Resilient Zero-Carbon Future_Research Guildline by Xinzi Deng

Resilient Zero-Carbon Future Research Guildline XINZI DENG YAO WEI

CITIZEN POLICY

TECH

ECO INFRA

0 CO2

VALUE

THESIS STATEMENT

tech. natural

ECO

Design Goal Zero carbon cities are highly desirable due to the climate crisis. Manchester has committed to achieving 'Net Zero' by 2038.

One of the primary strategies to address this in city design is to create a hybrid green urban system (e.g. renewable energy system) consisting of nature and technologies.

While this aspect on its own is only a part of the solution, we propose to use patch dynamics and urban acupuncture strategy to

generate a series of alternative urban green systems to develop valuable strategies towards Zero Carbon futures.

The relation of urban green systems to other systems in the city is essential to consider. Therefore, we are taking a system of

systems approach to understand the cumulative performance of transport/mobility networks and urban morphology/building form in relation to the new green system network strategies.

Problem Statement During this time of the Climate Emergency, the role of designers in the creation of future cities has become more important than

ever. One of the spatial approaches to sustainable future cities revolves around the balance between nature, the built environment

and technological solutions. We will develop multiple design options to test the reduction of CO2 emissions towards zero-carbon urban futures through the concentrated development of a hybrid green urban system (and related subsystems).

Welcome to Resilient Zero-Carbon Future City

- Northern Gateway, Manchester

1.1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

1. First World War Memorial, 1923

2. Conllyhurst Jewish Cemetery, 1844

Archaeology Note:

3. St Patrick’s Church, Grade II Listed, 1936

4. Former Goulden Street Police Station, 5. 8 Cable Street, Grade II Listed, 19th C. Grade II Listed, 19th C. 6. Former Midland Bank, Grade II Listed. 7. The Marble Arch Inn, Grade II Listed,1888 8. Union Bridge, Grade II Listed, late-18th C. 9. Lancashire && Yorshinre Prestwich branch 10. Lancashire && Yorshinre railway, pre1914 C. line, c1851-1891 1851 11. Alexandra Palace, 1903-1905 12. 53 Marshall Street, early-20th C. 13. 19 Mason Street, early-20th C. 14. 38 Mason Street, early-20th C. 15. 34 Mason Street, early-20th C. 16. 20 Cable Street, early-20th C. 17. St Patrick’s Convent, c1830s & 1927 18. Footbridge over former railway lines, 19. Remains of former branch arm, 20. Smedley Bridge, early-19th C. late-19th C. Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, pre-1851 21. May’s Pawnbrokers, early-1840s 22. Manchester, Whitefield & Radcliffe Line, 23. Lancashire & Yorkshire Newton Heath c1894-1908 Loop, c1851-1891

Ground Conditions

Ecology

Archaeology

Ground conditions within the Northern Gateway reflect a typical Manchester geology of made ground, glacial till and alluvium. A limited number of areas of existing neighbourhoods have high contamination risk and extensive below ground structures which are associated with their industrial past, including the former Gould Street gas, works site and areas of historical landfilling at Sand Street and Fitzgeorge Street. (Manchester City Council, 2019 )

There are no such statutory or non-statutory nature conservation sites in or in close proximity to the Northern Gateway. There is a reasonably diverse range of habitat types, many of which have intrinsic ecological value. These include woodland, scrub, various types of grassland, open mosaic vegetation, and riverine habitats. (Manchester City Council, 2019)

The overall potential for significant archaeological remains within the Northern Gateway is low. The potential for localised survival of below-ground remains prodating the Post-Medieval period is also now. Except for the former St George’s burial ground, which is now a Royal Mail depot and should be subject to further archaeological investigation if redeveloped, archaeological considerations do not present significant development constraints. (Manchester City Council, 2019)

Source: Manchester City Council

1.2

PROJECT SUMMARY Our Aim

We have explored the different sub-systems of the city, and figure out the best form through performance testing. Meanwhile, to achieve the low carbon city or zero carbon city, we will also explore the potential abilities of technologies. Furthermore, while reducing carbon emissions, we will also try to provide a better living environment to people.

POPULATION The site currently has 3500 people. According to MCC goals, we aim to increase the population from 3500 to 40000 and build around 16600 new residential units.

GREEN SPACES & CORRIDORS A better road network can encourage people to use walking and cycling to travel the whole city. Therefore, to reduce the carbon emission from private transport, we will create a new road network with better connectivity that makes the entire site more walkable.

STREET NETWORK

Green spaces have significant effects on carbon storage and sequestration, and they also provide incredible benefits to people. So we decide to distribute the green spaces to the whole site, which offers equal green space accessibilities to people. Meanwhile, to stabilise local biodiversity, we also establish green corridors that enable animals to pass through different habitats.

CARBON CACULATION Energy consumption is also a major source of carbon emissions. Therefore, we will explore the technological potentials of renewable energy to reduce the carbon emission from the city supply system.

After generating the entire city, we will calculate the carbon emission from buildings and energy consumption. Meanwhile, we will also calculate the carbon sequestration from green spaces. Finally, we will explore whether the city achieves a low carbon or a zero-carbon city.

GREEN ENERGY

1.3

RESEARCH FLOW

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

Theories

Macro Application

Redefined

Strategies

Computational Workflow

Complexity Theory

Zero Carbon Cities Complex Systems

Self-Organization Theory

The Adaptive Cycle in Internal Feedback

Resilience Urban Theory

Urban Resilience Framework

Patch Dynamics Theory

Urban Landscape Ecology & Community

Zero Carbon Cities Ecosystem & A Urban Green Ecosystem

Patch Dynamics & Urban Acupuncture Green Space Traffic Network Green Energy Green Building Water Cycling

How to build up relatively complete Zero Carbon Cities?

CREATING A NEW ZERO CARBON CITY PLANNING Complexity Theory

Theories Framework of Zero Carbon Cities - Creating a New Zero Carbon Cities Planning

Theories Framework of Zero Carbon Cities

- Internal Feedback System - Responsing Disruptions

INTERNAL FEEDBACK SYSTEM

RESPONDING DISRUPTIONS

Self-Organisation Theory

Resilience Urban Theory

Patch Dynamics Theory

- Patch Types Researches PATCHES TYPES RESEARCHES

REDEFINED ECOSYSTEM

ZERO CARBON CITIES & GREEN ECOSYTEM

System Map of Zero Carbon Cities Ecosystem HUMAN POPULATION COMPONENTS

Urban ecosystems, like all ecosystems, are composed of biological components and physical components. Therefore, we rebuild a zero-carbon city ecosystem divided into three components (natural, artificial, and human population components).

Demogrphic characteristics

This section explains the relationship of each element and the carbon emissions status of each chain. We have marked five chains that need to improve strengthened. These chains combined a new urban green ecosystem.

Technology tools

CCUS

NATURAL COMPONENTS

instituional structures

Economic tools

Cutural

Climate

Social tools

Chain 3

History

Soil

Solar

Water

Plants

Animals

Topography

Wind

Air

Other forms of life

Chain 1 Chain 2 Urban Green Ecosystem

Chain 3 Chain 4

Chain 3

Material transformations

Energy use

Food supply

Chain 5

Improvement chains Prevent carbon emission Promote carbon emission Reduce carbon positive or negative emission No affect

Pulic facilities

Industrial

Commercial

Resitantial

Transportation

Water cycling system

Buildings

Landscape

Chain 2 Chain 3

Chain 1

1.4

Chain 5 Chain 3

Chain 4

ARTIFICIAL COMPONENTS

1.5

Patch Dynamics Research Guide Step 1

RESEARCH GUIDE

PATCH DYNAMICS

Patches are based on land cover, not land use. Land Cover Types: Pavement, Building, Fine Vegetation (FV), Coarse Vegetation (CV), Bare Soil

Application for Urban Spatial System - average carbon storage, carbon sequestration - pavement patches: green infrastructure or transform to residential or commercial - Building: green building - Fine Vegetation: positive carbon storage & sequestration space, enhanced accessibility

Pavement

Step 2

Building

Building & FV

CV & Bare Soil

Building

Building & FV

CV & Bare Soil

To define patch boundaries. A patch boundary is located where the heterogeneity of land cover mixes change.

Pavement

Step 3

Pavement

Patches transform Two Ways: - changing the contents at the same - to move, becoming bigger/ smaller as patches around it or inside of it change

Carbon Storage

Carbon Sequestration

C reating the emission reduction and carbon sequestration & storage measures. Next chapter will explain more detail information.

Net - Zero

Emission Reduction

- Coarse Vegetation: ecological residential, positive carbon storage & sequestration space, fire prevention measures - Bare Soil: transform into green spaces, public sports or activities spaces

1.6 Acupuncture Measure Eggington St. & Smedley Dip

258, 935 m2

Red Bank

162, 560 m2

New Town

161, 600m2

Vauxhall Gardens & South Collyhurst

412, 690 m2

New Cross

194, 025 m2

Main Patch Types

202, 880 m2

Collyhurst Village

Residential-led Neighbourhoods

Neighbourhood areas Site boundary Acupuncture plots

RESEARCH STRATEGIES

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE According to MCC and the SRF-wide, the development of residential-led neighbourhoods is as neighbourhood design and development principles. For example, the Northern Gateway was divided into 7 neighbourhood areas, including Collyhurst Village, South Collyhurst, New Town, New Cross, Red Bank, Vauxhall Gardens, Eggington Street & Smedley Dip. We have deconstructed these neighbourhood areas. Based on urban acupuncture and patch dynamic theory, the areas on the site are divided into 5 patches. And then, we evaluated the green ecosystem status of each patch in different neighbourhoods areas. Improvement of the green ecosystem has 5 chains on the urban ecosystem, including Green Space Network, Traffic Network, Green Energy, Green Building and Water Cycling System.

Pavement

Building

Fine Vegetation

Patch Dynamics

Coarse Vegetation

Research Status

Bare Soil

Urban Acupuncture Green Space Network

Traffic Network

Green Energy

Green Building

Water Cycling System

Acupuncture Chains

Promotion Strategies

1.7

DESIGN AIMS

Overview of Our Design Targets to Achieve a Zero-Carbon City in the Northern Gateway

TARGET 1 original urban plan

TARGET 2

TARGET 3 new urban plan

Density

Residential

Carbon Emission

Optimize Urban Form to Reach the Livable Residential City of 40000 Population

Carbon Reduction Design

new urban plan

Species

Optimize Urban Form to Achieve a Zero-Carbon City in 2040

Habitat

+ +

Enhance the Walk-Ability of Green Amenity and Space to Prospect an Eco-City after 2040

1.8

LOGIC FRAMEWORK

Theory framework

Complexity Theory

application

Creating a New Zero Carbon City Planning

Status Quo Self-Organization Theory contrast

Existing Problems

Internal Feedback System

research

Resilience Urban Theory Proposal

application

Eco Friendly

Patch Dynamics Theory

application

redefined

Zero Carbon Cities Ecosystem

redefined

Urban Green Ecosystem

analysis

CARBON CALCULATION

Responding Disruptions

application

Internal Feedback System

Suitable Public Space Green Space

Urban Arcupuncture

Slime Mould

reflection

Strategies

Internal Feedback System

Generation Tools consideration

Master plan design

Green Building

Urban Water System

application

‘Baking‘ Method

Green Space Network

Green Energy

Internal Feedback System

Method

Low & Zero Carbon

Transportation Network

application

grasshopper

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN TOOLS

Analysis Tools

analysis city energy

URBAN ENERGY SIMULATION

grasshopper

consideration Iterative urban planning

Optimization Rules

grasshopper: iterative algorithm

1.9

DESIGN ELEMENTS

Overview of the Urban Elements in the Northern Gateway

To improve 5 Chains

Low Carbon Cities + New Green Ecosystem Framework

Car usage

Connectivity Transfer Transportation

Covered Area Walkability Cycling

Enhanced Walking & Cycling Connectivity

Green Space

Green Building

Green Energy

Water System

Public transit

To improve Walking Quality Traffic Tool Multi-Types Set up More Stations

Urban Park Biodiversity

Residential Density +

Open Space

Green Space

Public Service Land Use

Bicycle usage

Walking

Green Corridors

GOD

shift

Low Density

Residential

Mid Density

Commercial

High Density

Educational

Embodied Carbon Optional Carbon

Solar & Wind Heat Pumps

Low Embodied Carbon & Optional Carbon

Establish Renewable Energy System

GTH Mode

Habitat

High Urban Density & High Green Space Usage Species Diversity

+ Low Carbon Materials Green roof

High tightness Solar PV

Better ratio of window to wall Improve daylighting

Green buildings can reduce carbon emissions by applying environmentally responsible and resource-efficient processes throughout a building’s life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. Therefore, we encourage building up green buildings.

Reduce fuels energy demand

Ground Source/Air-Source Heat Pumps

Green Traffic Hub Mode (GTH Mode) are green amenities, such as vegetation and landscape installation, parking lots and public transport connections, and charging piles for electric traffic amenities. As a result, citizens have access to open green and public spaces, and at the same time, transit facilities are efficiently utilised. Green Building

Enhance thermal insulation

Solar Thermal Panel

Micro-Turbines

Improve natural ventilation

Greenspace-oriented development, concentrating residential densification around green space, benefits residents, including physical and mental health. It suppor ts ecosystem services, such as biodiversity and clean air and water, and can mitigate extreme heat events.

Reduce optional carbon emission

CHAPTER 2.1

DESIGN TOOL | URBAN SCALE

O Carbon

2.1.1

URBAN SPATIAL STRATEGIES

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

Site Data Refine

Generation & Anaylsis | Initial Road Network & Green Area

Generation & Anaylsis & Optimization | Street Network & Urban Parks

Land Use Spatial Strategy

Urban Acupuncture Measure | Iterative Algorithm Carbon Calculation

Urban Energy Simulation

Typology & Generation | Building

Land Use Allocation

STAGE 8

STAGE 7

STAGE 6

STAGE 5

run

CA(Celluar Automata) Model run

Key green space Residential & Population targets

Initial road network generation Slime Mould Model - the shortest path generation - self-organization system run

STAGE 2

Analysis & Filter

Urban parks generation Green Space Tool - evenly distributed - parks area & service range run

Analysis & Filter 3 shortlisted proposals

Analysis & Optimization Rainfall Simulation Tool - catchment area - one parks plan selection run

Filter & Optimization | road network - based on urban parks plan

Open Space - green space, leisure & square

Urban density Land-use allocation

Land-use spatial strategy Highway Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Street

run Green Corridors Generation - slime mould model - through each urban parks

Entering the Land-use allocation stage (Stage 4&5), firstly, according to the aims of a user, the land area will be allocated by the proportional formulas in the program. Based on Greenspace-oriented development, we proposed urban density and residential area based on the service range of urban parks. In Stage 5, CA(Celluar Automata) Model will be run to generate land use results. Walk Score Optimization Tool helps analyse land use results and optimise final allocation.

run

Master plan Urban energy simulation

Carbon Calculation Tool - carbon emission: building, transport, energy - carbon storage & sequestration: green ecosystem run

Iterative urban planning Urban Acupuncture Measure - import green building, facilities - import green energy, water system

The main agenda is to initial road network generation and urban park allocation. New urban parks need to reference the existing green spaces and consider equally accessible green spaces. In Stage 3, a street network and urban parks proposal will be completed. The block size in the Northern Gateway was mainly used as residential block size in Manhattan.

Stage 4 & 5

Carbon calculation

Street level & new Green space

Secondary & Teriary Street Generation Tool - superblock subdivision - control plots area

Stage 2 & 3

run

Green Corridors

run

Building generation

City Energy Tool - energy systems analysis, optimization & visualisation

Railway & Metrolink

Optimization

Public Service Buildings

DigiWo Plus Tool - based on each plots - control Width, Depth, Height & Stories of building - Residential units analysis - daylight analysis

run

formula & calculation

It prepared input model information that is the original site condition. In this stage, all of these elements will be referenced as the entire running process.

School

STAGE 6

Key transport hub

Stage 1

STAGE 7

Key transport routes

Residential Land Use Allocation - house, low-rise, mid-rise, high-rise - based on parks area & service range

COMPUTATIONAL WORKFLOW

PSEUDO CODE

Commercial Buildings

STAGE 5

Topography

Commercial & Education Land Use Allocation - low-rise, mid-rise, high-rise

STAGE 4

STAGE 1

Reference the site elements

Low density, Middensity, High density Residential Buildings

STAGE 3

Import the site boundary

2.1.2

Assign building typology

STAGE 8

Start

Stage 6 Following the previous stages, the building typologies will be assigned into blocks based on the land-use allocation. Building generation needs to control width, depth, height and stories and analyse daylight and residential units by DigiWo Plus Tool. After then, it will be divided into chains. One is into feedback loops and another entre urban energy simulation.

Stage 7 This stage is urban energy simulation. The buildings and facilities will be connected with solar irradiation. Through City Energy, energy situation of the current urban planning will be analysed, such as electricity requirements, PVT electricity and heat production and solar radiation.

Stage 8 Carbon sequestration and carbon emission will be calculated in this stage. Carbon sequestration is based on the number of trees and tree types. Carbon emission, including embodied carbon emissions, and optional carbon emissions, is from building, transportation and energy consumption.

Urban pattern generation

2.1.3 URBAN SCALE

DESIGN TOOLS FOR URBAN SCALE BUILDING SCALE

Theories Self-Organisation

Patch Dynamics

new elements

the original system

a new system

Application for Tools

ANALYSIS, SIMULATION & CALCULATION Slime Mould

CA(Celluar Automata)

Galapagos

Preparing Files

Topography

Key Transport Routes

Key Transport Hub

Key Green Space

Population Targets

Functions I II Increase habitat area Protect sensitive habitats

Woodland Patch

Patch

key guidlines - multiple spatial & temporal scales - Cluster development to protect more open space - Minimize disturbance of natural vegetation - Minimize introduction & spread of nonnative species - Manage disturbances (e.g. haying, earthmoving)

key guidlines - Small patches can capture a range of habitat types or unique - Redundancy plays an essential component. - The unified patch will be of far greater value. - The interactive opportunities for species become more significant as decreasing the distance between patches. - A less convoluted patch will provide more incredible benefits for interior species.

lower Connectivity

III IV Restore connectivity Increase access to resources

Urban Maxtrix

Minimum patch areas are highly based on species, habitat quality, and landscape context.

V Shade stream to maintatin temperature

Rule 2: To control green space boundaries Rule 3: Entrance and exit connected

PATCH DYNAMICS Patch - a non linear area of land that differs in appearance from its surroundings. Corridors - a narrow strip of land that differs from the matrix on either side.

Matrix - a landscape elemt surrounding a patch. It plays the dominant role in landscape functioning.

Iteration combined types

Corridors

Key Design - Several spatial, Temporal scales & Multiple pathways - Provide quality habitat & Multiple vegetation - Locate corridors along dispersal and migration routes. - Corridors need to consider multiple topographic settings. - Considered similar vegetation in corridors and patches - Restore historical connections and generally avoid linking areas not historically connected.

Maxtrix Patch

Higher Connectivity URBAN PARK PROPOSAL

GREEN CORRIDORS

Rule 1: Follow the original main city roads or streets

Grassland Patch

Green Corridor

Grassland Patch

2.1.4

LINKED RULES

Green Corridors | Biological Corridors

Patch

Urban Parks

Plots Selection

Corridor

Link Streets

Streets Generation

2.1.4 Plants

5 to ≥ 250 ac

Invertebrates

50 sq ft to ≥ 2.5 ac

Corridor Width

Minimum patch area requirements for species are highly dependent on species, quality of habitat, and landscape context. Many studies have illustrated the corridor width for certain species. Moreover, for a given width, corridor effectiveness will vary with corridor length, habitat continuity, habitat quality and many other factors. (USDA) According to the National Agroforestry Center of USDA, the width has four general factors - animal body size, corridor length, human-dominated matrix and time. (see line graphs)

183 m

Reptiles and Amphibians 3 to ≥ 35 ac

Waterfowl

≥ 12 ac

Forest Birds

5 to ≥ 95 ac

Small Mammals

2.5 to ≥ 25 ac

1609 m

interior edge

corridor width

12 to ≥ 135 ac

1609 m

interior edge

corridor width

Grassland Birds

Aquatic Species 0m

30.5 m

corridor width

Patch Area (ranges of minimum patch area)

PATCH AREA & CORRIDOR WIDTH

61 m

100.5 m 152 m

corridor width

Taxa

GREEN CORRIDORS

body size

corridor length

human-dominated matrix

time Source: adapted from National Agroforestry Center of USDA

2.1.5 Building Generation DigiWo Plus Tool - based on each plots - control Width, Depth, Height & Stories of building - Residential units analysis - daylight analysis run

Master Plan Urban Energy Simulation City Energy Tool - energy systems analysis, optimization & visualisation run

Carbon Calculation Carbon Calculation Tool - carbon emission: building, transport, energy - carbon storage & sequestration: green ecosystem run

Iterative Urban Planning Urban Acupuncture Measure - import green building, facilities - import green energy, water system

FEEDBACK LOOPS

Tertiary Street & The Number of Urban Parks run

Street Level & New Green Space

Generated urban planning is fed back to the street network.

Highway Railway & Metrolink

tertiary street

Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Street Green Corridors

tertiary street

Based on the previous street analysis, each building impacts the division grid of tertiary streets and land use allocation.

tertiary street

Land-use Spatial Strategy formula & calculation

Land-use allocation run

building typology

Urban Density building typology CA(Celluar Automata) Model Walk Score Optimization Tool run

Assign Building Typology

offset

The computational tool will run the workflow of the street network, land use allocation and building generation. It will iterate multiple master plans.

offset

CHAPTER 2.2

DESIGN TOOL | BUILDING SCALE

O Carbon

2.2.1 URBAN SCALE

DESIGN TOOLS FOR BUILDING SCALE

BUILDING SCALE

Theories Urban Acupucture

Eggington St. & Smedley Dip

Collyhurst Village

Red Bank

New Town

Vauxhall Gardens & South Collyhurst

New Cross

Application for Design Interconnected

ANALYSIS, SIMULATION & CALCULATION

- Facilities - Buildings - Landscape - Solar - Plants Public Services

Buildings

Preparing Files

Topography

Proposals_Street Network/Open Spaces/Building Matrix

2.2.2

URBAN GREEN SYSTEM

The Principle of Green Buildings Solar Panel

GREEN BUILDING NETWORK Tree Placement Rules Trees should keep at least 1.5 to 3 m from the home to avoid the roots of trees that are too close can damage the foundation. The located trees should be planted about 3 to 6 m south of the home to maximise summer shade and minimise winter shade. Trees should keep about 9 to 15 m from the house to shade windows and walls effectively. The Windbreak Ideally, the windbreak is planted upwind about 15 m from the building and consists of dense evergreens that will

grow to twice the height of the building shelter. Most conifers can be spaced about 2 m in the centre. If there is room for two or more rows, space rows 3 to 4 m apart. Species Selection

Solar Energy + Traffic Stops Windbreak

Solar Panels

Green Balcony D>d

Green Roof

The evergreen trees shouldn’t be planted because they will block southern exposures and solar collectors in the summer. The solar-friendly trees should be planted to the south because the bare branches of these deciduous trees allow most sunlight to strike the building.

1.5

(Source: E.G., McPherson & J.R., Simpson.1999)

Solar Energy + Public Facilities

Application of renewable energy

Solar Street Lights

Solar Energy + Buildings Higher benefits of green spaces

Solar Panels

4. A net meter measures usage 1. Sunlight activates the panels

In micro transforming and redesigning areas, renewable energy will apply to each building. We indicated the principle of higher environmental benefits of the trees around the buildings.

Charging Piles

Passive building design & Environmentally friendly materials

2. The cells produce electrical current 3. The converted electricity powers your home In redesigning areas, a plan form and overall layout adapt to local climate conditions and the principle of natural ventilation.

Source: adapted from CertainTeed.com 20

2.2.3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES DESIGN HOUSING / FLAT

Design Parameters Application

Solar Panels

K-Briqs Material

‘K-Briqs are made of 90% cer tified construction waste and are formed without the need for a kiln, radically reducing their embodied energy.’ Cousins S. (2021)

Rowan Individual Green Spaces Crab apple

2.2.3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES DESIGN APARTMENT

Design Parameters Application

Solar Panels H-UKR cement

Material

H-UKR cement reduces carbon emissions by 5 compared with traditional cement.

K-Briqs

Rowan

Micro-Green Spaces Crab apple

2.2.4 COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES DESIGN MIXED FUNCTION

Design Parameters Application

Solar Panels H-UKR cement

H-UKR cement reduces carbon emissions by 5 compared with traditional cement.

Material

K-Briqs

optional: flower baskets

grass/ flowers

Wild marjoram Micro-Green Spaces Hawthorn

2.2.4 COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES DESIGN SHOPPING & OFFICE

Design Parameters Application

Shopping

Solar Panel

Green Facade

+ Living Wall

grass/ flowers

Office

Solar Panels

Micro-Green Spaces

Wild marjoram

Hawthorn

Building Green Facade

2.2.5

OPEN SPACES

MARKED LANDSCAPE DESIGN We planned landscape loops in the Northern Gateway. Creating functional green open spaces supports flood prevention. Improving habitat connectivity benefits the Great Manchester Biodiversity Action Plan and associated national priorities, and it will be as a sample of the best practice in biodiversity-sensitive design. Protecting heritage building areas was designed as a Heritage Theme Park to contribute to the listed building in the UK. Creating a high-quality realm produces elegantly designed spaces that enhance architectural form, interconnect communities, and form an event environment.

Wetland Area Gray Partridge Short Eared Owl

Green Corridors (for animals)

Red Tailed Hawk

Grassland Mantis

Mini Parks River Parks Area Green Corridors Potential Green Streets

Residential Parks /Sports Area

PPipistrelle Bat

Sparrow

Brown Hare

Gray Squirrel

Woodland

Potential Green Area Wooland Area Potential Green Area in Railway

Heritage Theme Park

Urban Parks Shrubs Woodland Area

Hedgehog

New Bridge Gallery Spotted Flycatcher

Linnet

Reed Bunting

2.2.5

OPEN SPACES

CHAPTER 2.3

DESIGN TOOL | ANALYSIS, SIMULATION & CALCULATION O Carbon

2.3.1

DESIGN TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS, SIMULATION & CALCULATION URBAN SCALE

ANALYSIS, SIMULATION & CALCULATION

Running the Programs

+ Rhino

BUILDING SCALE

Grasshopper

QGIS

City Energy Analyst

Preparing Files

Manchester weather

Street Network

Buildings_residential/school/hotel/office/food/retail/grocery/movie/gym/listed

Surroundings

Buildings

2.3.2

ENERGY SIMULATION

COMPUTATIONAL TOOL Urban Energy Simulation

User Input

Match Data in QGIS

In Grasshopper 3D Model transferred Data Doc. Tool

Path - the parh of the output file

- each building information

Shape_type - building polylines

- street network information

STAGE 7

run QGIS - terrain information

Geometry - the GH geometries Fields - the components follow the format of “name, type, length“ CEA files

surroundings.shp streets.shp

run City Energy Tool - energy systems analysis, optimizaiton & visualisation

zone.shp

In QIGS Creating Geometries

Energy Simulation

run

Carbon Calculation

Final Output Electricity Consumption PVT Electricity Energy Final Use Solar Collector

2.3.3

CARBON CALCULATORS

COMPUTATIONAL TOOL Urban Energy Simulation run

Carbon Calculation

Carbon Emission | Buildings Material 1 (Wall)

0.7

` Material 2 (Wall)

0.3

Ratio of Window to Wall

STAGE 8

Carbon Calculation Tool

Carbon Emission | Transportation

Material 2 (Sturcutre)

- carbon storage & sequestration: green ecosystem

Roof

Number

Material 2

` Number

0.7 0.2

Material 1

` Number

Material 2

` Number

Energy Demand

183 684

Light Goods Vehicles Private, Bike & eBikes

160 24000

Energy Potentials

Trams / Train

Date

Month

Types

Heat Ends

Date

Month

Panel on Roof

True

False

Cool Starts

Date

Month

Panel on Wall

True

False

Cool Ends

Date

Month

Optimal tilt angle

True

False

Monthly

Distance between Trees

Photovoltaic Panels

Max Roof Coverage 0.4

Final Carbon Emission

Carbon Sequestration (Greenspaces)

Heat Starts

Output

Buses & Coaches

Carbon Emission | Energy Consumption

run

Lighting

Passenger Cars

Green Roof

Iterative Urban Planning

6800

Light Goods Vehicles

0.3

Material 1 (Structure)

- carbon emission: building, transport, energy

Material 1

Annual-Radiation-Threshold

Area of Single Tree

4.5

Average Sequestration (Tree) 1 M2 Grass Weigh

0.8 800

1.5

DM of Grass

21.77 15

0.16

Average Sequestration (Grass/m2)

0.086

2.3.4

MAJOR CARBON CALCULATIONS

BUILDING EMBODIED CARBON

CARBON SEQUESTRATION & STORAGE

User Input Floor area (m)

User Input Material used

Method of construction

Number of floors

Green Spaces area (m)

Structural grid size

DHB (cm)

Final Output

Number of Tree

DHB height (m)

Tree Size (m)

Final Output

Amount of trucks required to transport the materials to site Amount of machinery used in construction process

Carbon Storage of Grass

Carbon Sequestration of Grass

Carbon Storage of Tree

Carbon Sequestration of Tree

Amount of material required for building size

Total Results

CO2 emissions produnced in the transportation of materials to site (kg CO2)

Total Results

CO2 emissions produnced in construction process (kg CO2)

CO2 emissions produnced in the manufacture of materials (kg CO2)

Total embodied energy amount in CO2 (kg)

Grass Carbon sequestration (kg/annual)

Tree Carbon sequestration (kg/annual)

Total carbon sequestration (kg/annual)

Source: adapted from Zero Carbon Cities Research Document, 2021

2.3.5

CONCLUSION

Overview of Our Computational Tools

Energy Simulation & Carbon Calculation

Radiation Analysis

Energy Consumption Analysis

Total Carbon Emission

CHAPTER 3

ITERATION PERFORMANCE & ANALYSIS O Carbon

3.1

OUTCOME EVALUATION DATA GRAPH INTRODUCTION The evaluation process will test and record data against the standard of related zero-carbon city indicators, as shown below. The Data Map shows the evaluation results of the generation iteration. The Evaluation Metrics of zero-carbon city contacts carbon foodprint, carbon emission and carbon capture.

TOWARDS A ZERO CARBON CITY Carbon Foodprint

Carbon Emission (ha)

(MWh/yr)

(ton CO2)

Carbon Capture (ton CO2)/yr)

(MWh/yr)

(ha)

(ton CO2)

46000

20000

200

200000

150000

15000

60000

35000

650

42800

18000

180

2.8

180000

136000

13600

54000

33000

26.8

610

39600

16000

160

2.6

160000

122000

12200

48000

31000

26.6

570

36400

14000

140

2.4

140000

108000

10800

42000

29000

26.4

530

33200

12000

120

2.2

120000

94000

9400

36000

27000

26.2

490

Population

Residential Units

GFA

FAR

Energy Consumption

Embodied Carbon

Optional Carbon

Radiation

PVT Production

Greenspace

Carbon Sequestration

3.2

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INTRODUCTION Different users are interested in different aspects of urban development and hope to achieve various goals. Therefore, we divided into three agents, including citizens, Far East Consortium and Manchester City Council.

(ha)

(MWh/yr)

(ton CO2)

(ton CO2)/yr)

(MWh/yr)

(ha)

(ton CO2)

46000

20000

200

200000

150000

15000

60000

35000

650

42800

18000

180

2.8

180000

136000

13600

54000

33000

26.8

610

39600

16000

160

2.6

160000

122000

12200

48000

31000

26.6

570

36400

14000

140

2.4

140000

108000

10800

42000

29000

26.4

530

33200

12000

120

2.2

120000

94000

9400

36000

27000

26.2

490

Population Residential Units

GFA

FAR

Energy Embodied Optional Consumption Carbon Carbon

Radiation

PVT Greenspace Carbon Production Sequestration

3.3

DATA COMPARISON

Overview of Our Computational Tools

ITERATION 1

ITERATION 2

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 4

ITERATION 5

ITERATION 6

Urban Master Plan

CHAPTER 7 1

IBNI TB RL O I ODGURCATPI O H NY 1.1 Background Information 1.2 Global Goals 1.3 Sustainable Development Goals 1.4 Enviornment Pressure 1.5 Zero Carbon City Research

1.6 Site Introduction 1.7 Environmental Considerations 1.8 The Challenges 1.9 Project Summary O Carbon

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Urban Biodiversity Landscape & New Energy Technology End of Portfolio