. Silent wind power plants and pv-cells can be used in parks, squares and also integrated within buildings.

Human recreation

A varied and diverse natural environment supports the well-being of a diversity of people.

Decomposition

To create new soil and biological nutrients, composting must be integrated in all recycling facilities. In addition to these, composting should take place where any kind of urban gardening occurs.

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Biotopes

The city plan of Göteborg7 specifically points out the vital role that biodiversity plays in society and thereby makes a commitment to preserving and enhancing it. Enhancing biodiversity is synonymous with enhancing biotopes. Contiguity within and between biotopes is essential for species movement and the balance of the food chain.

Impact on Land Use in Gullbergsvass The plan outlined in this strategy includes: Primary Habitat Areas

32 8105m2 - park area

Secondary Habitat Areas

ECOSYSTEMS

Nature provides us with a great number of services: primary productivity (photosynthesis, oxygen production, CO2 fixation into plant material, etc); pollination; biological control of diseases; supply, regulation and purification of water; waste recycling and pollution control; nutrient cycling; raw materials production; climate and atmospheric regulation; etc. These fundamental functions of nature are the basis for human life. To ensure the continued existence of these services it is vital to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems.

To do so, we must maintain and support the complexity and diversity naturally occurring in healthy biotopes. theoretical background

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77 800m2 - squares and market place 139 200m2 - yards 270 250m2 - tree lined streets Additional area is added by any plants incorporated into buildings.

Design Considerations

There are three basic approaches: maintaining biotopes, extending biotopes, and offering opportunities for human interaction.

Maintaining Biotopes

Shorelines are left as natural as possible as they are key to the survival of the salmon, sea trout, kingfisher and other species in the area. The natural flow of the river is preserved and all water run-off from built areas is taken care of within Gullbergsvass in order to reduce the pollution and flooding threats to the surrounding waterways.8 7 Göteborg Stad: Stadsbyggnadskontoret, ÖP-09, part 1, p.93 8 see p.102 urban strategies

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to cross and prevent traffic problems. Roads that pass through natural areas also become thin at these points, discouraging high speeds in the area.

A treeline at least a tree height in width is preserved along most river banks. The trees (such as willow, sallow, ash, and alder) provide shade and leaves and thereby nutrients to the water.

Dead wood is allowed to lay at the waters edge to enhance animal habitat and nutrients. All cleaning and removal of wood from the area is be done with caution and with the cooperation with a habitat expert.

Human Interaction

Gasklockan is preserved, and nesting areas are provided for the peregrine falcon that hunt in the harbour area. Nearly all pre-existing natural areas preserved and connected.

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Extending Biotopes

There are a number of species that have been documented in adjacent areas to Gullbergsvass that will flourish with the augmentation of plants and flowers in the area. Nearby cemeteries, for example, are teaming with butterflies that will be attracted by flowering plants added in Gullbergsvass.

The reintroduction of wetlands into the area allows provides habitat for species that left the area when Gullbergsvass was filled in. Dragonflies and amphibians, for example, enjoy areas with slow flowing or still waters and wetland grasses and other vegetation.

The barriers created by roads are reduced by the addtion of ecoducts at strategic points, allowing animals and plants to spread and connect. These have the added benefit of reducing noise pollution.

Where ecoducts are not possible small tunnels (pipes) are placed under roads to allow animals theoretical background

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A 15km long nature reserve beginning in Gullbergsvass to Aspen lake enriches the area and the city for the inhabitants and visitors of Göteborg. A Natura 2000 information center offers the opportunity to learn about the natural species and environments that make Säveån unique and provides canoe rental services. Fishing activities are also enhanced by improving accessibility to the Säveå shoreline.

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Locations for implementing ecoducts. project positioning

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Local rain Water management

Local rain water management is a must for Gullbergsvass. It is both an ethical question of reducing pollution to the surrounding aquatic habitats as well as a practical reason for reducing an already stressed water management system in the city of Göteborg. This in turn brings economic savings to the city by reducing the added investments needed in infrastructure.

Impact on Land Use in Gullbergsvass

During the month with the most rainfall, October, Göteborg averages 92.8mm of percipitation (rarely exceeding 3mm a day).9 However, the largest amount of rain in a single day was recorded in 1997 at 120mm of rainfall.10 This occurance is estimated to appear every 200 years.11 However, if the average temperature during the year rises as predicted, it is likely that the rain intensity increases during autumn, winter and spring.12 The recommended size of ponds for water run off is 2.5% of the capture area (hard surfaces).13 In our case (484 050m2 buildings, streets, squares, marketplace and Återbruket) that would mean a total of 12 100m2, which is about 1.1% of the total surface area or 3.3% of the park area.

9 http://vader.se.msn.com, 29-03-10 10 Göteborgs stad, Extrema vädersituationer - Hur väl rustat är Göteborg?, (2006), p.11 11 Ibid, p.17 12 Ibid, p.12 13 Lönngren Gabriella, Vatten i Dagen, Svensk Byggtjänst, (2001), p.35 theoretical background

site analysis

One important strategy to prevent flooding from rainwater run-off in Gullbergsvass, is to encourage the implementation of green roofs. This can potentially diminish the water run-off from buildings by 50%.14 Green roofs also delay and regulate the flow of the remaining water that finds its way to the sewage system. Green roofs also provide habitat for animals and plants and can potentially be places for urban gardening.

With 50% of all roofs covered with green roofs, the pond size needed for Gullbergsvass would be 9 644m2 which is 0.9% of the total surface area or 2.6% of the total park area.

0.9%

Design considerations

A system of retention ponds, wetlands, canals and streams collect rain water from hard surfaces and is designed to purify the water and store it for reuse in public spaces, urban agriculture, and potentially for buildings. All building owners are required to connect to this system or provide their own rainwater management and collection on site.

The shape of the ponds should be formed to prevent stagnant water and be designed to increase and decrease in size depending on the amount of precipitation and use for human purposes.

Wetlands play a key role in both serving as this buffer zone for changing water tables and are essential in the process of purifying the water.

Introducing wetlands into Gullbergsvass would also be a poetic reminder of the ecological history of the area.

14

Ibid, p.40 project positioning

0.9% 16

9644m2 603m2 x 16 150m2 x 64

The recommended size of ponds for water run off is 2.5% of the capture area which is 1.2% of the site area. If the ponds are spread out the capture effect will increase.

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Urban Agriculture

It is estimated that by the year 2050, 80% of the earth’s population will live in urban environments.

According to the most conservative calculations of population trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by 2050.

“An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% more land than is represented by the country of Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them...At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use (sources: FAO and NASA). Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices.” 15

It is estimated that a city the size of Götebory (with 508 000 inhabitants) consumes just under 1 million kg of food every 24 hours. Most of this food is transported over long distances and produced through process that are totally dependent on fossil fuels and nitrate based fertilizers.16 A growing number of cities have therefore begun to look at alternatives for supplying the growing urban population with sources of locally produced organic food.

By establishing fish breeding, switching to utility plants in parks and building garden allotments and greenhouses where ever possible, urban agriculture could contribute to the local food supply. Locating food production in urban areas also reduces transportation needs, not only of food but also of the organic waste that can be used locally as compost. 53% of all household

delphiagreen.files. ess.com/2009/05/ n-911.jpg

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15 http://www.verticalfarm.com/, 10-04-10 16 Yeang, p.280 project positioning

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waste is compostable17 and is often the heaviest portion of that waste. Urban agriculture can also be integrated on a small and individual scale by utilizing balconies roof terraces and facades.

Benefits of Urban Agriculture18 Environmental Benefits

- preserving/encouraging biodiversity - tackling waste - reducing amount of energy used to produce and distribute food - water absorption and filtration - increases ecological stewardship Sociocultural Benefits

- strengthening and regenerating urban communities - social inclusion and cohesion - enhancing quality of life - individual development and empowerment Health Benefits

- improving diets - exercise - mental health

Economic Benefits

- supporting local/personal economies - producing goods and services

17 http://www.joraform.com/Filer/broschyr_verksamhet.pdf ,22-05-10, p.3 18 Viljoen André, CPULs, Architectural Press, (2008), p.21, 57, 61, with addition of water absorption

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of national food needs and around half of the nation’s fruit and vegetable requirements.20

Cuba has had to develop a policy of urban agriculture in the past twenty years. An economic crisis produced by the combination of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the political isolation imposed by the U.S. embargo propelled the country into an agricultural revolution that has lead to a more sustainable relationship to food production.

43 Near the Tower of London 1939-1945, when parks and green areas were used to produce half of the nation’s fruit and vegetable needs.

Relevance for Urban Planning In northern European communities today, urban agriculture is generally not done for economic reasons, but rather for recreation.19 Yet during times of crisis, urban agriculture has proved to be vital for the nourishment of a nation.

During the second world war, London converted all available green space in the city into productive agricultural allotments and fields. In 1944 these, together with gardens and other areas, including parks turned into fields, were meeting fully 10%

19 Viljoen, André, p. 69

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In 1990 “Cuban imports and exports collapsed, leaving the country to fend for itself and make use of all available domestic resources for food production. Without access to oil, tractors, fertilizers, pesticides or other inputs, Cubans adopted organic agriculture to grow the food necessary to feed their families. Today, over 26,000 gardens cover 2,439 hectares in the city of Havana (2.1 million inhabitants) and produce 25,000 tons of food annually. 40% of households are involved in urban agriculture in Havana. Organic urban agriculture evolved from a survival mechanism to a popular means of supplementing income, diversifying diets, and achieving independence and self-sufficiency in a city setting.”21

While economic independence and self-sufficiency are not issues in Sweden today, it is not unreasonable to create opportunities for the expansion of agriculture in urban areas for times of crisis.

20 Ibid, p. 101 21 http://www.climate.org/topics/international-action/ urban-agriculture/havana.htm (retrieved 25-04-2010) project positioning

Impact on Land Use in Gullbergsvass

The minimum area to support one person with enough calories (potatoes as an example since it is the most efficient crop) for one year is 274m2.22 That’s an area less than 10m x 30m but for a population of 12 400 it would be 3 397 600m2 or 3.2 times the total size of Gullbergsvass.

One way of calculating how much land that is needed for urban agriculture is to use tables provided by Living Building Challenge (LBC).23 According to the LBC table the FAR24 would demand 10-15% of Gullbergsvass to be used for food production. If 20% of the rooftops, parks, squares and yards would be used for agricultural purposes it would represent 13.9% (148 2602) of the total area of Gullbergsvass.

However the estimates provided by LBC fails to consider that not all residents want to, or have the time to, grow their own food. A British study shows that 11-21% of all residents are willing to practice urban agriculture.25

If 11% (1364 people) of the future residents of Gullbergsvass would use the opportunity to grow food and the average size of the growing lots would be 100m2, 12.7% of the total area of Gullbergsvass would be used for urban agriculture. If 21% (2604 people) would do the same the figure would be 24.3% of Gullbergsvass’ total area.

22 http://tinyfarmwiki.com, 100407 23 Report, Living Building Challenge 2.0, A visionary path to a restorative future, p16 24 Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is the ratio of the total floor area of buildings on a certain location to the size of the land of that location.

25 Viljoen, André, p. 209 urban strategies

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320%

13.9%

100%

= 1000

12400

To support all the future citizens of Gullbergsvass with enough calories from potatoes in one year, the minimum area needed is 3.2 times the actual size.

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35.4%

4.3%

= 1000

539

If 20% of the rooftops, parks, squares and yards (13.9% of the total area) are used for urban agriculture it would provide enough calories for 539 people.

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10.1%

=

1000

1256

In a time of food crisis 70% of the park area, 50% of the yards, 20% of the rooftops and the squares could be utilized for growing. This would feed 1256 people and use 35.4% of the land.

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Design Considerations

Due to the soil conditions in much of the area of Gullbergsvass it is advisable that most allotment areas be made of raised beds. Greenhouses would also help to extend the growing season in the Swedish climate. If greenhouses are integrated into buildings they could also work in symbiosis with the human functions within the building, namely: excess heat exchange and waste water treatment.

By providing allotments for urban agriculture and gardening near residences one increases their potential use. As demand for garden allotments varies with socioeconomic shifts in society, allotment areas must be flexible. Areas designated for urban agriculture can, during low demand periods, either be allowed to return to nature or be converted into ornamental gardens.

The size of allotments should also be adjustable to accomodate needs, interests, physical abilities and ambitions of the inhabitants of the area over time.

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Vertical Farm Units

One possible strategy to increase food production in the area is to grow vertically. Vertical farm units are an interesting proposal to solve our looming food crisis that is being discussed widely. One indoor acre is equivalent to 4-6 outdoor acres or more, depending upon the crop (e.g., strawberries: 1 indoor acre = 30 outdoor acre).26 A vertical farm unit has yet to be built, however research on their feasibility is underway.

Design Considerations

Vertical farm units are envisioned as closed systems where waste products, air, water and minerals needed by plants and vegetables to thrive, will be recycled within the building. In addition to supplying locally produced food, it aims to generate energy, maintain a pesticide-free farming technology, and serve as an effective waste management method for the city.27 The plan for Gullbergsvass suggests areas where ver tical farming units could exist if they were to prove a feasible solution in the future.

- Organic produce; no herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers are needed - Virtually eliminates agricultural runoff

- The city’s compostable waste can be channeled directly into the farm building’s recycling system, producing soils and potable water as a biproduct Disadvantages of Vertical Farm Units

- The initial phase of development will be cost intensive - Fewer variety of foods to choose from because not all plants and vegetables are suitable in a controlled and limited environment

- The public might find it hard to reconcile with the idea of using black water for food production

Advantages of Vertical Farm Units

- Returns damaged farmland to nature, restoring ecosystem functions and services and biodiversity - Reduced crop losses due to pests and weather

- Transportation costs and fossil fuel consumption in handling food and wastes are reduced 51 The Living Skyscraper

by Blake Kurasek theoretical background

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26 http://www.verticalfarm.com/ 27 http://www.brighthub.com/environment/scienceenvironmental/articles/39036.aspx?p=2#ixzz0nv3UEiXV project positioning

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Farming Barges

Design Considerations

EVAPORATIVE COOLING,

speed, so a eight times the

Experiments have been made intheNew York with a relies on absorption of heat by water as it changes from liquid to vapor, greatly barge that includes food production.

The Science reducing the amount of electricity needed cooling.

Barge is a sustainable urbanforfarm powered by solar, wind and biofuels, and irrigated by rainwater and purified river water.28 All waste treatment including compost is performed on the barge. A number of different types of hydroponic techniques (using water instead of soil) are used to grow food. The Science Barge group is also experimenting with a technique called Aquaponics: the combination of Aquaculture (the production of fish) and hydroponics (the production of vegetables). Fish waste produces fertilizer for the plants, effectively closing the waste-nutrient loop.29

The Cost of a Tomato

Large scale food production on barges is beyond the scope of the plan for Gullbergsvass, however, Göta Älv is one of the largest open spaces in the city. One could easily imagine several movable barges placed in the river so that no shade disturbs the growing.

The proposal places a farming barge at one of the piers as a pedagogical center for teaching techniques for urban agriculture.

...in terms of resource consumption rather than dollars.

On the left, an average American tomato. On the right, a tomato grown using Science Barge methods.

CO2 EMMISIONS >

SOLARlocation PANELS are installed a the that’s twice as windy has eighton times wind power to potential. passive tracker follow the sun across the sky, boosting their output by 20%.

Power rises with the cube of wind speed, so a

3/4 lb.

none!

8 gallons

2 gallons

0.7 square feet

0.1 square feet

300 mg

none!

CROPS include tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers lettuces, and herbs.

FRESH WATER >

LAND >

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM has space for 40 visitors.

3 Science Barge Tomato

3 Average American Tomato

28 http://nysunworks.org/index.php/the-science-barge/ retrieved, 20- 01-2010 29 Ibid

WIND TURBINES

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EVAPORATIVE COOLING,

PESTICIDES >

The Cost of a Tomato

relies on the absorption of heat by water as it changes from liquid to vapor, greatly reducing the amount of electricity needed for cooling.

...in terms of resource consumption rather than dollars.

On the left, an average American tomato. On the right, a tomato grown using Science Barge methods.

1/2 ounce (diesel)

FUEL >

1/2 ounce (biodiesel)

Science Barge under construction, F al l 2 0 0 6 Hudso n R i ve r E s t u a r y

E BARGE

IMAGE CREDIT:

Please see www.sciencebarge.org for details. All figures are approximate.

Giles Ashford

e is a sustainable

by New York Sun Works,

onprofit organization.

urs New York City’s public

Refurbished SHIPPING CONTAINER houses the Science Barge power center, office space, and utility room.

3 Average American Tomato

ering sustainability education

3 Science Barge Tomato

diences.

t, wind, and efficient design,

CO2 EMMISIONS >

3/4 lb.

none!

8 gallons

2 gallons

0.7 square feet

0.1 square feet

300 mg

none!

1/2 ounce (diesel)

1/2 ounce (biodiesel)

CROPS include tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers

oduces food using a fraction

lettuces, and herbs.

sumed in conventional

FRESH WATER >

atly reduced emissions of

her pollutants.

ence Barge is to stimulate

LAND >

elopment of New York City.

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

ate its own power, grow its own

PESTICIDES >

has space for 40 visitors.

own wastewater helps secure

and sets the standard for other

SOLAR PANELS are installed on a

ld.

passive tracker to follow the sun across the sky, boosting their output by 20%.

barge.org

FUEL > Science Barge under construction, F a l l 2 0 0 6 H u ds on Riv er Es tu ar y IMAGE CREDIT:

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Giles Ashford

Please see www.sciencebarge.org for details. All figures are approximate.

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P

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Social and Functional Fabric Possibilities for multiplicity and diversity of human use.

Buildings with mixed use

All buildings must support mixed use such as residential, commercial with office space.

Community centers

Educational centers

These are areas that offer some type of education: traditional schools or centers for learning about recycling, reuse, gardening, community and/or wildlife.

Workshops

Artists, craftsmen, mechanics and other workshop activities can be located anywhere in Gullbergsvass, however these areas are where there is a high concentration of this activity.

Industry

Areas where industry exists and could be expanded. These industries, with the exception of the concrete factory, should be light industry.

Hotel Ibis

The existing hotel made from an old boat is given a prominent location on the riverfront.

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Outdoor sports area

While there are many meeting points around the district, these are more designated areas for community meetings and discussions.

In addition to a soccer field there are jogging and exercise routes in the nearby park. More activities could be added as demand increases.

A central space for art, music and theatre.

While buildings and courtyards must offer opportunities for gardening, these are concentrated areas of gardening and/or food production.

Gasklockan Community Arts Center

Gasklockan Restaurant

A unique restaurant with a view of the city.

Shopping district

While all buildings can have commerce on the ground floor, these are areas that have a high concentration of shops.

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Leisure boat docking

Area for sailboats and leisure boats.

Hobby boat docking

Area for boat enthusiasts to continue the activities that have given the riverfront its name (Drömmarnas Kaj) as well as space for skiffs.

Bathing area

River water is filtered and made suitable for swimming in an outdoor pool on the pier.

Fishing areas

Attractive areas for fishing.

Canoeing

Area for docking and using canoes. Canoes can be rented from Säveå Nature Reserve information center located nearby.

Hiking

A nature walk begins in Gullbergsvass and extends 15 km to lake Aspen. project positioning

Urban agriculture

Centers for reuse

All buildings must have recycling stations, however the areas indicated here are places where reuse is manifested on a larger scale.

P

Parking for car sharing

These are parking buildings for car sharing and private cars. The intention is for people to leave their vehicle and walk to their destination in Gullbergsvass, and share vehicles with other residents in the area.

Municipal solar power

While buildings may have solar panels, and all street lamps have pv-cells incorporated into their design, this area is a concentration of pv-panels in a public space. Their purpose is both practical and didactic.

Municipal wind power

Wind power is more feasible in Göteborg and while many buildings may choose to incorporate small turbines on their rooftops, these areas are concentrations of wind power turbines in the public space. Their purpose is both practical and didactic. urban strategies

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Waste to Resource Possibilities for multiplicity and diversity of material recycling and reuse.

Neighborhood depository

In addition to all buildings being required to provide areas for recycling and composting, each neighborhood has a central depository for dropping off items for reuse. Residents have a key and can directly reuse items from their local depository. Once a week the depositories in Gullbergsvass and Göteborg city are emptied by employees from Gullbergs Återbruk.

Gullbergs Återbruk

A central hub for re-use for Gullbergsvass and central Göteborg is placed in the new district.

It will process reusable items from households and small scale construction. On special request from local industry, it will also intercept recyclable materials from the municipal waste management agency for industrial use. Gullbergs Återbruk is

closely tied to Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan just outside the city. Items that can be transported by pedestrians, cyclists and small vehicles are sold at Gullbergs Återbruk while larger items are sold at Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan.

Reuse and recycling in workshops

Artists, craftsmen, mechanics and other activities based on reuse or recycling can be located anywhere in the area. The areas shown here have a high concentration of this activity. Activities such as Returhuset is moved from Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan and placed near Gullbergs Återbruk.

Reuse and recycling in industries

Light industry in the area is encouraged to base its activity on the recycling or reuse of materials from households in Göteborg city. Gullbergs Återbruk helps the industry acquire the materials they need either by direct delivery or by collecting it at Återbruket.

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Reuse and recycling in commerce

Second-hand shops and other businesses that sell recycled items can be located in the ground floor of any building in Gullbergsvass, however the marked areas have high concentrations of this activity. These businesses may directly purchase or collect items from local residents or may purchase or receive it from Gullbergs Återbruk and resell it. Some of the commerce areas also allow people to rent space for a single day.

Reused building materials

New development is encouraged to use recycled materials, design for disassembly and to recycle materials from demolition. Gullbergs Återbruk and Kretsloppsparken Alelyckan will facilitate this not only by collecting and reselling these materials, but also by giving courses and advice on building for disassembly and on the dismantling of a building for optimum reuse.

Urban artifacts

To support local creativity and make visible the potential for reused materials, the city commissions artists and architects to create urban artifacts from reused materials. These may be sculptures, furniture, playgrounds, pavilions, etc.

Water storage for reuse

Alelyckan

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City Region

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Water run-off from buildings, streets, and plazas is collected and filtered through a series of streams and ponds. Many of these ponds also store water that is suitable for gardening near allotment sites. urban strategies

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Composting centers

Composting is one of the most effective and simplest means by which we can reduce the pollution caused from transporting household waste.

Every building contains a deposit for compostable materials. However, this symbol indicates the community composting centers where household and gardening waste becomes soil used in allotments and parks. Any excess compostable materials are sent to Marieholm biogas and composting plant.

54

city grid

55

Marieholm biogas and compost plant

Grey and black water reuse

Waste water from activities in Gullbergsvass is used and filtered in urban farming towers. Any excess grey and black water is sent to Marieholm biogas and composting plant.

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Prioritizing Reuse

The industrial revolution has brought a level of productivity and prosperity to society that human beings have come to expect as a basic characteristic of civilization. However, to maintain a semblance of this as we face material scarcity in the future we must learn to imitate the closed loop systems of nature and begin to use our resources at more sustainable rates. Reuse and recycling are key elements in the industrial re-evolution that is necessary for future prosperity.

The term ‘reuse’ is used in its broadest meaning which incorporates both terms of ‘remanufacturing’ and ‘product reuse.’

The life cycle of products and their circulation loops.

Remanufacturing is the process by which a product is dissasembled, refurbished and sold in the same physical form as earlier. The purpose of the object however may change.

Product reuse is where items are sold second-hand with little more than cleaning required for resell.

Material Recycling is where a product is broken down into its material parts, melted or otherwise completely transformed into a new form or even chemical composition. This is the most energy intensive of the three processes and produces the highest amount of byproducts, some of which can be classified as pollution.

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In contrast with material recycling, reuse has the following benefits:30

- Energy and material consumption during manufacture is reduced

- Reduction of an enterprise’s monetary expenditure in producing or acquiring new components31 Reuse (in the broad sense) is therefore preferable and should be encouraged in Gullbergsvass.

Implementation in Gullbergsvass

Suggestions for Light Industry

There are a number of industries that recycle and reuse materials that could exist in Gullbergsvass: - recycled paper - stuffed toys from textile remnants and clothes - mattresses and pillows from textile remnants and clothes - furniture using textile remnants and clothes - foods stored in jars or bottles - jewelry and accessories - playground equipment - and much more

30 Bras B., McIntosh M., pp.167–178 31 http://www.sciencedirect.com/

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The Concrete Factory

As an example of reuse and innovative technology, the urban strategy for Gullbergsvass suggests a reinvention of the concrete factory in Gullbergsvass.

This reinvetnion calls for the concrete factory to change to the production of a concrete that sequesters CO2 .

Having a concrete factory near an area that will experience a lot of new construction over a long period of time can also help to reduce pollution caused by transporting concrete to the area.

Concrete that Sequesters CO2

A curing process for concrete, developed in the late 1990s and called Supramics, sequesters C02 and transforms concrete into a very strong, lightweight, nearly impermeable building material that is chemically similar to coral or limestone with the sole by-product of ultra-pure water.32 Each concrete block treated with supercritical C02 can permanently store over a pound of carbon dioxide.33

as fly ash from coal-burning power plants, alum sludge from water treatment plants and blast furnace slag.35

Design Considerations

The building itself would be redesigned to prove that industry is not necessarily synonymous with unattractive urban landscapes. The new facade combined with its size and location would make the factory a prominent landmark that welcomes those entering Göteborg from the interstate and highway. It would become a symbol of Göteborgs cutting edge commitment to the environment.

57 The silos could be covered with a material that takes advantage of and enhances there cylindrical form and monumentality.

“By offsetting the carbon produced during the manufacture of the hydraulic cements or plasters and also the carbon produced during manufacture of the petrochemicals used to make thermoplastics, supramics may reduce human-caused environmental carbon emissions contributing to global climate change.”34

Products made with the process are recyclable and can also be made from waste materials, such 32 http://www.ecogeek.org/, 21-05-10 33 http://www.ecogeek.org/, 21-05-10 34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramics, 03-05-10 theoretical background

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58

The lower portions of the factory could receive a facade which has a materiality that is high-tech yet speaks of natural forms and textures.

35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramics, 03-05-10 project positioning

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Reuse and recycling of buildings Phased Development

The strategy for Gullbergsvass is to allow for gradual development. The buildings marked in this plan to be ‘phased out’ are allowed to stand as long as they serve a purpose in the city either because of their building quality or their physical location. However, once removed, the new building has to conform to the plans for the neighborhood. The neighborhood plans often do not allow large buildings and these lots must be divided by streets to improve the urban network and scale of development.

Structures are to be demolished only when necessary and building materials will be sent to Gullbergs Återbruk for reuse in new structures or recycling.

250m

Landmarks Buildings that remain Buildings that are phased out Neighborhood districts

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Ecosystem Services Urban Agriculture Species Wellbeing Public Functions Public Spaces Households Transportation Economy Safety Reuse Energy Social Diversity Aesthetics & Identity

Rules Guidelines Incentives

Elements

The diagram illustrates how rules, guidelines and incentives affect urban systems and influence how these both function and interact. Elements are points that allow, encourage, and enhance synergistic connections along the way. theoretical background

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a minimum requirement for green area factors.

Setting up A framework for Rules Rules are things that must be done by the develThe Green Area Factor, sometimes called Biotope future development Within C.U.R.E. there is a synergy between systemic relationships. As an urban district is built by a number of actors, synergy must be achieved between a diverse range of interests. As explained earlier, diversity is a necessary and desirable aspect of all healthy systems. However, to encourage systems to take the form that induces synergistic and contiguous relationships, a framework should be developed.

There are two basic ways to encourage and guide the synergy in a city district: 1) A set of rules, guidelines and incentives 2) Elements in a physical urban network

Rules, Guidelines and Incentives

A set of rules, guidelines and incentives guides how individual developers are allowed to build in the area. These tools should be designed to encourage a development based on C.U.R.E. (e.g. building quality, regenerative technologies and practices, integration of ecosystems, cultural and biological diversity, reuse, etc.).

These tools should be evaluated on how they affect urban systems. The urban systems, in turn, should be studied to ensure that there are sufficient rules to encourage their proper functioning and synergistic relationships with other systems.

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opers in order to be allowed to build in the area.

These can be formulated in the terms ‘you must’ or ‘you may not’. However, an interesting alternative used for some of the rules for Gullbergsvass are what could be termed ‘game rules’.

Game rules are conceived as flexible and reactionary restrictions on how a structure might be built in the area. They may be formulated in several ways: If AA does X B may not do X X X then B

If AA does X B may not do Y Y X then B If AA does X B must do XX X then B

If AA does X B must do Y X then B Y

Certain game rules could, for example, be developed to reduce the amount of shade a building produces on a neighbor. Others could help ensure aesthetic diversity of the building stock in the area.

Guidelines

Guidelines are suggestions for how a rule might be interpreted. They can also be a list of suggestions that are not connected to rules, but help the developer understand the overall vision for the area and can inspire voluntary measures to develop according to C.U.R.E. principals.

An example of such a correlation between Rules and Guidelines that encourages aspects of C.U.R.E. is found in Malmö. The city has mandated project positioning

Area Factor (BAF) is a tool that can be used to measure the ecologically effective land area of a development. 36

The ecologically effective area is the area of a development that contributes to ecosystem functions, such as storm water drainage or habitat.

Surfaces such as grass, gravel, vegetation, and green roofs are given a score rating based on how much they contribute to ecosystem functions. For example, a surface of concrete or asphalt would get a score of 0.0 while a green roof would get a score of 0.7 and a surface covered with vegetation would get the highest score of 1.0. This rating is then multiplied by the total area that feature covers of the development.37 Adding up all of these scores gives you the ecologically effective area. This ecologically effective area is then divided by the total area of the development to give you a final green area score.

The city of Malmö sets minimum standards for what this score has to be. The developer then has the freedom to implement any number of green features to reach the score.38

36 O’Byrne Dara, Malmö, Sweden, p.6 , (retrieved 17-032010) 37 Ibid 38 Ibid urban strategies

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Incentives

Are guidelines that encourage or discourage a certain behavior by attaching a consequence to a certain action. This is a kind of rule, however these do not forbid or demand any action, they simply place consequences on actions. Examples of how a incentive might be formulated are: If AA does XX then A A may do X Y

If AA does XX then A A cannot do YY If AA does XX then A A must do YY

Incentives would, for example, encourage developers to build awnings that protect pedestrians from rain or provide a public plaza by allowing developers to build an additional floor.

Elements in an Urban Network

The physical form of the city fabric influences the health of urban systems. It acts as the structure onto which all future development will attach itself and develop. The preceding pages of this chapter have outlined the basic structure for development in Gullbergsvass.

Elements are services, functions, spaces and places throughout the city fabric. They are often placed in the city fabric by the municipality but could also be created by individual developers acting on their own initiative or encouraged by the municipality through incentives or guidelines.

Both elements and the physical urban network must be developed through an evaluation of the systems that will interact with them and how they in turn will affect said systems.

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Analysis of urban systems in Gullbergsvass Intention

The intention for doing a systemic analysis in Gullbergsvass was to find direction in the urban design (elements), and partly to set up a framework that could direct the actions of future developers and encourage a certain type of development (rules, guidelines, incentives).

Goals

The systemic analysis was intended to assist in structuring and underpinning the basic principals of an urban program, in particular for Gullbergsvass. The aim was to find and enhance the connections and synergistic effects between different systems and understand how rules and elements interact with these.

Expected Results

The expected results were to find the most important connections and intersections between systems, rules, guidelines, incentives and elements thereby showing their relative importance. The analysis was also intended to identify missing links and uncover hidden influences.

Process

Thirteen systems were defined, and derived from the approaches described in the theoretical base underpinning Continuos Urban Regenerative Environments. These metaphysical systems39 were then reorganized and transmuted into forms that applied directly to design and in particular

to the intentions for the project in Gullbergsvass.

This systems analysis assumed a proper functioning of all systems.

Actual Results The process of working with the systems wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t linear but rather a tangled web of fuzzy boundaries and interconnectedness. Often a step forward would cast all previous decisions into doubt and there was a continuous retracing and redefining as new aspects and dimensions emerged.

Through this process all matters of the program for the design were thoroughly discussed. There were discoveries and affirmations of correlations between systems as well as the need for additional systems, elements, rules, guidelines and incentives. Though it became too complex to graphically include the affects of how a dysfunctional system may affect other systems, the analysis did bring this discussion to light. However, strategies for resolving conflicts between properly functioning systems did emerge and affected the proposals for Gullbergsvass.

Lessons Learned

Though this analysis resulted in a thorough understanding of the programmatic issues and structural character of the design for Gullbergsvass, as well as an understanding for the types of systems that come to bare in most urban contexts, doubt remains in regards to the efficacy of the process in general.

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An excess of two and a half intense weeks of mind racking analysis resulted in a well grounded understanding of the dynamics for the urban program, however the complexity of the analysis proved difficult to present in a comprehensive way. Because of this, potential conflicts between systems could not be shown and appear to not have been considered. It would be necessary to do a parallel systemic analysis of potential conflicts in order to be able to show them and analyze them fully.

Furthermore, the importance of a system, element, rule, guideline or incentive is not necessarily correlated to the number of systems it influences. There are two reasons for this: First, systems by nature have different amounts of constituent parts and are not equal in importance to begin with. Second, the full complexity and chain reactions of causal influences is impossible to map. By the necessity of drawing boundaries and limiting scope one necessarily eliminates many less tangible but potentially significant influences and effects.

To conduct a more thorough systemic analysis would require a much longer period and in the process of design it is doubtful that the results of this analysis is significantly superior to the intuitive analysis and critical thinking that accompanies an inquisitive and thoughtful architectural design process.

39â&#x20AC;&#x192; See p.122

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Diversity

Power

Time

Place / Locus

Ecology

Individual Autonomy

Culture

Community

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Metaphysical Systems

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Functional Systems

Ecosystem Services Urban Agriculture Species Well-being Public Functions Public Spaces Households Transportation and Movement Economy Safety Reuse Energy Social Diversity Aesthetics and Identity

The table illustrates where there is a correlation between the Regenerative Design Systems (metaphysical) of human habitat and the design systems for the urban plan of Gullbergsvass (functional).

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Defining Systems

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Causal Relations (Inputs and Outputs)

Boundaries

To define a system one must define its boundaries.

The boundaries of the system define how large the system will be, i.e. what aspects and elements do they include. One does this by defining what is inside versus what is outside the system.

From Metaphysical to Functional

The strength of the previously delineated40 Regenerative Design Systems comes from their pervasiveness in a multitude of forms and events within human habitat. However, to bring these concepts into a physical reality, one must undergo a process of subdividing these metaphysical elements into categories that are more specific and functionally organized according to the project at hand. The adjacent table illustrates the correlations between the metaphysical aspects of human habitat with the more functional aspects of urban development and is the basis for the system analysis in the following pages.

To begin with all functional systems are bounded and correlated in the way in which they relate specifically to Gullbergsvass. However, the general outline and principals by which we have subdivided them into functional characteristics is applicable on a broader scale.

The systems themselves are defined in how they would manifest themselves upon implementation in the specific project area and how these react with the preconditions of the site.

One must also set limits to how far one will carry a causal relation of the system to outside forces and influences. Through chain reactions, sometimes called the butterfly effect, all things are ultimately related and affect one another. However, this is rarely helpful in a systemic analysis and so it is essential to define the types of outputs and inputs to consider and how many steps one will follow in their causal relations.

Inputs are situations, qualities or aspects that significantly affect the system in a direct way.

They may contribute to or challenge the proper functioning of the system. Inputs may also be elements that are taken care of by the system.

Outputs are products (physical or otherwise) of the system. A need for a certain service is not considered an output.

Defining elements, Rules, Guidelines and Incentives

The following systemic analysis has involved the scrutiny and evaluation of elements, rules, guidelines and incentives for Gullbergsvass. However, the listing and wording of these tools is intended more as an outline and first draft that must be developed and evaluated further before implementation. The correlation of the elements, rules, guidelines and incentives with urban system is only one step in an entire process of different types of evaluations that should be made in order to develop their proper definitions.

40â&#x20AC;&#x192; See pp.21-22

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How the system charts work

Current system name

rt of the city, it practically does not exist for most residents. HwRit vulluptat, sustrud tie do dio delis eratuerilit adit, core dolesenibh er ilisl iriliquam, consed magna facilis et vel utpat eugiate magna feu feu facipsum dunt el utpat. Em ipsum quatet etumsandre te modolor susto esenisi bla am diam In this field there is a short introduction to the current nim velit velit irit venisim nulluptat nonsequamet, quat. Oreraessi eu facilla conum et, qui eugue and definition the quisl system boundaries. mincing er at, sumsystem nonullum acilaet, sed te tetof wisim il dolor

Inputs

In this field all the inputs to the current system are listed.

The criteria is that the input must directly and significantly affect or contribute to the current system.

Example: Clean water is needed in order for fountains and other water features in Public Spaces to function correctly and is therefore considered a direct and significant input.

Chemical pollution is not included as an input to public space as it can only affect public space by directly affecting the water, the people and the ecosystem within a public space.

Input

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ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

The colored rectangles indicates what other systems the output affects.

A straight upper line indicates a direct affect on the current system.

A broken upper line indicates an indirect affect on the current system by passing through a secondary system.

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Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

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Guidelines and Incentives

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in Gullbergsvass that support the praestrud dolortie cons non vel utat, voloree tueraese current system. tismodo lorperos ea feugiam cortio cons numsan

Toolbox

for Current system name

The Ecosystem Services and Biological Diversity System encom-

passes the processes and services that take place in the natural environment that serve human, animal and plant needs. It is less about the physical manifestation of the natural environment then the elements, flows and influences within it.

It is an inherent part of the Urban Agriculture, Public Spaces, and Reuse which include its physical manifestation.

Urban agriculture (UA) - biodegradable waste and biological nutrients - productivity (food) - ecological stewardship - management challenges - activity - habitat

Public functions (PF) - biodegradable waste - heat waste - urine/feces - grey water - water run-off - management - knowledge

Reuse (R) - soil and biological nutrients - chemical pollution (water) - polluted air (from melting/ burning) - ecological stewardship - waste reduction - CO2 reduction - management challenges

Public spaces (PS) - impervious surfaces - water run-off - experiential pollution (noise, light) - access to sun - contiguity of the city - activity - recreational opportunities - habitat

Transportation (T) - impervious surfaces - water run-off - CO2 - chemical pollution (air, water) - experiential pollution (noise, light) - flooding protection

Safety (S) Economy (Ec) - activity - development - chemical pollution (air, water) - attraction for visitors

Species Well-being (SW) - resiliency and stability - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Household (H) - biodegradable waste - urine/feces - grey water - water run-off Social diversity (SD) - activity Energy (En) - CO2 - chemical pollution (air, water) - electromagnetic fields Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - attraction or visitors

Input

(and biological diversity)

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

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Ecosystem Services

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Outputs:

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Rules

Elements from the City Plan

biodiversity

Impervious to pervious ground surface ratio.

sun and wind

Ratio of indigenous plant species in plantings.

oxygen production

Roof Rules: it must support vegetation where it is not a terrace or solar panels (electrical or water).

purification (air, water, soil)

Ecoducts

Tree line along Säveån must be maintained and preserve dead trees in the water.

Topography

habitat

Connect to local rainwater management system.

Variety of indigenous plant species in parks (flowering, fruit bearing, habitat creating)

microclimate (humidity, temperature control)

All buildings must include recycling stations with a designated list of recycling possibilities (include composting).

flooding (risk, protection) decomposition, soil and biological nutrients pollination productivity (food)

Ratio of property size must be productive greenery (i.e. purifies water, produces food, supports diversity).

New buildings shall not reduce sunlight access more than a given % for other buildings.

Each building must produce a designated ratio of energy they consume.

inspiration

Guidelines and Incentives

aesthetic aspects

Keep existing trees as far as possible.

recreational opportunities noise reduction shade resiliency and stability

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Säveån Natural Park

CO2 reduction

rain water management

theoretical background

Preservation of existing habitat (Säveån area, Gasklockan area, traffic intersection area, vegetation around Skansen Lejonet)

project positioning

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Ponds (sedimentation, retention) Flood protection Streams (urban, natural) Wetlands Composting stations and processing (storage of soil, a center for management and energy production in Marieholm)

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

for Ecosystem Services and Biological Diversity

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The Urban Agriculture System

represents the process and activity of urban agriculture as well as the physical manifestation of it such as garden plots, green houses, maintenance and storage facilities. It encompasses the whole range of hobby gardening to commercial production of vegetables and meat (such as fish farming) and is often private to semi-public space. However due to the nature of Gullbergsvass all production is small scale and may or may not be physically located in public spaces.

Ecosystem Services (ES) - biodiversity - sun and wind - shade - microclimate - oxygen production - purification (air, water) - CO2 reduction - purification (air, water) - rain water management - flooding (risk, protection) - decomposition, soil and biological nutrients - pollination - productivity (food) Reuse (R) - soil and biological nutrients - ecological stewardship Transportation (T) - accessibility - transport of goods and materials - experiential pollution (noise, light, smell)

It does not include any berries or fruit that grow wild or are ornamental aspects of public spaces.

Nor does it include fish that are caught in the wild.

Neither does it include functions such as CO2 reduction, smell of vegetation, oxygen production, air and water filtration that are basic to ecosystem services.

Public Spaces (PS) - flooding (risk, protection) - water run-off - access to sun - aesthetic aspects Public Functions (PF) - urine/feces - water run-off - conflict resolution - urine/feces Safety (S) - accessibility - resiliency and stability Economy (Ec) - innovative sustainable technology - creativity (inventiveness) - productivity

Urban Agriculture

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Species Well-being (SW) - productivity - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Household (H) - heat waste - urine/feces Social Diversity (SD) - variety of products and services - activity - social interaction Energy (En) - electricity - heat/cold Aesthetic & Identity (AI)

Input

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Ec

S

R En SD AI

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Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

biodegradable waste and biological nutrients

Community gardens

productivity (food)

All residents must have access to private and/or semiprivate space where food production is possible (balcony, terrace, farming plot, greenhouse plot)

economic benefits

All recycling stations must include composting.

Composting (collection of decomposable material, compost mill, soil distribution)

aesthetic aspects

Ratio of property size must be productive greenery (i.e. purifies water, produces food, supports diversity)

recreational opportunities social interaction sense of community knowledge/fulfillment

New buildings shall not reduce sunlight access more than a given % for other buildings.

Guidelines and Incentives Separation toilets must be installed in properties.

management challenges ecological stewardship activity habitat

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Greenhouses

Water system, (collection of water run off, storage tanks, sedimentation ponds)

Market (locally produced vegetables and fruit, cafĂŠ/ restaurant) Garden barges (aqua culture, electricity production from solar energy)

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

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The Species Well-being System includes both the physical and mental well-being of the occupants of Gullbergsvass. Occupants include humans and animals. These in turn are dependent on and support a healthy ecosystem.

The outputs provided by Ecosystems Services and the Health of Species are therefore integral parts of each other.

Ecosystem services (ES) - biodiversity - sun and wind - oxygen production - purification (air, water, soil) - CO2 reduction - habitat - productivity (food) - inspiration - aesthetic aspects - recreational opportunities - noise reduction - shade - resiliency and stability

for Urban Agriculture

Plants are not included as they are part of Ecosystem services and Urban Agriculture systems. Neither are any physical structures or economic solvency as this is included in the Household system.

Urban agriculture (UA) - productivity (food) - aesthetic aspects - recreational opportunities - social interaction - sense of community - knowledge/fulfillment - habitat

Household (H) - resiliency and stability - sense of community - sense of place

Public functions (PF) - recreational opportunities - citizen involvement/democracy - conflict resolution - creativity (thought, expression, inventiveness) - resiliency and stability - knowledge - sense of community - sense of place - social interaction

Public spaces (PS) - sense of community - sense of place - social interaction - creativity and inspiration - experiential pollution (noise, light) - recreational opportunities - aesthetic aspects - access to sun - habitat

Social diversity (SD) - resiliency and stability - creativity and inspiration - freedom - social interaction - sense of community - sense of place - questioning and challenging of norms - risk of conflicts

Reuse (R) - chemical pollution (air, water) - experiential pollution (smell) - ecological stewardship - CO2 reduction - creativity (inventiveness) - clean water

Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - sense of community - sense of place - resiliency and stability

Economy (Ec) - chemical pollution (air, water) - resiliency and stability - freedom/fulfillment

Energy (En) - chemical pollution (air, water) - CO2 - electromagnetic fields

Species Well-being

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Safety (S) - reduced car dependency - resiliency and stability

Transportation (T) - CO2 - chemical pollution (air, water) - experiential pollution (noise, smell, light) - exercise opportunities

Input

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Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

resiliency and stability

All residents must have access to private and/or semi-private space where food production is possible (balcony, terrace, farming plot, greenhouse plot).

Parks (wild nature, managed nature)

creativity (thought, expression, inventiveness) productivity freedom/fulfillment

New buildings shall not reduce sunlight access more than a given % for other buildings.

Variety of indigenous plant species in parks (flowering, fruit bearing, habitat creating) Water features (wetlands, sedimentation/retention ponds, urban/natural streams )

Ratio of indigenous plant species in plantings.

Säveån national park

activity reproduction (animal, human) attraction for residents and businesses

Tree line along Säveån must be maintained and preserve dead trees in the water.

Urban agriculture

Guidelines and Incentives

Streets that favour pedestrians and bicycles over cars

Allow space and/or opportunity for group and individual expression.

Public art (local artists, reuse & recycling theme)

Lighting shall not be overly bright or dark and allow for night vision to function properly.

Prevent exposure to electro magnetic fields.

Keep existing trees as far as possible.

Meeting points (culturally distinctive, culturally mixed, culturally neutral) A variety of recreational areas and features Sport & exercise elements Playgrounds Reduction of noise pollution (vegetation, noise reducing asphalt, lowering Mårten Krakowsgatan, train tunnels) Bridging barriers (ecoducts, lowering Mårten Krakowsgatan, train tunnels Education & day care Health care

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Toolbox

The Public Functions System

specifically targets the physical structures that house public functions as well as the services and activities in them. More specifically it limits itself to that which occurs in public interior environments. It does not include the public buildings that are included in Public Spaces, Reuse, and Urban Agriculture.

Ecosystem services (ES) - rain water management - flooding (risk, protection) - rain water management Urban agriculture (UA) - management challenges

for Species Well-being

Species Well-being (SW) - creativity - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Reuse (R) - management challenges - clean water Safety (S) Transportation (T) - accessibility - transport of goods and materials - parking of vehicles - flooding protection

Public spaces (PS) - flooding (risk, protection) - activity - sense of community - sense of place - management challenges - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) Household (H) - sense of community Economy (Ec) - development - variety of products and services - innovative sustainable technology - risk of exclusivity - activity - attraction for visitors

Public Functions

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

Social diversity (SD) - activity - social interaction - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - sense of community - sense of place - risk of conflicts - resiliency and stability Energy (En) - heat/cold - electricity - biogas Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - sense of community - sense of place - enhancement of cultural history - attraction for visitors - development - risk of exclusivity

Input

Flygare | Östlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

133

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

biodegradable waste

Residential buildings must include opportunities for commercial, office or public functions.

Education & day care

reusable waste recyclable waste heat waste urine/feces grey water water run-off

Health care

Guidelines and Incentives

Maintenance facilities

Buildings should be flexible (allow functional change overtime).

Public recycling facilities (collection, storage, processing)

Build according to the design for disassembly principles (see appendix E)

Sports facilities

vibrant street life

Meeting points/localities (culturally distinctive, culturally mixed, culturally neutral)

citizen involvement/democracy conflict resolution management creativity (thought, expression, inventiveness) activity resiliency and stability knowledge (education, information) sense of community sense of place social interaction site analysis

project positioning

Boating and marine activities (drömmarnas kaj, Säveån natural reserve) Municipal offices (Vita huset)

recreation opportunities

theoretical background

Cultural facilities

Allow space and/or opportunity for group and individual expression.

urban strategies

urban sketches

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Public Spaces System includes

all public exterior spaces (i.e. parks, plazas, streets, exterior parking spaces, waterways, quais, etc.) It also includes privately owned exterior spaces that are open for public use. As well as most elements found in these environments such as benches, amphitheaters, sculptures, water features, pavilEcosystem services (ES) - sun and wind - shade - microclimate (humidity, temperature control) - rain water management - flooding (risk, protection) - pollination - soil and biological nutrients - aesthetic aspects - recreational opportunities - noise reduction - habitat - biodiversity

for Public Functions

Reuse (R) - experiential pollution (smell) - creativity (business, art) - soil and biological nutrients - clean water Transportation (T) - impervious surfaces - parking of vehicles - accessibility - experiential pollution (noise, smell, light) - vibrant street life - exercise opportunities - flooding protection

ions, lighting, and structures such as information centres and maintenance facilities.

Urban agriculture is not included though it may be located in public space nor does it include parking buildings.

Urban agriculture (UA) - social interaction - water absorption - aesthetic aspects - recreational opportunities - management challenges - activity - habitat Social diversity (SD) - activity - social interaction - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - vibrant street life - risk of conflicts - sense of place - resiliency and stability Public functions (PF) - activity - vibrant street life - management - creativity (thought, expression) Economy (Ec) - development - innovative sustainable technology - activity - risk of exclusivity - vibrant street life - eyes on the street

Species Well-being (SW) - creativity - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses

Public Spaces

134

Household (H) - urine/feces - sense of community - sense of place Energy (En) - electricity Safety (S) - reduced car dependency - vibrant street life - accessibility Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - vibrant street life - ease of orientation - enhancement of cultural history - attraction for visitors - risk of exclusivity - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - sense of place - development

Input

Flygare | Östlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

135

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

impervious surfaces

Building height to street width and facing facade ratio.

Säveån national park

water run-off

Provide rain protection (awnings) on facades facing streets and plazas.

Drömmarnas kaj

flooding (risk, protection) experiential pollution (noise, light) management challenges

Squares & plazas Provide bicycle parking.

Street furniture (benches, grills)

Guidelines and Incentives Per designated meters of street facade or m of building, the proprietor provides street furniture (i.e. benches, art, water feature, etc.).

Parks (wild nature, managed nature)

2

ease of orientation

Ponds (sedimentation, retention)

recreational opportunities (outdoors)

Streams (urban, natural)

access to sun

Flood protection

vibrant street life

Paths

habitat

Topography Pavilions & amphitheaters

contiguity of the city

Sport & exercise elements

sense of community

Playgrounds

sense of place

Meeting points

creativity and inspiration (thought, expression)

Car parking

activity

Bicycle facilities

social interaction

Street layout support a gradual development aesthetic aspects

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

136

Toolbox

The Household System encompasses the physical structures that include residences and the home activities of their residents. It does not include the physical and mental well-being of the residents of Gullbergsvass as this included in the Human Health system. However, it does include the family life and economic solvency.

Ecosystem services (ES) - rain water management - flooding (risk, protection) - productivity (food)

for Public Spaces

Public functions (PF) - conflict resolution - social interaction Reuse (R) - clean water - economic benefits (production and saving) Economy (Ec) - innovative sustainable technology - risk of exclusivity (bohemian, posh) - development - variety of products and services - resiliency and stability

Urban agriculture (UA) - productivity (food) - economic benefits Public spaces (PS) - flooding (risk, protection) Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - attraction for residents and businesses - risk of exclusivity - resiliency and stability Transportation (T) - accessibility - parking of vehicles - flooding protection

Households

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

Species Well-being (SW) - resiliency and stability - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Energy (En) - heat/cold - electricity - biogas Safety (S) - attraction for residents and businesses - resiliency and stability - reduced car dependency Social diversity (SD) - variety of products and services

Input

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

137

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the city plan

biodegradable waste

Office and commercial buildings must include residences.

Different districts with a variety of characteristics

reusable waste (no intensive processing)

A variety of ownerships rules

recyclable waste (intensive processing)

Residential buildings must include opportunities for commercial, office or public functions.

heat waste (water and air)

Guidelines and Incentives

urine/feces

Enhance variety of building types and sizes, as well as ownership types.

grey water water run-off

Build according to the design for disassembly principles (see appendix E)

sense of community sense of place eyes on the street resiliency and stability

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

Cooperative ownership A variety of apartment sizes

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Transportation & Movement System includes the physical aspects and

organizational configuration required for the movement of people and products in the area.

This transportation network includes such things

Ecosystem services (ES) - flooding (risk, protection) - recreational opportunities - decomposition, soil and biological nutrients Public functions (PF) - vibrant street life - activity - management - biodegradable waste - reusable waste - recyclable waste - urine/feces

for Households

Reuse (R) - biological nutrients - stock piles of materials (industrial nutrients) - waste reduction - ecological stewardship - productivity Economy (Ec) - development - variety of products and services - innovative sustainable technology - vibrant street life - productivity - activity - visitors

as water ways and areas for non-motorized transportation of humans and animals. It also includes the energy required to run the vehicles.

Urban agriculture (UA) - productivity (food) - biodegradable waste Public spaces (PS) - ease of orientation - vibrant street life - contiguity of the city - activity - flooding (risk, protection) - aesthetic aspects Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - vibrant street life - ease of orientation - attraction for residents and businesses - attraction for visitors - development Social diversity (SD) - activity - vibrant street life - variety of products and services

Species Well-being (SW) - productivity - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Household (H) - biodegradable waste - reusable waste - recyclable waste - urine/feces - activity Energy (En) - electricity - biogas Safety (S) - vibrant street life - reduced car dependency - accessibility

Input

Transportation and Movement

138

Flygare | Östlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

139

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

impervious surfaces

Provide bicycle parking.

Car sharing

water run-off

Office and commercial buildings must include residences.

Streets that favour pedestrians and bicycles over cars

accessibility (for people and/or animals) transport of goods and materials

Residential buildings must include opportunities for commercial, office or public functions.

CO

Impervious to pervious ground surface ratio.

2

chemical pollution (air, water) experiential pollution (noise, smell, light) vibrant street life exercise opportunities (bicycle/walking paths)

Public transportation (bus lines, tram lines, västlänken)

Guidelines and Incentives

Parking areas (along the streets, parking buildings)

Maximum allowed amount of parking spaces per m2.

Bridging barriers (ecoducts, train tunnels, lowering Mårten Krakowsgatan)

Buildings should support a mixed use in the block.

flooding (protection)

site analysis

project positioning

Goods transport by train (keep the single train tracks to the concrete factory)

Provide showers for employees.

parking of vehicles

theoretical background

Bicycle & pedestrian paths connected to the surrounding city

urban strategies

urban sketches

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Economy System

encompasses the activities which influence or support economic vitality of businesses and individuals in the area through production, employment, consumption and savings. It also includes the physical Ecosystem services (ES) - inspiration - recreational opportunities - flooding (risk, protection) - purification (water) - rain water management - resiliency and stability Public functions (PF) - reusable waste - recyclable waste - vibrant street life - conflict resolution - resiliency and stability

for Transportation and Movement

Reuse (R) - stockpiles of material (industrial nutrients) - economic benefits (production and saving) - management challenges - productivity - creativity (business, art) - ecological stewardship - clean water - variety of products Transportation (T) - accessibility - transport of goods and materials - vibrant street life - parking of vehicles - flooding protection

structures that house them. It does not include the economy of the city and other public services even though these are inherently affected by the system.

Urban agriculture (UA) - productivity (food) - economic benefits - management challenges - ecological stewardship - activity Public spaces (PS) - ease of orientation - recreational opportunities - vibrant street life - accessibility - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - activity - social interaction - access to sun - contiguity of the city Social diversity (SD) - activity - social interaction - vibrant street life - variety of products and services - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - freedom/fulfillment - resiliency and stability Safety (S) - vibrant street life - attraction for residents and businesses - accessibility - resiliency and stability

Species Well-being (SW) - resiliency and stability - creativity - productivity - freedom/fulfillment - activity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses

Economy

140

Household (H) - reusable waste - recyclable waste - heat waste - resiliency and stability Energy (En) - heat/cold - electricity - biogas Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - vibrant street life - ease of orientation - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - attraction for residents and businesses - attraction for visitors - development - risk of exclusivity (bohemian, posh) - resiliency and stability - enhancement of cultural history

Input

Flygare | Östlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

141

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

development

Each building must produce a designated ratio of energy they consume.

Businesses (hotels, offices, industries, restaurants)

variety of products and services innovative sustainable technology chemical pollution (air, water) risk of exclusivity resiliency and stability vibrant street life eyes on the street productivity activity attraction for visitors creativity (inventiveness) freedom/fulfillment

Market All buildings must include recycling stations with a designated list of recycling possibilities (include composting)

Second hand shops Office and commercial buildings must include residences.

Residential buildings must include opportunities for commercial, office or public functions.

Building height to street width and facing facade ratio.

Guidelines and Incentives Enhance variety of building types and sizes, as well as ownership types.

Per designated meters of street facade or m2 of building, the proprietor provides street furniture (i.e. benches, art, water feature, etc.).

Buildings should include a ratio of recycled/reused materials (preferably from the area).

Buildings should be flexible (allow functional change overtime).

Build according to the design for disassembly principles (see appendix E)

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

Återbruket

urban strategies

urban sketches

Workshops Car sharing Tourism (Säveån, Drömmarnas kaj, marine activities, Skansen Lejonet) Gradual development

142

Toolbox

The Safety System does not include all

aspects of safety but focuses more specifically on safety from social unrest, theft and delinquency, as well as traffic safety.

It does not include safety from natural disasters (such as flooding), disease, famine, or manmade pollution. Health aspects are included in Household and flooding in Ecosystem Services.

Ecosystem services (ES) - recreational opportunities

for Economy

Public functions (PF) - vibrant street life - citizen involvement/democracy - conflict resolution - activity - resiliency and stability - knowledge - healthcare - sense of community - sense of place - social interaction Reuse (R) Economy (Ec) - resiliency and stability - vibrant street life - eyes on the street - activity - freedom/fulfillment

Urban agriculture (UA) - social interaction - sense of community - knowledge/fulfillment - activity Public spaces (PS) - ease of orientation - vibrant street life - accessibility - sense of community - sense of place - activity - social interaction - recreational opportunities - contiguity of the city Transportation (T) - accessibility - vibrant street life Household (H) - sense of community - sense of place - eyes on the street - resiliency and stability

Species Well-being (SW) - resiliency and stability - freedom/fulfillment - activity

Safety

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

Social diversity (SD) - activity - social interaction - vibrant street life - freedom/fulfillment - sense of community - sense of place - questioning and challenging of norms - risk of conflicts - resiliency and stability Energy (En) - electricity Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - vibrant street life - ease of orientation - sense of community - sense of place - resiliency and stability

Input

Flygare | Östlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

143

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

vibrant street life

Office and commercial buildings must include residences

Streets that favour pedestrians and bicycles over cars

attraction for residents and businesses reduced car dependency resiliency and stability

Sufficient and well designed lighting of public spaces Residential buildings must include commercial, office or public functions

Guidelines and Incentives All residents must have access to public and/or semipublic space Allow space and/or opportunity for group and individual expression Lighting shall not be overly bright or dark and allow for night vision to function properly

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

Reduction of noise pollution (vegetation, noise reducing asphalt, lowering Mårten Krakowsgatan, train tunnels) Bridging barriers (ecoducts, lowering Mårten Krakowsgatan, train tunnels

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Reuse System

includes the processes and activities inherent in the conversion of waste into a resource fit for human, plant or animal use.

Ecosystem services (ES) - purification (water, soil) - flooding (risk, protection) - inspiration

for Safety

Public functions (PF) - biodegradable waste - reusable waste - recyclable waste - heat waste - urine/feces - grey water - water run-off - management - knowledge Economy (Ec) - development - innovative sustainable technology - chemical pollution (water) - productivity - creativity (inventiveness)

It also includes the structures (public and private) that are needed to house these processes such as storage facilities, recycling stations, workshops, and businesses.

Urban agriculture (UA) - biodegradable waste and biological nutrients - purification (air, water) - knowledge/fulfillment - ecological stewardship - activity Public spaces (PS) - water run-off - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) Transportation (T) - water run-off - transport of goods and materials - CO2 - accessibility - parking of vehicles Safety (S) Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - risk of exclusivity (bohemian, posh)

Species Well-being (SW) - creativity - productivity - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses

Reuse

144

Household (H) - biodegradable waste - reusable waste - recyclable waste - heat waste - urine/feces - grey water - water run-off Energy (En) - heat/cold - electricity - CO2 - biogas Social diversity (SD) - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - questioning and challenging of norms

Input

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

145

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

soil and biological nutrients

Recycling stations (collecting, storage, management)

stock piles of materials (industrial nutrients)

All buildings must include recycling stations with a designated list of recycling possibilities (include composting)

economic benefits (production and saving)

Connect to local rainwater management system.

Ă&#x2026;terbruket

waste reduction

Grey and black water management for each property.

Second hand shops

CO2 reduction

Guidelines and Incentives

Workshops

chemical pollution (air, water)

Separation toilets must be installed in properties.

Public art (reuse & recycling theme)

experiential pollution (smell)

Buildings should include a ratio of recycled/reused materials (preferably from the area)

Market

ecological stewardship management challenges productivity (business, art) creativity (inventiveness)

Heat recovery systems for water and air Buildings should be flexible (allow functional change overtime).

Build according to the design for disassembly principles (see appendix E)

clean water

Removed materials and soil should be reused on site

Landmarks (preservation, enhancement) Gasklockan is reused as a public building Water features (storage tanks, collection ponds, sedimentation ponds) Heat recovering system District heating & cooling Biogas & soil processing nearby (Marieholm)

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

146

Toolbox

for Reuse

The Energy system encompasses the production and distribution of, as well as the demands, for energy in Household and other city functions in Gullbergsvass. It also includes energy saving measures, but does not include the embedded energy in materials brought to the area, nor does it include the consumption of energy that is part of the Transportation system.

Ecosystem services (ES) - sun and wind - microclimate (humidity, temperature control) - decomposition - flooding (risk, protection) - decomposition, soil and biological nutrients Reuse (R) - biological nutrients - stock piles of materials (industrial nutrients) - ecological stewardship - productivity Economy (Ec) - development - innovative sustainable technology - productivity

Urban agriculture (UA) - biodegradable waste Public spaces (PS) - contiguity of the city - access to sun Public functions (PF) - heat waste - biodegradable waste - urine/feces - management - knowledge Transportation (T) - transport of goods and materials

Energy

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

Species Well-being (SW) - reproduction (animal, human) - attraction for residents and businesses Household (H) - biodegradable waste - heat waste - urine/feces Safety (S) Social diversity (SD) Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - attraction for residents and businesses - development

Input

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

Outputs: heat/cold

147

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

Each building must produce a designated ratio of the energy they consume.

Heat recovering system District heating & cooling

electricity

Install individual and visible electricity and water meters.

Biogas & soil processing nearby (Marieholm)

CO2 chemical pollution (air, water) electromagnetic fields biogas

All buildings must include recycling stations with a designated list of recycling possibilities (include composting).

New buildings shall not reduce sunlight access more than a given % for other buildings.

Guidelines and Incentives Separation toilets must be installed in properties.

Heat recovery systems for water and air.

Lighting shall not be overly bright or dark and allow for night vision to function properly.

Connection to district heating and biogas network.

Prevent exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Encourage natural ventilation in buildings.

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

Sun & wind power (electricity, water heating)

148

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Social Diversity system

encompasses the dynamics of a socially diverse community in Gullbergsvass. Social diversity encompasses the mixing of individuals and groups that vary in age, race, socioeconomic status, profession, interests, beliefs, country of origin and culture.

Ecosystem services (ES) - recreational opportunities - inspiration

for Energy

Public functions (PF) - recreational opportunities - citizen involvement/democracy - conflict resolution - activity - knowledge - sense of community - sense of place - social interaction Reuse (R) - economic benefits - creativity (inventiveness) - ecological stewardship Economy (Ec) - development - variety of products and services - risk of exclusivity - creativity (inventiveness) - freedom/fulfillment

Species Well-being (SW) - creativity - freedom/fulfillment - attraction for residents and businesses Public spaces (PS) - recreational opportunities - accessibility - sense of community - sense of place - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - activity - social interaction - contiguity of the city Safety (S) - attraction for residents and businesses Transportation (T) - accessibility

Social Diversity

It does not include any physical objects or places as these are included in other systems.

Urban agriculture (UA) - social interaction - sense of community - recreational opportunities - economic benefits - ecological stewardship Household (H) - sense of community - sense of place Energy (En) Aesthetic & Identity (AI) - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - sense of community - sense of place - enhancement of cultural history - attraction for residents and businesses - development - risk of exclusivity

Input

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

149

Outputs:

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

activity

Office and commercial buildings must include residences.

Meeting points (culturally distinctive, culturally mixed, culturally neutral)

Residential buildings must include commercial, office or public functions.

A variety of recreational areas and features

social interaction vibrant street life

Market variety of products and services

Guidelines and Incentives

creativity and inspiration (thought, expression)

Buildings should be flexible (allow functional change overtime).

freedom/fulfillment sense of community sense of place questioning and challenging of norms risk of conflicts

Enhance variety of building types and sizes, as well as ownership types.

Per designated meters of street facade or m2 of building, the proprietor provides street furniture (i.e. benches, art, water feature, etc.).

Allow space and/or opportunity for group and individual expression.

resiliency and stability

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

Public art (local artists) DrĂśmmarnas kaj Street layout support a gradual development

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Toolbox

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

The Aesthetics & Identity system

incorporates the physical qualities (aesthetics) and non-physical qualities that affect and make up the possible future identity of Gullbergsvass. This is a system of qualities rather than materiality Ecosystem services (ES) - biodiversity - rain water management - flooding (risk, protection) - aesthetic aspects - recreation opportunities - noise reduction - resiliency and stability Public functions (PF) - vibrant street life - creativity (thought, expression) - social interaction - sense of community - sense of place - recreational opportunities - resiliency and stability

for Social Diversity

Reuse (R) - stockpiles of material - experiential pollution (smell) - ecological stewardship - creativity (business, art) Economy (Ec) - development - variety of products and services - innovative sustainable technology - attraction for visitors - risk of exclusivity (bohemian, posh) - resiliency and stability - vibrant street life - productivity - creativity (expression, inventiveness) - freedom/fulfillment

even though these qualities are often created by physical objects and spaces. It is what both sets the district apart from other districts and what tie it together with the urban and ecological fabric.

Urban agriculture (UA) - economic benefits - recreational opportunities - aesthetic aspects - sense of community - ecological stewardship

Public spaces (PS) - impervious surfaces - experiential pollution (noise, light) - ease of orientation - vibrant street life - contiguity of the city - aesthetic aspects - sense of place - sense of community - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - social interaction - access to sun - habitat - flooding (risk, protection) - recreational opportunities Transportation (T) - impervious surfaces - parking of vehicles - experiential pollution (noise, smell, light) - vibrant street life - exercise opportunities - flooding protection

Species Well-being (SW) - resiliency and stability - creativity - productivity

Aesthetics & Identity

150

Household (H) - sense of community - sense of place - resiliency and stability Safety (S) - vibrant street life - attraction for residents and businesses - reduced car dependency - accessibility - resiliency and stability Energy (En) Social diversity (SD) - social interaction - vibrant street life - variety of products and services - creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) - freedom/fulfillment - sense of community - sense of place - questioning and challenging of norms - risk of conflicts - resiliency and stability

Input

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

ES UA SW PF PS H

T

Ec

S

R En SD AI

Outputs: vibrant street life ease of orientation creativity and inspiration (thought, expression) sense of community sense of place enhancement of cultural history

151

Rules

Elements from the City Plan

Impervious to pervious ground surface ratio.

Parks and related structures

Roof Rules: it must support vegetation where it is not a terrace or solar panels (electrical or water).

Landmarks (preservation, enhancement) Flood barriers

All residents must have access to private and/or semi-private space where food production is possible (balcony, terrace, farming plot, greenhouse plot).

Ecoducts Building height to street width and facing facade ratio.

Streets that favour pedestrians and bicycles over cars

attraction for residents and businesses

Ground floors must be flood tolerant (materials and entrances)

Sufficient and well designed lighting of public spaces

attraction for visitors

Provide bicycle parking.

Water features

development

Guidelines and Incentives

Public art (local artists, reuse & recycling theme)

risk of exclusivity

Allow space and/or opportunity for group and individual expression.

Street furniture (benches, grills)

resiliency and stability

Urban agriculture

Provide rain protection (awnings) on facades facing streets and plazas.

Plazas & squares

An architect must be a responsible team member in the design or renovation of any building.

Adjacent buildings must be designed by different architects.

site analysis

project positioning

Gradual development

Per designated meters of street facade or m2 of building, the proprietor provides street furniture (i.e. benches, art, water feature, etc.).

Buildings should include a ratio of recycled/reused materials (preferably from the area).

theoretical background

Street widths in relation to building heights

urban strategies

urban sketches

Local energy production

Rules, Guidelines and Incentives

SW ES

En R

En

50m

theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

All buildings must include recycling stations

SD S Ec T H SW

Separation toilets must be installed in all properties

AI Ec PS

Heat recovery systems for water and air

En SW UA ES

Keep existing trees when possible

En Ec ES

Residential buildings must include commercial, office or public functions.

AI ES

for Aesthetics and Identity

The sections on these pages illustrate ways in which the tools for creating synergy between systems could interact with the built environment.

Public Space Public Functions Species Well-being Urban Agriculture Ecosystem Services Transportation and Movement

Connection to district heating and biogas network

PS PF SW UA ES T New buildings shall not reduce anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sunlight access more than a given %

Aesthetic and Identity Social Diversity Energy Reuse Safety Economy Households Each building must produce a designated ratio of the energy they consume

Toolbox

AI SD En R S Ec H

Roof Rules: it must support vegetation where it is not a terrace or solar panels

Rules, Guidelines, Incentives & Elements

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

Building height to street width ratio

152

En R UA

En Ec R UA ES

100m

urban sketches

Provide bicycle parking

AI S SW UA AI T PS

theoretical background

SW ES

site analysis

AI R ES

project positioning urban strategies

Provide rain protection (awnings) on facades facing streets and plazas

AI SD Ec PS

Ratio of property size must be productive greenery

Per designated meter of street facade, or m2 of building, the proprietor provides street furniture

Buildings must connect to the local rainwater management system

Keep existing trees as far as possible

All residents must have access to private /semiprivate space where food production is possible

Flygare | Ă&#x2013;stlund

5m

153

AI T PS AI PS

10m

urban sketches

250m

500m

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155

Urban Sketches 5 2 3 4

theoretical background

1

site analysis

After outlining a strategy for the overall structure of the plan for Gullbergsvass, a number of sketches were developed to explore the character of its public spaces. While vegetation is incorporated into all built environments of a C.U.R.E. district, its public spaces is where biotopes and ecosystem services are particularly concentrated and contiguous. These areas also serve as the primary centers for human recreation, public interaction and dialogue. The following chapter aims to illustrate the physical characteristics, social life, and biotopes that a C.U.R.E. strategy in Gullbergsvass could produce.

project positioning

To investigate the possible characteristics of C.U.R.E. strategies in different types of public spaces, five zones have been identified for elaboration in plans, sections and perspectives: 1

An expansion of the precursor

2

A riverfront

3

A park

4

A commercial corridor

5

An entrance and a residential corridor

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Naming Places To assist in understanding the relationship between the following sketches and the overall urban plan of Gullbergsvass, names of the new streets and public spaces are presented here.

Streets 1

2

3

4

Gasklocksgatan The name derives from the most significant landmark in its path.

Emerentia Pauli gatan The name derives from the wife of Mårten Krakow, who together with her husband bravely defended the Gullbergs fortlet in 1612.

Nya Kruthusgatan As this existing road changes a bit in its form, so does its name.

Gullbergs boulevard The most emblematic street in the new district. It passes the central plaza and marketplace which carry a similar name.

Public spaces 8

Säveån Nature Reserve The starting point of a 15km long walking path in the Natura 2000 area.

9

Lejonparken The name derives from the presence of the fortlet Skansen Lejonet.

10 Tornens Park The name derives from the presence of the two towers: Skansen Lejonet and Gasklockan.

11 Drömmarnas Kaj The entire riverfront adopts the name given to it by local poets and musicians.

12 Pagodaplatsen The name derives from the building which defines it shape and character.

13 Bergslagsparken The name derives from the historic Bergslagsbanan for which Vita huset was the train station.

14 Gullbergstorg The central plaza for Gullbergsvass carries a name that speaks of the entire district.

5

Gullbergs strandgata The name remains from the existing street it extends.

15 Gullbergs Market The central marketplace carries a name that speaks of the entire district.

6

Stationsgatan The name derives from its vicinity to Central Station.

16 Stationsstråket The name derives from its vicinity to Central Station.

7

Pagodagatan The name derives from its origin point at Pagodaplatsen.

17 Stationstorget The plaza is framed by Central Station and has a name reflecting this fact.

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Säveån

Gullbergsvass junction

Gullbergsån

Skansen Lejonet

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A Precursor

Säveån Nature Reserve and Lejonparken Säveån Nature Reserve is the starting point for the contiguous network of biotopes in the public spaces of Gullbergsvass. All ecological corridors in Gullbergsvass spring from this origin point into the district effectively extending and enhancing habitat, ecosystems, and species diversity. Ecoducts connect Drömmarnas Kaj and Lejonparken to the area. It is characterized primarily as wild habitat with human activities interspersed throughout.

A boardwalk weaves through the forest and provides access to the river bank

Marieholm’s tower

Säveå Nature Reserve and Lejonparken contain a number of paths where discreet information tablets tell of the species found in the area. Many people take their morning run here, as it is in the east and is a pleasant place to greet the morning sun. It is also popular to pick berries and a lucky few find mushrooms. Birdwatchers and school children from all over the region make regular excursion to the area.

The strong connection to Säveån makes Gullbergsvass a starting point for a 15km park that extends to Aspen Lake. Residents and visitors enjoy walks along the river which has several points where it is easy to get to the shore line and fish or dip your toes on a hot day. It is also popular to rent canoes and kayaks from the Säveå Nature Reserve Information Center at Drömmarnas Kaj for trips up this protected river.

Rented and private canoes explore Säveån and Göta Älv

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The area contains one landmark: Skansen Lejonet. The visits to Skansen Lejonet has greatly increased as it is surrounded by pleasant walks and characteristic Nordic woodlands. urban strategies

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A Riverfront Drömmarnas kaj Of the five public spaces elaborated here, Drömmarnas Kaj is the one that affects the preexisting social environments in Gullbergsvass most. It is also a key element in the flooding protection for Gullbergsvass.

On the north side of the flood barrier is a contiguous biotope of mostly wild vegetation designed and maintained by the city. On the southern side of the flood barrier are landscapes designed and maintained by the individual building owners.

According to the rules, guidelines and incentives for Gullbergsvass these areas will include a mix different types of vegetation including native plant species and urban agriculture. The eastern end of Drömmarnas Kaj is transformed into a completely natural beach and wetland and merges with Säveån Nature Reserve. theoretical background

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The buildings along the quay are a mixture of business and residential and do not rise higher than two stories. They bring activity and security to the mixture of different cultures and water based activities along the quay. The quay also provides access to the opposite shore of Göta älv via a ferry and a pedestrian and bicycle bridge.

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New Göta älv bridge Hotel Ibis

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Farming barge

Ferry berth

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Drömmarnas Kaj

Göta älv

Säveån

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Drömmarnas Kaj At the end of Drömmarnas Kaj, a portion of the old quay has been restored to a natural shoreline. This connects to the pre-existing natural shores of Säveå Nature Reserve and extends the habitat zone for many species.

The flood protection wall continues along the sidewalk beside Gullbergs strandgata.

Bath

Canoe rental Säveån

Säveå Nature Reserve Center

Gu

llbe

rgs

stra

ndg

ata

At the eastern end of Drömmarnas Kaj, the boardwalk culminates in a pier which includes space for small boats such as canoes and a basin for bathing. Until the river water is considered suitable for bathing, it is filtered before entering the basin. The last building on the quay is dedicated to the Säveå Nature Reserve Information Center and it is here that you can rent a canoe to travel up the river.

Ecoduct

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Where Gullbergs strandgata crosses interstate E6, the contiguity of the land based ecosystems are enhanced by an ecoduct that extends of the previously barren roof of the mouth of the tunnel.

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Ground material is pervious where possible

As much vegetation as possible is productive (fruit and berries)

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Sculptures made from recycled materials

The individual gardens vary in size as the buildings vary in distance to the street and quay

Gullbergsvass ship association is allowed to remain in the area.

Canoe rental for tours on the Göta älv or Säveån

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Enclosed basins with filtered river water.

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The existing hotel Ibis receives a new mooring at the intersection of Gullbergs boulevard and DrĂśmmarnas Kaj. A riverfront plaza improves the experience of staying at the hotel and offers opportunities for shops, restaurants and cafĂŠs to locate near the hotel.

Ferry berth

Farming barge

Gullbergs strandgata

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An automatically rising flood barrier is placed where paths and plazas interrupt the permanent flood barrier.

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Vegetated walls are a part of the flooding protection

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The quay is raised 50 cm to protect from flooding

A new wooden boardwalk extends the width of the quay along the riverfront and provides habitat for fish and shellfish below

The whole area between the buildings along Gullbergs strandgata and the water is allowed to be flooded

Temporary flooding protection barriers rise in plazas and walkthroughs during extreme water levels

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A Park Tornens park

Tornens park is the name of the park which stretches between Skansen Lejonet and Gasklockan. It includes space for urban agriculture, playgrounds and open lawns, wooded areas and wetlands. Vital parts of the water management for the whole of Gullbergsvass happens here. The area is the most park-like of the public spaces in Gullbergsvass and the aim is to seek contiguous patterns and synergistic relationships in natural and man-made systems and forms.

The presence of landmarks can be felt throughout the park. Besides including the remodeled Gasklockan and being visually connected to Skansen Lejonet, it also contains two small brick industrial buildings and a cast iron cooling tower build in the late 1800s. All three of these landmarks serve as community meeting points. The nearby refurbished concrete factory adds to the presence of several tower-like forms in the experience of the park.

The park passes over MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan in the form of an ecoduct, effectively bridging the northern and southern portions and leading one to the riverfront and DrĂśmmarnas Kaj.

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Farming barge

Ferry berth

Drömmarnas kaj

Gullbergs strandgata

Gasklocksgatan

Gasklockan

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Ecoduct Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45)

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Cement factory

Emerentia Pauligatan

Nya Kruthusgatan

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Cement factory

Visual contact between Gasklockan and Skansen Lejonet Continuous vegetation connecting habitat zones

Allotments for food production

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Sedimentation ponds for cleaning water

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Orchard

Public greenhouse

Scene

Old Cooling Tower Community Center

Allotments

Old brick buildings

Sled hill and audience seating

Public greenhouses near outdoor allotments extend the growing season and allow more exotic foods to be grown. Together, these allotment areas and greenhouses become important social places that foster mutual learning and sharing.

A slightly raised hill serves as a meeting point and a stage.

A higher hill beside this serves as a seating area during performances and together with thick vegetation to the south act as a noise barrier towards the highway. In winter the hill becomes a sled paradise for kids and adults who enjoy childish pleasures from time to time.

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The historical industrial brick buildings and cast iron cooling tower act as a transition between the neighborhood and park. They are surrounded by a plaza and serve as a community center, urban agricultural center and the offices of park management. An orchard spans the distance between the historical structures and the allotment area nearby.

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Integrated compost station

Structural gabion walls made of recycled bricks and concrete.

Orchard, allotments and greenhouses

Landmarks ease orientation become community centers and give identity to public spaces

Walking paths start in Gullbergsvass and end up at lake Aspen, 15 km north east along Säveån

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Open grass areas

MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan below ecoduct

Sculptural shoreline The small lake south of Gasklockan serves as flooding protection, a reservoir and the final stage of water purification in the area. It is also a habitat for birds, fish and other water loving creatures and plants.

Boardwalk Small lake

Concrete blocks, made at the nearby concrete factory, serve as sculptural benches and shore-line of the lake.

The blocks also serve as experiential markers for the seasonal water tables in the lake.

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Energy production by silent wind power generators

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Gasklockan is transformed into a cultural arts center

Open lawns for a variety of activities

Gasklockan

Sculptural shore to access water

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Cooling Tower

Thick vegetation as a noise barrier towards the highway

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Allotment plots are laid out in a pattern that can grow and shrink depending on size requests and the number of people interested.

Allotments are raised from the ground where there is a history of soil contamination.

Wild vegetation with small paths

Playgrounds and other activities are placed near allotments to allow multiple generations to be able to enjoy time together even though they are not doing the same activity.

Allotments

Water filtration ponds Playground

Controlled vegetation, urban agriculture and wild vegetation intermingle in Tornens Park.

A stream runs through the park and expands into a series of ponds and wetlands and are steps in a purification process that ends at the small lake south of Gasklockan.

Water from the ponds and the stream can be used for watering plants in the park and garden allotments.

Bicycle and pedestrian paths

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No fixed sizes on allotments

Blueberry and lingon bushes and other fruit and berry plants are in all parks.

Playground built out of recycled materials

New facade on the concrete factory transforms it into an attractive aspect of the urban environment

Highway 45 is lowered by 5 meters

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The park has a mix of wild nature, wetlands, open lawns and allotments for growing food urban sketches

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Gasklockan Community Arts Center

Viewpoint Restaurant with views in all directions +80.0

Conference room

Glass elevators

Continuous ramps for a vertical promenade Art gallery +35.8 Recording studio and rehearsal rooms +31.8 Mechanical room +28.8

Scene room New entrance Current ground level Normal water level

Climbing wall

+15.5 +14.0 +11.8 +10.0 Garage and delivery

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Thick vegetation

Stream

Open areas for various activities

Bicycle/pedestrian path

Gasklocksgatan with bicycle and pedestrian path

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MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45)

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A Commercial Corridor The central, more urban, public space contains a combination of plazas, a wooded boulevard, a small park and garden allotments. The ecosystem is less continuous than in Tornens park, but hedges, trees, and green roofs provide a good level of contiguity across the urban landscape.

Gullbergs market, Pagodan, and Vita huset are landmarks that lend character to this area. Hotel Ibis at the end of Gullbergs boulevard lends an additional quality to the path.

Landmarks help with orientation in the district

Gullbergstorg

The streets are designed to favour public transport, pedestrians and cyclists over private cars

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Pagodagatan bridges MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan with an ecoduct, passes Pagodaplatsen and ends at a plaza by the riverfront. The area near MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan contains a great deal of vegetation to help reduce noise and air pollution. The area around Vita huset is that which can most accurately be described as a park. All other areas are dominated by human activities with plant and wildlife interwoven,

Gullbergs Market

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Hot

el Ib is

Göta älv

Pagoda platsen

Ecoduct

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Mårten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45)

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Gullbergs boulevard

Emerentia Pauligatan

Gullbergstorg

Nya

Kru

thus

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gata

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Gullbergs market Stat

ions

Allotments

strå

ket

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Local rainwater management

A variety of ground materials, vegetation, planter heights

Gullbergs Market

Marketplace with space for permanent and temporary commerce

Vegetables and flowers grown on the allotments can be sold at the market.

Good location for a public school

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The allotments, market and Gullbergstorg are part of the central green passage continuing to the Pagoda plaza

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Gullbergstorg and Gullbergs market are centrally located and support a variety of human activities, plant and animal life. Gullbergstorg serves as a gathering point near larger commerce. A variety of ground materials, vegetation, planter heights and water basins create different spatial experiences and opportunities for interaction and self expression.

Gullbergstorg

Gullbergs market provides spaces for permanent and temporary small scale commerce. The market buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social and physical characteristics lend identity to the central part of Gullbergsvass. A great deal of vegetation is incorporated into these buildings to support animal and plant life, absorb water, cool and insulate interior spaces and create a unique atmosphere that is a reminder that urban environments must support nature in order to support humanity.

Nya

ergs

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Allotments

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Gullbergs market

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East of the marketplace is a large allotment area for urban agriculture. The market could expand into this area for certain events and vegetables from the allotments could be sold in the market.

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Water basins for rainwater collection and treatment

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G round materials vary from gravel and concrete to grass and wood

The buildings can be opened up to interact with the outdoor commerce

The greenery flows over and around the buildings

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Recycled concrete from the site as ground material

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Pagodaplatsen is a plaza where Gullbergs boulevard passes over Mårten Krakowsgatan before arriving at the riverfront. A passage for pedestrians is opened through Pagodan and connects to Gullbergs strandgata on the west side. Thick but not very high vegetation frames the plaza to the south and creates a nose and pollution barrier towards Mårten Krakowsgatan

Wild vegetation

Water streams

Bus/Car lane

Bicycle/pedestrian path

New pedestrian passage through Pagodan

Pagodaplatsen

Gullbergs Boulevard

Mårten Krakowsgatan

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Bicycle/pedestrian

MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan

Soun buffering vegetation

bicycle/pedestrian path

Vertical farming unit

Car sharing facilities

Vertical farming unit

Emerentia Pauli gatan

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Vertical farm units could be placed near MĂĽrten Krakowsgatan (Highway 45). These should be incorporated with offices, residences in order to take advantage of the possibilities for air and heat interchange. Parking for car sharing programs and private vehicles would share the lower areas that are also used as storage for the vertical farming units.

Heating, cooling and fresh air exchange is coordinated between the farming areas and other functions in the building. The vertical farm units also process compostable waste and waste water (grey and black) from surrounding households. Rainwater is also collected and used for watering plants. theoretical background

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An Entrance and a Residential Corridor The most significant connection to the rest of the city occurs in the public spaces leading to the Central Station: Stationsstråket and Stationstorget.

They effectively connect Gullbergsvass to Stampen and Nordstaden by bridging the lowered train tracks. The passage is an important entry point to Gullbergsvass and the city center as a whole.

Stationsstråket is less urban than the commercial corridor but more urban than Tornens Park and Lejonparken. It incorporates water management, wild vegetation and urban agriculture in a primarily residential environment focused on pedestrian and bicycle movement. It also includes small gathering places, playgrounds, plazas and areas for shops and cafés.

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Stationsstråket blends with Lejonparken to the east and at this union there are garden allotments, a common greenhouse, and a sports field. A large hill in this area made from the excavated soil from lowering the train tracks serves as a seating area for watching matches and a sledding in winter.

Stationsstråket culminates in Stationstorget at its western end and greets visitors not only to Gullbergsvass but to Göteborg in general.

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Nils Ericson bus terminal

Central Station

Sta

tion

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Stationstorget

StationsstrĂĽket

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Allotments

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Expansion area for allotments

Väs

tlän

ken tunn el

Skansen lejonet

Public greenhouse

Train service facilities below ground

Allotments Train tracks leading to underground platforms at Central Station

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Private gardens

Public green space

Water canals continue to Stationsstråket

Plazas for commercial and vehicle crosssing Stationsstråket connects Stationstorget to Gullbergs boulevard and Lejonparken. Stationsstråket supports a variety of uses but is primarily a residential street. Allotments, playgrounds, gardens, water streams and wetlands are integrated in public paths and small plazas. Traffic is allowed but subordinate to pedestrian use.

Light shafts to the train platforms

Football field Well connected to public transport

Sta

tion

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“Wild” vegetation Public greenhouse and outdoor allotments

Wooden ground cover The roof of the underground train station becomes a plaza called Stationstorget. A great number of skylights provide light and ventilation to the platforms below. Some of the light shafts are raised to create seats on the plaza and others are within the bands of vegetation. However, most are level with the ground and integrated in the wooden or concrete surfaces.

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Sculptural roofs offer some shelter and incorporate pvcells that provide electricity needed to light the platforms below.

Where Stationsstråket transitions into Lejonparken there is a football field, a public greenhouse, garden allotments, and a playground.

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Water collection basins and streams lead water to filtration ponds

Light shafts ensure daylight and ventilation to the train platforms below the plaza

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Some parts are more private yards with possibilities to grow food

Photo voltaic-cells produce electricity for use in the train platforms below

Train tracks are moved below grade

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Existing community gardening areas

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Expanded community gardening areas

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Community Gardening Community gardening and urban agriculture are essential elements of a district development based on C.U.R.E. principals. Their benefits have been well noted earlier1, and to summarize they play crucial roles in the social well-being of the community, the conversion of waste to resource, reduction of pollution and support of species and cultural diversity.

The design proposal for Gullbergsvass provides a variety of areas where community gardening can take place. As interest and need will invariably change over time, the amount of land that allotments and other gardening facilities occupy is able to expand or retract. Current estimates predict that between 11% and 21% of future residents are likely to be interested in hobby farming and gardening in urban areas.2

1â&#x20AC;&#x192; See p.103 2â&#x20AC;&#x192; See p.104 theoretical background

site analysis

Designated community gardening space: Community greenhouses Initial allotment area Expanded allotment area Orchard

2 160 m2 19 797 m2 11 300 m2 3 600 m2

Division of allotment space per user: If 11% of residents want allotments 1 364 plots Initial allotments area 16 m2 each With expanded allotment area 24 m2 each If 21% of residents want allotments Initial allotments area With expanded allotment area

2 604 plots 8 m2 each 12.5 m2 each

Additional space for Urban Farming: Rules, guidelines and incentives also ensure opportunites for private gardening on balconies, rooftops and/or yards.

Vertical farm units and farming barges could prove to be viable options if higher crop yields become necessary.

In times of crisis, more park area could be converted.

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Movement in the area: Connections in the area: theoretical background

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Living in Gullbergsvass

Noomi (43) closes up the office and heads to her apartment a couple of streets away. Her husband is taking

The following is an elaboration on how the city district of Gullbergsvass could be experienced by its residents in the future.

Leif (54) leaves his vegetable stand at the market place happy about today’s and tomatoes sales. Carrots sold really well. He heads to the farm barge to teach a class on how to maximize garden productivity and recycle nutrients. There has been an increased interest in gardening lately. Maybe he will need to hire somebody to help him teach more classes soon.

He locks his bike

to an old anchor and

admires the paint job the kid did to the old bike.

Those workshops near Gullbergs Återbruk have some really unique things.

He hums a song that came to him yesterday as he watched the sun set behind Drömmarnas Kaj from his balcony. He plans to try it out with his band this evening at their jam session, maybe they can play it at the jazz festival next month.

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the kids to a class on productive gardening

tonight while she makes

dinner from the vegetables she bought at the market. She can’t wait to wear the vintage dress she found at the market today. Maybe she will wait for a special evening, like a concert with her husband at the upcoming jazz festival.

As she throws the vegetable rests into the compost bin she decides to save some seeds to plant in her new allotment. She hopes that soon she can also have a space in the greenhouse and grow some fresh okra.

After dinner, they drop off an old bicycle at the reuse station and find a small table that would be perfect for the girls’ room. She takes the table up to their flat as her husband waits for her to join him and the kids at the playground.

On his way to work, Johan (26) buys some and spices at the market vegetables for tonight’s dinner with his flatmates at the cooperative. The vendor gives him a couple extra carrots in appreciation for the bike Johan sold him. But most of the dinner comes from the community greenhouse on the roof. Pretty cool. Good thing his flatmate can grow food, as Johan kills everything green. project positioning

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But he at least has some skill with non-living things! Never in his life did he imagine he would ! And all thanks get so into repairing bikes to that wacky guy at the job training program with Gullbergs Återbruk. It has really helped him redirect his life. Best of all is when his boss lets him make stuff from leftover bike parts. Maybe today he will finish that piece for the public sculpture competition at the jazz festival. He hopes that it might win and be placed in Gullbergstorg. Wow... sweet...they’re playing his favorite tune on Radio Gasklockan.

The carrot doesn’t understand why the human who placed him in the soil as a little seed suddenly has decided to remove him from the soil. But there are a lot of other vegetables in the same position lying as him. He particularly likes the tomato next to him. It turns out they have both grown up in Tornens park and been nursed by the same however she seems to have spent gardener, her life enclosed in a glass building that was much warmer than his little garden box.

A little later he finds himself on display in a bustling area full of humans that keep looking at him and his friend the tomato. Suddenly he is whisked and up and put in the bag of a male human shouts out a “nice to meet you” to the tomato that is simultaneously whisked into the bag of a female human. urban strategies

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He doesn’t know it yet but both he and his new friend will be chopped to pieces, and some of their remains will reunite in a compost system and eventually become part of the soil for new young carrots and tomatoes. The rest of him will go through another kind of system and in the shape of feces, end up at the Marieholm’s biogas plant and help heat the homes of the humans.

The peregrine falcon swoops down from her perch at Gasklockan to go see what she can find to eat.

A couple humans are canoeing in Säveån and another is walking along the shore. There are pochards, mallards and tufted duck swimming around the mouth of the river, but she doesn’t see one that is easy enough to catch so she turns around and flies over towards Skansen Lejonet. There are a lot of places for the rabbits and other small creatures to hide, but sometimes it is possible to find a baby rabbit running across from one of the a clearing or steeling carrots allotments, making the gardener furious.

bicycle. The other bicycle is even older and more rusty then him, but has many stories to tell of all the places he has been.

comes by and gathers all of A young human them up and takes them to a large place full of old things that are awaiting a new life.

He’s getting a new chain and his breaks feel tight again and he really likes the new paint job he has gotten. The older bike is looking quite different now and is not going to be traveling anywhere.

His new form is quite strange, but the human says the old bike might get to spend the rest of his life in a plaza resting in the shade of a tree and that doesn’t seem like a bad way to retire.

The bike remembers when he was shiny and new and was first bought by a young

who used him to human travel between her apartment and law school.

Now he is old and rusty and finds himself in a room with other tired furniture and another theoretical background

site analysis

project positioning

urban strategies

urban sketches

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Final Discussion What began as a personal quest to understand the core issues and implications of ‘sustainable’ design and to create a design proposal for a very specific site, has resulted in the development of a general strategy for urban design: C.U.R.E. While in its infancy, this design approach has proven to have a firm base and far reaching potential. In the end, the thesis has become the beginnings of something larger than we ever dreamt of. No one could be more surprised, or pleased, with this result than we are. The postulations begun during this time will continue to influence our work for a long time to come.

theoretical background

site analysis

The thesis has also successfully suggested a viable, yet visionary, development of Gullbergsvass.

While the design proposal is more suggestive than it is definitive, it helps one to imagine an alternative future for Göteborg and the development of old industrial harbours. This in turn helps us to imagine how one might go about developing project positioning

similar sites around the world. The design is meant to represent a world where multiplicity and diversity help to create healthy, equitable and regenerative environments for humans as well as for other life forms with whom we share this earth and its resources.

Where to go from here...

While the basic principals for C.U.R.E. are fairly well defined, the theory and praxis could benefit from further development. The issues that could be developed are (but not limited to): - cultural and biological diversity - place and identity - regenerative technologies - systemic analysis - rules, incentives and guidelines - elements The natural next step for both Gullbergsvass and C.U.R.E. would be to further define the rules, urban strategies

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guidelines, incentives and elements that help to guide the future development of neighborhoods.

The study would include how these help to define and encourage: - identity - aesthetics - social interaction and public participation - social, cultural and economic diversity - individual expression and autonomy - incorporation of ecosystems and biotopes - incorporation of waste-to-resource methods - incorporation of urban agriculture - the incorporation of industry In regards to the specific systems within urban design. It would be particularly interesting to further develop the waste-to-resource system.

One should investigate its specific configuration and functional relationships for Gullbergsvass as well as develop rules, incentives, guidelines and elements that would support this type of system in urban development in general. Key issues to further investigate and design are: - Gullbergs Återbruk - A neighborhood reuse depot/workshop - Gullbergs market - Biosphere nutrient cycles - Technosphere nutrient cycles The final key aspect that should be developed and studied is what existing and potential biotopes could be incorporated into the area. What species from surrounding areas could benefit from the addition of which types of biotopes in Gullbergsvass?

One should also investigate the biotopes that are likely to have existed in Gullbergsvass historically and if it is possible to incorporate aspects of these into the new development of the area.

theoretical background

site analysis

Lessons Learned

It was difficult to manage the full complexity of weaving so many different aspects and elements into a comprehensive whole in only five months.

While a twelve month thesis would not have reduced the complexity of the task (and could in fact have increased it), the additional months would have allowed more time to solidify and research our design approach and investigate the correlations and potential conflicts in between key systems and elements. More case studies and investigations into existing research and theory on key topics would have been beneficial in this process.

A longer thesis period would have also allowed us to further develop the actual design proposals for Gullbergsvass. This would entail testing and verifying them in relation to our theoretical principals more thoroughly. With the current time limitations, it was only possible to generally define design guidelines and sketches of how those these might manifest themselves in the real world.

Perhaps one could have narrowed the thesis into a single vein of inquiry. But how is one to achieve the balancing of resource consumption and species well-being inherent in ‘sustainable’ design if one does not look at the complex network of interrelations this entails? We were unable to answer that question in any other way than we have done, and are pleased to have developed a source of personal reflection for years to come.

project positioning

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Appendix and Bibliography

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1. Letting nature do the work – use and augment existing natural processes for human life-support functions dealing with energy, shelter, water, food and waste rather than hardware and fossil fuel based engineered systems.

2. Consider nature as both model and context – maintain and establish continuity and connections to the operational and visual aspects of the surrounding landscape and ecosystem.

Appendix A Twelve Strategies for Regenerative Design

Paraphrased and quoted from Lyle (1994) pp.38-45

3. Aggregating, not isolating – by dividing a system into its parts and designing them separately, it is difficult if not impossible to combine them into an integrated whole.

Instead one should be as concerned of the interactions between the parts as the parts themselves and focus on how each can support the other.

4. Seeking optimum levels for multiple functions, not the maximum or minimum level for anyone – the common practice of seeking maximum or minimum levels of a function or experience often results in conditions of serious deprivation or serious toxicity. The purpose of system design often becomes a matter of maintaining a set of variable values for levels, which may be in some degree of conflict, within approximately optimum ranges.

5. Matching technology to need - avoid designs that overtax resources and waste sinks when needs can be met with simpler or more sophisticated methods.

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6. Using information to replace power – this is related to the fifth strategy as it is concerned with the fit between means and ends. When given adequate information, we can achieve precise fits between system and function and avoid designing systems that use more power than necessary.

7. Providing multiple pathways – in contrast with the large-scale, standardized, and more encompassing operations of industrial technologies, regenerative technologies are often smaller in scale and suited to specific functions. It then becomes important to interconnect complementary technologies and provide multiple options for satisfying a given need.

8. Seeking common solutions to disparate problems – elements of a design should address multiple issues. For example, the heat given off in the composting process in the composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute is directed to the greenhouse, where it helps to stimulate growth.

9. Managing storage as a key to sustainability – Since rates of productivity, assimilation and use all vary, storage is the essential, evervarying maintainer of equilibrium. The ability of thermal mass in buildings to store heat and cold for later distribution is an excellent example of this.

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10. Shaping form to guide flow – Energy and material flows occur within the physical medium of the environment, and the medium largely determines the pace and direction of flow. By shaping the medium (the environment), we can guide the flow. Such as place windows and openings in a building to facilitate air flow (natural ventilation).

11. Shaping form to manifest process – understanding of regenerative processes makes it possible to shape buildings and landscapes in such ways as to give visible form to those processes and cultural acceptance.

12. Prioritizing sustainability – An entirely regenerative world is a distant dream that might someday come about; in the meantime there is a long period of transition. Sustainable options must be given high priority if the world is going to have a chance at transitioning from a degenerative to a regenerative path.

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1. A regenerative architecture will construct social settings that can be lived differently. - This point rejects the notion that technology in itself might be an autono-

Appendix B Eight Points for Regenerative Regionalism: A Nonmodern Manifesto Moore (2005) pp. 440-442

mous agent capable of liberating humans from the oppressive natural and/or social conditions of place. Rather, it sugg ests that human institutions are both affected by and, in turn, affect the social construction of technological networks. Humans might, then, rationally and democratically construct regenerative technologies as the engaged agents of the humans and nonhumans that collectively inhabit a place.

2. So as to participate in local constellations ideas, a regenerative architecture will participate in the tectonic history of a place. - Participation in the tectonic history of a place requires that the interventions of architects be, first, intelligible to local citizens and, second, be perceived as relevant to the material conditions of everyday life.

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objects and emphasize the construction of processes that relate social activity to ecological conditions.

4. A regenerative architecture will resist the centers of calculation by magnifying local labor and ecological variables. The overt political program of regenerative architecture will include two principal strategies: First, the producers of regenerative architecture will consciously subvert the universalizing and optimizing measures of objective building performance. These are typically promoted by such technological networks as the air-conditioning industry and measured in BTUs, calories, and watts. This strategy should not be construed to mean that human comfort is to be devalued or energy squandered. Second, regenerative architecture will rely upon technologies that reveal the manner of their making to magnify local labor knowledge and local ecological conditions.

3. Rather than construct objects, the producers of regenerative architecture 5. Rather than participate in the aestheticized politics implicit in technological will participate in the construction displays, regenerative architecture will of integrated cultural and ecological construct the technologies of everyday processes. - Historically, architects have life through democratic means. - The tended to claim sole authorship for places market has increasingly manipulated arand thus obscure the complex social and chitectural technology in order to stimuecological processes in which buildings late those consumers whose appetites participate. A regenerative architecture have become dulled by the ever-increaswill de-emphasize the significance of

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ing rates of production and consumption.

A regenerative architecture will subvert the power of market-driven technologies by engaging citizens in decision making about the technologies that enable everyday life.

tutional agreements that tie humans to the ecological conditions of a place. This suggests that architecture itself must facilitate democratic consideration of the tidal cycle, of prevailing breezes, or of the coolth of the earth itself. This is a matter of democracy and technological development.

6. The technological interventions of regenerative architecture will contribute to the normalization of critical practic- 8. A regenerative architecture will prefer the development of life-enhancing es. - Rather than construct critical objects practices to the creation of critical and that inform viewers of how history might historically instructive places. - The have been different, regenerative archicritical place helps society to understand tecture will strive to influence normative that the social construction of places and construction practices. This proposition technologies might have been different. recognizes that the ontological dimension Such a place is a memorial to the forgotten of building takes precedence over the or as yet untried modes of non-capitalist representationalâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;that the repetitive maproduction that would transform nature terial practices of construction do more in some other way. My final point is that to influence the operation of society than critical places are not in themselves prodo singular aesthetic critiques. In this ductive. Better yet, a critical place can sense, the reproduction of life-enhancing become regenerative only through the practices is preferred over aesthetic production and reproduction of democommentary. cratic, life-enhancing practices.

7. The practice of regenerative architecture will enable places by fostering convergent human agreements. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A durable architecture need only delay the inevitability of decay. A sustainable architecture need only maintain the status quo of natural carrying capacity. A regenerative architecture, however, must concern itself with the reproduction of the insti-

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Appendix C On Changing Beliefs and Practices Parekh (2000) pp. 145-146

“Although the beliefs and practices of a culture are closely related, they are also autonomous and subject to their own distinct logics. The two differ in at least four important respects. Beliefs are necessarily general, even vague and amenable to different interpretations, whereas practices which are meant to regulate human conduct and social relations are fairly determinate and concrete. Secondly, while beliefs are not easy to discover and enforce, conformity to practices is easily ascertainable and enforceable. Thirdly, beliefs primarily pertain to the realm of thought and practices to that of conduct. Beliefs are therefore more likely to be influenced by new ideas and knowledge, practices by new social situations and experiences. Fourthly, coherence among beliefs is a matter of intellectual consistency and is different in nature from that among practices where it is basically a matter of practical compatibility.

Thanks to these and other differences, beliefs and practices, although internally related and subject to mutual influences, are also subject to their own characteristic constraints and patterns of change.

A society’s beliefs might change but its practices might not keep pace, and vice versa. And when either changes at an unusually rapid pace, it might become unduly conservative about the other to retain its sense of continuity or stability.

Since ties between beliefs and practices are loose and volatile and there is often a hiatus between the two, no culture is ever a fully consistent and coherent whole.”

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Step 1 - to build or not to build

The first thing to decide is if to build. Yeang formulate this first step as an interrogation of the design.1 Questions to ask is: What are the expected environmental effects? Is the planned design really needed and crucial? Are there good preconditions to make the designed structure energy efficient?

Appendix D The 31 steps of EcoDesign

In ecodesign the ecological aspects are at the same hierarchal level as the economic ones. In the same way as the planned design is assessed to investigate its economical viability, there must be an ecological assessment to assure that it is defensible in an ecological perspective.

Some guiding questions asked in the first step are: What are the energy efficiency goals for the built structure? What are the anticipated ecological consequences of the production and delivery of the materials used? What are the site specific consequences? What are the possibilities for reuse and recycling? What are the ‘after useful life’ consequences of the design?

Step 2 - level of permanence

Step two is about determining the lifespan and the site specificity of the building. This is important to determine what kind of materials and assembly systems to use. In this step Yeang spends less time on architectural issues and more on considerations about product design. He’s setting up rules that concerns the whole chain from packaging, sales, marketing, transportation, bulk and distribution to retail and disposal.

1

Yeang, p.76

Step 3 - rules for energy use

Step three integrates the issue of minimized energy use in the ecological brief. Yeang suggest to set a limit of the total allowed energy use in the project. The energy should then be distributed to the different parts and steps of the process. This approach is opposite to the conventional way of working, where the standard requirements direct the consumption of energy.

Step 4 - ecological history

This is the first step that deals with analysis of the site and the natural environment, starting with analysis of the ecological history. Ecosystems can be divided into seven categories2; Mature ecosystems, characterized by high biodiversity and little human interference; Immature ecosystems, that are in the process of regeneration; Simplified ecosystems, where the natural complexity has been reduced, by for instance controlled burning or forestry; Mixed artificial ecosystems, like gardens, parks and agro-forestry areas; Monoculture ecosystems, mainly productive areas like agricultural fields or replanted forests for timber; Zeroculture ecosystems, typically urban or industrial areas where most traces of the ecological history is removed; Contaminated ecosystems, like abandoned industrial land. The first on the list has the highest biodiversity, the best natural control processes and the least need for human maintenance. The later the ecosystem appears in the list, the more suitable for exploitation. Analyzing the ecosystem on the site determines which of the following design strategies to use: 2

ibid, p.99

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Step 5 - ecological functions

The next step is to study the ecosystems characteristics, functions, structure, processes, etc.

Ways to improve physical integration are; establish limits of change and protect fragile parts of the site; introduce biodiversity enhancement into already built areas; repair and restore previously damaged areas.

Ecosystem Hierarchy

Design strategy

Ecologically mature

Preserve and conserve. Avoid any building or build carefully to prevent disturbance.

Ecologically immature

Preserve and conserve. Build on areas of least impact on existing ecosystems.

Ecologically simplified

Preserve and conserve. Build om low impact areas and increase biodiversity.

Mixed artificial

Conserve. Build om low impact areas and increase biodiversity.

Monoculture

Increase biodiversity. Build on areas of non-productive potential. Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

Zeroculture

Increase biodiversity and organic mass. Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

Contaminated Assess cause of damage and source of contamination. Decontaminate.

Rehabilitate the ecosystem and habitats.

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A starting point for the analysis is making a ecological site map including an inventory of the present species including; their numbers and distribution over the site; a hierarchy of the species to determine which are most valuable to the functioning of the ecosystem; topographic maps; solar paths and wind directions; natural drainage; view points; etc. These maps have to be overlaid to find the interaction points between them. The aim is to influence and direct the positioning, shape and size of the structures to be built.

speeds; food production; etc. The most obvious way of using organic materials in a building is on the roofs and terraces but Yeang also advocates vertical greenery by using the facades.

The next step is to determine the boundaries of ecosystems on the site. General systems theory3 can be used as a tool since it demands clear boundaries for a system but allows input and output to and from it. The boundaries not only defines the habitats of different species but also watersheds, natural drainage patterns, geological differences, etc. Setting up boundaries is not done to separate systems from each other, but rather to find the interconnections between the different systems.

The goal is to preserve the natural continuity and, where necessary, add ecological corridors.

This step deal with how to enhance biodiversity by improving ecological linkages and conserving continuity of ecosystems. Continuity is important for migrating species as well as for the balance of food chains. One of the main ideas is to prevent roads and other built structures from becoming ecological barriers. A way to solve the problem is to create vegetated land-bridges that allows animals and plants to continuously spread across the potential barrier. Yeang presents a number of greenery layout strategies for different city patterns, from the dense high rise city to the sprawled suburbs.5 He equals the ecological corridors with the planning of unbroken bicycle paths, water management systems and other infrastructure networks.

Step 6 - defining boundaries

Step 7 - organic and inorganic integration

This part of the process describes the balance between organic and inorganic elements and the need to integrate them. Yeang throws light upon the advantages with integrating biomass in buildings; CO2 absorption; natural pollutant control; control of rainwater runoff; shadowing; temperature and humidity control; reducing of wind 3 http://survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/ systems-theory.htm, 091211

Parallel to the use of organic materials in buildings is the pattern of greenery in the city. Yeang forms strategies to link these two parallel patterns and claims the need of unbroken ecological corridors as a step in the rehabilitation of zeroculture ecosystems within the city landscape.4

Step 8 - continuing ecosystems

Step 9 - the heat island effect

Heat island effect is the difference in temperature between urban areas and their surroundings.

The main cause is decreased wind speeds and the high concentration of hard, impermeable sur4 5

Yeang, p.138 Ibid, p.154

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faces with high heat storing capacity.6 Some ways to deal with the problem is; design to increase vegetation within urban areas including replacing hard roof surfaces with green roofs; reduce hard ground materials and, where possible, replace them with permeable ground cover; design for traffic-systems reduction; provide shading for open areas; etc. The nature has a built-in system to regulate heat and humidity through the photosynthesis, besides the trees provide shade, hence re-vegetation of trees is the primary strategy to use.

Step 10 - traffic

Besides problems with noise, pollution and accidents large scale traffic systems demand much more material and lead to more hard surfaces in the cityscape. The transportation aspect is important in ecodesign, with the goal of reducing private car traffic. Yeang claims that a higher urban density is the major strategy to enhance the use of public transport.7 City planning, and the choice of sites to build, must therefor be guided by densification, functional diversity, proximity to everyday functions and existing transport systems and a well designed bicycle- and pedestrian road network.

Step 11 - integration with the urban patterns

One of the main goals with ecodesign is to integrate the building with its natural environment.

This also counts for its surrounding urban systems as existing infrastructures of utilities and roads. A way of integration in the urban context is to recycle waste in a efficient way. The waste 6 7

Yeang, p.161 ibid, p.172

management systems should be grouped in the same cycle as energy production, to utilise biogas harvesting and provide district heating. Another way of integration is to carefully adjust the layout of the city pattern to the topography. This reduce the environmental impact and saves cost at the same time.

Step 12 - indoor climate strategies

This step, about how to design for improved internal comfort conditions, is closely linked to step 13-17. The first thing to determine is the standard and level of comfort for the indoor environment.

Lowered demands on standard lower the environmental impact and it’s important to discuss with the users if their demands can be negotiated.

Yeang list different factors that affect the indoor climate8 (i.e. radiant temperature, humidity, air movement and pressure) and their properties.

He also shortly introduces the different modes9 to reach a good indoor climate. He stresses that the first of these modes, the passive mode, always should be the goal, since it’s the most energy efficient and since it may provide a functioning building even in the case of power failure. The design of passive systems have a lot to learn from natural systems, for instance by looking at the structure of ant-hills.

Step 13 - the passive mode

Passive strategies work together with natural phenomena such as radiation, conduction and convection without using any technical support.

This is the mode to strive for when the goal is to use the advantages with the integration in the natural environment. The most important task 8 9

ibid, p.184 See step 13-17

is to respond to the local climate by the orientation and the designed shape of the building.

Windscoops, adequate shading in summertime, the size and orientation of windows, the thickness and color of the walls, harvesting heat from users and equipment etc, is key concepts to make the design work. Yeang points out that passive mode design have been used in most parts of the world and that we can gain a lot of knowledge about such techniques by studying old, and at first sight primitive, building traditions. If the demands on the indoor comfort are very high it will be hard to adopt the passive mode.

Step 14 - the mixed mode

As it’s usually not possible to design a complete and consequent passive mode building the mix mode is a compromise to meet the comfort demands. The basis is still the principles from the previous step but some enhancements are allowed. Both the passive and the mix mode buildings rely much on the users to control the thermal comfort by opening windows, drawing blinds, etc.

Some examples of how to use the mix mode strategy is; double glass facades with natural ventilation and fans for distributing air; air humidifiers and dehumidifiers; solar collectors for heating water; etc.

Step 15 - the full mode

This approach is more energy demanding but gives full control over the indoor climate. A way to make the full mode buildings less energy demanding is to cluster them and use CHP units, a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. The goal is that the building should at least cover its own energy consumption.

This can be reached by applying wind turbines,

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biogas fueled combustion turbines and PV-panels in combination with the CHP. A full mode system is to a large extent automatized and make use of motion detectors for electric light, weather forecast operated heating systems, etc. The automatization also makes it possible to distribute heat between different parts of the building if the demands for cooling and heating differ. In areas with seasonal temperature changes the building will have to work differently over the year.

Step 16 - the productive mode

The key concept for the production mode buildings is maximum production of energy and a minimum of energy losses. This is reached by the same means as in the previous step but in a larger scale. The orientation, location and design of the building should be optimized for the use of PVpanels, hydroelectric power and wind turbines.

Geothermal and biomass energy can be used at almost all locations. Harvesting energy from the surrounding environment fits well with the idea of ecomimicry.

Step 17 - the composite mode

In most cases the mentioned modes (step 13-16) will work as a hybrid, starting with the passive mode and adding selected parts from the other ones. What systems and combinations to use is determined by the demands from the client and by the choice of site.

Step 18 - integration of biomass

Ecodesign is not only about integrating the design with the environmental context but also about integrating organic features in the design. The reason to do this is to enhance the ecological continuity within the cityscape and to create more

balanced ecosystems. In this step Yeang gives a profound picture of the benefits to use organic material in the built environment. He also present strategies for how the integration can be carried out. In the indoor environment plants absorb toxins, can be used as humidifiers and in summer they help to control the temperature.

Step 19 - rainwater management

Most strategies presented in this step is mainly focused on warmer climates, however what can be applied here is the harvesting of storm water. Instead of letting it flow into sewage pipes it should be taken care of through a slower and more site specific process. Green roofs, ponds and canals would decrease the pressure on the urban sewage systems and make it possible to harvest water for watering plants, flushing toilets and even for food production, e.i. fish breeding and urban agriculture. The on-site water management is a clear example of how the building can be connected to its natural environment and at the same time, in a pedagogical purpose, show these connections.

Step 20 - sewage water management

Sewage water contributes with a considerable part of the total output from a building. Integration with the ecosystems demand strategies to minimize all such output and conventional wastewater-treatment doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t. One possible strategy is to use ecosanitation, i.e. using black water from toilets to produce biogas and fertilizer for farming. Another is to clean the sewage water on site through natural processes, described in the book, and only allow clean water to be discharged into the ecosystem.

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Step 21 - urban agriculture

Yeang point out that a city with 1 million inhabitants use 1.8 million kg (4 million pounds) of food every 24 hours10. Most of this food have been transported over long distances and is produced by a total dependency on fossil fuels and nitrate based fertilizers. The incorporation of food production in the city structure corresponds well with the integration, multifunctionality and re-vegetation proscribed in ecodesign. By establishing fish breeding, switching to utility plants in parks and by building growing lots and greenhouses on top of function areas, such as parking lots, the urban food production could contribute to a considerable part of the food supply.

Locating food production in urban areas also reduce transportation needs since much of our organic waste could be used locally as compost.

According to the ideas in step 18, urban agriculture can be integrated in the building itself by utilizing balconies roof terraces and facades. A more local food production would also make cities more resilient in the case of disturbance in the distribution chain.

Step 22 - minimize material use

To make it possible to reach the goal of no waste, the use of material have to be very carefully handled. Correct calculations of the bearing loads and all materials used in the building prevent unnecessary waste and saves money at the same time. Since all material can be considered as potential waste only renewable or reusable materials should be chosen.

This step is also about how to minimize our eco10

Yeang, p.280

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logical footprint by reducing our use of energy. By using less or lighter materials the energy used for transport will also decrease. Historically many of the large and prominent cultures have perished because their overuse of materials which caused to lack of productive land.11

Step 23 - vertical greenery

As Yeang argues for a vertical integration of biomass in buildings he present some design help to achieve this. One way is to create large vertical slots or cuts in the buildings and use these to enhance daylight, natural ventilation and to ad vegetation into the core of the building.

Yeang propose spiralling ramps and terraces that continually bring the biomass up and also down to below ground level. The physical integration should be followed by a systemic integration by recycling of nutrients, rainwater management and enhancing of biodiversity.

Step 24 - light and noise

The two main kinds of light pollution in urban areas are light trespass (direct and disturbing light) and sky glow (the yellowish glow in the skies over cities)12. Some bird species changes their migrating patterns due to disturbing light and trees exposed to streetlight keep their leaves longer then usual, which makes them more vulnerable to autumn frost. A way to minimize light waste is by designing streetlights that better deliver the light downward. In buildings, actions can be taken to better control the electric lightning, i.e. motion sensors, dimming controls and time programmable light. The main issue here is to diminish 11 Hughes J. Donald, Världens miljöhistoria, SNS förlag, Sverige, (2005), p.102-127 12 Yeang, p.298

the energy use and the light disturbance of the flora and fauna.

Both humans and ecosystems suffer from the noise produced by traffic and urban activities.

Soft materials under tram tracks, noise damping asphalt and added vegetation take care of some of these problems but even more effective is the strategy to cover large traffic structures with vegetated roofs.

Step 25 - input and output

The ecodesign process is to be seen as a flow of energy and materials, not only the productionto-use but also the demolishion-to-reintegration chain. The environmental impact from this input and output should be mapped to optimize the energy- and material use. The mapping is the first step in the ecological flow management and Yeang present a number of schemes that help doing this.13 The most established tool to use is Material flow analysis (MFA). It includes not only the materials and energy directly used in the building but also hidden flows like materials that never reaches the final product.14 The key factors of flow management are; to create closed loops where all material becomes a new recourse; including the surrounding ecosystems in the flow chains instead of regarding the building as an isolated system; regarding the building as a replacer of previous ecosystems on the site, taking over the role of maintenance of energy and nutrients; etc. The advantage with MFA is that it can be used to predict environmental impact instead of just analyzing the effects afterwards.

13 14

Yeang, p.308-310 http://www.sustainablescale.org, 100103

Step 26 - minimize energy use

This step starts with relating to the first steps where the design brief is addressed. The actual need for the building have to be determined, i.e. the permanence of the building and the user demands. To know how much energy a building really consumes there have to be an analysis of the managing of the building throughout its lifetime and also for the total embodied energy.

This include all energy used to produce, transport and assemble all the building parts. Yeang present a list of common building materials and their energy index with the extraction and production face included.15 Not surprisingly that metals and oil based plastic materials have the highest index and that wood and earth based products have the lowest. Hence the most important and obvious task, regarding energy use, is to reduce the use of non-renewable sources.

Some strategies to conserve energy is; polluter pays principle16 in the material production face, which makes the responsible part pay for the pollution produced; exact inventory of needed material before start building; information and education of the users to change their energy consumption; installation of separate metering systems for all tenants. Here again we can learn from nature where most species have learned to use as little energy as possible.

Step 27 - waste management

This is one of the steps where ecomimicry comes to use. Since waste is a resource in ecosystems this should be the basis also in ecodesign. Waste 15 Yeang, p.323 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_ principle, 010110

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utilisation can be carried out within the building or in a wider context, i.e. compost, district heating facilities or biogas production. The aim is to minimize the waste output and to assure that the waste isn’t harmful for nature. Waste management include the pollution emitted from the building and it’s important to do emission analysis simultaneously with the site analysis to prevent harm on fragile ecosystems. In this step Yeang comes back to the concept of reuse, recycle and reintegrate (RRR). Along with CO2, SO2, radioactive waste, nutrients, etc, Yeang consider the housing stock itself as an output, following the idea of RRR.17

Step 28 - design for disassembly

A prerequisite for reuse and recycling is that the building can be disassembled, not only the construction parts but also the materials themselves. To utilize this there have to be a minimum of chemical joints and instead mechanical ones.

Where glue have to be used it should be water based and disassembleable. Yeang present a set of principles to make this possible. These principles can be applied both on new buildings and to improve existing structures. They have the additional advantage that it makes it easy to repair buildings and to prolong their lifetime. The process of disassembly is more labour intensive and costly than traditional demolition. However, as the market of reused materials would increase and the price of fossil fuel will rise, the process might be profitable in the future. Yeang devote several pages to describe how to design for: recovery, reuse, recycling, durability, efficient material usage, remanufacturing, replacement and easy management.18 17 18

Yeang, p.348 Yeang, p.365-373

Step 29 - comparing materials

When designing according to ecodesign special care have to be taken when choosing materials (reusable, recyclable, biodegradable, locally produces, low level of toxicity, etc). For all materials there should be made a life cycle assessment (LCA) and calculations of the materials embodied energy. Since the environmental impact from the global scale down to the site specific ecosystems have to be considered, Yeang advocate the use of existing rating standards19 (LEED, BREEAM, etc).

Step 30 - preserving ecosystem services

If the ecosystem services (i.e. oxygen production, cleaning air, food production, material production, etc) are going to work properly there’s some basics that have to be provided for. The system must have a certain degree of biodiversity, no toxic substances should be added, the extraction of biomass must correlate to the regrowth, etc.

The reintegration of material in the ecosystems have to be made in a way that the decomposition doesn’t change or harm the nature. This step is a general reminder of the necessity of healthy ecosystems and that all our actions somehow interplay with them.

Step 31 - reassessing the design

This last step reminds of the importance relating all the steps to each other and to always reassess the process during and after the actual design.

19

ibid, p.97

213

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Appendix E Design for disassembly principles

1. Use recycling and recyclable materials 2. Minimise the number of material types 3. Avoid toxic and hazardous material 4. Avoid composite material 5. Avoid secondary finishes to materials 6. Provide standard and permanent identification of material 7. Minimise the number of different types of components 8. Use mechanical rather than chemical connections 9. Use an open building system with interchangeable parts 10. Use modular design 11. Use assembly technologies compatible with standard building practise 12. Separate the structure from the cladding 13. Provide access to all building components 14. Design components sized to suit handling at all stages 15. Provide handling components during assembly and disassembly

16. Provide adequate tolerance to allow for disassembly 17. Minimise number of fasteners and connectors 18. Minimise types of connectors 19. Design joints and connectors to withstand repeated assembly and disassembly 20. Allow for parallel disassembly 21. Provide permanent identification for each component 22. Use standard structural grid 23. Use prefabricated subassemblies 24. Use lightweight materials and components 25. Identify point of disassembly permanently 26. Provide spare parts and storage for them 27. Retain information on the building and its assembly process

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Pers. com. Lennart Gustafson, biologist Park- och naturförvaltningen, 2302-2010

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Bilder 1

www.forestwander.com/2009/03/white- flowers-everywhere-blooming-tree/, 17-12-09

3

http://s3.hubimg.com/u/2088090_f260.jpg, 21-02-10

2

www.vaggatillvagga.se/img/xxlarge/metabolism.jpg, 13-01-10

4

www.maps.google.se, 23-05-10

6

Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser Fas Två Fallstudie Gullbergsvass, (2009), p.1

8

Olson B., Svenson C., Hamnbilder från Göteborg, Wezäta, Sweden, (1981)

10

Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser Fas Två Fallstudie Gullbergsvass, (2009), p.40

5

7

9

www.electricscotland.com/history/ sweden/gota_lejon.jpg, 02-04-10

Karlsson J. H., Gullbergsvass- Hultmans holme.

Stadsdelshistoria, Föreningen Gamla Holmepojkar, (1951), p.36

Olson B., Svenson C., Hamnbilder från Göteborg, Wezäta, Sweden, (1981)

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11

12

13 14

15

16

17

18

Olson B., Svenson C., Hamnbilder från Göteborg, Wezäta, Sweden, (1981)

http://www.maplandia.com/sweden/goteborgs-och-bohus-lan/ goteborg-kommun/goteborg/hotels/ ibis-hotel-goteborg-city/, 30-01-10 Banverket, Västlänken. Beslutshandling, (2007)

Göteborgs Stad Miljö. Årsrapport Luftföroreningar Mätningar i Göteborgsområdet 2008, R 2009:4, (2009) Göteborgs Stad Miljö. Årsrapport Luftföroreningar Mätningar i Göteborgsområdet 2008, R 2009:4, (2009) Larsson Maria, Projekt Sävån, R 2009:6, Göteborg Stad Miljöförvaltningen, (2008), p.10

Göteborgs Stad, Extrema Väderhändelser Fas Två Fallstudie Gullbergsvass, (2009), p.38 Ibid

27

http://www.svarthuvadvitbukspapegoja.se/Bilder/ Vilda%20faglar%20i%20Europa/Brunand%201.0.0%20 %5BAythya%20ferina%5D%201955.jpg, 03-02-10

29

http://www.birdwatchireland.ie/Portals/0/images_large/ White-tailed_Eagle_P1_large_(Mike_Brown).jpg, 03-02-10

28

30 31

32

33

Ibid, p.19

34

23

http://www.thewesternisles.co.uk/Assets/Images/ rarebirds/bird-sightings-twite-1a.jpg, 10-03-10

36

26

http://www.zestforbirds.co.za/Gray%20Wagtail-b.jpg, 21-01-10

19

20-22 Ibid, p.11

24 25

http://www.pbase.com/kingfisher/image/87552092, 10-03-10 http://i.pbase.com/o6/55/750355/1/902 86385.26YyDp04.IMG_6585.jpg, 13-03-10

35

37

38 39

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http://www.larslundmark.se/bilder/ pilgrimsfalk_071208_0976_600.jpg, 03-02-10

http://www.dungeness-nnr.co.uk/images/smew.jpg, 05-03-10 http://www.mantide.net/SPW1200/ Papilio_machaon-1200.jpg, 02-03-10

http://insects.tamu.edu/images/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/ lepidoptera/pieridae/pieris_rapae_ adult_dorsal_m_18.jpg, 02-03-10 http://www.bakgrunder.se/pub/butterfly/ bild/citronfjaril.jpg, 05-03-10

http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/ spawning-atlantic-salmon-738342-ga.jpg, 13-03-10 http://pbc.codehog.co.uk/bhs/pics/200408/ small_tort_21aug04_420.jpg, 05-03-10

http://media.ne.se/neimage/1096671.jpg, 28-01-10 http://www.nps.gov/archive/acad/ kids/images/beaver.jpg, 19-04-10

http://www.photostock13.in/rabbits-animals, 01-05-10 http://gbg.yimby.se/2010/02/det-varas-forkvibergs-ma_813.html, 05-03-10

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40

www.umass.edu/waldenpassage/, 17-03-10

54

http://www.fandm.edu/x17867, 12-02-10

42

http://philadelphiagreen.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/ white-stephan-911.jpg, 23-06-10

56

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_MjV4PYhQ68Y/ SElq7JcVwOI/AAAAAAAABfA/IRFr3Bcdnp4/s1600/ Playground+in+front+of+oil+museum.jpg, 14-02-10

41

43 44

45

46

47

48

49 50

51 52

53

http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/images/A1%20 ecoduct%20Borkeld_tcm174-253137.jpg, 17-03-10

Viljoen André, CPULs, Architectural Press, (2008), p.102 http://www.intelligent.lv/ru/zelenaja-zizn/ 100_19679.html, 10-02-10 http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Sweden/ Malm%F6/Glass%20Bubble, 10-02-10

http://www.flickr.com/photos/54532107@ N00/573177047, 17-03-10

http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/own-this-city/ 51471/urban-gardening, 04-03-10

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_BC_Marriott_ green_roof.jpg, 23-06-10 http://mama-urbana.blogspot.com/, 04-03-10

http://www.ecoprofile.se/thread-1249-Odlingslotter-i-anslutningtill-hyresratter,-mer-narodlat-kan-det-knappast-bli.html, 26-03-10 http://ecotoad.org/, 16-02-10

http://blog.valcent.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/ veggiegrow_oct_10__2007_005.jpg, 08-04-10

http://nysunworks.org/index.php/the-science-barge/, 20-01-10

55

57

58

59

http://www.savingadvice.com/articles/2006/11/04/10946_ junk-art-money-photo-day-17.html, 14-02-10

http://www.detail.de/www.detail.de/Db/ DbFiles/archiv/5579/foto, 16-02-10

http://www.treehugger.com/2008-01-14_110939TreeHugger-wigglesworth1.jpg, 16-02-10 http://www.core.form-ula.com/2007/11/16/ voronoi-goodness/, 16-02-10

All Remaining Photos by Ante Flygare

Master Theses at Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture Begun: 1 January 2010 Presented: 1 June 2010 Authors: Ante Flygare, anteflygare@gmail.com Sigrid Östlund, sigrid.laurel.ostlund@gmail.com Examinator: Michael Edén, professor, Sustainable Design and Development Jury: Chrisna du Plessis & Mika Määttä