CHAPTER 1
Policy Issues
1
LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS
Location
Investigation Sites Dujiangyan Zhangqi
SEMI CURA Jiangan
1 hour
Chengdu
2
AGRICULTURAL FOUNDATION Population Density
Dujiangyan Irrigation System
Main Agriculture Production Area
Traditional Linpan Landscape
3
NATURE OF POLICY (After 2004)
Why formulate three-agriculture policies? “Agriculture is still the weakness point in economic development; the condition of lack of investment, fragile of infrastructure does not change; long-term mechanism of food production and peasants’ income is not established; the deep-seated contradictions which restrict agriculture and rural development does not eliminate; and the rural economy and society development lagged far behind has not fundamentally changed. Measures must be taken.” ---- Central File of 2005 Major Problems in Rural Area
Measures
Low income
Fragile infrastructure
Increase peasants’ income
Improve rural infrastructure
Neglect Agriculture production
Institutional barriers
Encourage agriculture production
Remove institutional barriers
3
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT POLICIES (After 2004) INCREASING PEASANT INCOME
PROTECTING AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
Tax Reform Abolish agricultural tax (2005) Direct Subsidies According to arable land area (2005) According to crop grown area (2013)
Crop Policy Minimum Level Purchasing Price (2004) Farmland Protection The most stringent Farmland Protection (2004) Designate permanent basic farmland around metropolitan (2014) Agriculture Modernization Financial subsidies to encourage large scale cultivation (2014)
IMPROVING RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
REMOVING INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS
Transportation Policy Improve rural road construction (2005, 2011, 2014) Irrigation Policy Directly use 10% revenue from land to irrigation system (2011) Public Service Policy Improve public service including schools, medical, sports, culture center in rural areas (2011)
Land Transfer Allow peasants transfer land contract management rights through subcontract, lease, exchange, transfer, cooperation (2008, 2014)
Hukou Reform Abolish Hukou Division between urban and rural(2014)
4
POLICY EFFECTS – RURAL RESIDENT INCOME Comparison of Per Capita Income between Rural and Urban Residents in
Chengdu (per year)
Beginning of “Three-Agriculture” Policies
30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
1978
1980
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
Rural Residents Income
140
223
773
2926
3111
3377
3655
4072
4485
4905
5660
6481
7129
9895 11501
Urban Residents Income
340
395
1755
7649
8128
8972
9353 10394 11359 12789 13786 16943 18659 23932 27194
Rural Residents Income
2012
Urban Residents Income
Comparison of Per Capita Income between Rural and Urban Residents in
Pi County (per year)
30000
Rural resident income had increased.
25000 20000 15000 10000
However, income gap between rural and urban residents increased. (Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)
5000 0 Rural Resident Income
2005 2006 2007 1 2 3
2008 2009 4 5
2010 6
2011 7 20128
4700
5156
5996
7320
7944
9271
11107
12595
Urban Resident Income 11300
11667
13353
15051
16955
18956
21504
24847
Rural Resident Income
Urban Resident Income
4
POLICY EFFECTS – INFRASTRUCTURE & PUCLIC SERVICE in PI COUNTY
Total Mileage (km)
Number of Cultural Amenities & Information Service 70
1200
60
1150
50 1100
40 30
1050 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Transit Lines in Pi
20 10
50
0 2006
40 30 20
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2007
2008
2009
2011
2012
Primary &and Middle School Primary Middle School
Museum, Cultural Center Museum andLibrary, Library
Cable Subscriber (Million) 有线电视用户（万户）
Mobile phone Users (Million) 移动电话用户数（万户）
Electricity, Gas Services
2012
Percentage of Village with Transit Service
2010
102000 87000
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
72000 57000 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Number of Clinic in Pi
42000 27000
405
12000 2009
400
2010
居民生活用电量 （万千瓦时） Residential Electricity
395
Consumption (Ten thousand kwh)
390 385 2007
2008
2009
2010
(Data Source: Pi County Statistical Year Book )
2011
2011
2012
Residential Compressed 天然气用气量 （万立方米） Natural Gas Consumption (Ten thousand cubic meters)
2012
(Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)
4
POLICY EFFECTS – URBANIZATION
National Urbanization Level (1982 - 2011)
Beginning of Three-Agriculture Policy
79%
74% 64%
21%
1982
62%
61%
59%
58%
57%
56%
54%
42%
43%
36%
39%
44%
38%
41%
46%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
53% 47%
52% 48%
50%
51% 49%
2008
2009
2010
2011
26%
1990
Urban Population / Total Population
Turning point (1995) government canceled to use grain as the standard approach to divide Hukou
Rural Population / Total Population
50% Urbanization Level
In 2012, urbanization rate of Chengdu 60.2% National 52.57% Pi 60.75% This accelerating urbanization trend will still maintain since government abolish Hukou registration system in 2014 .
(Data source: http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/xxczh/)
人口 耕地 粮食生产 Whether these policies achieve the goal of protecting and encouraging agriculture production?
5
POLICY ISSUES – AGRICULTURE POPULATION & ARABLE LAND REDUCTION Proportion of Agriculture Population in Chengdu 80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0
Hypothesis?
Existing Cultivated Land in Chengdu (Ten 44 thousand hectare) 42
Land transfer, large-scale operation, tremendously infrastructure construction raised land price, squeezing farming profit
40 38 36
34 32 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Real Estate Investment
2000 （hundred million yuan）
1500
Removing institutional barriers made excessive urban capital transfer to rural areas, which also raise rural land price
1000 500 0 (Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED
Grain Production in Chengdu (ten thousand tons) 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220
Allow peasants to transfer land contract management rights through subcontract, lease, exchange, transfer, and cooperation (2008)
Grain Production in Pi (ten thousand tons)
30 25 20 15 10 5
(Data source: Chengdu & Pi County Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED
Comparison of Grain Production among Cities 2008
2009
2010
2011
Nanjing
Guangzhou
Grain Production (ton/acre)
1978
Chengdu
Chengdu Guangzhou Nanjing (Data source: National Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED
Pi
Comparison of Grain Production among Counties Dayi
Jintang
Dayi Pujiang
Chengdu
Pujiang
Pi County
Jintang
(Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED
Comparison of Pig Supply among Counties
Pi Dayi Pujiang Jintang (Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – GRAIN PRODUCTION PLUMMETED
Comparison of Rapeseed Production among Counties Dayi
Pujiang
Pi Jintang
(Data source: Chengdu Statistics Bureau)
5
POLICY ISSUES – FOOD PRODUCTION PLUMMETED Chengdu currently rely on corn imports to protect the growing demand for food. From 2013-2014, grain import exceeded 200 billion kilograms in Chengdu. China Expected to become largest global corn importer
How would these agriculture issues relate to society and ecosystem?
5
POLICY ISSUES – RURAL RESIDENTS “AMPHIBIOUS”LIFESTYLE
Micro-scale Traditional Linpan Landscape
vs.
Concentrated New Countryside Field
County/Town
County/Town
New settlement
City
County/Town
City
County/Town In Linpan, where people work and where they live are closer
After New Countryside construction, where people work and where they live are far away
5
POLICY ISSUES – RURAL RESIDENTS “AMPHIBIOUS”LIFESTYLE
Macro-scale
Employment, housing and service needs results in residents flow between different levels of jurisdictions
Other villages of the Town
The County
The Town
Other Counties/Cities of the Province
Other towns of the County
Other provinces
Wage Job Location
The Village
Second House Location School Location
“hollow village” accommodating large proportion of aging population
5
POLICY ISSUES – LACK OF SOCIAL-ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Ecological Resilience Landscape heterogeneity Patchiness scale By using the three indicators, studies have been found that CURA, with traditional Linpan pattern, has the highest resilience than other three study areas (Jennifer Tippins, 2013). Social Resilience
Surplus arable land Information sharing Flexibility use of space Flexibility use of time
From social point, courtyard and glade space within Linpan facilitates residents information sharing, the flexible use of space and time indicates that traditional Linpan is more socially resilient.
6
CONCLUSION
Current policies to some extent increased rural resident income, improved infrastructure condition in rural areas, increased resource flow between urban and rural areas, but with a huge economic, social and ecological costs, which can be manifest by economic structure imbalance in agricultural area and the resulting social and ecological conflicts. Future Approach Using agriculture as a breakthrough to seek new development opportunities?