REUSE AND EXTENSION OF A FORMER CEMENT STORAGE IN REYKJAVÌK
EXPOSILO
TURIN POLYTECHNIC DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAM IN ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN 2020/2021
EXPOSILO REUSE AND EXTENSION OF A FORMER CEMENT STORAGE IN REYKJAVÌK
SUPERVISOR: WALTER NICOLINO
AUTHOR: SILVESTRU CANIA
CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT
4
2. CONTEXT
6
3. EXISTING CONDITION
12
4. GENEALOGY
34
5. PROJECT
44
6. REFERENCES
71
1. ABSTRACT This thesis project can be placed within a context of study that particularly concerns European cities. The de-industrialization and tertiarization process has left on the sidelines of urban centers some "giants without bone structure". The work presented has as its objective the analysis and eventually the proposal of how a productive building can re-integrate into a new urban context lacking in cultural identity. In the first phase is analyzed the role and responsibilities that city networks have in combating emissions and climate change. An example of this network is represented by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, which since 2017 has been organizing the Reinventing Cities competition: a competition where intervention sites united by a state of disuse and abandonment are proposed. The proposed intervention site in ReykjavÍk appears to be compatible with the analysed features of the average European city. Thus, the Icelandic capital city is studied with particular regard to the new urban densification areas.
4
The following chapters proceed with a description of the architecture that will be the object of intervention and with an analysis of this specific tipology, examining different examples of intervention on industrial silos. This knowledge phase, which lays the groundwork for the intervention, was conducted with the help of the material provided by the competition brief. The intervention description phase is preceded by different design concept scenarios awaiting morphological definition. The design strategy and the layout program are therefore related to one of these bases taking into account the best fruition and solar exposure. To this is associated a stakeholder analysis, in order to place the project in the context of an active network of actors that could come into play in its realisation.
"NEW IDEAS NEED OLD BUILDINGS" JANE JACOBS
"The Death and Life of Great American Cities", Random House, 1961 5
2. CONTEXT In recent years, Reykjavik is the protagonist of an incessant centrifugal urban sprawl. This phenomenon has repeatedly changed the city's boundaries. In response to this, the Municipality is trying to enhance the situation. The new Municipal Plan 2010-2030 is trying to meet the expected domand for housing by densificating the existing disposed areas with the motto "a denser city, a better city". This choice has come out from a global enviromental impact analysis which fosters the filling of the inland areas. The environmental and wellness advantages could only be reached by an enhancement of the public transport and infrastructure. The fly-wheel of the intense urban drift will be the new est-west connection Örfirisey-Keldur of the length of around 10 km. The new urban corridor Borgarlína (trad.Cityline) will be coverd either by buses and trams. All this goals are made for reach the carbon-neutral taget that was fixet by 2040. The densification activity leads to a new mixed area, where the commercial activities and residential are interconnected thus ensuring the movement limitation between different neighborhoods. One of the areas which will be redeveloped and recalimed is Elliðaárvogur.
6
Percentage densificatin distribution
Örfirisey Keldur
Borgarlína path with new developement areas
1,2km 0,3
City Centre
Elliðaárvogur
Distribution of the new developement areas
Vatnsmýri
Kópavogur
^ new residential areas
Elliðaárvogur 7
new buildings complex
8
Sæ var h
Ártúnshöfði
existing buildings Örfirisey-Keldur
^ Macro regeneration area Ellidaárvogur and Ártúnshöfði
Breiðhöfði
á
iða
Ell
40
160m
SCALE 1:10 000
Elliðaárvogur
öfð i
B
Orography of the territorial holder: contour lines
A
A'
^ 1m contour line 9
40
160m
B'
SCALE 1:10 000
10
40m
20
80m
20
80m
10
40m
Section A-A'
Section B-B'
3. EXISTING CONDITION The 34 meter tall concrete cylinders kept inside them the cement which arrived by ships. The cement was pumped up, sold and delivered in bulk or packaged. In the neighboring plot, the Sævarhöfði 33, the processing of gravel and sand has continued its activity until May 2019. Since then the entire area has started its conversion.
^ Along Björgun dock in Sævarhöfði, msl.is, © Eggert Jóhannesson
The plot is located in the new Bryggjuhverfi Vestur district which is a part of a transformation of Reykjavík´s brownfield area of Elliðaárvogur. The area subject to urban redevelopment was owned by the Björgun company for years. It has produced construction aggregates since the silos were build in 1967.
12
1
2
3
1
2
3 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
SCALE 1:2 500 40m 10
^ Sævarhöfði 31 e 33, graphic rework from 1980 plan
Sævarhöfði 33
1 4 Sævarhöfði 31 3
2
5
1.
repair shop
2.
delivery/weighing
imported cement path 22
3. bulk cement delivery bulk cement trading path
4. offices
5. storage
Sævarhöfði 31 plot boundary
SCALE 1:2 500 40m 10
200m Bryggjutorg
Sævarhöfði 31 according to the new detailed plan
3
Sævarhöfði 31
1
2
^ 1.
former cement storage
2.
new suggested volume
3. primary school
50m 23
24
^ Sævarhöfði 31, planivolumetric, current status
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
SCALE 1:500 2
8m
c A
+1.2m +0.0m
A
A'
B
B
C
+0.45m
-0.5m
B'
D
-2.3m
^
c'
Sævarhöfði 31, groundfloor plan, cutting plane height: +2.30m
+0.2m
A. packaged cement delivery
B. system unit
C. machinery
D. inspection corridor 25
SCALE 1:500 2
8m
c A
+0.0m
A
A'
B +4.9m
B
B'
^ Sævarhöfði 31, first floor plan, cutting plane height: +6 m
C D +4.9m
c'
A. changing room 26
B. worker's shared spaces
C. machinery
D. silos for bulk cement delivery
Sævarhöfði 31, top floor plan, cutting plane height: +36 m
+34m A
^ A. inspection corridor 27
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
28
^ Sævarhöfði 31, north elevation
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
^ 29
Sævarhöfði 31, south elevation
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
SCALE 1:500 8m 2
B
A. C A.
B
A. machinery 30
B. inspection corridor
A.
C. silos for bulk cement delivery
^ Sævarhöfði 31, section B-B'
A.
^ 31
Sævarhöfði 31, west elevation
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
32
^ Sævarhöfði 31, est elevation
2
8m
SCALE 1:500
SCALE 1:500 8m 2
Sævarhöfði 31, section C-C'
A
A A A
E B
D C
^ A. machinery
B. system unit
C. packaged cement delivery
D. changing room
E. relax area 33
4. GENEALOGY
La Fábrica
height: 15m diameter: 7,6m 6 silos
30 m
10 m
34
Bio towers
height: 22m diameter: 4,8m 24 silos
Sævarhöfði 31
height: 34m diameter: 12m 2 silos
Frøsilo
height: 38m diameter: 25m 2 silos
Zeitz MOCAA
height: 33m diameter: 5,5m 42 silos
30 m
10 m
35
Bio towers Lauchhammer, Lusatia, Germany Construction year
1952
Previous function
purification towers
Land area Manufacturing technology Reuse year
approx. 8 000 m2 solid brick 2005-08
Designers New functions
Zimmermann+Partner Architekten open air theatre, exposition, events, panoramic view
Insertion 36
^ 37
Interstetial open air spaces, ©Klemens Renner, 2017
Frøsilo Copenaghen, Denmark Construction year
1963
Previous function
soy storage
Land area Manufacturing technology Reuse year
approx. 4 400 m2 concrete 2002-2005
Designers
MVRDV
New functions
84 new private housing
Envelop 38
^ 39
Centrical layout of the entrance atrium, ©MVRDV
La Fábrica Sant Just Desvern, Barcelona, Spain Construction year
1920
Previous function
cement factory
Land area
9 600 m2
Manufacturing technology
concrete
Reuse year
1973-75
Designer
Ricardo Bofill
New functions
private housing, atelier, events
Cut out 40
^ 41
A clear reference to Renaissance, ©Lluís Carbonell, Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura
Zeitz MOCAA Cape Town, South Africa Construction year
1923
Previous function
wheat storage
Land area Manufacturing technology Reuse year
approx. 2 700 m2 concrete 2014-17
Designers
Heatherwick Studio
New functions
6000 m2 exposition, library, restaurant, café
Cut out 42
^ 43
Entrance atrium obtained from an elliptical cutting surface, ©LIwan Baan
5. PROJECT
1.panoramic views
2.visually exposed position 44
The detailed plan allows to increment the existing 1156m2 with other 2040m2, allowing the addition of new volumes. The intervention has taken into account the difficulty of coexistence with such an arrogant building. The new lay-out is made of 3 different directions volumes which emphasize the plot's visually exposed position. This choice tries to reach the following criteria: - possibility to have different orientations, in order to diversify the heterogeneous functions;
1. prominent external paths
- occupy the area in a scattered way, without interfering with the silos' verticality; - the layout breaks the regularity of the surrounding urban scheme and emphasizes in this way the peculiarity and the social role of the project within the neighborhood; - direct connection with the existing building; - creation of a sheltered inner courtyard away from the surrounding traffic; - porosity along the new complex perimeter.
2. prominent internal paths 45
Askja
Biodome Natural History Museum
46
^ Location of possibles stakeholders
Sævarhöfði 31
SCALE 1:1 200 20m
E.
5
D.
B.
C.
Planivolumetric
A.
^ A. exhibition space (EXPOSILO)
B. research/innovation indoor agriculture (Urban FarmLab)
D. primary school
E. Bryggjutorg
C. indoor intensive prduction
47
EXPOSILO
48
URBAN FARMLAB 49
EXPOSILO The exhibition spaces are placed in the three different volumes facing Sævarhöfði street. The connection along a path both horizontal and vertical had to deal with uneven height differences. In partucular, the vertical distribution is satisfied thanks to a service silo, from which it is possible moving towards the neighbouring silo or the former machinery area. The ascent is also guaranteed by the existing stairwell which allows to reach the top lounge bar at +34m height.
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The exhibition function is certainly one of the most suitable for the silos structure. The lack of natural light here is exploited for an adaptive solution maintaining the original cladding. At the 3th and 4th floor there is the inserction of a strange entity. A sphere with the same diameter of the cylinders represents the geometrical flipping of the plan projected in the section. The new sphere works as link and in particular it is a filter space of the 22m hight auditrium. Different is the entity of the new workshop area wich occupies the volume suspended on pilotis.
02 removing openings
03 providing new indipendent structure
04 providing slabs and lift structure
05 providing jutting structures
06 project proposal
Supposed construction phases
01 existing condition
^ 51
Urban FarmLab The Urban FarmLab functions include 4 different volumes: 3 of them are projected from scratch and develop in different directions, while the fourth is represented by the former storage. The new and the existing volumes are linked and it allows to move products from the storage to the new research and testing part which is located at the first floor. The ascent is guaranteed by stairwell placed in correspondence of the slat buildings' overlapping area. Thanks to the truss girder construction technology, the linear development has an open plan conformation. This characteristic gives a high level of flexibility for a future scenario reconversion.
Total building envelope 1st floor= 221m 64% glazed surface (141m)
The design of the external envelope has taken into account both the energy losses and the livability of the different functions. If on the one hand it is important to give the maximum sunlight contribution, on the other hand it is important to exploit the higher thermally insulate of the matt surfaces. For these reasons the groundfloor has less glazed surfaces than the upper floor which can gain more sunlight. The indoor agriculture spaces are completely glazed as much as the intern humid environment needs natural sunlight to avoit formation of bacteria. In correspondence of the analysis labs the natural sunlight is provided by different skylight. In this way the direct lighting is restricted.
Total building envelope groundfloor= 150m 47% glazed surface (70m) 52
53
SCALE 1:600
C
8m
B
F.
G. E.
+0.0m
2
H.
+0.0m
+1.2m
I. D.
+0.2m
+0.4m
A
D. +0.0m
A.
A’
C.
B’ A. reception area G. service elevator 54
B. coatroom/restroom H. editing workers entry
^ Groundfloor plan, cutting plane height: +1.8m
B.
C’
C. bookshop
D. service space
I. editing/publishing
E. storage
F. researchers entry
SCALE 1:600
B
C
8m
F.
2
H. +5.4m
I.
D. +0.0m
E.
L.
M.
C.
H.
A
B.
A’
A. +6.0m
+4.9m
First floor plan, cutting plane height:+ 7m
G.
B’
C’
^ A. exhibition
B. tropical dome
F. aeroponic
G. aquaponic
C. workers eating area H. waste
I. packaging
D. changing room L. robotics
E. meeting room M.
processing center 55
A
B’
A. auditorium B. foyer
56 2
8m
+22m
C’
SCALE 1:600
C
^ 5th floor plan, cutting plane height: +25.8m
B
B.
A.
A’
Top floor plan, cutting plane height: +35.2m
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
B
A
B’
C
+34m
A.
A’
C’
^ A. lounge bar 57
58
^ Breiðhöfði street elevation (est)
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
^ 59
Section B-B'
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
60
^ Section C-C'
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
^ 61
West elevation
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
62
^ Sævarhöfði street elevation (south)
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
^ 63
Section A-A'
2
8m
SCALE 1:600
Access to the workshop space through the 'Tropiacal Dome' 64
Auditorium obtained from the union of the existent cylinder and the spherical shell at the 5th floor 65
Reykjavík, 21st June, 00:00 A.M.
Reykjavík, 14th March, 13:00 P.M.
Graphic reworking on Léon Krier's illustration.
70
Krier, Léon, and James Howard Kustler. Drawing for Architecture. Cambridge (Massachusetts) London: MIT, 2009.
6. SOURCES Basic information https://www.c40.org/history https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/data/notice_c7d23/accueil/8/ita_appendix_b_reinventing_cities_guidance_to_design_a_low_carbon_sustainable_and_resilient_project_66847.pdf https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/en/professionals/sites-in-competition/saevarhofdi-31-1366 https://www.heatherwick.com/project/zeitz-mocaa/ https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/143/frøsilo https://natkop.kopavogur.is/en/home https://aldin-biodome.is/about-aldin-biodome/?lang=en https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330340194_Greenhouse_Agriculture_in_the_Icelandic_ Food_System Graphic sources City of Reykjavík, Department of Planning and Environment, "Reykjavík Municipal Plan 2010-2030", Guðjón Ó Printing, June 2014 Arkis Architects, Detailed plan, "Ellidaárvogur-Ártúnshöfði, Bryggjuhverfi Vestur", December 2017 https://teikningar.reykjavik.is/fotoweb/archives/5000-A%C3%B0aluppdr%C3%A6ttir/?q=S%C3%A6varh%C3%B6f%C3%B0i%2031 Video sources Webinar Reinventing Cities Reykjavik Iceland Seminar Reykjavíkurborg, "C40 Reykjavík Meet-Up", You Tube., 2 March 2020 https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/en/events/meet-up-reykjavik-1400.html 71