Week 3

WEEK 3 Learning Loop Foundation Systems

Studio 1. Lot 6 CafĂŠ 2. Underground Car Park and South Lawn 3. Steel Stair-Case at Union House 4. Oval Pavilion 5. Frank Tate Pavilion

Glossary Appendix

Learning Loop What is a Foundation?

A foundation is the lowest division of a building. It is constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground Based on the underlying soil of a building or structure, foundations can be classified into: • Shallow Foundations: Stable soil • Deep Foundations: Unstable soil or soil with inadequate bearing capacity

Underpinning Process of rebuilding or strengthening the foundation of an existing building, or extending it when a new excavation in adjoining property is deeper than the existing foundation

Foundation Wall Provides support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space partly or wholly below

grade. Foundation walls must be designed and constructed to resist active earth pressure and anchor the superstructure against wind and seismic forces.

There are 4 types of Foundation Walls: • Concrete • Concrete Masonry • Wood Joists • Wood Beams

Pole Foundation Elevates timber structures above the ground plane, require minimal excavation, and preserve naturel features and existing drainage patterns of a site.

Useful when building on steep slopes and usually flooded areas.

Pile Foundation System of end-bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum

Caisson Foundation Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by boring in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete.

Also usually referred as drilled piles or piers.

Studio

Structural Frame and Walls

Enclosure System

The building was built with using a steel frame to reinforce the structure.

Glass windows and doors fill out the hollow spaces of the frame. These elements of the building however do not take any load, only the column.

1. Lot 6 Café

Steel Beams

Concrete was poured overlaying the steel frames. Concrete was fabricated on site. In the case of this building, casted concrete do not form walls on the side, but it merely coated the steel frame, thickening the frame itself.

The vertical part of the frame acts as columns and the horizontal part as beams, ‘forming’ a path for dead loads to the ground.

A universal beam was placed on the interior part of the building. It was placed between the first and second level spanning the interior. The beam seemed to extend outside of the building, sitting on a clay brick. This is however in two parts and the beam does not have any effect on the load path in the structure. It is only for design and aesthetic purposes.

2. Underground Car Park and South Lawn Roof and Ceiling

and water movement in pipes.

Efflorescence and stains were apparent. These can assume to be caused by leaking pipes.

The roof and ceiling of the underground car park under the South Lawn is entirely made of concrete. The concrete is most likely to be fabricated in situ using molds to form the joints in the ceiling.

The ceiling of the car park is not in one piece but concrete slabs joined together. The slabs are connected to each other with an articulation joint to withstand movement from above (South Lawn)

Each column stands on a pad footing to withstand vibrations. Cars can cause these vibrations.

Column The columns are made in an upsidedown cone shape using in situ fabricated concrete like the ceiling.

They are made using molds to create a smooth surface.

Materials The staircase is entirely made up of steel. The types of steel used are partly different depending on their function. However all of the steel has undergone a coating process (hot dip galvanization) to prevent rusting.

Other than supporting the loads from the ceiling, the shape also provides space for root systems of trees planted above in the South Lawn and also space for drainage pipes. The cone shape is incorporated to the ceiling of the car park.

3. Steel Staircase at Union House

Steel Types The types of steel used are based on each function and position. The steel used for the staircase includes steel used for: • Handle • Cable • Steps • Beams

Support The staircase is not supported with any frame or support structure.

The staircase is hung with steel cables from an almost horizontal steel beams that are incorporated to the brick wall of the union house. Underneath the staircase, there are under beams to prevent lateral movement.

Joint At the start, the steel used is not joined. After the assembly, the steel interacting with each other is connected by wielding, creating fixed joints to prevent movement and rotation.

4. Oval Pavilion

Structure The Oval Pavilion can be roughly divided into two parts based on how they are constructed. The front part facing the University Oval is a structure of frame construction and the back is mass construction.

Materials Evaluation Various materials are used in the construction of the Oval Pavilion; • Steel • Timber • Concrete • Bricks

Steel beams and columns are used mostly as frame of the whole front structure of the Oval Pavilion.

The kind of timber used was big thin sheets of plywood. This filled out the empty spaces in the steel framing of the structure and applied as the canopy.

of the brick wall itself, there are small openings or weep hole. Weep holes function to let water from condensation processes that happen inside.

Joint and Connections

Column The main support for the pavilion is columns. The columns are used to direct the load to the ground.

Some of the columns are placed at an angle. This does not change their support function. Slightly tilting the column are mainly for architectural and design purposes.

The materials are used alongside each other. Steel beams and columns especially are connected using bolts and pin joints.

The brick wall on the back of the building also exposed articulation joints in the walls. This kind of joint functions to allow the walls to be able to move.

Bricks are used for the walls of the building. The bricks are stacked in a soldier position pattern. On bottom part

5. Frank Tate Pavilion

Beam Steel Beams are placed on top of the columns. From a distant the structure might seem imbalanced, but cantilevers are used to maximize overhanging parts as covers.

Glossary Appendix 1

Moment: The tendency to cause rotation about a point or an axis.

2

Retaining Wall: Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. It is usually a great way to add visual interest to a garden or to create separate levels on a sloping block in order to maximize the usable garden space 3

Pad Footing : A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment.

4

Strip Footing: A continuous foundation of which the length considerably exceeds the breadth.

5

Slab on Ground: Concrete slabs are similar to beams in the way they span horizontally between supports and may

be simply supported, continuously supported or cantilevered. Normally used as floors and roof systems. Slabs are poured directly into excavated trenches in the ground and rely entirely on the existing ground for support.

6

Substructure: The foundation of a building that supports the superstructure. The structural work below ground level used to support the structure above.

1 Moment. 1 May 2014. Retrieved from http://www.answers.com/topic/moment 2 Retaining Wall. 18 August 2014. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall. Retrieved from http://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/find/retaining_ walls 3 Pad Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/padfoundation.html 4 Strip Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/stripfoundation.html 5 Ground Slabs. Retrieved from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/b cgbc4010a/04_struct_members/06_concrete_slabs/page_ 001.htm 6 Substructure. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/substruc ture.html. Retrieved from http://www.qcon.ie/node/354