A piece of Copenhagen
Formalities Title
Abstract
Preface
Institure of Architecture & Design Aalborg University
The project a piece of Copenhage deals with the transformation of H.C. Ørsted Værket which is situated in a close proximity to the core of Copenhagen.
The project is written by group 1, in the 1th semester of the master’s program in Urban Design, at Aalborg University.
- Semester subtheme Urban Transformation and Sustainable Engineering Techniques - Project period 1. sep to 2. dec - Submission date 20. nov
The common thread throughout the project is the theme of trying to understand and develop a vibrant district that captures the pulse and the rhythm of the city. By thoroughly studying Copenhagen and looking into other cities as a source of reference the goal is to create an analytical base that will help create a dense and diverse neighborhood. In addition to this the focus is on the small gestures in the local communities, the motto being - think local, act local.
The theme of the project is designing for Urban Transformation, which in our case also has a sub theme of working with and trying to understand the complexity of the city. The course module, Urban Transformation and Sustainable Engineering Techniques, is combined with the course module Climate and Hydrology of the Dense City. In this correspondence between the two courses, the technical and the more creative, urban planning has to go hand in hand.
- Main supervisior Shelley Smith Jakob Bjerre Mikkelsen - Number of copies 10 - Number of pages 55 - Number of appendix 11 - Project group URB1 Ann Høfler Kildehave
Lekso Kakashvili
Simone Fracasso
Diana Murzea
Michael Thorø
Hannah Dræby Nielsen
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Table of content Introduction The city as the scene 5 Theoretical Framework Urban transformation strategies 6 Adaptive reuse and transformation 7 Analysis Urban conditions 9 Mapping and tracing 10 Infrastructure 10 The green 11 Roads and squars 11 Buildings 11 Architectural analysis of Enghave Brygge Water in the city 13 Vision 14 Design strategies 15 1. Understanding the city 16 2. Re-thinking Copenhagen 18 Ă˜sterbro 20 Nørrebro 20 Vesterbro 21 Frederiksberg 21 Christianhavn 22 Amager 22 CPH - summary 23 3. Reuse 24 Materplan development 26 1. The pre-existence 26 2. To keep or not to keep 26 3. Connect it 26 4. CPH is in the site 27 5. Define & cut 27
6. The foot print 27 7. Implemeting hydrology 28 8. Development of typologies 30 1. Between greenery and water 30 2. The family block 31 3. Town houses 31 4. Work on the wild 31 5. The exclusive marina 32 6. Back to the Middle Age 33 Presentation 34 The siteplan 34 12 The Power Plant 36 The Wild Island 42 The family block 46 Conclusion 52 Reflection 53 Litterature list 54 Illustration list 55 Appendix Sun and wind analysis 56 Parking strategies 57 Accessibility 58 The sites density 59 Activity through the day 60 The section indicator 61 Dimensioning of the basins to the Wild Island 62 The Flower index 63 The hydrological solutionto area 2 64 Workshop and design proces 65
Introduction
The city as the scene The city beholds many things. It is an accumulation of diversity, activity, interactions, the unfolding experiences, speed, smells, noises etc. and the public domains, streets, squares and roads, are the stage and catalyst for this. “Public space reflects the wishes and desire of the society which creates it” [Arpa, s. 16] Throughout the history, the focus of the human’s place in the public domains [Hajer, 2001] has changed radically. The way of thinking the city has been changing through the years, having different extreme approaches. During many centuries the public spaces were used for battlefield [Arpa, 2008] and where therefore larger, open spaces where you could have a good overview of the battle. As a connection to that, there has been for a long time a connection between the public spaces and power of the leading unit in a city. A great example of that could be the Sankt Peters Square in Rome. In the 60’ies the car and new technology (MASP 1968, Lina Bo Bardi) was in center of the design of these meeting points. Today public spaces equal possibilities. We, as a postmodern humans, want to have an ‘open-minded’ space, as Hajer defines it In search of new public domains, where we can unfold and explore our own creativity within the settings and the reward of the interaction is acknowledgement from others and the price of being “the first man on the moon” [Hajer, 2001]. According to Jan Gehl, the majority of the people on Earth is living in cities [Gehl,2010]. Our cities are becoming more and more complex and the need for simplicity bigger. Also, the need of diversity is getting more and more attention, as the different fields evolve and the users find themselves in a large range of activities, from informational to creative ones. The focus moves on identity and the idea of standing out in the crowd.
“These changes, from regional to global, are often played out in the detail at the neighborhood scale…” [Waugh,2011,11] The fast changes in our overall society is mostly caused by the globalization and increases the wishes for the feeling to belong. This feeling can be implemented in a neighborhood where the safety/comfort of other people is a reality. Referring to this smaller piece of the city, the neighborhood, Aldo Cibic is talking in Rethinking Happiness about the sense of community and calls it a “lovely place” where children can play together and neighbors benefit from each other. Cibic sees the architecture as the settings for the neighborhood activities. “In both cases the challenge is to manage to create a “lovely place”, a solution where the aesthetic qualities lies in the search for harmony … [and] creating the heart and soul of the place.” [Cibic,2010, 21] As Cibic is explaining, the sense of neighborhood and ‘the soul of the place’ goes together when it comes to the design of a ‘lovely place’. This neighborhood feeling should be enhanced by a design solution where identity is a big part of it. The city is split in small pieces of puzzle that work together, and in the center of the image mounted lie the needs of communities and individualities. With that thought in mind, a journey in discovering the Enghave Brygge and its possibilities begins.
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Theoretical framework
Urban transformation strategies
The urban transformation strategies are developed with the focus on how to create and be aware of new methods related to solving contemporary problems in urban planning [Busquets,2006]. In this project the strategies will be used to create a wider understanding of how to work with and understand the site in order to create small gestures in the local community.
Reconfigured Surfaces
Tactical Maneuveurs
The Reconfigured Surface is mostly based on two different kinds of spaces, first the leftover spaces caused by a large infrastructure and second the spaces that have a need to be reprogrammed.
In the Tactical Maneuvers the strength lies in small interventions rather than larger gestures [Busquets,2006;85]. The approach is minimalistic and the beauty of it is the capacity to distinguish the essential from the unnecessary.
“The important [thing] is the actions in the non-built spaces in the existing city, and to convert [them] into public spaces” [Busquets,2006;11]
In the cities of today there is nearly always something to improve [Busquets,2006;85], and this improvement can be a small gesture to the local community for only a few means [Busquets,2006;11].
The main focus is always on the public spaces and the reuse of old structures, such as an old railway track that can be converted into intriguing urban spaces. A well-known example is the High Line in New York City. The old elevated railroad track is converted into a public space. It’s a square raised up in the air, which creates a special view and paths through the city of New York. The success of the project is quite clear, looking at the big diversity of its users. From tourists to locals having lunch or relaxing in the elevated urban space. The Power Plant of Enghave Brygge comprises several buildings and non-built spaces in-between each other and each can be seen as a potential reconfigured surface. Can these spaces be readapted into active public areas? But how can we reuse the older buildings, while keeping a historical trace, but also clashing the new and the old in a symbiotic way?
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A great example of the tactical manoeuvres is the MOS Architects project in Instant Untitled. The project shows that the spatial qualities can be improved and changed by mere means of small intervention. Using for instance balloons to create a roof will change the dimensions of the space, but at the same time give the area a nice and a creative atmosphere. In relation to our project it could be interesting to see if it is possible to work with hydrology as a tactical manoeuvre. Could the technical solution to the management of extreme rainwater be a small and possibly cheap gesture to the local community?
Adaptive reuse and transformation The idea of reusing old structures and transforming them into something completely different isn’t a new phenomenon, but something that has been done for centuries. Earlier examples of reusing old structures are the amphitheatres of the old Roman Empire that were transformed into housing for the citizens, while a more modern example among many from recent times is the transformation of the New York High Line. However if one is to look at the subject of adaptive reuse within a broader field of urban design it can be narrowed down to a few strategies or approaches. According to the scholarly paper “Adaptive reuse as a strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage: a literature review” by B. Plevoets & K. Van Cleempoel adaptive reuse can be divided into three different approaches: the typological, the technical, and the strategic approach [B. Plevoets & K. Van Cleempoel]. In this chapter the focus will be on the typological, as the technical approach focuses on the building as a technical construction and the possibilities of its internal use. Furthermore the typological approach underlines the importance of the site analysis and its local context. The typological approach focuses on the reason of redundancy and the difficulties and opportunities towards reuse. More specifically it deals with different building types and the role that they have within their context [B. Plevoets & K. Van Cleempoel]. A good example is the Tate Modern in London; a former power station now transformed into an art gallery. It’s an example of adaptive reuse, the process of finding/establishing a new function/life in old buildings
“The main argument for this choice was based upon the outcome of a questionnaire sent to artists worldwide as the project was being drawn up. Asked which spaces they preferred to exhibit in most favoured day-lit conversions of existing buildings, where architectural intervention was minimal. Very few cited recent purpose-built museums, except as models of what to avoid.“ [Wouter Davidts, 2006 s.39]
building(s) and the community that surrounds them – both in terms of the cultural and the historical aspects.
As the quote above illustrates it’s important to be aware of the spatial qualities of old structures not only in terms of reuse in general but also in terms of the given function that will determine the transformation of the building.
With regard to Enghave Brygge it would be interesting to analyze the spatial qualities of the interior as well as the exterior spaces of the existing buildings. Furthermore it would be relevant to get an understanding of the existing community and its users.
A Copenhagen example of a community that sees the potential in vacant buildings is the “kødbyen” district (the meatpacking district) where old warehouses are being transformed and given new functions such as supermarkets, Michelin restaurants, cafes, galleries and much more.
In the case of Enghave Brygge the centerpiece in terms of adaptive reuse is the Power Plant, an industrial building that has lost its original use. The use of industrial buildings and warehouses and their historical context is thoroughly examined Michael Stratton in “industrial buildings conservation and regeneration by Taylor and Francis: London, 2000” where one of the main conclusions is that among other methods of achieving regeneration of an industrial area that no longer serves its original purpose is to ensure viability: “Projects should be related to broad regeneration strategies… […]…Uses should be balanced to achieve viability and help local communities.” [Michael Stratton, p. 26, 2000] A regeneration strategy has to do with the people who are actively using the old structures and see their qualities as opportunities to fulfill a certain need in the community or the city that they are part of. It is therefore important when laying out a strategy to understand the relationship between the
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Analysis
Year: 1920 Square kilometers: 0.25km2 Original architect and builder: Andreas Fussing for Copenhagen Municipality Function: Industry, H.C. Ă˜rsted Power Station
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Urban conditions The project site is located in the area of the Southern Harbor in Copenhagen. The now former industrial area is undergoing a transformation to new areas with offices, schools, residential and commercial use. The Southern Harbor consists of four different piers: Havneholmen, Enghave Brygge, Teglholmen and Sluseholmen. The focal point of the project is HC Ørsted Værket, situated at the Enghave Brygge pier, which is the only one of the four piers that hasn’t begun its transition. Beside the power station and a few storage facilities the area is very open and with a low density. As a result of this there isn’t a natural building boundary in or around the project site. The existing roads and structures all accommodate former industrial facilities and past activities. In the transformation of the Southern Harbor the municipality of Copenhagen has agreed upon an extension of the metro city ring that will connect the project area with the rest of the city, creating a more attractive area around the project site. However the current situation of Enghave Brygge is that upon entering the transitional phase from its old industrial use to new it has given the opportunity for different subcultures and new inspiring projects to emerge, such as the artist boat, the graffiti painters and the floating city project.
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Mappings and tracing
Infrastructure The infrastructure around the area of Enghave Brygge creates a barrier between the site and the rest of Copenhagen. The railroad tracks and Vasbygade create a barrier towards the north, while the blue structure isolates the site from its surroundings. As part of the development of the Southern Harbor, a new metro line has been approved for the area, with several metro stations including one at Enghave Brygge. Within one kilometer from the site the Dybbelsbro train station connects the area with the main station and the rest of Copenhagen, while at Vasbygade there are several bus stops along the project site. Besides these infrastructural elements there is also the opportunity to implement the harbor bus in the overall infrastructure of the area.
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The green
Roads and squares
Buildings
The project site contains multiple areas with large green areas. There is no connection between them and the areas could be a mix of interstitial spaces created from the roads and former industrial areas now abandoned or demolished.
The infrastructure within the borders of the project site consists of long, direct and blind alleys, which are connected through one main road. The sites lack of squares could be traced back to the former function of the area as an industrial site.
The buildings of Enghave Brygge and the ones in the near surroundings are characterized by being dispersed and only partially organized, whereas the buildings outside of its borders constitute neat and strict patterns, where the buildings are predominantly blocks or half blocks. This is typical for the inner city of Copenhagen. The power plant area has a powerful geometry due to the fact that it comprises a number of buildings with an internal infrastructural grid aligning the buildings to its straight lines.
The green areas outside of the project site are dominated by long corridors of green spaces, with small enclaves between them, which could indicate minor green courtyards.
The roads and squares outside of the project site can be divided into two different areas; the area of the Southern Harbor and the area around it. The area of the Southern Harbor tells the same story as the site itself, while the area around is a combination of larger roads with smaller and more complex structures of roads and squares.
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Architectural analysis of Enghave Brygge The power plant is the first large power plant in Denmark and is represented by 21 buildings, each one of them is in different scale, in terms of height and volume – vertical and horizontal perception. The buildings are diverse in materials, colors and architectural styles and are all related to the expansion periods [Kulturarv, 2013]. The first buildings, including a long turbine hall, were finished in 1920. In 1924 and 1932 several buildings were added to the power plant including the great red painted building, which is a landmark for the site and the entire Southern Harbor. The latest buildings are from 2003 and underline the function of the power plant. [Kulturstyrelsen, 2013] “The plant is an enormous red painted building with great, long windows, majestic chimneys and blue cranes - a celebration to the industrial and modern world …” [kulturarv, 17.06.2011] As the quote suggests the power plant is of great importance for the entire Copenhagen area and was during many years the symbol of the modern and industrial age with great technologies. Which is why it has been defined as the 12th National Industrial Heritage [kulturstyrelsen_2, 2013]. Other elements that emphasize the presence of the power plant in the city skyline are the chimneys, which reach a height of 100 m and can be seen from a long distance. Regardless of the different styles and scales the buildings seem to be in harmony, not creating a huge contrast between them. The infrastructure is more organized around the main buildings and becomes more unclear in the areas next to it, creating dead ends and improvised infrastructure, making the site hard to access. The large road next to the area creates, along with the water, an isolated ‘island’. The infrastructure and the waterfront can according to Kevin Lynch be defined as edges of the site [Lynch,1960]. Because of the way Copenhagen has expanded, there is now a fine line between the industrial functions of the city and the needed space to residential and commercial purposes. The scale of the industry is giving the possibilities of new co-
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cities in extension of the original city center. The same thing is happening in other cities in Denmark and abroad where the industrial heritage has been a big part of the cities’ development. The large areas of such spaces can in some cases be defined as ‘terrain vague’. Luc Levesque talks about how a ‘terrain vague’ can offer new spaces for those who don’t seem to function well in the given public spaces in the city. Luc Levesque describes ‘terrain vague’ as an ideal place to let these people experiment in alternative ways of experiencing the city. [Lévesque, 2002] For many years these areas have been occupied by more than just the industrial presence. The forgotten leftover-spaces at Enghave Brygge are now occupied by people who need these spaces to cultivate a certain hobby, activities or to live a life that they find satisfying. The Floating city is one of the groups that have found some spatial qualities in the abounded structures of the project site. They have converted a now former storage facility into a workshop area where they seek to create a sustainable floating city. Beside the floating city project there is also a major presence of graffiti painters in the area alongside the subculture that follows and the atmosphere it creates. Another and more cultivated part of the users of Enghave brygge is the at boat club, that’s stationed in the canal between Teglholmen and Enghave Brygge. The atmosphere at Enghave Brygge is a pleasant one, due to the quietness of the area (you can hear the industrial sounds within the built structures) and the feeling that you are in a point where nature meets the urban physical planning. Beauty can be found in the lack of organization of the area, and also in the elements that don’t belong to the place. The power plant is a symphony of colors, scales, materials, created by the stretch of time. It is a space with a strong past and with an unclear present that could be the setting for a future refined identity in the city.
Water in the city The climate changes are a reality that has a big impact on our cities and the way we structure them. Denmark is located in a region where the climatic changes are less noticeable, but the climate patterns are still changing [Pauleit,2008]. The climate gets warmer and there will be more severe weather events. These extreme situations include an increase in the frequency and duration of the heavy rainfall [Pauleit,2008]. In addition OECD estimates that the future major threats to the urban areas in the western world will result in severe storms and flooding [Pauleit,2008]. So when we are planning our cities of today it is important to take these climatic changes into consideration. But how can we plan wisely against floods? The cities are expanding and the vegetation has been replaced with buildings and paved areas. The main problem is that the rainwater only trickles naturally down where it’s covered with vegetation [Pauleit,2008]. The lack of vegetation areas in the city and the climatic changes has resulted in a congested sewage. A solution for this problem could be SuDS – sustainable Drainage Systems, a way of rethinking the sewage system.
SuDS is designed to be more sustainable than the traditional drainage system, because it: [susdrain,2012]; - Protects or enhances water quality (reducing pollution from runoff) - Is sympathetic to the environment and the needs of the local community - Provides an attractive habitat for wildlife in urban watercourses - Encourages natural groundwater recharge - Creates better places to live, work and play The exciting thing about the SuDS is the way it has moved away from the traditional thinking and creates the possibility to solve the hydrological problems through urban design [susdrain,2012]. The Drainage systems can add a new layer to sustainable development and thereby expand the urban design field, by balancing the different issues that have an impact on how we live today and our communities [susdrain,2012]. This could be a wise way to plan the cities and at the same time bring a different atmosphere, awareness and an educational level into the small communities.
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Vision Re-energize the area through an extension of the city that captures the pulse, scale and energy of Copenhagen, while rethinking the management of storm water on a local scale that will enhance the quality of neighborhoods. Re-Use the Power station as a social and cultural catalyst for the Southern Harbor by implementing a variety of programs and uses.
Design Strategies The design strategies are used to identify the problems that occur through the analysis and in ensemble with the vision it provides a framework for the future work towards the design proposal. The process is iterative whereas the different strategies affect each other. In the creation of a larger neighborhood in close connection to Copenhagen it is important to try to understand the rhythm of the city and clarify the capacity of creating spatial qualities and connections between them. Re-thinking Copenhagen is a step in the process where we reflect upon the city and its complexity. By understanding the different districts, the diversity and the user typologies of the city we create a set of tools that can help us organize and program the project site. The Re-use of old structures can, in the case of Enghave Brygge, have a huge influence on the neighborhood, thus delving into the field of adaptive reuse is important in order to understand what it can mean for an area like the one we are working with.
1. Understanding the city 2. Re-think Copenhagen 3. Reuse
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1. Understanding the city The vision and the aim of our project is to capture the pulse and the energy of Copenhagen. In this chapter we will take a closer look at the theory of the French urban sociologist Henry Lefebvre and his thoughts on the rhythm of our cities and ask ourselves if it is possible to plan a diverse rhythm that can enhance the everyday life? Or is the city’s rhythm rather an atmospheric character that can’t be controlled or planned? Lefebvre says that the city is much more than its functions and physical environment – it’s also a pulse and a rhythm that we experience in the everyday life [Juul,2009]. The rhythm of the city is among other things the frequent movement, noise and the day/night shifts. The complexity of the city is different flows, stays and change of experience [Juul,2009]. The traffic regulations, the pedestrians and cyclists, different schools, shops, cafés, offices, with different opening hours, they all are a big part of the pulse. It is the complexity that enriches our everyday experiences in life. Lefebvre points out that planning the cities and the attempt of controlling the rhythms are mostly about planning the relation between infrastructure and the experience alongside it [Juul,2009]. Furthermore it is important to understand the experience of the urban spaces and the different rhythms that are unfolding on the way. The atmosphere of the spaces is linked to the city’s pulse, being composed of noises, the interaction between private and public spaces, meetings between people, the spontaneous and impulsive parties etc. [Juul,2009]. Lefebvre is much against the segregation of the city that, believing it is harmful to this diversity. According to him the separation of the functions in a city is detrimental
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to the living life. Instead we should think the urban life as a whole – commercial life should not be separated from culture, culture should not be seen without the social life etc. [Juul,2009]. Working with Enghave Brygge we share Lefebvres concern and believe that it is important to create and maintain diversity in functions, which means having people engaged in different activities on the site throughout the entire day. It is necessary to be aware of the flow and the experiences at the site and the importance of taking the atmosphere into account.One thing is the theoretical approach of implementing the rhythm on the site, but to understand what creates the atmosphere we find it essential to study the ways of establishing a good spatial experience. To understand the spatial qualities it is crucial to look at how the human body interprets different distances to objects and how is that influencing the experience of the city. According to Jan Gehl there is an interval within the social field, the distance between 0 – 100 meters, this being the interval within we should plan our communities [Gehl,2003]. If the distance is wider than 100 meters it is important to take in consideration the possibility of breaking down the distance into smaller pieces. A distance of 500 meters can be experienced differently. If a trip takes place along a completely straight road the tour will feel long and tedious, but the same 500 meters may be experienced as a very short if the trip is divided into stages [Gehl,2003]. A way of working with the breaking down of buildings is shown in the following diagrams. It describes the way that different building-interventions can influence the spatial experience.
Gate
Each facade line can be slid for- The building elements can be slid ward or backward, which creates up and form gates in the buildings. small pockets of urban space. The gates can invite and guides the users into the semi-private courtyards, but the gates can also be dimensioned so that they are more closed and private.
Height
Alternating floor heights creates a variable spaces, which also takes the surrounding scale into consideration.
Add-on opper level
Add-on street level
Material changes
When building elements slides out The ground floor can be slid out Varying facade materials create a it creates a space below, as the and break paths, creating smaller diversity in the overall expression. users will consume in a different squares up in the height. way.
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Ă˜sterbro
2. Re-think Copenhagen In order to create an extension of Copenhagen it is necessary to get an understanding of the city itself. What is the atmosphere of Copenhagen? What is the Copenhagen scale? And maybe more importantly what makes Copenhagen, Copenhagen? In order to obtain this understanding we have to analyze the different city areas. The six areas chosen stand out in a way or another in the Copenhagen decor. From the diversity of Nørrebro to the sleazy atmosphere of Vesterbro, these areas are all parts of the inner city, and have over time developed specific characteristics and atmospheres.
Nørrebro Frederiksberg
Christianshavn Vesterbro 18
A
Amager
The method
The circles represent the images of the circles described in the method
The mapping will be based on two methods/theories; The Ped Shed analysis and the theories of CPC (Critical Points of Contact). The CPC describes where different systems meet and interact, thereby creating a critical point of contact, whereas the Ped Shed defines a specific area within a walking distance of 5 (400m) or 10 minutes(800m).
“One of the key features about the metro in Copenhagen is that it facilitates a flow of almost 100 percent, but does not accommodate any other urban programs such as shops or public spaces where interaction may occur (there are no benches only leaning devices for that same reason” [Critical Points of contact s. 68]
The Ped Shed will in this case be used to define a circular area with a radius of 400 meters, as this can be considered a person’s nearby area. Within this area a tracing of the semiand public spaces/squares, density, building heights, green areas and landmarks is used to reach an understanding of the “Copenhagen Scale” and the different neighborhoods. The analysis areas take their center point from an activity, a transport stop or node – which is where the CPC comes in. Since the purpose of the analysis is to form an understanding of the different areas of the city and the city itself through a comparison between the different neighborhoods, it’s necessary to have a similar point of departure for each analysis.
In this sense the metro station can be seen as the perfect starting point for this analysis, as it can be considered as an independent part of the city that doesn’t directly interact with other urban programs within the area of its location. This means that the “point” has the same impact (obviously only to a certain degree, as some stations can be seen as having a more critical point of contact than others) wherever they’re placed. To emphasize these “points of contact”, the centers chosen are situated at the largest intersection between the metro and other infrastructural elements within the selected area.
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Ver
Land
Local
Østerbro
Nørrebro IS trendylicious
Parks Privat
Local Landmarks
Vertical
Horizontal
Public Squars
Semipublic
Privat
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Vertical
Semipublic
Local
Public Parks
23% of the buildings are between one and two storages, while 67% is five or higher (has a 15% lower density than Nørrebro)
Landmarks
Horizontal
Public
Squars Semipublic
Privat
Public
Semipublic
Privat
7 storage
Lake
1 storage
When the development was “completed”, it became way better in terms of planning in classiness than other districts (Nørrebro and Vesterbro), Østerbro being therefore one of the most appealing and expensive living areas for families.
5 storage 6 storage
/ How do we create a neighborhood that attracts families with small children?
4 storage
In this area you can find different typologies; blocks, linearity and punctual buildings with a clear distinguished line between the different typologies, scale homogeneity define the area. The variation of the scale is bigger in the older blocks. Here you will find large and public green areas and few public squares.
2 storage 3 storage
/ How can we let the small neighborhoods and the borders between them inspire us?
8 storage 9 storage 10+ storage
a classy latte neighborhood
This area has different scale blocks which can offer variation in terms of the facades and cityscape. The area has many green spaces characterized by openness, but also a lot of vegetation in the courtyards. Therefore, the area obtains few centralized, but public, squares. The vibrant main street, Nørrebrogade, runs through the area, with a mass of shops and restaurants. Here, the dining is characterized by a big diversity and varies from cheap Shawarma to expensive gourmet restaurants over Japanese cuisine to Thai.
/ How can we get inspired by Nørrebro’s rebranding and mix of people living there?
68% of the buildings are five storage or higher, while 87% of the buildings are four or higher.
Vesterbro
Frederiksberg
c[open]hagen
prestigious enclave The area has an overgrown infrastructure with different angles between the roads. There is a variation between small and larger roads and no “cul de sacs”. The dominant typology is the block structure and shows the identity of a newer kind of blocks with its larger scale. In a lot of the courtyards you will find vegetation but there is also a larger public park. Besides that, the area has several small public squares. The district has had a great makeover and its central location makes it a preferred place to live, even though it hasn’t forsaken its sleazy heart [the guardian_7.10].
M
/ How can we re-brand the site without it losing its original atmosphere? / How can we work with the block structure at Enghave Brygge in terms of scale?
84% of the buildings are four storage or higher, which is 2% less than Nørrebro that has a 8% higher density!
/ How can the invisible borders between Frederiksberg and Copenhagen inspirer us?
23,78% of the buildings are 3 storage, while 49,4% is five or six storages
In Frederiksberg there is a meeting between low and high scale with a clear border. The typology consists of fragmented blocks and old punctual buildings. You will also find larger centralized buildings with newer architectural characteristics. The vegetation in the area is related to the building structure and the park areas are mostly private. As an enclave, surrounded by the city of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg is its own town in a bigger city and there aren’t any visible borders between Frederiksberg and the rest of Copenhagen. Because of its greenery and small-scale atmosphere it is considered one of the prestigious areas to live in.
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Christianshavn
Amager
cultural mekka
a place with edge
/ how can we be inspired by the cozy atmosphere of Christianshavn? / What can we learn about the mixture of old and new structure at Holmen?
M
53% of the buildings are four storages or below
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The main characteristics here are the small scale structures meeting the new large structures and the presence of vegetation and water. The infrastructure is a grid with clear lines and a geometry slightly broken up by the buildings and water. This area of Christianshavn has several semipublic and scattered spaces and one big public square that is connected to the Metro station. For most of the 20th century period, this was the home of the working class, but has now it has evolved into a bohemian-neighborhood where the residents are mixed with businessmen, students, artists, families and hippies all living side-by-side.
Amager has been considered for a long time a remote-place of the city, an outcast area, but it is now under big influence of new huge developments. The beauty with Kalvebod FÌlled is not only the richness of the uncultivated nature but also the grazing cows and horses. It’s bringing a part of the nature closer to the citizens of Copenhagen. In the zoom, the scale of the buildings is mostly from five to six storages and the prevailing typology is the block. You can see the old structure broken down with newer blocks.
M
/ Can we bring the city and landscape close together? 60% of the buildings are five storages or higher
CPH - summary In the work with Copenhagen in a physical way, measuring the scale, comparing the density etc., we have come to a more clear understanding of the city and how it’s comprehended. The city can seem very different from above compared to the human eye level. From analysis we have drawn several conclusions from the different areas.
Christianshavn:
The island is totally artificial but it seems to function very well when it comes to maintaining a nautical and historical atmosphere. In the work with Enghave Brygge it is essential to enhance the presence of H.C. Ørstedsværket and not over shine it with new large building structures.
Vesterbro: Vesterbro has been working with a rebranding of the area, taking in consideration how the people using the area now will be a part of the future area. First it was a rough area with Istedgade, the Red Light district of Copenhagen and the meat packing district Kødbyen, but then it became more cultivated and modern, by changing the programming of different areas such as the above mentioned districts.
part of the city, while trying to create different areas on the site that feel like a whole.
Østerbro: Østerbro is an area with great diversity when it comes to scale and building typologies. The area is known for its small town houses and cozy atmosphere, but in the other hand you have the identity of a big city and what comes with that: shops, city life, larger blocks and infrastructure. This two types of atmospheres are something that we would like to have on the site.
Nørrebro: Nørrebro explores the area’s diversity and thereby creates a new image. It’s using the benefits of the many different cultures living close together and opens up the doors for an exotic dining experience. In the work with Enghave Brygge it’s important for us to get an understanding of the current elements of the area, like the water, the industry, the subcultures and the greenery to rebrand the area and build up a society that will be well functioned and differentiates itself from the new developments of the southern harbor.
Amager: Frederiksberg:
“The city in the city” is interesting because the development of Copenhagen will grow towards Enghave Brygge and consume it, making the area relate to this district. The idea about an independent town in a bigger city where the borders are blurred can help in making Enghave Brygge an integrated
In general, the analysis clarified the variations of public spaces and how few there actually are in Copenhagen. When experiencing Copenhagen it seems to have many public spaces, but through our analysis we found out that the amount of public spaces is very limited. An answer to that could be that we perceive the roads as a kind of connecter of the public spaces, and therefore a big part of this system, because of all the random meetings between people. So in the planning of Enghave Brygge we should create a fluent infrastructural system and a plan with focus on a few, but great public spaces. The programming of the area has a big impact of the district diversity in terms of the residents, detail and culture. The residents program can be very rich with young students, immigrants and the “creative” types. To ensure the richness of different residents it’s important to work with different typology in the sense of attractiveness in comparison with the user. The scale of Copenhagen varies with every area you are in, but the atmospheres are the ones who keep the buildings in a human scale. The small details and interventions break down the big scale of Copenhagen, making the users feel a part of the city and its liveliness.
The great asset of Amager is the presence of greenery which is also one of the great elements of Enghave Brygge. In the project it’s important to maintain the “uncultivated” green and work with it not only as an atmospherically element but also as a solution to the thesis of hydrology.
23
3. Reuse When working with the urban space around the Power Plant at Enhave brygge and a plan of having a neighborhood in front of it, it is important to understand which role the building will have for the community. The Power Plant has the potential of bringing people to the site and creating diversity among the ones that will live at Enghave brygge. According to Henri Lefebvre the spontaneous and the impulsive parties bring a different pulse to the area – in the case of Enghave Brygge it is the Power Plant that will bring new pulse to the area and create a rhythmic space [Juul, 2009]. In this respect it is maybe not so much a question of how the Power Plant can function as a catalyst for new life and have a positive effect on the neighborhoods, but a question of how we can change the existing buildings so there will be a symbiosis between the architecture and the program/functions? This brings into discussion the points made by Robert Philippe in the book “Adaptations: New Uses for Old Buildings”, meaning the seven ways of working with the built mass. building within(1), building over(2), building around(3), building alongside(4), recycling materials or vestiges(5), adapting to a new function(6) and building in the style of(7). By working with the Power Plant in the sense of the abovementioned and creating an awareness of the historical building we ensure to re-brand it, create great out- and indoor areas and use the strategic approach as a tool to change and improve the old structure in the design process.
24
Building within
When adding a new building structure within an older structure it garners great attention to the older structure and it creates an obvious possibility of exploring the textures and different materiality of the space. This may also reflect the different programming in the building.
Building over
Building a new structure above an existing can create an increased awareness of the meeting between the new and the old, thus giving the ”new structure” a radical expression. This also produces new space, whether it is in the shape of gates or add-ons in upper level etc.
Building around
By building around an older structure, the building appears new and modern from the outside, while the interior remains it’s historical past, connecting new users with the distant charm of the old function through material and space.
Building alongside
Building alongside an older building can have very different impacts. It can be used to highlight and frame lines of the existing building which can cause a flow between the two buildings and/or it can simply underline the significance of the existing building and serve as a modern but discrete extension.
Recycling materials or vestiges
Reusing materials from an older building elsewhere on the site can create a harmony between ‘old’ and ‘new’ in a larger area. Additionally, it may also have an impact on the people who can physically and psychologically relate to the area, because they have the possibility to see the materials recycled, thus contributing to something new at the site.
Adapting to a new function
By giving an old building a new function, there is a gain in maintaining the old structure due to its “easy” relation to it and it’s cultural heritage. Often the old structures that are renovated haven’t been used for a long time, so when the public finally sees the new buildings it allows everyone to experience and witness not only the new but especially the old that they never have seen before, due to lack of access or lack of knowledge.
building in the style of
By adding something ‘new’ which imitates the ‘old’ it can relate to history of the construction of the building, thus emphasizing the old in a more strict fashion. Also it can serve as a symbolic gesture to the past for the new users, conveying an appreciation of past efforts and a desire to restore their work.
25
Masterplan development
26
1. The pre-existence
2. To keep or not to keep 3. Connect it
Enghave Brygge is a peninsula limited by the sea to the south and to the east, and by a highway to the north. In the west side it’s bordered by an inner canal.
Deciding what buildings to keep or not to keep and defining non-build spaces.
Connecting the site to surroundings through a new main infrastructure.
4. CPH is in the site
5. Define & cut
6. The footprint
Defining areas into different typologies, creating a diversity of spaces and breaking down the monotonous feeling of the waterfront, by adding also a wild island.
Defining the footprint of buildings.
Christianshavn
Nørrebro
Vestebro
Implementing the grids of the Copenhagen neighbourhoods in the Enghave Brygge’s site.
27
7. Implementing Hydrology The strategy is to solve the hydrological problems the cities are facing, with the help of urban design. In this way, the environmental issues also become a topic for the citizens of the area and the storm water will be beneficial and contribute to the social life. This way of working the storm water should be seen as a gesture to the local community.
of the courtyards and the cooling systems of the buildings. In the case of overflow the water will be fed into the sea. The rest of the storm water collected from rooftops and the reduced area is used for recreational use, such as water playgrounds, ice-skating and other places destined for social activities.
A little more than half of the storm water collected from the rooftops and the reduced area is lead into underground vessel. This underground vessel is used for the watering system
All the storm water from the roads is transported out to the Wild Island where it will be cleaned in an overground system. This will also have a recreational and educational purpose.
RAIN
ROOF TOPS
COURARD
RAIN
RAIN
”THE WILD ISLAND”
URBAN SPACE WATER INSTALLATIONS
SEA
COOLING THE BUILDINGS SMALL HYDROLIC SOLUTIONS
CLEANING RESERVOIR
GROUND WATER
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GROUND WATER
Larger educational cleaning system above ground Above ground recreational water system
Water system to gardening and vegetation
Watersystem to gardening
Underground water reservoire
Larger cuts in the waterfrontand watersystem to gardening and other vegetation
Larger educational cleaning system above ground
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8. Development of typologies 1 - Between greenery and water 1 2 Power Plant 6
3 Building lines structured from the surround lines
5
4
2 - The family block This block is a community itself. It has several backyards, but appear as a whole due to the “blue water� connection between them. The environment created is a safe one with the help of very intimate backyards, that also encourage a playful atmosphere. Even though the block has a large scale, the human scale is kept by addind small housing inside the backyards. Even though the block seems introvert, it stills invite people in, and the connecting structure is a beautiful contrast to the sea.
30
Long through-going lines are unwanted, shorter lines and views Transform the are therefore created by shifting the building plots
The water is pushed into theown buildingprivate plots, while parts of the buildings waterfront into your are pushed out in the water swimming pool. An intimate recreational space alongside a varied coastline where a new family can settle down and enjoy probably one of the best nautical place in Copenhagen. Different views characterize this area, providing a rich experience of the water and the greenery.
3 - Town houses The development of the area is based on a string of various townhouses, which is adjusted to the area’s dimension and the sunlight. The townhouses are mostly for the families that will want to live in a pulsing area, but still have the feeling of the traditional suburb, for example, a small road where the kids have the possibilities to play together and a more private back gardens.
4 - Work on the wild This area is the combination of a business environment and a residential atmosphere, an interesting place where you can explore and meet people with completely different life styles. Everything is seasoned with the big contrast between this and a wild island in front of the area, which gives great foreshortenings to the sea.
Building’s lines structured from the surround lines.
Areas linked through moving, flipping, stretching and breaking blocks.
Buildings shape the waterfront. East/West office bands and south/north residencial parts for plan indoor daylight.
31
5 - The exclusive marina
6 - Back to the Middle Age
This is a place for few lucky people due to the atmosphere of a luxury residential zone and a boat club. Here, the water will be experienced in a unique and exclusive way. To link the buildings to the site identity, some beams from a near and run-down industrial construction are inserted on the courtyards of each building. Of course you cannot miss the green, indeed a band of greenery that connects all over the area. The development of the buildings´ shape was determined by the wind analysis (Appendix 1). The building plot is defined by other buildings and the infrastructure
Excisting trees creates smaller buildings plot
Linear buildings are implemented on the plot
GREEN
WEST WIND
WATER
A shared community feeling which faces on the water canal. The pre-existent trees are the core of this area, buildings are shaped in consideration to them. An opportunity and a possibility for residents who appreciate peace and harmonious surroundings. There are also different activities going on, like the workshop buildings in the north part.
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The core of Enghave Brygge. Here, the middle age atmosphere of narrow streets is recreated. You will feel lost walking along them. It’s also a border zone that ends in the Power Plant’s area. This meeting line is based on the concept of the bang view. The huge structure will appear at the end of your trip through this complicate urban fabric. The height of the buildings was determined by the solar analysis (Appendix 1).
Extruding the lines from the power station
A big part of the design process is the reusing of old existing structures and adapting them to the modern standards, preventing them to be demolished and benefit of the industrial, raw character of the buildings. The silo is reused like a parking lot for the surrounding areas, having sport courts on the roof.
Extruding the lines of the surroundings Shorten the views by shearing and d This typology acts like a binder between the old and new buildings. It is also a way to break the space and the old structure. The building allows the users to be observers of the liveliness of the squares surrounding the power plant, from the window of a café or a restaurant. The structure is defined by modern materials, textures and programming.
This typology is in connection with the area of the power plant. The intention behind the design of this area was to create solid, massive blocks that are linked with narrow streets creating a “labyrinth” effect for the power plant, hiding it and offering only sneak peeks that will encourage the users to discover it. This is a residential area with mainly pedestrian streets and with commercial areas al the ground level of the buildings.
33
Presentation
34
The site is surrounded mainly by residential areas, all enhancing the waterfront atmosphere, using mostly the same typologies of buildings. It is an area that is currently in transformation, the residential taking the place of the industrial character, either embracing it in creating new urban forms. The specific of the surrounding areas was also adapted to the site, in an action of reusing the industrial matter and making it a starting point in the future transformations, a catalyst. The different typologies of buildings created are adapted to the different areas and the diverse atmosphere that was desired. The buildings along the waterfront change in scale and form depending on the level of privacy they have, resulting in a frontline with various ‘water’ atmospheres. In this category, enter large scale blocks with a more private atmosphere (also enhanced by the presence of boat club) and a height of 5 stories, the office blocks, with a maximum height of 7 stories and a semi-public feeling, the small town houses, having 2 stories and a private character, a new typology of blocks, not open to the waterfront, with the accent put on backyards, and the small blocks, with a semi-private atmosphere. The area in-between the waterfront and the power plant is a more compact area, with less broken down blocks, creating labyrinth paths for the power plant, that is the element of surprise and the centre piece as you walk along the streets.
The new buildings are also invading the old industrial ones, with unique structures that stand out in the usual built layer. These areas have a public character in the outside, and a private one in the inside. The typologies created address to a diverse range of users, either they are drivers, bikers or pedestrians. In regards to that, the spaces in-between take into account the flow strategy for all the user categories (Appendix 2). There is an equality between the spaces dedicated to the cars and the pedestrian ones. We agreed on the fact that the car is a part of the city atmosphere, thus we have created an upper ground parking strategy that will serve the area and help in creating the desired ambience (appendix 3). One of the main targets of the design was to introduce in the site buildings that follow the story of the surroundings, of Copenhagen, while still creating a story of their own. The target of the design was to create a mixed area generated by the power plant that acts as a catalyst (Appendix 4). The functions on the site are diverse and dispersed all over in order to create a constant flow of people and a various range of users, from every age to every gender. The prevailing character of the area is residential, having several types
of housing that address different users (townhouses, selfgrowing dorms, apartments, etc). In order to create a quality residential area, different functions were added, keeping the area alive. The power plant is the place of mixed activities, from culture (library, art galleries, concert halls, conference halls), to sport facilities, shops and food markets. The public squares are bordered by cafes, restaurants and small bistros. Here, there is also an area dedicated to more educational activities like workshops and cultural schools. Beside the areas with the residential areas with different character, either private or public, and supporting different functions depending on that (the boat club in the private area, small shops in the more public residential area), there is also the office area. In order to keep this area active 24/7, apartments on the top and an evening school were added. Restaurants serve the area during the day. Looking at the schedule of the different functions (appendix 5), it can be observed that the area will be busy and active 24 hours. The various functions will assure a permanent flow of users between the areas, based on the different needs at a time of the day.
35
The Power Plant “Public space reflects the wishes and desires of the society which creates it. These aspirations give content to the space where human representation takes place. The designer is just a resource, someone implementing collective ideas(…)“ [Arpa,2008,16]
36
37
Hydrology
As the vision already announced, the Power Plant works like a social and cultural catalyst, attracting a diversity of users by creating a large palette of activities and programs. In that sense, the spatial qualities, open spaces, creative use, materials and diversity were the main points in reactivating the Power Plant area.
RAIN
The challenge was to keep people both indoor and outdoor, inside with a variety of public functions (cafes, restaurants, art galleries, libraries, sport facilities, markets, retail and others), outside by creating active and flexible spaces that change their functions all over the year, depending on the seasons (ice skate ring, water areas, concerts, fares). The Power Plant is the focal point on the site, but it is not something that you are aware that at every step, encouraging the users to discover it, so the narrow streets from the surroundings lead you to the open spaces adjacent to the Power Plant buildings. Reinventing the existing spaces, a large and small squares system was created around the main building of the Power Plant.
RAIN
RAIN
The different scales and heights of the buildings encourages the enhancement of the spaces at all the levels possible, allowing the users to feel a part of the space or just being observers of the liveliness of the squares, from the window of a cafĂŠ. In terms of the materials, they are a trace of the industrial past, so the use of bricks, glass and wood will be predominant.
Like all of the other areas, the Power Plant is included in the hydrological system. There is an underground tank storing the rainwater that will be used for different interactive water activities (sprinklers) and watering the green areas nearby. Another interesting hydrological intervention could be the conversion of the small canal on the left side of the site in a green harbour. This will probably work as an infiltration pond, masked with a rich vegetation, creating a unique harbour atmosphere where in place of a canal of water we will have a canal of greenery: a Green Harbour.
38
RAIN
The section indicator is to find in appendix 6
39
“The freedom of action which should characterize public space has also been limited by overdesign. Excessive attention to detail and the specialization of urban furniture has packed streets and squares, roads and paths in Western cities with objects, tying down what by nature should be loose and defining what should often remain endetermined.� [Arpa 2008,15]
North 40
The siteplan shows a winter situation with iceskating and snow.
The Power Plant square is the biggest one and it has a rectangular, square form. In the terms of usage, this will depend on the day or the season. The large open space encourages the temporary activities that were desired. The square is delimited by 3 buildings with different functions (the engine museum at west, the miscellaneous activities in the power plant, the “symbiotic� old-new building). The cafes and the small shops on the first story assure the activeness at the ground level. There is a gap facing the north which allows a sneak peek of the square, giving a grip of the atmosphere inside the area. The Power Plant is the heart of the site, pumping all the flows through the whole area, attracting them, and also acting like a generator of diverse activities, that encourage a multi-cultural experience exchange and activate the area all throughout the day.
41
The Wild Island “You look at this and it goes deeper than you will see. It reminds you of something in the genes - nature, or the longing of nature� [Piet Oudolf,2010,180]
42
The Wild Island, situated along the east harbour line and in connection to the office/commercial area, is more than just a land with recreational use, having an educational purpose as well, and directly connected to the hydrology system. The canal along the island is meant to clean all the water collected from the streets on the site. The people can observe the cleaning process of the water, consisting in 3 steps and taking place in 3 basins.
Hydrology
Varible water level
1,6m 1,2m 0,8m
The first basin handles all the collected of the “polluted� storm water from the roads, and it purify the water by them small plants and the animals. While in the second basin, the subsurface filtering is made with the help of sand. The third basin is directly connected to the water and the water is mow clean and it can be released. The basins will have all sorts of emergent plants, creating a swamp aspect that will help in the process of the water’s natural filtration. The calculations for the size of the basins is to find in appendix 7. Qin1
Qout1 = Qin2
Qout2 = Qin3
Qout3
43
“At a time when attempts are being made to rebuild links with nature, it is important to at the same time not lose touch with coming technology”
[Arpa,2008,19] The island is divided in 6 different areas: • the entrance areas, where you can find info points and maps (the main entrance also has a built structure from reused materials, destined for workshops about the hydrology), • the national plants area, • the wild flowers areas, • the picnic areas, • and the edible plants area, situated at the end of the island, where the water is clean. • In front of the second basin, there is also a viewing point, which provides and overview of the whole island for the visitors, but also shade in summer time. Most of the plants chosen for the wild island have an unique colour palette during all 4 seasons (appendix 8), and are combined so they can contrast and create a pleasant atmosphere for walking, having lunch, playing and learning. It will seen cultivated at first, but over the years the plants will spread freely on the island and mixing each other. The “wild” island will become an ecosystem for birds and small animals in the urban landscape, contrasting with the built areas and breaking the usual concrete edge of the waterfront, developed in all Copenhagen.
North
s
Rhus Typhina (Staghorn Sumac)
Catalpa Cornus alba Medlar mespilus Catalpa Cornus alba Rhus Typhina Medlar mespilus Beech Bignonioides (Redtwig dogwood) germanica Bignonioides (Redtwig dogwood) (Staghorn Sumac) germanica
Lonicera Ribes Erica carnea Aesculus carnea Rhododendron Erica carnea Red achillea Ostrya carpinifolia Lonicera Ribes Aesculus carnea carnea Red achilleaRibes Ostrya carpinifolia Catalpa Erica carnea Cornus alba LoniceraRhododendron Medlar mespilus Briotii PileataRhus Typhina sanguineum Erica carneaErica schneekoppe lavendula Rosalie Millefolium Ostrya carpinifolia Beech Pileata sanguineumBeech schneekoppe Briotii Pileata lavendula Millefolium Bignonioides (Redtwig dogwood) sanguineum (Staghorn Sumac) germanica schneekoppe Rosalie
Aesculus carnea Briotii
Rhododendron lavendula
Erica carnea Rosalie
Red achillea Millefolium
Rosalie Rhododendron lavendula
SPRING
Erica carnea Rosalie
Liatris spicata (Blazing Star)
Dactylorhiza purpurella
Buddleja davidii Liatris spicata 'Black Knight' (Blazing Star)
Amelanchier Koelreuteria Dactylorhiza Buddleja davidii paniculata purpurellacanadensis 'Black Knight'
SPRING
Coreopsis Forsythia intermedia Amelanchier Clematis Koelreuteria Coreopsis verticillata orientalis paniculata Orange Lynwood canadensis verticillata
Cotoneaster vesca Clematis Fragaria Forsythia intermedia bullatus Wild strawberry orientalis Orange Lynwood
SPRING
SPRING
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
SUMMER
AUTUMN AUTUMN
AUTUMN
AUTUMN
Section A-A´
Cornus alba Medlar Rhusmespilus Typhina (Redtwig dogwood) (Staghorn germanica Sumac)
Catalpa Beech Bignonioides
Lonicera Ericamespilus carnea Cornus alba Medlar Pileata schneekoppe (Redtwig dogwood) germanica
Ostrya carpinifolia Beech
Ribes Lonicera sanguineum Pileata
Aesculus Rhododendron Erica carnea Aesculus Red achillea Rhododendron Ribes Erica carneacarneaOstrya carnea carpinifolia Briotii lavendula Rosalie Millefolium lavendula sanguineum schneekoppe Briotii
Erica carnea Rosalie
Catalpa Cornus alba Medlar mespilus Red achillea Rhus Typhina WINTER WINTER Bignonioides (Redtwig dogwood) germanica Millefolium(Staghorn Sumac)
Lonicera Pileata
Beech
Erica carnea
WINTER schneekoppe
WINTER
Ostrya carpinifolia
Ribes sanguineum
Aescul B
Rh (Stag
Liatris spicata (Blazing Star)
Liatris spicata Dactylorhiza (Blazing Star) purpurella
Dactylorhiza Buddleja davidii purpurella 'Black Knight'
Buddleja davidii Deutzia magnifica Deutzia magnifica Amelanchier spicata 'Black Knight' Liatriscanadensis Defica Defica
(Blazing Star)
Liatris spicata DactylorhizaCoreopsis Buddleja Forsythia davidii Deutzia magnifica Amelanchier Coreopsis Amelanchier Koelreuteria Clematis Forsythia intermedia Cotoneaster Fragaria vesca Koelreuteria Coreopsis Clematis intermedia Cotoneaster FragariaKoelreuteria vesca Lupinus
SPRING
SUMMER
Section C-C´
Clematis Lupinus Hindbaer
Forsythia intermedia Hindbaer
Cotoneaster
Fragaria vesca
Lupinus
Hindbaer
Dactylorhiza Buddleja davidii Deutzia magnifica Amelanchier Koelreuteria Coreopsis ClematisOrange Forsythia intermedia bullatus Cotoneaster Fragaria vesca Lupinus (Blazing Star) 'Black Knight' Defica Lynwood canadensis paniculata verticillata polyphyllus orientalis Lynwood Wild strawberry polyphyllus canadensis paniculata verticillata orientalis Orange bullatus Wild strawberry paniculata verticillatapurpurella orientalis Orange Lynwood bullatus Wild strawberry polyphyllus purpurella 'Black Knight' Defica canadensis paniculata verticillata orientalis Orange Lynwood bullatus Wild strawberry polyphyllus
Hindbaer
SPRING
SUMMER
The section of the whole island and one more section throug it is to find in the extra paper for the tecnical drawing and the section indicator is to find in appendix 6. AUTUMN AUTUMN
45 WINTER
The family block “It [community] can be thought of as a “lovely place” because the life that goes on there is full of opportunities, where people can meet together and do things together, where children can play in a safe environment, where there is greenery and where the architecture, regardless of its style, provides the support for a telling story, creating a place whose beauty lies in the overall quality it generates.” [Cibic,2010, 21] 46
47
North 48
The block is situated near the east waterfront. Bringing people together and recreating a private atmosphere specific to the Vesterbro area, but reinventing it at the same time were 2 of the most important parameters in the design process. Its level of privacy contrasts with the public atmosphere along the water front. In the design of the block, the accent is put on shared spaces, but offering at the same time private gardens, adjacent to the houses. The space created has a large scale and is being broken with the help of small townhouses and different green spaces, water and pavements. This results in a high-density housing area, with a maximum height of 5 stories. This area is dedicated to a large diversity of people, from families to students, to bohemians, having the large scale green backyard to link them together and encourage the exchange of experience, culture and ideas, and creating, therefore, a strong community spirit.
Hydrology Being a part of the hydrological strategy “Think local, act local”, the common spaces shelter small scale solutions involving the water. A system of ponds was created, destined for recreational use, where the rainwater will be used in various activities and in creating diverse atmospheres (sprinklers, small bath areas for kids, hot baths, water gardens). The ponds are linked to each other, in order to support heavy rainstorm, thus resulting in an organic shape that will break down the rigidity of the buildings. In dry season, the ponds will gain another use, as they are designed in this way (stairs, spaces for skaters, small “theatre areas”), (Appendix 9).
RAIN
SUMMER
MORE RAIN
WINTER
The strength of this block lies in the differences and the diversity of spaces, people, building typologies, creating a strong individual character of the area.
The section indicator is to find in appendix 6
49
Conclusion
52
As a solution to the vision and design strategies we have created a masterplan of the Enghave Brygge, combining programs and activities that will not only serve Enghave Brygge but also benefit the entire development of the Southern Harbor. The aim of the project was to work with the transformation of Enghave Brygge into a pulsating and rhythmic place by incorporating the industrial heritage and having the city of Copenhagen as a source of inspiration.
and how they interact. The car is of a different speed and brings dynamicity to the site and that can also create awareness about yourself in comparison to your surroundings. The speed of the city changes over the course of the day and the number of cars tells of a certain rhythm in a city. In developing and designing the masterplan we have put great emphasis on the street levels and how it would be to experience site at that height.
For a long time Enghave Brygge has been an isolated area with one purpose – to provide energy for Copenhagen. Today we have other power resources and the need for a place like Enghave Brygge has declined. The forthcoming abandoned buildings in the area were a point of departure for the masterplan design in such tasks as densifying the area and planning the program. With this shift of functions suddenly the story of Enghave Brygge power plant is turned around, it is now Copenhagen that has something to give back to Ennghave Brygge – pulse and rhythm!
A big part of working with rhythm and pulse as a concept is also to work with the intersection of a program, different userprofiles and the style of typologies. By working with different users of the area and their needs for different typologies and functions we have ensured a varied townscape with regards to physical and social planning. The different typologies derive essentially from the block structure, with its dual building language - introvert and extrovert – which creates the possibility of different experiences of atmosphere and spaces in the sense of level of urbanity and locality.
The pulse and rhythm of Copenhagen is in close relation with its layers and their complexity. In this project we have included the layers in different ways. We have thought about different kinds of moving objects, cars, cyclists and pedestrians,
A variation in the programming, 57% residential, 21 % cultural, 16 % commercial use, offices and 6% other adjacent functions, and the placement of them in the site gives the daily user, resident and/or a visitor the possibility to exchange
experiences, ideas and cultural backgrounds. Programming for these unexpected ‘meetings’ [Hajar, 2002] we ensure a breeding ground for good public domains. To support the public domains we have chosen to work with hydrological solutions with different focuses. Inside the blocks and the streets we have worked with small scale solutions for recreational purposes and outside we have worked with The Wild Island which is for educational use. The beauty of hydrology systems above ground is their combination and the change in seasons. The atmosphere in Engahve Brygge is now an exciting one, due to the liveliness of the area, the diversity of the activities and joyfulness of the users. The feeling that you are in a point where nature meets the urban fabric is present. Beauty can be found now in the organization of the area, where all the elements have their place and create a balance on the site. The power plant is still a symphony of colors, scales, materials, created by the stretch of time. Now, a new layer was added, a refined identity in the city. A piece of Copenhagen.
Reflection
During the project we have been working with the densification of the area as a factor in implementing different layers and creating a complexity. In regards to the cultural functions the aim was to create space that addresses different users: the creative users, including the existing subcultures, as well as large companies, families and visitors. It is a fact that there is a population movement towards the cities and especially the large cities [Pedersen, 2011, 8] In general this tendency seems to provide for a more sufficient use of resources, when it comes to energy, building materials, land etc. because of the short distances. [Pedersen, 2011, 7-13] It is also stated in the law of planning in Denmark that we should densify instead of sprawling out and occupying the fields The sufficiency of densification is not only expressed in the numbers but should also be regarded as a foundation for social sustainability. Having many people together increases the possibilities for several essential functions close to you; hospital, library, workplaces, schools, daycare institutions etc. Other than that the existence of different functions can create a breeding ground for the city life and diversity to occur. [Pedersen, 2011, 6]
In the project we have been working with social sustainability in the sense of the ‘neighborhood feeling’ and how that can be enhanced through a combination of the social and physical planning. Having that as our main focus in the design process we ended up with a densification of 153 %. It is however relevant to ask ourselves whether the densification is a good thing in the case of Enghave Brygge. For a long time it has been a desire of the citizens in Copenhagen to preserve their waterfront and industrial heritage and the latest statements of the hearing for the Enghave Brygge speak of the same [politikken.dk, 17.11.13]. Many believe that the Government is densifying the waterfront with expensive apartments and offices instead of developing a recreational waterfront that will benefit everybody. Would the area of Enghave Brygge be better off with no densification at all? There is no doubt that the species of the area for instance will work very well by itself but what about the development of Copenhagen that is clearly growing? Similar areas that have undertaken a radical development, such as Tate Modern museum,The Assembly Plant at Richmond California, the Copper refinery at Inujima island and many more have showed great importance for the cultivated life and have contributed conspicuously to the surroundings and the society.
So the overall question is, is it even possible to create a ’masterplan’ that will enhance the diversity of users and include all kind of different people in Enghave Brygge? We have planned for the existing subculture and tried to implement them as a part of the development, place them close to the existing industrial structures and at the same time give them space for transformation by not over-programming the area. But is the transformation of the site will be too strict or even boring for the subcultures not to see any advantages of being a part of the site anymore. It is therefore an important question to ask in the process of working out the masterplan what should be build first and what can benefit the branding of the area? The self-growing dorms are really easy to implement and the small town houses are of low cost because of a modular building structure. Normally it is the companies or large building structures with expensive apartments that are build up first but interventions from the local plan could be a way of controlling the transformations of Enghave Brygge.
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Litterature list Arpa, Javier (2008), Strategy and tactics in public space, A+T architecture publishers B. Plevoets & K. Van Cleempoel Belgium (2013) Adaptive reuse as a strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage:a literature review 2012 PHL University College & Hasselt University http://www.academia.edu/919968/Adaptive_reuse_as_a_strategy_towards_conservation_of_cultural_heritage_a_literature_review Busquets, Joan (2007): Cities X lines, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, USA Cibic, Aldo (2010), Rethinking happiness, Maurizo Corraini s.r.l. Mantova Gehl, Jan (2010), Byer for mennesker, Bogværket, Copenhagen, Denmark Gehl, Jan (2003), Livet mellem husene – udeaktiviteter og udemiljøer, Arkitektens Forlag, København, Denmark Hajar, Maarten and Reijndrop, Arnold (2001), In search of new public domain, Random House Juul, Helle (2009), Byens rum 2, Juul-Frost Arkitekter, as a development strategy for Copenhagen 2009 The guardian_7.10, http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/may/10/copenhagen-vesterbro-district Kulturarv (17.06.2011), http://www.kulturarv.dk/25fantastiske/25-fantastiske-industrier/hc-oerstedvaerket/, 31.10.2013 Kulturstyrelsen 31.07.2013, http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/index.php?id=20795, 31.10.2013 Kulturstyrelsen 17.06.2013, http://www.kulturstyrelsen.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv-kulturarvs-styrelsen/singlevisning/artikel/oerstedsvaerket_ bliver_nationalt_industriminde/, 31.10.2013 Lévesque, Luc (2002) The ’Terrain Vague’ as material – some observations, http://www.amarrages.com/textes_terrain.html, 31.10.2013 Lynch, kevin (1960): The image of the city, Massachusetts institute of Techonology, USA Michael Stratton (2000) industrial buildings conservation and regeneration Taylor and Francis group, London http://www.redeveloper.ru/files/ books/Industrial_Buildings.pdf Oudolf, Piet (2010), Landscapes in landscapes, The monacelli Press, New York Pauleit (2008), Stephan and more, Klimaforandringer i byerne, nyt tema i kommuneplanlægningen, Skov og Landskab, Københavns University, Copenhagen. In cooperation with Plan09. Waugh, Emily (2010) Recycling Spaces – curating urvan evolution, Thames & Hudson, London Wouter Davidts (2006) Art Factories: Museums of Contemporary Art and the Promise of Artistic Production, from Centre Pompidou to Tate Modern http://wouterdavidts.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/fabrications_davidts4.pdf
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Illustration list Page 6; Own picture, Own picture, http://www.mos-office.net/?p=110 Page 8; Own illustrations Page 10 -1; Own illustrations Page 12; Own photos Page 13; http://www.dezeen.com/2012/08/18/saint-kjelds-climate-adapted-neighborhood-by-tredje-natur/ Page 14; Own illustration Page 17; Own illustration Photos from (1) Own illustration (2) Own illustration (3) http://sadp.moodle.aau.dk/file.phd/611/general_Courses_Materials/urban_tektonik/urban_tektonik_forelaesning.pdf, 15.03.13 (4) Own illustration (5) Mozas, Javier (2011), Density is home, a+t research group, page 108 (6) Own illustration Page 18; Own illustration Page 20; Own illustration Page 21; Own illustration Page 22; Own illustration Page 24; Own illustration Photos from (1) own illustration (2) https://ssl.panoramio.com/photo/15343414, d.7.11.13 (3) http://img374.imageshack.us/img374/4163/img3143copenhagengeminiresiden.jpg, d. 7.11.13 (4) own illustration (5) http://s27.photobucket.com/user/kmd77pa/media/urbn001.jpg.html, d.7.11.13 (6) http://www.thefinancialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/MAR-Carlos-Fortes-AndrĂŠs-Otero-copy.jpg, d.7.11.13 (7) http://teoriacritica13ufu.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/1352.jpg, d.7.11.13 Page 26-27; Own illustration Page 28-29; Own illustration Page 30-31; Own illustration Page 32-33; Own illustration Page 34; Own illustration Page 36-37; Own illustration Page 38-39; Own illustration Page 40-41; Own illustration Page 42-43; Own illustration Page 44-45; Own illustration Page 46-47; Own illustration Page 48-49; Own illustration Page 50-51; Own illustration Page 52; Own illustration
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Appendix 1 Sun and wind analysis Solar Radiation analysis of the design proposal - A6
Wind analysis of the design proposal - A5 Wind velocity
Air pressure
deductions
deductions
This building’s configuration causes an excess of air pressure
It has to be longer than the right side: the best solution Possible variation Buildings with the same high cause an excess of shadows
Wind analysis of the improvements Wind velocity
LOW
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Implementing a staircase shape we increase the lightining level
Solar Radiation analysis of the improvements
Air pressure
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Appendix 2 Parking strategies
Parking strategies: The use of the car and the activities related to them is something that’s adding a lot of activities to the street life. It’s therefore necessary to find a solution that keeps the activities above ground but at the same time don’t overflow the streets with cars. Therefore, depending on the wanted atmosphere and function of an area, each area is developed with different strategies to implement the car. The areas 1, 2 and 3 are mainly for residential use, which means the car plays a major part of the life and atmosphere of these places. The parking will therefore be separated into two parts. In the area of 1 and 3 the main structure of parking will be at the street level, while a larger underground structure will be placed at the area of 2. The rest of the areas will be a mixture of street parking and a larger underground parking system placed underneath the area of 6. This will create a node in the area that will attract the users of the areas and create an interaction between them. Street parking for offloading and temporary use will additionally be placed in these areas. Even though the cars and the street life are a positive part of the urban life the strategy, it is still to encourage people to use public transportation and bikes. Therefore the parkingregulations should be encouraging this trend and the parking lots should be dimensioned with one car or less per apartment.
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Appendix 3 Shared spaces 8m
Accessibility The Design and shaping of the roads: The streets are divided into five different categories that work with the infrastructure in different ways. The orange and pink roads work with the shared spaces, while the red, black and brown work with the normal streetscape.
Shared spaces 8m
Shared spaces 10m At commercial street
The shared spaces will be designed as so-called “safe spaces” which have same level pavements, but are formed with different shapes or structures of pavements. Another approach is the separation line between the road and the pavements that should be indicated by a curb – this will make it safer for both children and blind people, as it will function as an indicator of a change in the environment and thereby making it easier to understand the structure of the road.
5m
2,5m
Shared spaces 8m
1,5m
Shared spaces 10m At commercial street
1,5m
1,5m
5m
3,5m
1,5m
2,7m
2,3m
3,5m
1,5m
3,5m
Shared spaces 8m 2,7m
1,5m
1,5m
1,5m
5m
1,5m
3,5m
1,5m
1,5
Small Main street 11m 3m
3,5m
1,5m
2,5m
5m
3m
Small Main street 2,5m 11m 5m 3m
Main street 14,5m 3,5m
1,5m
3,5m
2,7m
1,5m
2,3m
1,5m
At bus stops - 18m
1,5m
3,5m
1,5m
3,5m
Small Main street 11m
Main street 14,5m
1,5m
1,5m
Main street 14,5m
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3,5m
1,5m
3,5m
1,5m
1,5m
3m
5m
1,5m
5m
2,3m
Shared spaces 10m At commercial street 1,5m
1,5m
1,5m
At bus stops - 18m
1,5m
2,5m
2,5m
5m
1,5m
Roads 8m
1,5
5m
1,5m
3,5m
1,5m
1,5m
5m
2,5m
Roads 8m
At bus stops - 18m
1,5m
Shared spaces 10m 1,5 At commercial street
Roads 8m
The red road, or the main road, is formed to be capable of handling busses and larger amount of cars. The curb in the middle acts as a sanctuary in the middle of the street and thereby break down the barrier of the road. The brown roads will be created with levels as a normal road, while the black roads are formed with a larger pavement, thereby creating the opportunity in the future to extend the bike path.
1,5m
3m
1,5m
1,5m
Roads 8m
1,5m
5m
1,5m
1
Appendix 4
57% residential
The site’s density 21% culture 10% commercial 8% offices 3 % education 2% sports 1% parking
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Appendix 5 Activity through the day
Weekdays
Weekends Library (closed on Sundays)
Library
Cultural school
Kindergarden Cultural school
Lecture room Evening school
Art galleries (closed on Sundays)
Lecture room
Concert hall (closed on Sundays)
Art galleries
Conference hall
Concert hall Conference hall
Sport courts (interior)
Sport courts (interior)
Playground
Playground
Retail&shops
OďŹƒces Retail&shops
Small shops
Small shops
Food market
Food market
Restaurant
Restaurant Parking 0
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1
Parking 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Appendix 6 The section indicators
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Appendix 7 Dimensioning of the basins to the Wild Island The first basin
The second basin
The main basin in the drainage system is dimensioned with a permanent water level at 0,8m. The basin has a regular shape and a length of 150m, while the height will be 1,6m(with the permanent water level at 0,8m). γ (1,2) is the safety factor to ensure the volume of the basin is also valid in the future. So how wide should the basin be if the water may overflow each 5 years?
For the dimensioning of the second basin, we use the formula Q=A*K We isolate A and get the formula
vol=(γ*Qin-Qout)*tr
Q is given
Qin is giving by
1l/sek/ha*2.1628ha = 2.1628l/sek
K - the infiltration capacity for fine sand is 1*10-4 m/s thus becoming the area
Qin=c*tr-α*Fr vol=(c*tr-α*Fr-Qout)*tr For a return period of 5 years, the following constants can be read; c = 28070 α = 0,76 The reduced areas Fr is 21628.1 m2 (2.1648 ha), this is only the roads and without pavement and bike lanes. And Qout is 2.1628 l/s
Now we have the volume of tha basin, and to find the width of the basin is simple. We know;
By having the high and the volume, it is possible to find the width.
The basins total volume is basintotal=(0.8m*7.91m*150m)+948.951m3=1898.15m3
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thereby it must be a minimum area on 21,628 m2
Appendix 8 The flower index Rhus Typhina (Staghorn Sumac)
Catalpa Bignonioides
Cornus alba Medlar mespilus (Redtwig dogwood) germanica
Beech
Lonicera Pileata
Erica carnea schneekoppe
Ostrya carpinifolia
Ribes sanguineum
Aesculus carnea Briotii
Rhododendron lavendula
Erica carnea Rosalie
Red achillea Millefolium
SPRING
SUMMER
AUTUMN
WINTER
Liatris spicata (Blazing Star)
Dactylorhiza purpurella
Buddleja davidii 'Black Knight'
Deutzia magnifica Defica
Amelanchier canadensis
Koelreuteria paniculata
Coreopsis verticillata
Clematis Forsythia intermedia orientalis Orange Lynwood
Cotoneaster bullatus
Fragaria vesca Wild strawberry
Lupinus polyphyllus
Hindbaer
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Appendix 9 The hydrological solution to area 2 Inside the family block is the courtyard a mix of private and public spaces. In the larger public space that winds through all three blocks is implemented a collection of rainwater. The solution is a cultivated water landscape that is changing in pace with the amount of rain.
“guess” us to tr. when the diagram tops we know the volume of our basin.
We want to calculate the volume of the pounds. First we have to calculate the reduced area and decide how offend an over flood may appear. The repetition period is T = 0.2 year – then 5 times a year fore 5 min to 4 hours. This gives us the constants c and alfa. c=2730 and alfa=0,62 The reduced area Fr is calculated with the runoff coefficient The rooftops = 14809.24 m2 Gardens nr. 1 = 5862.01m2*0.1=586.24m2 Gardens nr. 2 = 1465.6m2*0.6=879.36m2 Inner courtyard = 8183.27m2*0.6=4909.962m2
vol=(1.2*2730*98206.7sek-0,62*2,0305-2,0305l/s)*98206.7se k=325351L≈325.351m3
Fr = 2,0305 ha Qout is given 1 l/s/ha. The area we calculate the Qout from is the reduced area because the out flood will be smaller than if we use the “whole” area. The formula is given;
vol=(γ*Qin-Qout)*tr
Qin is giving by Qin=c*tr-α*Fr vol=(c*tr-α*Fr-Qout)*tr By incorporating all known factors in the formula, we can
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To get the exact volume is calculated by the following procedure
Fore the dimensioning of the different basin in the water landscape is used Rhino and Grasshopper
Appendix 10 Workshops and designproces
The aim of the first workshop was to work with different levels or percentages of density in the area of Enghave Brygge. The method prescribed was to use about 850 cubes – each representing a 15 by 15 meters build-mass in scale of 1:500 - and distribute them over the area, and so this was done by arranging the cubes in different ways and trying to create a meaningful space in between: Some arrangements were based on concepts such as “the mountain” and “the valley”
The whole site as buildings plot
The exsisting footprint
The next step was to come up with a proposal for a master-plan and work with different concepts. This was done in order to be helpful in the following tasks of working out a vision for the site, which in our case was “the catalyst”
The valley
The mountain
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The second workshop followed after an excursion to the site where it was studied closer and photographed. Upon returning with new impressions the challenge of the next task was to articulate a conceptual idea and express that through a gesture by making a model. Here we found inspiration in the geometry that sprang out of the preexisting buildings and used the ideas from the previous brainstorm about what associations each group member had of Copenhagen. The concept was to balance the qualities of the site and the ideas we had of Copenhagen, eventually to find a common ground for the final concept. At the start of the third workshop our group took a more analytical approach and delved into getting a better understanding of Copenhagen neighborhoods by making mappings, and tracings in order to understand their density, qualities and physical patterns. In addition to these studies we looked into creative ways to use hydrology and adaptive reuse. Doing these experiments led us to discover that the physical patterns of the different Copenhagen areas were useful and applicable to the design of the site. The first step in outlining the framework for the final design was to make a decision on the infrastructure that divided the area, and then followed the grids that divided the area further. Finally the patterns were applied for each area that turned out to be a fruitful approach, so that a foot print for the area was ready.
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Conceptual model
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