Week 8

WEEK 8 Learning Loop Glass Doors and Windows

Studio ‘In Detail’ Oval Pavilion Section

Glossary Appendix

LEARNING LOOP I. Glass Properties of Glass • Ductility : Very low • Reusability : Very high • Flexibility : o Flexible on molten form o Not flexible after cooled to solid form • Density : Medium-high • Conductivity : o Does not conduct electricity o Conducts heat • Durability : Chemical and rust resistant • Waterproof • Very fragile • Not very cost-efficient • To produce glass: o High carbon footprint and energy needed Components of Glass To produce glass there are 3 main components needed; the formers, the fluxes, and the stabilizers.

Formers consist of any chemical ‘ingredients’ that can be melted and cooled to form solid glass.

Example: Silica (Si) Fluxes help the formers (the main ingredients) to melt at lower temperatures.

Example: Soda ash, lithium carbonate Stabilizers combine formers and fluxes and also keeps the glass from dissolving / crumbling.

Example: Limestone, alumina, magnesia Types of Glass There are four main types of glass: • Flat Glass • Shaped Glass • Laminated Glass • Float Glass • Tempered Glass Flat Glass is sheet-pieces of glass in various kinds of size (area and thickness).

They can be clear or tinted.

Shaped Glass, just as the name suggested it is glass shaped into various forms; curved, blocks, channels, tubes, or even fibres.

Laminated Glass is a shatter-resistant safety glass made up of two or more layers of glass panels bonded together by a tough transparent plastic interlayer (PVB). Glass made in this way improves security when it breaks. It tends to break into shards rather than shatters and falling apart.

Float Glass is the most common and cheapest kind of glass to make. It tends to break into sharp shards.

Tempered Glass is produced by heating annealed glass (650oC) and cooling it in a high compressed environment. It is ‘tougher’ as such it is commonly used for exposed situations, for example: facades and partitions.

Depending on the uses and the function, there are other types of glass such as: • Photovoltaic Glass o Glass used in a solar cell panel • Glass Channels o Commonly used in a façade system • Tinted Glass o For glass exposed to the sun

• •

•

•

•

Wired Glass o Low cost fire glass Patterned Glass o Used for privacy and lighting Curved Glass o Very expensive to make o Usually has no particular function either than for aesthetic purposes Glass Fibres o Used in telecommunication systems Slumped Glass o Used in design features

Double and Triple Glazing In commercial use, double and triple glass glazing is practiced. It is placing gap or spaces for air.

The main reason: • Release absorbed energy out • Reflects energy out • Prevents solar radiation inside

II. Doors and Windows Doors, doorways, and windows provide access from the outside to the interior of the building, as well as passage for interior spaces.

Doors Door operation: • Swinging • Bypass sliding • Surface sliding • Pocket sliding • Folding Door designs: • Flush • Glass • Vision • Narrow light • Full-louvered • Vision/ louvered Doorframes are usually made of: • Hollow metal • Wood In the case of glass doors, it can be made without frame but using rails for sliding the doors. Glass doors are made of stronger heat-strengthened or tampered glass.

Revolving doors (usually and mostly using glass doors) consisted of 3 or 4 panels that rotate at a central pivot point within a cylindrically shaped vestibule.

Door hardware: • Locksets (locks, latches, bolts, cylinder and stop works, and operating trim) • Hinges • Closers • Panic hardware • Push and pull bar plates • Kick plates • Door stops, holders, and bumpers • Thresholds • Weather-stripping • Door tracks and guides

Windows A window consists of elements such as: • Frame • Sash and glazing • Rough opening • Casing trim Window operation: • Fixed • Casement

• • • • •

Awning and hopper Sliding Double-hung Jalousie Pivoting

Window frames are usually made of: • Metal (usually aluminum or steel) • Wood Glass glazing system can be divided into: • Face glazing • Wet glazing o Using glazing tape or liquid sealant • Dry glazing o Using a compression gasket • Structural gasket o Using synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure openings Insulating glass means two or more layers or sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide increased thermal insulation and restrict condensation.

Skylights are glass openings in the roof that can be in various shapes; • Vault • Ridge • Hipped • Circular dome • Square dome • Pyramid Sunspaces are glass-enclosed porch or room adjoining another living space and oriented to admit large amounts of sunlight.

STUDIO This section of the Oval Pavilion is the furthest part of the canopy structure. By following references in the set of drawings it was possible to identify and locate the section in the real life structure. The section provides detail information and structure of the internal part, which is unable to be photographed from the real building.

Sketch:

Pictures from the drawing set:

DETAIL ELEMENTS / ANNOTATIONS The canopy is a hollow structure.

Interior Wall The interior wall of the canopy is made up of small-scale vermilion brickwork.

The Fall The fall is made slant to a certain degree to prevent rainwater piling up the top of the canopy. The inclination degree does not have to be very steep, just as long as the rainwater is able to fall accordingly.

Insect Screen An extra ‘insect screen’ is placed to fill in gaps and openings. Possibly, also as the name suggested, it also functions to prevent insects from entering the building.

In this case directed especially to termites, as wood materials are used.

Flow of Rainwater

Angle of Inclination

Extra sawn timber is used on the interior to add elevations and inclination degree of the canopy shape.

Sawn Timber Retrieved from http://www.ibtmerchants.co.uk/images/sawn_timber .jpg

External Timber Batten Screen (TIM-07) Strips of wood pieces are placed together below, this function to hold the roof together. The batten layer also acts as a base for the application of plywood sheets/ panels covering the whole canopy, both above and beneath it.

Fascia (AL-01) The surface of the canopy is mostly flat. A fascia is used to cover both the vertical sides of the canopy and the top. It is made of aluminum sheets / boards. This material is waterproof, thus rainwater cannot penetrates.

Flashing (AL-06) After the ‘drop’ or the flow of rainwater, a flashing is applied to prevent water and moisture penetration as well as directing the flow of rainwater to the ground.

Roof Flashing Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witches%27_stones _Jersey.jpg

Roof Sheet (RFS-03) The top of layer of the canopy is covered with sheets of fiberglass. Other than that, fiberglass reinforces plastic (FRP) can also be applied as a protective layer to plywood sheets covering the canopy.

Fiberglass Roof Sheet Retrieved from http://www.freediyhomeimprovement.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Fibreglass-Roofing-Sheets.jpg

Fiberglass Roof Retrieved from http://www.adlexroofing.info/flatroof2.gif

GLOSSARY

4

Door Furniture: All the items or ironworks that are fixed into a door.

Example: Handles, knobs, and locks.

1

Window Sash: Any window (usually a double-hung window) with a vertically or horizontally sliding sash.

5 2

Deflection: The bending of a structural member as a result of its own weight or an applied load.

3

Moment of Inertia: It is a measure of an object’s resistance to changes in its rotation rate. In a structural member, the product of each element of mass times the square of the distance from an axis.

Stress: The amount of force exerted per unit area.

6

Shear Force: A force acting on a body, which tends to slide one portion of the body against the other side of causing a sliding action.

1 Sash Window. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/sashwindow.html 2 Deflection. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/deflectio n.html 3 Moment of Inertia. Retrieved from http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/moment-ofinertia/2825/. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/momentof-inertia.html 4 Door Furniture. Retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/doorfurniture 5 Stress. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/search_cse.php?q =stress&cx=002109824679542468969%3Aqlcficiraua&cof =FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8 6 Shear Force. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/shearforce.html