PERMANENCE OF
IMPERMANENCE SILAN ESEN UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH - BA ARCHITECTURE 2021-22
ISLANDS THE PERMANENCE OF IMPERMANENCE How time-periods correlate on six Aegean islands. Crises due to a tidal of refugees, settling within seasonally inhabited spaces. Silan Esen University ID: 001064492
Architecture Dissertation
Many thanks to my beloved family and Baris Eren for continuous support
ARCT-1014-M01-2021-22
Tutor- Dr Marko Jobst Academic Year 2021/22 Architecture, BA (HONS) University of Greenwich Word Count: 6,745 Except where stated otherwise, this dissertation is based entirely on the author’s own work.
And Marko Jobst for your incredible guidance throughout this project
Abstract
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Introduction
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Chapter 1. Journey To Present Day
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Chapter 2. Better Life
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Chapter 3. Permanence And Impermanence
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Chapter 4. Traces Of The Past
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Conclusion
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‘‘We are not living here, it’s just an
e x i s t i n e n c e.’’
ASIA AMARI, Syrian refugee
Since the beginning of humanity, mankind has migrated continuously. In the primitive ages, humans have suffered from natural disasters, nutrition and many more. However, while immigrating for reasons such as climate as well as meeting their basic needs
A B S T R A C T
and later with industrialisation, humans began to migrate mainly for causes such as economic factors, diseases, war and meeting their job needs. The catastrophes that the government of the third world countries contributed to their citizens is a prime example for brutal realities in search for a simply a
better life. Godrey Baldacchino in Routledge Inter-
national Handbook of Island Studies (2018) an idea of impermanence by mentioning: ‘‘There are also seasonally inhabited islands; temporary (or parttime) islands, given tidal effects’’ (Baldacchino., 2018). In this thesis, following from the philosophy of seasonally inhabited islands and humans given the tidal effect, I will be giving a journey of how Syrian refugees sought refuge in the Greek islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes. Disclosing the demographic of how islands are transit roots and host destinations commencing for a safer future. In other terms present a journey of what is permanent and what is not.
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I
n the Mediterranean geography, the Greek islands are located on the Aegean Sea. The presence of the location holds a very important point surrounding the continent of Asia Minor. Due to its significant positions within the Greek
islands Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes have seen many unsettling historical repetitions of different settlements from past to present day. The accumulation of historical traces that the settlements have left behind had an out bursting effect with the start of the Syrian civil war. As the conflict erupted on the 15th of March 2011, not long after many Syrian civilians started migrating to Greece, mainly the islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes (Leadbeater, 2016) by sea or land, travelling through Turkey. In desperation for a life safe from war, many settled across the islands living in temporary tents on small or large camps facilitated by the government of Hellenic Republic (Greece) as well as the United Nations (Greece | Global Focus, 2022). Thesis article named Colonization of Island by Humans: A Bibliographical Per-
spective (1987), authors William F. Keegan and Jared M Diamond make points on why there is an interest in political nature of colonization of islands. Furthermore, they investigate a broader outcome of issues reflected on island populations. This then play an influence on Island architecture and the cultural clash combined from the different civilisations. Keegan and Diamond create a theory which they have written: ‘‘Islands are often viewed as ‘laboratories’ for the study of cultural and ecological process’’ (Keegan and Diamond, 1987)
INTRODUCTION
This presents an idea that the nature of an island is seen very much different than of a city or a country on mainland, the effect of this is displayed with architectural traces from many civilisations which temporarily existed. On the other hand, the idea of tidal effect (tidal force) which scientifically means a gravitational effect or force where the gravitational fields of two or more celestial bodies collide, creating a pull-on effect on the tides. However, in this thesis it is a metaphor based on the migration of people, to the islands for generations and the architecture that comes along with the tidal effect. The metaphor of the ‘tidal effect’ and how islands viewed as ‘laboratories’ by William F. Keegan and Jared M Diamond, demonstrate how Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes became the space for refugee camps and allowed thousand to settle into temporary tents in already existing communities.
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Subsequently, the temporary camps that were provided for the refugees from a large scale to a smaller scale is a starting point for the scheme of impermanence and the idea of historical repetition around the islands. In this thesis I will be breaking my theory into four chapters to present a journey of island architecture and refugee camps. A very precise and detailed analysis of conditions and temporary architecture of the tents through various articles. This thesis will examine Mória refugee camp (Lesbos) which was built in January of 2013 and was running until 2020 until its closure as it was burned down. As well as to present how different media outlets presented the idea of impermanence in such a negative concept. This study will solely be based on facts and figures supported by data and given examples by media outlets, as well as interviews of the refugees through different sources to grasp the idea of their harsh conditions. With chapter one (Journey to Present Day), two (Better Life) and three (Permanence and Impermanence) Chapter three especially will study temporariness the most. The idea ‘Permanence and Impermanence’ will compose rather metaphorical ideas of the camps being impermanent, despite this how the camps could also be the opposite of impermanence which is permanence due to of the location of the camps. Islands having smaller communities than those on mainland, this results in everything being more visible. With all the collated information from three chapters, I shall be able to move on to the last chapter ‘Traces of the Past’. The last chapter will commence personal theories supported by different sources to present the idea that something from the past, which was equally violent and problematic, are now attractions that are left for us to visit or even have a holiday at. However, Mória Camp and many more are presented as foisted and raw which many people tend to avoid. This will unpack the previously mentioned idea the experimentation of island (islands being described as laboratories). The experimentation in where the island is seen as ‘seasonally inhabited’. Compared with the current refugee crises and outline clearly the historical context of the islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes to then significantly and metaphorically if the islands are seasonally inhabited places and if this can be shown through impermanent architecture and rather more permanent architecture. Nevertheless, the thesis will display a concrete study of the refugee and migrants and the architecture that comes with it and how the Syrian Civil war crises draws the conclusion of a bigger picture. How the crises unveil what starts
IN CONDOLANCE TO THOUSANDS WHO HAVE LOST THEIR LIVES IN HOPE FOR A SAFER LIFE.
off with factual argument to then conclude with a metaphorical idea.
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11
‘JOURNEY TO PRESENT DAY’
To explain the broader concept of island architecture within the idea of ‘seasonal inhabited islands’, the past of Greece and the six islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes are very important to study as a beginning to cast a bigger picture to later chapters. It is by no surprise that Greece has a very rich history with traces going beyond ancient times. It is the sixth oldest civilisation with the date going back to 2700 BC - 479 BC. Saugat Adhikari mentions under the headline of The 10 Oldest Ancient Civilizations That
Have Ever Existed (2021) that:
‘‘The ancient Greeks may not have been the oldest civilization, but they are doubtlessly one of the most influential.’’ (Adhikari, 2021) Greece is divided into many periods rather than one. Some of the most important, being the Archaic Period, Classical as well as Hellenistic. Greece not only had periods within the empire, but with the decline of ‘city-states’ after king Alexander the Great and start of Hellenistic period - the collective city-states found themselves in a vulnerable position as empires nearby were surging towards power. Due to the
CH A P T E R O N E
rise of on and off conflict with the Roman Empire and alongside Roman emperor Augustus, Greece was officially conquered as a part of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. During the 5th century Byzantine Empire took over. The empire had a large scale of influence on the Greek population such as the population swift from believing in paganism to now belonging predominantly to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. However, even during the golden era the empire faced many invasions from their surrounding. With the Slavic invasion during the 7th century, there were settlements across Greece which delivered fragmentation for the empire.
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Kingdom of Greece
Ottoman Empire
Genoese rule
Byzantine Empire
Macadonian Empire
Having said ‘fragmentation’ of the islands, the time-line on the left presents key years in which Lesbos, Samos Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes were conquered or politically taken over by another empire or state. The significance of this time-line and further investigating the history of these islands is so that histor-
1912
1462
1354
ical evidence is provided for the understanding metaphorically explained ‘seasonal inhabited island’. The time-line also clearly presents that all six islands for centuries have been under influence of another empire or state. This does not change if the island was conquered or not. The importance of this is simply the idea of two or more cultures mixing in together and then having to leave the
Italian rule
Ottoman Empire
Roman province
Byzantine Empire
1261
334 BC
LESBOS
island due to the island being ‘seasonal’. This can also be proven as more than 6000 Italians were forced to leave Rhodes after Greece declared independence.
Moreover, Saugat Adhikari also mentions under the headline of The 10 Oldest
United with Greece
1913 Italian rule
Roman province
Ottoman Empire
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1261
1472
SAMOS
Ancient Civilizations That Have Ever Existed (2021)
‘‘In the course of human evolution, the practice of living in a and dependency has become a very useful and practical lifestyle, and from small isolated groups, larger communities have formed.’’ (Adhikari, 2021)
1948
reason why they are rather more vulnerable for impermanent cultures. It also explores the concept that islands could be seen as experimentations on how temporary cultures combine with one another, for example Rhodes during the 19th century was a very diverse island. After more than four different cultures
1912
bination of these different ethnic groups constructed the island together and left different architecture belonging to different cultures. Even though Rhodes generally had no issues surrounding the combination of different backgrounds, under the Italian rule with Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Mussolini assembled the
1947
1912
1522
RHODES 395
ruling over the island, Rhodes alongside Greek citizens had ethnic groups from nearby empires, such as Ottoman Turks, Italians, Syrians and Jews. The com-
United with Greece 1947
Ottoman Empire
Italian rule
1522
1310
Byzantine Empire
1261
KALYMN0S
Roman province
This explores the idea that islands being separated from each other and island being in fragments could be a reason why they are seasonally inhabited or
United with Greece
Italian rule
Ottoman Empire
1912
1505
1309 Knights of Rhodes
Byzantine Empire
1261
LEROS
88 BC
group with mutual understanding
United with Greece 1947
1911 Italian rule
Ottoman Empire
Venetian rule
Byzantine Empire
82 BC
1523
KOS
idea for the island to become a transport hub. Alongside this rose many problems as he was embarking italianization also known as forced assimilation. This becomes a concept that were temporary settlers could live normally with the right government?
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By contrast, this map of Greece and the islands present the importance of where the country is located. The six islands hold a very strategic position on the Aegean Sea, this is a common reason why the islands have seen many invasions. At any point in history the Mediterranean was the hotspot for big empires, such as Roman Empire or the Ottoman Empire. For instance, the Ottoman knew they had
7
to conquer the islands in order to have access to the Aegean Sea and to travel by sea without their ships being attacked by knights. This was one of the main reasons why the Ottoman empire conquered Rhodes. However, time passed and Roman empire nor the Ottoman Empire exist. But these islands still hold a very significant location on the Mediterranean. The
1
reason being is the fact that they are neighbours with Turkey. Turkey is the connection root to Asia from Europe, for this reason many travel through Turkey to enter Europe. However, many find it hard to cross the border to Greece from land. Therefore many sail off to the islands in order to access Greece and then their destination. On the 26th of August 2015 Sea arrivals for the islands were 12,500 people (Situation Mediterranean Situation, 2022). This is considerably a
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very high number when you consider this is only for one day. This is also a big 3
number when you consider Kalymnos alone has a population of 12,324 (2021). 4
So why are the islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes
5
important? To investigate this, historical aspect presented that as the islands 6
were conquered by very different empires who held different cultures and beliefs, this made the islands have a rich intersect with their communities. This was driven from the idea that if the communities held together then they would
1. Lesbos
be able to fight off the invaders, so the communities became very close just
2. Samos
lands built close knit communities to fight off the invaders, the conquests still
3. Leros
why the islands faced with repetitive history. The answer for the question of
4. Kalymnos
the islands faced another repetitiveness of another culture arriving, both this
how previously mentioned Saugat Adhikari wrote in his article. Although the is-
Third largest Greek island
happened. The reason behind this is the ‘fragmentation’ of the islands hence
Nineteenth largest Greek island
importance lays behind the Syrian civil war. Moving towards the present day,
Thirty-second largest Greek island
time in hope for a better life.
Twenty-sixth largest Greek island
5. Kos
The Syrian civil war began on the 15th of March 2015, with unrest many found
Sixteenth largest Greek island
themselves in positions to leave their homeland. Due to the location many trav-
6. Rhodes
elled to Syria’s next door neighbour Turkey and from there to either Greece or
Fourth largest Greek island
the islands. However, this was not welcomed as glory, as the flood of people that came along with empires nor treated the same. Refugees stayed in tempo-
7. Turkey MAP OF THE AEGEAN SEA PRESENTING THE SIX ISLANDS (Figure 0: Personal drawing)
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rary accommodation, many in tents. What was it with the impermanence of the architecture of these camps that many communities did not accept? 17
‘BETTER LIFE’
To understand the conceptual framework of this thesis it is important to differentiate keywords. In this thesis the focus are Syrian refugees.
IMMIGRANT: The term immigrant is used for those who travel from one country to another with the aim of settling. This in many cases is done consciously. Immigrants eventually become citizens by law. MIGRANT: Similar to immigrants, migrants are also people who move to another country in hopes to find better lifestyle or. In contrast to immigrants, their reason is also for job opportunities. ASYLUM SEEKER: Compared to immigrants and migrants, asylum seekers are those who usually run away from their country in order to seek international protection.
CH A P T E R T W O
REFUGEE: Refugees, in comparison to asylum seekers are also those who flee their country. However, refugees are in most scenarios forced to leave their home in order to escape from war and prosecution. They are not able to return to their home countries until it is safe for them to do so.
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1. Locals preventing refugees (Trammer, 2022)
2. Riot police arriving on Lesbos (Trammer, 2022)
3. Riot police blocked by locals (Trammer, 2022)
4. Mória refugee camp (Lesbos) (Trammer, 2022)
1.
2.
4.
3.
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21
From 2015 to 2016, Greece faced surging numbers of Syrian refugees alongside other nationalities predominantly from the middle east and south Asia (Alioglu Cakmak, 2018). The destructive civil war forced thousands to seek refuge in the islands in order to reach Europe. Greece and the six islands have been the first stop or rather stepping stone in order to reach to their future destination. Once again as mentioned previously in this discussion, islands are being used as a temporary space and just like in the past, the six islands are experiencing metaphorically a Deja-vu of temporary cultures. Only in this case the flood of people is not part of an empire but rather people in despair for safety. It is reasonable that Greece has been affected by the migration crises due to its uncontrollable maritime borders and its geographical proximity to refugee hosting countries such as Turkey. Data provided by UNHCR states that at end of 2016 Turkey was hosting the highest number of refugees with 2,869,421 people. Turkey hosting this amount of number results in headlines such as ‘More than 500 refugees land on Lesbos in Greece in one night’ (Carassava, 2019). This creates a huge problem for the six islands but in particular Lesbos due to the island having a population of only 114,880 (2020) and having the largest refugee camp (Mória) in Europe. Mória refugee camp, was built in 2013 as a military camp on the island of Lesbos. The camp contained around 15 to 20 people capacities with large units. However later with the surge of refugees, the authorities of the island placed this camp as a refugee camp. Initially, Mória camp was opened for asylum seekers, and it was set to temporarily ‘home’ 1,200 people however this number drastically changed with more refugees arriving. Moreover, Mória refugee camp presents true extend of refugee architecture which this thesis cover.
5. Aerial view of Mória refugee camp (Tosidis, 2019)
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POPULATION ON THE AEGEAN ISLANS
PEOPLE ARRIVED ON AEGEAN ISLANDS
1190
154
As the refugee numbers were growing the camp also extended outside the orig-
204 96
104
91
inal designed space. By 2013 refugees tripled to more than 10,508 and this exceeded during 2014 by numbers going over 50.000. Even though the camp was not a detention centre and allowed the refugees to move freely, the overcrowding of the camp hardened the conditions as more and more people arrived. In residents tried finding solutions such as stacking containers. So now there was not only temporary tents but there were containers. The camps horizontal expansion went over to surrounding olive groves. This in particular was one event that exploded as a big news in which Europe no longer could ignore the refugee crises. This event also caused the island to become metaphorically ‘seasonal’ as the process fastened with Greece wanting to allow the refugees to travel to
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BOATS ARRIVED ON ISLANDS
order to fit everyone in an already overcrowding camp, the authorities and the
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6152
9
Europe. Another reason to this was when the island peaked to huge numbers by
7
receiving 512,327 refugees in 2015. The fast growth of the camp saw excessive overcrowding, which resulted in refugees building their own shelters.
5
4
7870
3
However, this only got worse over the years as more and more people entered
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the islands. The already existing refugees, stuck in the camps as they had to wait for their asylum process which would usually take months or even years. The data on the right presents people arriving to the islands and how many boats entered the islands. This only presents a week’s data to show what the re-
LESBOS
CHIOS
SAMOS
LEROS
ality was for the islands and communities in the islands to face with over crowd-
KOS
OTHER
4116 224
ing. For Lesbos from December 16 to December 22, 2019, the number of people arriving to the island is 1190. This data is vital as the overcrowding shaped the architecture and the landscape of the camp massively.
Figure 5: WEEKLY STATISTICS FROM DEC16 - DEC 22 2019 (Figure 6: Personal drawing produced by Aegean boat)
24 0202
‘‘The essence of the challenge of design responding to displaced people is that as architects we cannot operate as in any other context. There is always a disruption: a disruption by disaster, the trauma, the fact that they have no agency because they are displaced.’’ (Robert Mull) One of the hardships many suffered in the camp was as mentioned, overcrowding and the flood of people repetitively entering the camp. The neglected quarters of the camp present how temporary the architecture is within the island. The image on the right shows that everything was constructed spontaneously. As Architect Robert Mull mentions ‘because they are displace’ does that then mean the architecture also needs to be temporary. How about the repetitiveness of people coming to the island does that not give a hint that there need to be a rather permanent architecture? Many residents describe the camp as a cold environment where many huddled in groups in order to keep warm (Grant, 2020). The plastic roofs are not enough to keep helpless people warm unfortunately and the coldness of the camp has only made the hardship of the refugees even worse. 26
6.
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6. Mória refugee camp (Smallman, 2020)
7. Mória refugee camp (Giannakouris, 2019)
8. Mória refugee camp (NurPhoto, 2020)
7.
8.
Not only is self-constructed plastic architecture bad for the refugees, but it
Alongside the problem of the camp being a 15-minute long drive from the town,
was also a terrible idea for the communities in Lesbos as many protested any
it was also directly across from a village. This predictably caused even more ten-
refugee settlement. One of the main reasons for this is the idea of starting the
sion than there already was. It is hard to say the tension was caused significant-
growth of the island 15-minute drive from the town. The outrage of this is seen
ly because of these factors or the communities understandably felt under threat
on DW’s article with the headline Lesbos: We want our island back (Zender,
with the flood of different cultures. This may be true but evidently these six
2020). In the Zender writes about 9,000 people protesting refugee settlements.
islands have had the flood of people throughout generations, but the tensions
This is known as the biggest protest that has ever happened in the island pre-
never went as far as humanitarian workers being attacked or Michael Trammer
senting the chaotic atmosphere of Lesbos.
(photographer) being assaulted. Was the incorrect architecture the problem?
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29
‘PERMANENCE AND IMPERMANENCE’
‘‘The EU never made good on a promise made in 2015 to relocate refugees en masse from Greece, leaving many trapped in appalling conditions on the Aegean islands. Local residents have become increasingly frustrated, in recent weeks clashing with riot police.’’ (Trilling, 2020) Up until the violent protesting and Turkey threatening Europe to open its borders both in 2019 and 2020 for refugees to pass through, the EU failed to take the crises in a serious matter, instead of fixing the problem at hand, they opted to send aid to Greece to solve the problem. This implies that the refugees and the settlement of the migrants metaphorically were seen impermanent. This is discussable as looking into this from another perspective would be that the problem was dominantly permanent because of the infrastructure of Mória refugee camp and the rest of the other camps placed on Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes. This suggests that the camp’s infrastructure in fact made everything visible as it
CH A P T E R T H R E E
was constructed around small communities with bizarre economies. This can also be supported with the local town Mytilini only having a population of 30,000 in comparison to 25,000 refugees on Lesbos. Chapter three ‘permanence and impermanence’ will
imply the metaphorical ideas on what is permanent and what is impermanent through studying the infrastructure of Mória refugee camp.
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9. Mória camp tents (Reidy, 2019)
10. Mória camp ISO boxes (Pinon, 2016)
Mória refugee camp was designed poorly, this is displayed with the evidence given. As the number of people drastically outgrew the camp, the tents expanded outside the original decided site. This caused outrage with communities living nearby. The planning of the camp was not only disturbing for the residents of the island but also for the refugees. It is stated that there is around one toilet for every eighty refugees in the camp, with very appalling hygiene. A study conducted by NGO International Rescue Committee in 2018 states that around 64 percent of the camp have depressive symptoms. This can be translated as a result from the poorly designed camp many problems come with it. Figure nine present an image of the temporary tents the refugees have put together. As displayed on the image as well, it is very clear that these tents were built with plans of removal at any moment. The main reason behind the impermanence of these tents is because it is illegal to build any architecture that will be permanent. The restrictive nature of this law causes in scenes presented on figures nine and ten. The effect of this is also reflected on the refugees as these tents do not respond relatively well with the changing climate of the island. For example, tents are mainly polyester, or nylon based, as a result in winters
9.
the indoors of these tents are very cold and in the summer months the indoors will be exceedingly hot. This in result suggests that both in winter and summer the tents are unbearably uncomfortable. With already existing stress on the refugees this creates depression, anxiety and many more physical and mental illnesses through out the camp. In comparison to figure nine, figure ten also presents impermanent architecture which are ISO boxes. ISO boxes are also removable but unlike the tents they have slightly better conditions. Study shows that living in the tents causes 81 percent more diagnoses than living in ISO boxes. Additionally, ISO boxes provide security and better hygiene standards. It is important to note that ISO boxes are also not a valuable alternative as it is studied that in summer months ISO boxes have acted highly worse than tents with very hot temperatures and not enough ventilation. The information implies that the temporary architecture option was overall incorrect for the resident of the island and most importantly for the refugees that lived in these temporary ‘homes’ in horrible conditions. The decision to place all the refugees that arrived at Lesbos in one camp caused catastrophes and the neglect that came along for the camp resulted in a ruthless ending.
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10.
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11. Residents of Mória escaping (Tzortzinis, 2020)
12. Burning Mória (Giannakouris, 2020)
11.
On September 8, 2020, three different fires broke out on the surroundings of Mória camp and spread through inwards of the camp rapidly. This was due to the materials used in the camp and the overcrowding of the tents and ISO boxes. It is agreeable that the rapidness was also caused because the camp was located around olive farms. To stop the fire twenty-five fire-fighters attended the camp and around Wednesday morning the fire was stopped. At first instinct it was unknown who caused the fire, some speculated that refugees deliberately caused the fire in order to protest the Covid-19 restrictions. Whereas some said it was set on fire by far right in order to remove the camp from Lesbos. However, a year later in March four Afghan asylum-seekers were detained in relation to start a fire which destroyed a vast majority of the camp and made it impossible for refugees to stay. The aftermath of the fire was significantly severe as more than 12,000 people were left ‘homeless’ and had no place to go. Many had to spend the night on the roads. Some migrants were also attacked whilst passing through a nearby village. It is ironic that the same people that left their homes running from war and conflict faced the same situation. The fire not only left the refugees without a shelter but also stripped some refugees hopes for a better future and safety.
12.
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IMPERMANENCE
The tragic aftermath of the camp was unbearably upsetting for the world as no one expected this outcome. Many believed or wanted to believe that at least the refugees were safe in these shelters. The fire proved many wrong but one thing it presented was the idea of what is permanent and what is not. ‘‘No
it’s
all
gone.
Destroyed.
Burned down. Everything’’ Abdullah (Refugge at Mória) Many refugees at the camp explained the catastrophe as ‘a slow death’ suggesting that this for them was disturbingly the same as being forced to leave
their country. People on the camp lived in a seemingly endless limbo as they wait for their asylum claims to be processed. In an interview with VICE news
a refugee woman who does not want to be named explained her situation as ‘we fled because there was no escape, we fled to Turkey, which was a struggle.
Then we came here to find life worse. I’d rather live under siege than here. But what can we do?’ The situation only worsened with the right-wing government displaying a policy of containment which changed laws in order to keep people in camps and sending in riot police.
As a solution the government started expanding another temporary camp, to
place the refugees for the time being. More than 5,000 migrants moved into the new temporary refugee camp Kara Tepe. With the opening of the new ref14.
ugee camp, migrants were concerned they could remain there for years.
13. Mória refugee camp after the fire (Tzortzinis, 2020)
14. A migrant at Mória refugee camp (Giannakouris, 2020)
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15. Mória camp remains (Tzortzinis, 2020)
16. Fleeing from Mória (Tzortzinis, 2020)
17. Fleeing from Mória (Tzortzinis, 2020)
Kara Tepe is also located on Lesbos, it is 2.5 km in distant of Mytilin. The camp was also opened previously but Mória was the most populated one. In addition, Kara Tepe elevated from Mório for having better infrastructure and was more in favour for an idea of a community instead of a refugee camp, but the camp still faced great deals of problems. Some as accessing electricity and lack of target on mental and physical health. (Greece: Government criticized as ‘Moria 2.0’ flooded again, 2020) It is a shame the events that led up to this horrific fire and the tragedies the residents experienced. This is especially the case when the huge fire could have
15.
been prevented if the camp was built with the right equipment in an appropriate site. Maybe the fire would have still taken place, but it would have not extended the way it did. The fire destroyed the temporary infrastructure and the small hope that the families had for a safer future. The avoidable events and the closure of the camp investigates into a bigger idea of permanence and impermanence. The camp’s infrastructure was impermanent, and the right-wing party would have not wanted it to be permanent. Though nor the right-wing government or the native protesters have expected the impermanence of the camp to reveal the horrors and harsh conditions which resulted in more than 12,00 being ‘homeless’ to the rest of the world. As
16.
a result, the development of the time-line of the refugees from entering the islands to living in them demonstrate the idea of repetitiveness of the same events. It is clearly presented in the previous pages that the idea of permanence and impermanence arises from repetitiveness of how the island has been used through the years and the constant failure on refugees. There are currently under 5,000 refugees and migrants left on Lesbos, 3,000 asylum seekers on Samos, 795 asylum seekers in Kos, 2,500 on Leros and 250 on Kalymnos. Opening the metaphorical idea of seasonal inhabited islands.
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17.
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‘TRACES OF THE PAST’
The previous chapters have given information on history of the islands and the settlements through the years. This chapter will finalise what makes an island metaphorically ‘seasonally inhabited’ and why islands are viewed as laboratories. The fundamental idea that a nation with islands is predominantly different than a country on a continent surrounded by other countries. The reason for this is the idea of islands being separated from the mainland in fragmentation which makes it easier to
conquer. The quest for identity (1986) by diplomat Raymon Chasle discusses that island nations experience maritime conquest repetitively, when compared to mainland nation. This is the case for the Greek islands as often this has been the basis for their conquests over the years. On Chapter one, page 16 the time-line on how many times the islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes have either been conquered or invaded by other nations beginning from 334 BC present the imper-
CH A P T E R F O U R
manence of an empire. The idea of vulnerability for the Greek islands is not always the case with other islands around the world. Specifically, the geographical location of the Greek islands has made it more likely to be conquered by foreign invaders. This can specially be seen from the time-line that the six islands have been conquered by Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Venetians, Ottomans and Italians.
42 02
Not so like a conquest but with the modern era and the world evolving from the past, the history of conquests no longer exists. Rather, countries go into war politically known as cold wars or start civil wars. Hence why many Syrian refugees had to escape their country in order to live a safe life due to Syrian civil war. In 2020 data provides that Greece hosted 38, 496 Syrian refugees (Major Syrian refugee-hosting countries worldwide 2020 | Statista, 2021). This is a high number considering Greece also hosts refugees and asylum seekers of other parts from the world such as Afghanistan. The Syrian refugees unlike the people that came along with the empires wanted to only enter the six islands in order to reach Europe. As the previous chapters have mentioned this was primarily done so by travelling through Turkey. This can be compared to already mentioned weak maritime borders. As the surge of refugees entering the country increased so did the protesting. This again is displayed with around 9,000 Lesbos residents protesting and this is clearly outlined in previous chapters. Nevertheless, the rise of refugee settlement only increased when the process of application to leave for the refugees took longer than weeks or even years. Samos resident mentioned ‘‘The migrants aren’t allowed to leave the island. They aren’t Free to go where they like.’’ (Bell, 2020) This caused even more controversy when Ursula von der Leyen who is the President of the European Commission described Greece as a ‘’shield’’ (Stone, 2020). Shield in this context meant deterring refugees from entering Europe. This then caused further chaos between the citizens living on the islands as they did no longer want to see a repetitiveness of their communities suffering from contemporary cultures. The history of Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes with the refugee crises aligns a bigger picture of not empire states but islands being seasonally inhabited. From these six islands past to present day with all the data given there is a repetition of islands giving the tidal effect. Tidal Effect: Flood of people travelling through islands making the islands seasonally inhabited. This raises the question of is this the case only for islands and if this is the case with what contemporary and permanent traces can it be discussed with. Also, what makes the six islands more prone to this conversation. Chapter one ‘Journey to Present Day’ clearly outlines the people that entered the six islands alongside a conquest. This resulted in different cultures mixing and different traces of architecture as well as turbulence within small communities in which the islands held. The following pages will discuss each points to clearly outline the Tidal Effect on islands and why islands were vulnerable for such events.
45
One discussion that has been mentioned in this disertation within different chapters is the idea of the islands being in fragments. The outline map of Greece on the left displays the islands. It is clearly shown that the islands have distance from each other making Greece a fragment nation. Due to the country having islands that are distant to each other has made the islands vulnerable for empires to conquer. These results in tidal effect of people temporarily arriving to the islands and then leaving. This also results in complication between new arrivals and already existing communities.
MAP OF GREECE AND THE ISLANDS (Figure 18: Personal drawing)
47
However, one could argue that this is the nature of the world, there are repetitiveness of empires all around. But what drew attention to Greece was the fundamental refugee architecture. Chapters two and three clearly present how this was effectful to predominantly Lesbos. The strategies behind the expansion of Mória camp was extremely inaccurate. The landscape of the camp also did not work, as it was placed opposite a village causing tension between the refugees and the residents of the islands. This can be presented with the protesting that took place in the island with people shouting ‘’burn them alive’’ (Strickland, 2018). The poor design consequently caused chaos in the island and brought attention to the island and islands for being contemporary.
19. Mória refugee camp aftermath (Konstantinidis, 2020)
PERMANENCE
20. Mória refugee camp entrance (Jou Sol, 2020)
The contemporary nature of an island results in contemporary cultures within communities and impermanence within Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros, Kalymnos and Rhodes. The contemporary empires and states cause sudden cultural instability leaving traces of architecture all around the six islands. The enigma of seasonally inhabited islands perhaps presents the metaphorical anatomy of the six islands. As well as how impermanent empires leave behind traces of permanent architecture and currently are tourist attractions. On the other hand, when impermanent refugees who only want to pass through and live inside temporary ‘architecture’ is viewed chaotic. Why is something from the past that was equally ‘violent’ and chaotic, available for people to study and visit their traces. But something that is for humanity is the opposite? This question is obviously very difficult to answer as there are no studies behind it however by looking at examples and comparing the chaos behind the refugees to something that was already present in history.
52
53
C O N C L U S I O N
There is particularly an interest of tidal effect in which this dissertation has
precipitated the fire at the camp and the aftermath. The repetitiveness of
tried to refer to continuously. The question was, what is permanent and what is
the six islands have shown another repetition of contemporariness by placing
impermanent? Figuratively speaking there is not a clear right or wrong answer
the refugees in another temporary camp Kara Tepe. The repetition of events
for this question. Though metaphorically speaking this thesis has provided a
roots the study of the six islands displaying temporariness which becomes the
journey from the beginning to present day in order to not answer it but to dis-
permanence. Almost similarly comparing it to ‘laboratories’. Are islands experi-
cuss.
ments? Well In this thesis metaphorically the experimentation took place with the idea of tidal effect. The six islands being prone for people to seasonally
Throughout Greece’s history, the Greek islands of Lesbos, Samos, Kos, Leros,
inhabit just like how it has happened from the Byzantine Empire to Italian col-
Kalymnos and Rhodes have been politically controlled by another government,
onization. What was so problematic with Mória refugee camp was time. All the
resulting in different cultures building communities together. As years passed
colonisers of the islands have left traces of permanence in which people visit
these communities intersected with each-other. This can certainly be seen with
and perceive impermanent empires. Maybe the solution for the traces of Mória
the Muslim Association group in Kos, who came together to represent the island
refugee camp is time. One day Mória could re-open, not as a depressive, poorly
(İstanköy’de ilk Türk derneği, 2000)
designed mass of ruins but appreciated sites for people to visit and learn from the traces of architecture. As well as to symbolise what was planned to be im-
The islands having close communities allowed the tidal effect of people arriving
permanent is now permanent.
to the island, to become less severe. Methodologically this was no longer the situation with the arrivals of refugees and asylum seekers. The ideal situation would have been that the six islands from the repetitiveness of intersecting, would have navigated the refugees and the camps into the islands accordingly. Of course, as expressed in this thesis, this was not the situation. The establishment of Mória refugee camp stimulated violence as the same communities distinctly did not want a repetition of their past. However, this thesis displays over time and time again that the islands have experienced a flood of people having either short or long term stays but except Italian governed Rhodes, the islands have not faced a situation such as this. The reason why Rhodes did not do well under Italian rule was because of forced assimilation which was triggered from the incorrect government. So, what was the case for refugee camps like Mória, why did it trigger unsettling problems within the Greek people. There are three factors to this, number one being placing the camp which was intended to be impermanent across a village. No, this was not impermanence as unconventionally the location of the camp made everything permanent as it was visible on a tiny community. Number two being the living standards at Mória camp. The ‘architecture’ of the camp was incorrectly designed hence why it resulted in bizarre health issues and insecurity. The self-made tents only worsened the circumstances as the tents and ISO boxes that spread out to olive groves made the chaos evident. Lastly number three being the right-wing government. As previously mentioned in this thesis, if the government had listened to the needs of the refugees or did not ‘imprison’ them inside camps, the refugees would have only travelled through the islands. The radical decisions taking by the government, 56
57
S: What are their conditions like?
This is a conversation with Nazli who works as a
who were affected by gas from the Greek border
ambulance nurse in Turkey. Her main responsibility
sometimes it’s as small as giving the treats to make
is to work with Syrian Refugees who are trying to
them smile. We’ve taken to hospital people with
home so it’s mainly emotional and mental. Clothes
cross the border to Greece. This conversation was
pneumonia from the cold, broken noses, legs, arms.
are a big problem, foot it daily donated by the gov-
done through a mutual friend via e-mail. This con-
Even a little cold can affect them greatly. But tear
ernment and people. It gets cold, no clean water
versation was done in Turkish and later translated
gas must be one we used to get a lot when the ref-
to shower or to drink. They have little gas cookers
can give their families a good life, even though
to English.
uges wanted to cross to the Greek side.
donated for food and electric heaters.
crossing the border can have bad consequences
N: The conditions are heart breaking, they have no
that they are kept safe until the Government can find them permanent homes. S: How desperate are they to cross over to Greece?
N: Extremely desperate, they think by crossing they
they still try, because they’ve already given up their S: Hello Nazli, what thrived you to volunteer to
S: Around how many refugees do you see daily or
S: Where do they stay?
N: My Grandmother was a nurse during World War
N: I used to see more than 50/60 a day but now
border, theirs some refugee camps and I’ve also
2 she inspired my career path I saw the difference
the numbers have gone down much more, because
seen tents on the motorways near Edirne which is
you could make for people’s lives.
less and less refuges want to cross from land, I
close to the border.
work as a nurse in Turkey?
weekly?
N: Some sleep-in tents, some on the floor near the
see around 10/20 a day which is still a lot. Many of S: When did you start working?
them are crossing from water which is much more
N: I studied for 4 years in nursing school. I started
dangerous seeing as many of them can’t swim. So,
working in 2020 around the same time the pandemic started.
homes and it’s a fight for a new home for their families. S: Have you seen any refugees who were deported back?
N: Yes, I have. Some come from different countries S: How safe are they?
who are trying to get into Europe they get deported
N: From what I’ve experience they are safe, but I
and if they are groups more then 10 men they get
they ether drown or get stopped by Greek or Turkish
can’t say that for all of them, they get really hurt
sent back, unless where they came from is in an
Coast guards.
crossing the border it’s so dangerous especially if
active war-zone
they cross from water sometime, we can’t reach S: What were your expectations?
S: How are their interaction with you?
them on time. Many of them live in tents and that’s
N: They want help, they want to be comforted many
not the same as a house so sometimes it can be
became a nurse. The main one was how demanding
of them can’t speak English or Turkish so sometimes
extremely dangerous, anyone can come into a tent,
my career was, I must be alert even when I don’t
it’s hard, we have a translator we talk through. I
people can steal they can kidnap the kids, we have
front of theirs eyes become a war zone. To leave
work my phone can ring at any time. Being a nurse
would love to understand and speak to them. I try
police around throughout the day so it’s much bet-
your friends and families behind must be so hard,
everywhere is hard but in Turkey it’s much more
not to connect with them on a personal level be-
ter if they live in the camps, but many don’t so the
to run away to another country in which you might
demanding. Staff shortages and the different and
cause I would become emotionally attached and it’s
ones who don’t are not safe at all.
be treated in a bad way must be heart-breaking. No
difficult people you meet was defiantly something
hard especially with babies and kids you can see
I was expecting, but I love my job nether the less.
the pain in their eyes. It’s heart-breaking. But we
N: There were a few things that I expected before I
hug them to show them we care and that’s much S: What was your initial reaction?
more important than a language barrier.
did not shock or scare me, it made me extremely
S: Do you work at the Turkish border?
N: I knew what was happening, so the stuff I saw emotional, but I’ve taught myself that my emotions
N: I volunteered to work by the Turkish border, I
should not be involved in the job I do, because I
don’t always work there, but it was something I
need to help people before anything.
wanted to do for so long, so when the chance came, I took it.
S: To talk about your responsibilities with the ref-
S: If you can self-analyse the situation, what would you say?
N: None deserve to see their country slowly In-
one wants to leave the place they were born, no one S: If they sleep inside tents, how secure are they?
wants to leave a mum a dad or sisters and broth-
N: Mainly they are secure, but the harsh weather
er behind, I can understand is the pain they feel
conditions can make it hard, we always have an am-
because I feel it every time I get of my ambulance
bulance on standby I don’t know about other refu-
and a kid gets handed to me. On the other hand,
gee camps around Turkey, but we always do cause
I understand Greece needing to protect their own,
theirs a lot of kids and it gets cold.
it’s their country they must protect it, they must protect their own people first. Every country has a
S: If they speak to you, what do they tell you in
right to protect and defend their home, but would it
terms of their future?
really be protecting if you are pushing away anoth-
N: We are there to comfort them, care for them,
er human being for having no home? I believe Tur-
ugees, what are they exactly?
S: Around how many refugees try to cross?
feed them and keep them safe, unfortunately after
key and Greece should both do everything in their
N: The numbers used to be 100 a day sometimes
we do our duty, we must hand them over to the
power to keep refugees safe, yes like every person
first response which mean I’m front line, it’s mainly
it’s gone down a lot now, I think it’s because of the
Turkish Police force, like them we don’t know what
you can get bad people but both countries should
the children that we treat. We had a lot of kids
treatment they get.
their futures holds, but one thing we do know is
go hand in hand and protect the most vulnerable.
N: I am an ambulance nurse, my responsibility is
THANK YOU.
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