Shaping Regional Futures | Vision Statement

THE REGION EMBEDDED BY MERONYMY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE | DEPARTMENT OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING BURSA PLANNING & DESIGN STUDIO

Sinay COŞKUN | Büşra ÇANAKÇI | Elif ASLAN

VISION STATEMENT Cooperating in production, warehousing and distribution of outputs; Incorporating environmentalist and decentralized units in industrial production; Egalitarian in the distribution of social and technical facilities; Adopting meronymy in the continuity of green; Based on increasing productivity in production with technological inputs; Interworking together with Istanbul in providing tourists’ mobility.

A. Agricultural Production, Storage and Distribution It aims to keep agricultural production within the borders of Bursa province, and distribution and storage of the outputs within the boundaries of Bursa-Bilecik-BalÄąkesir cooperation.

When examining, Bursa-Bilecik-BalÄąkesir cooperation which is aimed to be established; it is seen that production, storage and distribution functions are distributed by establishing holistic and partial relations.

Item A; expresses the production outputs depending on agricultural quality. Item B; refers to the storage of agricultural production outputs with short shelf life. Item C; express agricultural production activities and product delivery to the domestic market. Item D; refers to the exportation of agricultural production outputs. Item E; expresses the consumption of production outputs within the city boundaries.

Figure1: Definition of Cooperation

A.1.

Starting from the mentioned cooperation, the products with short shelf life such as milk in agricultural production are stored within the provincial boundaries of Bursa and it purpose to ensure their consumption or distribution within the provincial boundaries.

A.1.1.

It is a strategy to create storage units in Keles district and to solve the problem of mountain regions in accordance with the transportation network facilities for processing the stored products at certain locations in consideration of agricultural potentials.

Figure2: The Problems in Mountain Regions

A.2.

Based on the storage, processing and distribution functions defined in Bursa-Bilecik-BalÄąkesir cooperation boundaries; purpose to decentralize storage and agro-industrial activities to be sent to the domestic market.

A.2.1.

It is the strategy of processing production outputs in Bilecik to be sent to the domestic market. It supports this by examining the potential for accessibility when sending and collecting products. Bursa-Eskişehir-Ankara road route is important in this understanding.

A.2.2.

It is a strategy of processing agricultural outputs in Balıkesir; considering the shelf life of the products to be sent to the domestic market. In this context, the İzmirGebze highway, which has a project phase, is important.

Figure3: Possible path for agricultural products to be distributed to the domestic market

A.2.3.

If the agricultural products obtained from the mountain regions and the ones with shot shelf life, participate in export after processing; it is a strategy of storing and delivering those products to Gemlik via conventional roadway.

A.3.

It purposes to support initiatives related to the exportation of agricultural outputs produced in the city.

A.3.1.

It is the strategy providing the agricultural production outputs having short shelf life to be carried to Balıkesir and Gemlik by processing; the ones with long shelf life without processing. It also discusses the provision of exports through Balıkesir and Gemlik.

A.3.2.

It is the strategy of providing the exportation of the existing agricultural production which takes place in the central locations (in Osmangazi, Yıldırım, Nilüfer) to Gemlik with the conventional road.

Figure4: Exportation of agricultural products (overseas market)

B. Industrial Production and Its Decentralization It aims to continue the production of furniture & textile and automotive branches of Bursa, which serves the domestic market with the ratio of 71% in industrial production, but to distribute its roles in a regional scale for the distribution of those industrial outputs.

B.1.

It purposes to ensure the access of the industrial products to the domestic market.

B.1.1.

It is the strategy of establishing a logistics center in Kocaeli to collect and distribute furniture and textile products produced in İnegöl without occupying urban transportation.

B.1.2.

It is the strategy of establishing a logistics center in Bilecik in order to collect and distribute the outputs of automotive industry produced at the central locations.

B.2.

It purposes to meet the industrial production outputs of İnegöl with the foreign market, different routes are considered. Instead of making a single route, different route privatization is expected to relieve traffic congestion.

B.2.1.

It is the strategy of small-scale furniture & textile production in İnegöl to be exported through Yenişehir Airport.

B.2.2.

It is the strategy of transporting large scale furniture & textile production outputs from Kocaeli airport.

B.2.3.

It is the strategy of exporting the outputs of automotive industry, produced at the central locations, from port of exportation in Gemlik, it also mentions the conventional way for the transmittal of the outputs to Gemlik.

Figure5: Logistic centers and transportation network relationship with production

B.3.

It purposes to reduce the load on automobile industry zones located at central locations and provide decentralization of these units, which are full capacity working and close to settlements.

Figure6: Decentralization of industry in center to Karacabey

B.3.1.

It purposes to alleviate the burden of the city center and to ensure desentrilization, at least moving the production of small / spare parts to Karacabey OIZ which is existent but not used in full capacity.

B.3.2.

It is the strategy that supports the exportation of the small / spare products produced in Karacabey; from Gemlik through Mudanya.

C. Implementation Of New Technologies In Production Bursa is an existing city with its agricultural and industrial production. In this part, the approaches aimed at supporting and qualifying production by taking reference from other cities in the region are presented.

C.1.

The coastal settlements will be relocated as they are under earthquake risk. It purposes to support the region that will remain idle on the shore.

C.1.1.

It is the strategy of expanding the free zone towards the region that will remain idle and creating a new storage area in this region.

The idea of place selection for the implementation of ideas, their relationship with each other and existing is seen in figure 7

Figure7: Logistic centers and transportation network relationship with production

C.2.

By establishing a relationship with the free zone in Gemlik, foreign capital and technology input is developed and aims to increase productivity in the industry.

C.2.1 It is the strategy that supports the new method and modern techniques developed by Inegol, the existing industrial zone and production supportive research center projects (such as research and development centers planned to be established in EskiĹ&#x;ehir Alpu, but to serve different areas.).

Figure8: Industrial R&D Center & its relationship with region and free trade zone

Free Trade Zone: A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured, and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. (Wang, 2013) Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for trade.

C.2.2.

The agricultural activities in Iznik are under threat from Iznik Lake due to improper irrigation techniques and chemicals used in agriculture. It is the strategy of establishing an agricultural research and development center in İznik to produce new irrigation methods and solutions.

C.3.

It aims to increase the production and productivity of agriculture and industry, and to produce solutions to the problems by taking into consideration the environmentalist attitude.

Figure9: Agricultural R&D Center & its implementation and relationship with region

C.3.1 It is the strategy that supports selecting an application area of agricultural research and development center in the mountain regions and industrial research and investigation center’s application units in Inegöl. Together with these, implementing environmentally friendly methods in all industrial units is also one of the main concerns.

D. Mobility Of Tourists In The Region It aims to distribute the cultural city image that focused on Istanbul to other cities in the region and to provide the regional mobility of the tourists and to distribute the tourists drawn by the cultural heritage of Istanbul to the other locations in the region.

D.1.

Going by the association between Yalova and İstanbul it purpose to create a thermal tourism corridor between these cities considering the presence of thermal resources in Bursa and Kütahya.

D.1.1.

It is a strategy that focuses on a thermal tourism corridor between Bursa and Kütahya, to the purpose of this, the establishment of accommodation facilities in Harmancık district.

Figure10: The thermal tourism corridor

D.2.

It purposes to evaluate the potential of natural values in Istanbul-Bursa-Bilecik cities and to create a nature tourism corridor between these cities.

D.2.1.

It is a strategy focuses on the creation of a nature tourism corridor by increasing the use of existing ferry services between Istanbul and Bursa for the evaluation of potential relation between these cities.

D.3.

It aims to support congress tourism which will work in parallel with Uludag University and industrial units in the center.

D.3.1.

It is a strategy that focuses on R & D centers in İznik and İnegöl to create a potential for congress tourism.

D.3.2.

It is a strategy of parallel operation of congress tourism, mobility which will be provided by research and development centers, together with congress tourism in Bursa center.

Figure11: The congress tourism corridor

D.4.

With respect to the developed agricultural activities in Iznik, due to its fertile agricultural lands, it purposes to give an end to the threat of chemicals and wrong irrigation techniques to Iznik Lake.

D.4.1.

It is the strategy that focuses on the development of agricultural tourism with the workshops, farms that can be established rather than the large-scale production activities on fertile lands.

Figure12: Sectoral change from agricultural activity to agro-tourism

D.5.

It purposes to stimulate coastal tourism activities in Mudanya, Karacabey and İznik.

Figure

D.5.1.

It is a strategy to conduct birdwatching activities in the district, taking into account the biodiversity elements under protection of the Karacabey Delta.

D.5.2.

As a result of previous strategies, it is a strategy that focuses on increasing fishing activities in the Iznik Lake, which is free of harmful agricultural remedies.

D.5.3.

It is the strategy of improving the situation of the existing public beaches together with the coastal arrangements in Mudanya.

E. Continuity Of The Green It aims to create green belts and corridors in urban and regional scale by inductively combining the green areas that are not sustained.

With the 2B regulation of the forest lands in the region, it is the strategy that can be followed to repair the problem of loss of forest land in order to increase its agricultural production and to use it for other purposes E.1.

It purposes to carry out the integration studies of the green areas in accordance with the scale (forests and national parks), which has been subject to fragmentation as a result of the location selection of the agricultural activities in the region.

E.1.1.

It is the strategy that focuses on afforestation and planting of non-tree areas which can connect the forests in accordance with the soil and climate characteristics of the region.

Figure13: Regional green corridor

E.2.

It purposes to achieve ecological continuity by combining different ecological values.

E.2.1.

It is a strategy that focuses on extending the green corridor to the coastal by embrunchment.

E.2.2.

It is the strategy that focuses on the continuity of existing olive corridor and on this purpose,

reclamation of the land in Gemlik which will be idle after transfer of the residential area in district.

E.3.

It purposes to transform the green continuity of the regional scale into recreation-based green area rather than forest areas by focusing on the residential areas.

E.3.1.

It is a strategy focuses on developing a green corridor, which is thought to be formed on a regional scale, as a buffer zone between industrial and residential units on the central scale.

Figure14: Green buffer zones as a part of green corridor

E.3.2.

It is the strategy of providing a hierarchy between the green spaces in the city and the green corridor at the regional scale.

Figure15: Hierarchy of green areas

F. Equal Distribution Of Technical Infrastructure It aims to ensure the equal distribution of the technical infrastructure in the region and within the city.

F.1.

It purposes recycling of agricultural and animal wastes in a way that respects ecological values.

F.1.1 It is the strategy that focuses on sending agricultural wastes from agricultural activities in Keles, to the main center after collecting them in the storage units which are planned to be built up in Keles.

F.1.2.

It is the strategy that focuses on sending agricultural wastes from storage units to a Biomass unit which can be projected in central district of Bilecik due to its location and strategic opportunity to convert wastes into energy.

F.2.

It purposes to provide decentralization of solid waste collection units from central districts to the all other.

F.2.1.

It is the strategy of establishing and combining solid waste collection units in different locations in the city.

Figure16: Decentralization of solid waste centers

F.3.

It aims to increase accessibility in land and sea transport at regional scale.

F.3.1.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road network between Yenişehir airport and İnegöl.

F.3.2.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road network between İnegöl and the conventional road.

F.3.3.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road network between İznik and Kocaeli.

F.3.4.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road network between KaracabeyMudanya-Gemlik.

F.3.5.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening of road connections between Büyükorhan Keles and Orhaneli – Keles.

F.3.6.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening of road connections between Keles and İnegöl.

F.3.7.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road link between Keles, M.Kemalpaşa and Balıkesir.

F.3.8.

It is the strategy that focuses on strengthening the road connections between nature tourism nodes.

F.3.9.

It is a strategy of increasing the number of services to support the ferry line between Mudanya and İstanbul.

F.3.10.

Strengthening the road connection between Harmancık and Kütahya.

F.4.

It purposes to increase the purposeful use of airports in Istanbul, Bursa, Eskişehir and Kocaeli.

F.4.1.

It is the strategy that focuses on casting the airports in Istanbul, Kocaeli, Yenişehir, Eskişehir. In this context providing the exportation activities from airports in Yenişehir and Kocaeli; passenger transportation from the airports in İstanbul and Eskişehir.

Figure17:Roles of Airports

G. Equality In Utilizing Social Facilities It aims at an egalitarian approach to making use of social facilities and presents ideas for it.

The main reason for this strategy is to decrease the migration rate of the young population to the central locations due to the lack of various social facilities. In the explanations for the strategy, two different topics will be examined and the concept diagram is given below.

Figure18: Explanation of egalitarian approach

G.1.

It purposes to increase accessibility of social opportunities in urban scale. The access to the venue in full participation in the life of society and utilization of the venue have a great importance; and everyone has the right to benefit equally from space. In this context accessibility is defined as: ‘’ Access to services in all areas of life and benefit from them equally.’’ (Plan notes from Strategic Accessibility Action Plan 2010-2011).

G.1.1.

It is the strategy that focuses on constructing connection roads supporting high-speed train and new highway projects, these connection roads are not similar to the Samanlı connection road which destroys large scale of fertile lands on the Bursa plain.

Figure19: Conceptual display of connection roads

Figure20: Issue of the Mountain Regions

G.2.

It purposes to increase employment with agricultural research and development center in İznik which is planned to provide solutions for privileged issues such as new irrigation methods and solutions for chemical spraying. It includes the idea of establishing the association of agricultural sciences which will be able to operate with a center in a common region that includes the Mountain Regions. This idea aims at increasing social attractiveness.

G.2.1.

Considering the necessity of units (theater, youth center, sports complexes, course or teaching units for agricultural production technologies etc.) where social activities can be realized, it is a strategy of preventing the migration of young population to central locations with this opportunity provided in each of the mountain regions.

Figure21: Configuration of social attractiveness

H. Growth Direction Of Settlement Areas It aims to meet the housing demand for the population which is expected to increase and to identify the actors who will take part in ensuring this.

H.1.

It purposes to control the development of the new settlement which will be came up with the increasing population, by taking into account the fertile agricultural lands.

H.1.1.

It is the strategy of developing new settlements along the main road axis in the areas where industrial activities are revitalized. (Karacabey, InegĂśl, Iznik, M. Kemal paĹ&#x;a, Bilecik)

Figure22: Growth Of Settlement Near Road

H.1.2.

It is the strategy of developing new settlements in the form of oil stain around the old units in the regions where agricultural activities are planned to be revitalized. (Mountain Regions)

Figure23: Growth of settlement as oil stain

H.2.

It aims to meet the housing demand of the growing population with the existing housing stock.

H.2.1.

Considering that the central locations are a point of attraction for social facilities, it is the strategy that focuses on using existing housing stock to meet the demand rather than building up new residential units. (Nilüfer, Osmangazi, Yıldırım) Figure23: Infill and Using existing housing stocks

SCENARIOS & POPULATION PROJECTIONS In this study, the population distribution of the last 2 years according to the districts was examined. In the light of this information, the population growth rate is calculated. With the data of 2017 and this growth rate, the population up to 2020 has been projected. For the next 5 years, a new population growth rate was calculated by looking at the years 2020 and 2015. With this information, the population up to 2025 was calculated. For every 5 years, these steps were repeated and the population projection until 2040 was calculated.

However, these data are the number of births, death rates and the number of migrations of Bursa without any change. In order to reflect the sectoral and regional changes in the vision to this projection, the population migration comes up with each of third steps is envisaged by chronological order. These migrations were processed in the relevant years to relevant regions. Thus, in the final stage, the population projection affected by the vision has emerged.

How much employment will be created by all strategies is predicted by regions. The household and the service sector which are required by this employment are also taken into account. The service sector coefficient required for each sector is different such as 2.5 for industry, 2 for tourism and 1.5 for agricultural employment in Bursa.

It is foreseen that the storage and processing center, which is planned to be established in Keles, will provide employment for approximately 250 people and this employment will cause a population increase of 2500 people. With the strengthening road links, establishing implementation area of agricultural R & D and waste storage facility; in Keles, it is thought that 2400 people will increase in addition to the increase in the population.

It is predicted that the agro-business facilities, which is set up in Bilecik, will provide employment to 400 people and this will cause a population increase of 4000 people. With the planned logistical center and planned road links to be strengthened, the population will increase by more than 1900 people. Due to its role in the processing and distribution of agricultural production, a population increase of 5000 people is expected in Balıkesir.

The agro-business facilities, which is set up in Gürsu, will provide employment to 200 people and this will cause a population increase of 1600 people. It was determined that the

population would increase by 4700 people as a result of the expansion of the free zone in the idle area in Gemlik and the establishment of warehouse areas, as well as the export of some of the agricultural and industrial products. On the other hand; in the second scenario, it was determined that the population would increase by 600 people as a result of reclamation of the idle area in Gemlik.

With the logistics center and export activities, the population in Kocaeli is expected to increase by around 1500 people. In Yenişehir, the population is expected to increase by 560 people. With the decentralization of industrial units from the center to Karacabey and tourism activities, a population increase of approximately 5000 people is expected in Karacabey.

The establishment of industrial R & D and its implementation in industrial units in Inegol will provide some employment to the region. With the employment and strengthened road links, the population is estimated to increase by around 3500 people.

The establishment of agricultural R & D and facilities for tourism will create a certain amount of employment in İznik. As a result of this employment, a population increase of 4500 people is expected in the region.

Establishment of the implementation area of agricultural R & D and development of social and technical infrastructure will provide employment to the Mountain Region and prevent the migration of the young population. In the light of these developments, a population increase of 1700 people is expected in each district.

The population of the district is expected to increase by 1200 with tourism activities and road connections planned to be developed in Mudanya. With the new road development, M.Kemalpaşa's population is estimated to increase by 1000 people.

The establishment of the tourism facilities in Harmancık, which is a necessity of the thermal tourism corridor which is planned to be established between Kütahya and Bursa, and the road connections will bring a new population to the region. Due to these developments, it is expected that the population will increase by 1200 people in Harmancık.

In the light of this information, the population of Kocaeli will be 3.452.911, the population of Balıkesir will be 1.407.701 and the population of Bilecik will be 297.767.

SCENARIO 1: TENDENCY OF QUALIFIED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

Table1: Timeline of implementing strategies of scenario 1

POPULATION PROJECTION OF DISTRICTS FOR SCENARIO 1 (2040) 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

Population Projection Without Any Interuption (2040) Population Projection With Interaptions (2040) Figure24: Population projection of districts for scenario 1 (2040)

POPULATION PROJECTION OF CENTER FOR SCENARIO 1 (2040) 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Osmangazi

Nilüfer

Yıldırım

Population Projection Without Any Interuption (2040) Population Projection With Interaptions (2040) Figure25: Population projection of center for scenario 1 (2040)

Scenario2:

Table2: Timeline of implementing strategies of scenario 2

POPULATION PROJECTION OF DISTRICTS FOR SCENARIO 2 (2040) 150000 100000 50000 0

Population Projection Without Any Interuption (2040) Population Projection With Interaptions (2040) Figure26: Population projection of districts for scenario 2

POPULATION PROJECTION OF CENTER FOR SCENARIO 2 (2040) 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Osmangazi

Nilüfer

Yıldırım

Population Projection Without Any Interuption (2040) Population Projection With Interaptions (2040) Figure27: Populatıon projectıon of center for scenarıo 2 (2040)