Portfolio 2016

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PROGETTAZIONE DI UN GIARDINO PRIVATO Freelancer| 2016

La proposta prevede la sistemazione del giardino privato di una abitazione nel Comune di Cagliari.

Nello spazio in esame, a forma di “L”, sono state individuate due funzioni: accesso e parcheggio sul lato lungo, giardino e zona pranzo esterna sul lato corto. La suddivisione di queste due aree è stata realizzata tramite il filtro di una barriera vegetale.

La zona parcheggio può ospitare un massimo di tre auto e, quando sgombra, può diventare un secondo spazio verde grazie alla pavimentazione prevista, costituita da un grigliato modulare che ne rende la superficie erbosa carrabile. Questa scelta progettuale è stata motivata anche per garantire un migliore microclima esterno, poichè viene ridotto l’effetto “isola di calore”.

Sul lato corto, una pergola ombreggia l’area in stretta connessione con la zona giorno interna.

INVESTIGATION INTO APPLICATION OF PCMS IN LIGHTWEIGHT BUILDINGS: ANNUAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION UNDER THREE EUROPEAN CLIMATES University of Nottingham | MSc in Sustainable Building Technology - Thesis | 2013 Supervisor: Siddig Omer

Abstract The application of PCMs into a lightweight office building is examined under three locations: Rome, London and Vienna. The study analyzed the effect of PCMs during the whole four seasons.With the aid of EnergyPlus, the indoor temperature fluctuation reduction, the increase of comfort hours and the reduction in cooling and heating loads were compared. Different melting temperatures, thicknesses, orientations and quantities of PCMs were investigated. The results showed that 23°C is the PCM melting point that provides the highest energy savings in all the chosen climates. Moreover the simulations demonstrated that above 3cm the PCM performance increase slower and the suggested walls’ orientations of PCM application are: east or west in Rome and south in London and Vienna. Finally payback periods of 4-11 years, correspondent to 15-30% annual energy savings, were predicted in Rome, whilst in London and Vienna 20 years were estimated as a minimum.

Koppen-Geiger map

Methodology The aim of this study was to explore the outcome of the optimization of PCMs during a whole year rather than a single summer week. The optimization focused on the optimal melting temperature, thickness, orientation and quantity of PCMs. The parameters chosen for comparison are: • Indoor operative temperature and temperature fluctuation reduction • hours comfort according to ASHRAE 55-2004 thermal comfort model (ASHRAE, 2009) • Cooling and heating loads reduction.

The study was conducted using EnergyPlus which was chosen among the other available software because it is fully able to simulate PCMs, it has been validated experimentally and it is easily downloadable free of charge.The building’s model used for the simulations is a 50m2 lightweight building with typical office internal gains, infiltration and ventilation.

The PCM used in the simulations is an organic paraffin encapsulated in a light and flexible mat to be applied between the insulation and the internal plasterboard (Phase Change Energy Solutions, 2013). The product is available in three melting temperatures: 23, 25 and 27°C, which will be referred in the paper as PCM-23, PCM-25 and PCM-27.

The economic analysis was carried out using the payback period as a method of evaluation, calculated with the following formula.

Climate analysis through the program Climate Consultant v. 5.4 In the program, the comfort zone is set according to ASHRAE-55 comfort model. The weather files used in the program were retrieved from EnergyPlus website.

ROME

LONDON

VIENNA

Reduction of uncomfortable hours and indoor temperature fluctuation The simulation results proved that in all the three chosen locations the application of PCMs improved the building’s performance by progressively increasing the number of comfortable hours -according to ASHRAE 55 thermal comfort model- compared to the baseline case without PCM when the melting temperature is reduced from 27°C to 23°C. The improvement for the uncontrolled building occurs especially during spring and autumn and temperature fluctuation reduction is visible during the whole year. As an example, the figures below shows hourly temperatures and number of uncomfortable hours with and without PCM in the Vienna case study.

Despite of this, severe cold conditions in winter and the problem of overheating in summer are not resolved from the application of phase change materials, due to indoor temperature being significantly below or above the melting temperature of the phase change material, hence the implementation of a HVAC is needed for all the case studies analysed.

Comparison of indoor temperatures with and without PCM:Vienna case study

Reduction of cooling and heating loads The simulation of the model using different thermostats to maintain the indoor temperature within progressively restrictive ranges of 20-26°C, 21-25°C and 22-24°C, showed that the PCM with a melting temperature of 23°C is also the most efficient to reduce both cooling and heating loads, being in the middle of the imposed comfort ranges.

In the Rome case, the application of PCM accounts for 30% of annual cooling load reduction and 37% of annual heating load reduction. In London the percentage of cooling loads savings is higher and the percentage of heating lower than the Rome case: 57% and 11% respectively.

The same results were observed in the Vienna case study where cooling loads were reduced by 37% and heating loads by 5% only. The rea-

son for the low performance during the cold period of the year in London and Vienna is related to the rigid climate conditions that are not present in Rome.

In fact in Rome, where winter temperatures are the highest of the three locations, indoor temperature exceed the heating setpoint of 20-22°C, allowing the PCM to absorb heat keeping the temperatures higher at night so that the next day lower energy is required to keep the room comfortable. In London and Vienna this does not happen because of the lower outside temperature, thus the indoor temperature stay nearly equal to the setpoint temperature and the PCM does not change phase. Therefore to achieve energy savings during the cold season in these locations, a phase change material with a lower melting temperature of 21°C or less may be used, or other passive strategies to gain heat in winter may be implemented.

The effect of PCM thickness Another conclusion, that is valid in all three locations, regards the effect of PCM’s thickness, simulated from 1cm to 6cm, on the building’s annual energy savings. In all case studies, an appreciable difference was measured from 1cm to 3cm of phase change material, with increasing energy savings proportional to increasing thicknesses; while beyond 3cm the energy savings increase slower for greater thicknesses (graph below). This is probably related to the cycle of charging and discharging the heat: for low thicknesses, the

phase change material cycle fast whilst beyond 3cm, although more heat can be absorbed, it is possible that the PCM does not undergo a completely melting or solidification. Thus, since a thicker phase change material corresponds to a higher capital cost, PCMs with thickness higher than 3cm would be less cost effective and it are not recommended.

The effect of orientation and quantity of PCM It was observed that the effect of quantity is not linear because the sum of annual energy savings achievable by different surfaces with phase change material is not equal to the energy savings achievable by each surface with PCM applied singularly. For this reason the study on the effect of orientation was limited, since the geometry of the model is not symmetrical and windows are present on the south wall.

Nevertheless it was possible to note that the east and west walls with PCM provide higher energy savings per square meter than the south wall, due to the highest incident solar radiation on these walls during the overheating period, but overall the difference between each orientation did not prove to be significant.

Therefore, since the PCM layer is applied beyond the insulation, it can be assumed that external heat gains have little influence on the performance compared to internal heat gains in the simulated model.

However, if a best orientation for the PCM application has to be suggested, south is recommended to cut heating loads because it receives more solar radiation during winter and east and west to cut cooling loads during summer, whilst the north orientation, although it still provides benefits, it has to be the last choice. Consequently, the application of PCM on south walls is recommended for cold locations such as London and Vienna, while east and west application for temperate locations such as Rome, where summer energy consumptions are more critical than winter’s.

The economic outcomes Finally, the economic analysis on the application of PCM under the three different chosen locations was assessed estimating the payback period of the investments. The calculations showed that reasonable

payback periods within 4 and 11 years, correspondent to energy savings within 15-30% of annual energy savings, are possible in the Rome case, whilst under climatic conditions of London and Vienna the investment is paid back not earlier than 20 years.This result is related to the fact that the chosen phase change materials especially reduce the cooling loads rather than the heating loads and in Rome energy consumption is higher for cooling rather than for heating, while in the other two locations is the opposite.

Moreover the heating load reduction is significant only in the Rome case because, as already mentioned, indoor temperatures may reach the lowest melting point of 23°C, whereas in the other locations they stay below the melting point. Thus, it was concluded that the application of PCMs on this study is cost effective in the Rome case study solely.

The graph below reports the payback period against the energy savings of each combination of melting temperature, thickness and surface application for the Rome case study. In the graph, the colours represent the different melting temperatures: the green symbols represent the PCM with a melting temperature of 23°C, the reds 25°C and blues 27°C.The difference of thickness is represented by the dimension of the symbols, progressively increasing for higher thicknesses.

I METODI A PUNTEGGIO QUALE STRUMENTO GUIDA PER LA PROGETTAZIONE DI ARCHITETTURE SOSTENIBILI PROGETTO DI UN CENTRO POLIFUNZIONALE A QUARTU SANT’ELENA SECONDO I CRITERI DEL PROTOCOLLO LEED ITALIA

Università degli Studi di Cagliari | Laurea Magistrale in Architettura |Tesi | 2012 Relatori: V. Tramontin, V. De Montis Collaboratori: M. Pisano

La tesi propone mediante l’applicazione dei criteri del protocollo LEED® Italia a un caso studio, gli indirizzi metodologici per una progettazione incentrata fin dalle prime fasi e per tutto il percorso progettuale sui criteri della sostenibilità, intesa in senso più ampio del solo rispetto delle norme nazionali sul rendimento energetico degli edifici.

In un vuoto urbano del Comune di Quartu Sant’Elena (CA), si è elaborata la proposta progettuale di un centro polifunzionale a carattere sociale, con un approccio olistico che utilizza il protocollo LEED® come supporto alle varie fasi decisionali di definizione preliminare e esecutiva del progetto.

L’obiettivo è indicare linee guida metodologiche per il progetto di edifici che siano non soltanto efficienti da un punto di vista energetico, ma anche sostenibili in senso più esteso, riferendosi cioè ai vari settori che abbracciano la gestione dell’edificio, la sua costruzione, i materiali, la soddisfazione dell’utenza, i trasporti, l’impatto ambientale e il consumo di risorse.

Through the application of the LEED Italia protocol of a case study, the thesis suggests methodologies for a design focused, from the earlier stages and for the whole path planning, in sustainable criteria, intended in a more wide perspective than only taking into account Italian regulations concerning the energy performance of buildings.

The design takes place in a vacant urban space in Quartu S.E. where a project of a multi-purpose centre with social functions is proposed. The building was designed with a holistic approach using the LEED protocol as an instrument guide for the various decisional phases of the preliminary and executive project.

The goal was to indicate methodological guidelines for the design of buildings that are not only energy efficient, but are sustainable in a larger sense, dealing with the various fields regarding management,of the building, its construction, the materials, users’ satisfaction, transportation, the environmental impact and consumption of resources.

Quartu Sant’Elena (CA)

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Roof Plan

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SITE ANALYSIS

8:00 am Idromare - Apat - :: Home Page :: Analisi Dei Dati :: Rosa Dei Venti::Selezione Dati :: Rosa dei Venti...

12:00 am

Idromare - Apat - :: Home Page :: Analisi Dei Dati :: Rosa Dei Venti::Selezione Dati :: Rosa dei Venti... http://www.idromare.it/analisi_rosa_venti_grafico.php?stazione_1=13&giorno_dal=1&mese_dal=6&...

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http://www.idromare.it/analisi_rosa_venti_grafico.php?stazione_1=13&giorno_dal=1&mese_dal=11...

BIOCLIMATIC ANALYSIS

Orthographic Projection

Stereographic Diagram

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345°

Location: 39.1°, 9.1° Obj 2108 Orientation: -98.5°, -90.0° Sun Position: -96.4°, 41.7° HSA: 2.2° VSA: 41.7°

Date/Time: 16:00, 20th Jul Dotted lines: July-December.

HSA: 2.2°, VSA: 41.7°

Location: 39.1°, 9.1° Obj 2108 Orientation: -98.5°, -90.0° Sun Position: -96.4°, 41.7°

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Time: 16:00 Date: 20th Jul (201) Dotted lines: July-December.

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Analysis and selection of the site: accesses to public transportation, building density and proximity to services

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Scuola Elementare Via Vico

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north elevation

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SUMMER

W IN TE R

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE STRATEGIES

Thermal transmittance (U) 0.278 W/m2K Periodic Thermal Transmittance (YIE) 0.10 W/m2K Attenuation factor (f) 0.35

Thermal transmittance (U) 0.303 W/m2K Periodic Thermal Transmittance (YIE) 0.01 W/m2K Attenuation factor (f) 0.01

LEED® credits

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Scores 35

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assessed in in fase the stage of verificabili di progetto architectural verificabili in fase di design progetto architettonico

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architettonico

assessed the stage of design verificabili indifase di progetto degli verificabili in fase progetto degli of technical systems impianti impianti

2727

verificabili in fasiinsucessive al assessed subsequent stages verificabili fasi sucessive al progetto e utilizzo) to the(costruzione design (construction and

progetto (costruzione e utilizzo)

utilization) crediti bonus (prestazioni esemplari crediti bonus e priorità regionale) bonus credits(prestazioni (exemplaryesemplari and regional eperformance priorità regionale) priority)

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30 25 previsti expected

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non notverificati verified 15 10

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crediti bonus verificabili in fase di verificabili in fase di verificabili in fasi progetto progetto degli successive al (prestazioni architettonico impianti progetto esemplari e priorità (costruzione e regionale) 11 10 utilizzo)

previsti (da verificare) non verificabili verificati

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fulfilled 94% of LEED credits

non notverficabili verifiable

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bonus crediti credits bonus

DESIGN/SIZING & PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS University of Nottingham | MSc in Sustainable Building Technology| 2012

The design of three renewable energy systems for a family of five people in Cagliari (Italy) was assessed. The systems analysed are: photovoltaic, small-scale integrated wind turbine and solar thermal water heating system. The electrical systems are grid connected.

The objectives were the following: - provide at least 80% of the annual electricity load with the combined integration of PV panels and wind turbine - design the PV array to provide at least 50% of the renewable energy From the calculation, the annual domestic hot water supply is between 2.3 and 2.7MWh which is 82-94% of the water load using 4 modules of 1m2.The electricity provided by the proposed renewable energy systems is 6.9 MWh/year, so 96% of the building’s load. 29% of the energy is produced by a 8.2m2 wind turbine, and the remaining 71% by a PV array of 8 monocrystalline modules.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING University of Nottingham | MSc in Sustainable Building Technology| 2012

Abstract The sustainable retrofitting design for one of the buildings in the BCA Academy in Singapore is proposed. The features of the hot humid climate are discussed and compared to that of UK’s climate in order to propose suitable passive and active strategies to cut energy consumptions and thus reduce carbon emissions. The envelope improvements only, decrease the ideal cooling load by 30%, and the main are: increased air-tightness, double glazing with low-e glass, addition of shadings and a fly roof, white painting. Another 5% and 12% are achieved by proposing more efficient equipment and harnessing natural daylight respectively. An innovative solar power air-conditioning system which combines desiccant dehumidification, chilled beams and absorption chiller driven by heat from solar collectors is proposed to decrease electricity consumption. The integration of semi-transparent PV covers 70% of the ideal cooling load. With this configuration, the results show an 88% reduction of CO2 emissions for the retrofitted building compared to the original building.

Methodology The building analyzed has three floors 18.5x54.5m and its longer axis is rotated 7.2degrees counterclockwise from the North axis. Each floor is 3m high. On the east façade, each floor has an external corridor 3m wide, simplified in the model as shadings. The geometry was initially set in Google SketchUp using Open Studio plug-in and then edited with EnergyPlus 7.2.

For the initial simulation, the building was set with an ideal cooling system operating during weekday office hours. The natural ventilation schedule (due to intentional opening of

windows and doors) was set at 15% during occupation hours and 10% during nighttime. All the others systems were set according to office hours.

The air-conditioning was set with a single cooling set point at 27°C according to the internal comfort conditions for Singapore and with a dehumidifier set to 60% relative humidity.

The building was simplified in three zones, one for each floor3, with external walls only.

The ground temperature was set at 25°C4.

Climate Analysis

Analysis of the exsisting building

Proposals to improve energy performance

The retrofit design was divided in two steps: passive and active. Through passive design the energy use of the building was reduced as much as possible only by interacting with the envelope. The active design consisted instead in the selection of a suitable building service system and the proposal of renewable energy systems to provide the energy required by these systems.

Final model in EnergyPlus

Conclusions The sustainable retrofitting design of one of the buildings in the BCA Academy in Singapore was proposed. The climate analysis mainly highlighted the essential need of shading and the use of natural ventilation as a passive strategy. The latter was rejected because of the building orientation and deep plan. So it was decided to rely only on air-conditioning system to provide thermal comfort, having first improved the envelope to decrease the initial cooling load by 30%. In particular the most effective strategies were found to be: air-tightening the structure, shading the roof and setting a white paint for walls and roof. The review of cooling systems highlighted the potential of chilled beams and desiccant dehumidification, which then were proposed combined together in a hybrid system which harnesses solar energy through flat plate collectors, having found other studies which proved significant energy savings in the same type of hot humid climate. Finally PVs were integrated and the result was a reduction in the CO2 of 88% compared to the original building.

In conclusion, on the bright side the project contained almost the whole process of sustainable building design: from the analysis of the climate to the review and testing of the passive strategies to improve the envelope, to the proposal of building service systems and renewable energy sources. On the other side, this general approach resulted for some part lacking of detail. The main limitations of these study that can be implemented in a future work are in fact: lighting analysis with a proper lighting software which consider also the UGR values, simulation of the cooling system proposed to obtain precise electricity/gas consumption evaluation and estimate the related solar collector area needed, simulation of the renewable energy systems proposed and feasibility study of wind turbine integration , and finally an economic cost evaluation and a life-cycle analysis as main points of a sustainable project.

LABORATORIO INTEGRATO DI PROGETTAZIONE 1 Università degli Studi di Cagliari | Laurea Magistrale in Architettura| 2010

Gruppo di studio: I. Consolo, A. Gravellu, S. Pitzalis, P. Scattone

Ri-abitare la città

Re-living the city

Il progetto di scala urbana e architettonica ha riguardato il quartiere storico di Villanova, e si è preposto di valorizzare il suo essere “paese dentro la città”. La tranquillità, da non confondere come immotilità, è infatti l’elemento essenziale per l’operato dei tanti artigiani che caratterizzano e abitano il quartiere spesso nei piani terra con scarse condizioni di luce e spazio.

Alla luce di queste considerazioni si è proposto di realizzare laboratori e spazi di esposizione per gli artisti, in parte recuperando edifici fatiscenti, e in parte realizzandoli nei vuoti urbani del quartiere.

Gli edifici di nuova costruzione sono stati inseriti nel pieno rispetto delle dimensioni e dei caratteri esistenti, denunciando comunque la loro diversità in facciata attraverso una struttura che sorregge lettere in corten che articolano pensieri o citazioni degli artisti.

The urban and architectural scale design involved the historic district of Villanova, proposing to increase its value of been “a village inside the city”. The calmness, not to be mistaken as immobility, as a matter of fact, is the essential element for the work of the many artisans who characterize and live in the district, often on ground floors with poor conditions of light and space.

As a result it was proposed to design laboratories and showrooms for the artisans, partially by restoring old existing buildings and partially by designing new ones in vacant spaces.

The new buildings were not only designed paying careful attention to the dimensions and characteristic of the existing historic ones, but also showing their diversity in the facade through structures which hold up letters made by corten that articulate thoughts and quotes of the artisans who live or have lived in the district..

Quartiere storico di Villanova (CA)

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VUOTI URBANI

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EDIFICI IN FASE DI RESTAURO

LABORATORIO DI COSTRUZIONE E PRODUZIONE Università degli Studi di Cagliari | Laurea Magistrale in Architettura | 2009 Gruppo di studio: I. Consolo, M.P. Pinna, M.A. Pisano

Case a schiera sostenibili Lo studio in oggetto ha riguardato alcuni tra i criteri più importanti della progettazione sostenibile. In prima analisi si è studiato l’orientamento degli edifici e la distribuzione ottimale degli ambienti,disponendo le zone giorno a sud con opportune schermature all’esterno, i servizi a nord, e le restanti stanze riparate a est e ovest senza finestrature in queste direzioni.

In seguito si è optato per un sistema stratificato a secco ibrido cioè costituito da scheletro portante e tamponamenti stratificati a secco, più una copertura a tetto giardino; questi componenti hanno garantito una grande efficienza energetica dell’involucro.

Il dimensionamento della

schermatura a sud, costituita da lamelle fotovoltaiche sorrette da una struttura in legno, è stato calcolato in base all’angolo di incidenza della retta di piena insolazione, garantendo così l’ingresso della radiazione solare in inverno e impedendolo in estate.

In conclusione è stato fatto un calcolo di verifica termoigrometrica col software Termus G, ottenendo valori molto soddisfacenti anche dal punto di vista normativo.

Sustainable row houses This project regarded some of the main topics concerning sustainable architecture. First the orientation of the buildings and the optimal distribution of rooms was studied by placing the living south with

appropriate sun shading outside, services north and the remaining rooms sheltered east and west, without openings in these directions.

Secondly a high performance dry wall assembly was chosen

Bauladu (OR)

together with a green roof guaranteeing good energy efficiency for the involucre.

The size of the sun shading, composed by photovoltaic panels held up by a wood structure, was calculated in

order to let the accesses of solar radiation during winter and prevent it during summer.

Finally a hygrothermal verification was done using the aid of a software which demonstrated satisfying results.

COPERTURA

PIANO PRIMO

PIANO TERRA

Dettaglio costruttivo del tetto giardino

GRAPHIC DESIGN Freelancer | 2011-oggi

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