China Village Studio Presentation

CHAPTER 1

Policy Issues

1

LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS

Location

Investigation Sites Dujiangyan Zhangqi

SEMI CURA Jiangan

1 hour

Chengdu

2

AGRICULTURAL FOUNDATION Population Density

Dujiangyan Irrigation System

Main Agriculture Production Area

Traditional Linpan Landscape

3

NATURE OF POLICY (After 2004)

Why formulate three-agriculture policies?

“Agriculture is still the weakness point in economic development; the condition of lack of investment, fragile of infrastructure does not change; long-term mechanism of food production and peasants’ income is not established; the deep-seated contradictions which restrict agriculture and rural development does not eliminate; and the rural economy and society development lagged far behind has not fundamentally changed. Measures must be taken.”

---- Central File of 2005 Major Problems in Rural Area

Measures

Low income

Fragile infrastructure

Increase peasants’ income

Improve rural infrastructure

Neglect Agriculture production

Institutional barriers

Encourage agriculture production

Remove institutional barriers

3

OVERVIEW OF CURRENT POLICIES (After 2004) INCREASING PEASANT INCOME

PROTECTING AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

 Tax Reform Abolish agricultural tax (2005)  Direct Subsidies According to arable land area (2005) According to crop grown area (2013)

 Crop Policy Minimum Level Purchasing Price (2004)  Farmland Protection The most stringent Farmland Protection (2004) Designate permanent basic farmland around metropolitan (2014)  Agriculture Modernization Financial subsidies to encourage large scale cultivation (2014)

IMPROVING RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

REMOVING INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS

 Transportation Policy Improve rural road construction (2005, 2011, 2014)  Irrigation Policy Directly use 10% revenue from land to irrigation system (2011)  Public Service Policy Improve public service including schools, medical, sports, culture center in rural areas (2011)

 Land Transfer Allow peasants transfer land contract management rights through subcontract, lease, exchange, transfer, cooperation (2008, 2014)

 Hukou Reform Abolish Hukou Division between urban and rural(2014)

4

POLICY EFFECTS – RURAL RESIDENT INCOME Comparison of Per Capita Income between Rural and Urban Residents in

Chengdu (per year)

Beginning of “Three-Agriculture” Policies

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

1978

1980

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2011

Rural Residents Income

140

223

773

2926

3111

3377

3655

4072

4485

4905

5660

6481

7129

9895 11501

Urban Residents Income

340

395

1755

7649

8128

8972

9353 10394 11359 12789 13786 16943 18659 23932 27194

Rural Residents Income

2012

Urban Residents Income

Comparison of Per Capita Income between Rural and Urban Residents in

Pi County (per year)

30000

Rural resident income had increased.

25000 20000 15000 10000

However, income gap between rural and urban residents increased.

(Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)

5000 0 Rural Resident Income

2005 2006 2007 1 2 3

2008 2009 4 5

2010 6

2011 7 20128

4700

5156

5996

7320

7944

9271

11107

12595

Urban Resident Income 11300

11667

13353

15051

16955

18956

21504

24847

Rural Resident Income

Urban Resident Income

4

POLICY EFFECTS – INFRASTRUCTURE & PUCLIC SERVICE in PI COUNTY

Total Mileage (km)

Number of Cultural Amenities & Information Service 70

1200

60

1150

50 1100

40 30

1050 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Transit Lines in Pi

20 10

50

0 2006

40 30 20

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2007

2008

2009

2011

2012

Primary &and Middle School Primary Middle School

Museum, Cultural Center Museum andLibrary, Library

Cable Subscriber (Million) 有线电视用户（万户）

Mobile phone Users (Million) 移动电话用户数（万户）

Electricity, Gas Services

2012

Percentage of Village with Transit Service

2010

102000 87000

100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%

72000 57000 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Number of Clinic in Pi

42000 27000

405

12000 2009

400

2010

居民生活用电量 （万千瓦时） Residential Electricity

395

Consumption (Ten thousand kwh)

390 385 2007

2008

2009

2010

(Data Source: Pi County Statistical Year Book )

2011

2011

2012

Residential Compressed 天然气用气量 （万立方米） Natural Gas Consumption (Ten thousand cubic meters)

2012

(Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)

4

POLICY EFFECTS – URBANIZATION

National Urbanization Level (1982 - 2011)

Beginning of Three-Agriculture Policy

79%

74% 64%

21%

1982

62%

61%

59%

58%

57%

56%

54%

42%

43%

36%

39%

44%

38%

41%

46%

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

53% 47%

52% 48%

50%

51% 49%

2008

2009

2010

2011

26%

1990

Urban Population / Total Population

Turning point (1995) government canceled to use grain as the standard approach to divide Hukou

Rural Population / Total Population

50% Urbanization Level

In 2012, urbanization rate of Chengdu 60.2% National 52.57% Pi 60.75% This accelerating urbanization trend will still maintain since government abolish Hukou registration system in 2014 .

(Data source: http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/xxczh/)

人口 耕地 粮食生产 Whether these policies achieve the goal of protecting and encouraging agriculture production?

5

POLICY ISSUES – AGRICULTURE POPULATION & ARABLE LAND REDUCTION Proportion of Agriculture Population in Chengdu 80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0

Hypothesis?

Existing Cultivated Land in Chengdu (Ten 44 thousand hectare) 42

Land transfer, large-scale operation, tremendously infrastructure construction raised land price, squeezing farming profit

40 38 36

34 32 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Real Estate Investment

2000 （hundred million yuan）

1500

Removing institutional barriers made excessive urban capital transfer to rural areas, which also raise rural land price

1000 500 0 (Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED

Grain Production in Chengdu (ten thousand tons) 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220

Allow peasants to transfer land contract management rights through subcontract, lease, exchange, transfer, and cooperation (2008)

Grain Production in Pi (ten thousand tons)

30 25 20 15 10 5

(Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED

Comparison of Grain Production among Cities 2008

2009

2010

2011

Nanjing

Guangzhou

Grain Production (ton/acre)

1978

Chengdu

Chengdu Guangzhou Nanjing (Data source: National Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED

Pi

Comparison of Grain Production among Counties Dayi

Jintang

Dayi Pujiang

Chengdu

Pujiang

Pi County

Jintang

(Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED

Comparison of Pig Supply among Counties

Pi Dayi Pujiang Jintang (Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED

Comparison of Rapeseed Production among Counties Dayi

Pujiang

Pi Jintang

(Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)

5

POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED Chengdu currently rely on corn imports to protect the growing demand for food.

From 2013-2014, grain import exceeded 200 billion kilograms in Chengdu.

China Expected to become largest global corn importer

How would these agriculture issues relate to society and ecosystem?

5

POLICY ISSUES – RURAL RESIDENTS “AMPHIBIOUS”LIFESTYLE

Micro-scale Traditional Linpan Landscape

vs.

Concentrated New Countryside Field

County/Town

County/Town

New settlement

City

County/Town

City

County/Town In Linpan, where people work and where they live are closer

After New Countryside construction, where people work and where they live are far away

5

POLICY ISSUES – RURAL RESIDENTS “AMPHIBIOUS”LIFESTYLE

Macro-scale

Employment, housing and service needs results in residents flow between different levels of jurisdictions

Other villages of the Town

The County

The Town

Other Counties/Cities of the Province

Other towns of the County

Other provinces

Wage Job Location

The Village

Second House Location School Location

“hollow village” accommodating large proportion of aging population

5

POLICY ISSUES – LACK OF SOCIAL-ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE

Ecological Resilience  Landscape heterogeneity  Patchiness  scale By using the three indicators, studies have been found that CURA, with traditional Linpan pattern, has the highest resilience than other three study areas (Jennifer Tippins, 2013).

Social Resilience    

Surplus arable land Information sharing Flexibility use of space Flexibility use of time

From social point, courtyard and glade space within Linpan facilitates residents information sharing, the flexible use of space and time indicates that traditional Linpan is more socially resilient.

6

CONCLUSION

Current policies to some extent increased rural resident income, improved infrastructure condition in rural areas, increased resource flow between urban and rural areas, but with a huge economic, social and ecological costs, which can be manifest by economic structure imbalance in agricultural area and the resulting social and ecological conflicts.

Future Approach Using agriculture as a breakthrough to seek new development opportunities?