Social Innovation Indicators_Annex by Sinnergiak

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and García-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Social Innovation Indicators ALFONSO UNCETA Director, Sinnergiak Social Innovation – University of the Basque Country. Centro Carlos Santamaria, Plaza Elhuyar Nº2, of. B5 (20018) San Sebastian, Basque Country-Spain. E-mail: aunceta@sinnergiak.org JAVIER CASTRO-SPILA Research Coordinator, Sinnergiak Social Innovation Centre – University of the Basque Country. Centro Carlos Santamaria, Plaza Elhuyar Nº2, of. B5 (20018) San Sebastian, Basque Country-Spain. E-mail: jcastro@sinnergiak.org JAVIER GARCÍA-FRONTI Director of Quantitative Methods Applied to Economics and Management (CMA) Research Centre University of Buenos Aires Av. Córdoba 2122 (C1120AAQ) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires - Argentina E-mail: fronti@economicas.uba.ar

ABSTRACT: This article provides the results of the Regional Social Innovation Index (RESINDEX), a conceptual and empirical model that explores indicators of social innovation at organisational and regional level. The RESINDEX model links absorptive capacity of knowledge and social innovation in four types of key regional agents: profit and non-profit organisations, universities, and technological centres. The pilot application of the RESINDEX model held in the Basque Country (Spain) during the year 2013. Within the framework of this study 282 regional organisations were surveyed. The article contributes to the conceptual and empirical discussion on indicators in social innovation. KEY WORDS: social innovation indicators, absorptive capacity, Basque Country, RESINDEX.

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Annex Method of calculation of the RESINDEX model

1. Index of Potential Capacity of Social Innovation This index is a synthetic unit of measurement of five potential capacities of social innovation: a) knowledge (F11), b) learning (F12), c) socialisation (F13), d) development (F14) and e) linking (F15). The method of calculation of the potential capacity of social innovation is obtained by the simple average of these five dimensions. The calculation formula of the potential capacity of social innovation is the following:

1.1. Knowledge capacity The dimension knowledge capacity (F11) expresses the level of professional training reached by the total of human resources employed by the organisation. The knowledge capacity is registered in the question number 2 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to three levels of training: a) Secondary school graduate (Q2.1); b) Professional training (Q2.2) and c) University degree (Q2.3). These three levels of training are expressed as a percentage of the total of human resources employed who work in the development of research activities (development of new knowledge), registered in the question number 3 of the RESINDEX questionnaire. The calculation formula of the knowledge capacity is the following:

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Interpretation: the indicator of knowledge capacity identifies the critical mass of human resources available at the organisation for the production and diffusion of knowledge. 1.2

Learning capacity

The dimension learning capacity (F12) expresses activities of continuous training carried out by the human resources employed by the organisation. The learning capacity is registered in the question number 4 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to the degree of organisational coverage in which continuous training activities are carried out according to following items: a) Without activity (P4.1); b) Only managers (P4.2); c) Only staff (non-management) (P4.3); d) The whole organisation (P4.4). The calculation formula of the learning capacity is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of learning capacity identifies the degree of participation of human resources in continuous training according to different organisational levels.

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and García-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

1.3 Socialisation Capacity The dimension socialisation capacity (F13) expresses the existence of permanent internal spaces for information and knowledge exchange to generate new ideas (creative socialisation). The socialisation capacity is registered in the question number 5 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to the degree of organisational coverage in which human resources participate in the spaces of creative socialisation according to following items: a) Without activity (P5.1); b) Only managers (P5.2); c) Only staff (nonmanagement) (P5.3); d) The whole organisation (P5.4). The calculation formula of the socialisation capacity is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of socialisation capacity expresses the degree of participation of human resources in the regular (internal) mechanisms of socialisation of ideas, information and knowledge according to different organisational levels. 1.4 Development Capacity The dimension development capacity (F14) expresses the extent to which new ideas are applied to new projects. The development capacity is registered in the question number 6 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to the degree of application of new ideas according to following items: a) Without new ideas (P6.1); b) New ideas but not applied (P6.2); c) New ideas applied in projects and prototypes (P 6.3). The calculation formula of the development capacity is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of development capacity identifies the organisations’ capacity to apply ideas in projects and prototypes which may result in innovations. 1.5 Linking Capacity The dimension linking capacity (F15) expresses the intensity of the organisation’s (external) links with other organisations according to intensity levels. The linking 4

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

capacity is registered in the question number 7 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: a) No links (P7.1); b) Networking (informal relationship of information exchange without shared objectives and resources) (P 7.2); c) Cooperation (formal relationship with shared objectives and resources in the medium term) (P 7.3), d) Cluster (formal relationship with shared objectives and resources in the long term) (P7.4). The linking intensity has a greater weighting when it is a link for the development of social innovation projects, registered in the question number 16.1 (P16.1) of the RESINDEX questionnaire. The calculation formula of the linking capacity is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of (external) linking capacity identifies the intensity of the collaboration with other organisations for the exchange of information and knowledge related to the development of social innovations. 2. Index of Realised Capacity of Social Innovation This index is a synthetic unit of measurement of four realisation capacities of social innovation: a) knowledge acquisition for social innovation (F21), b) development of social innovation (F22), c) impact of social innovation (F23), d) governance of social innovation (F24). The calculation method of the index of realised capacity of social innovation is the simple average of the four capacities mentioned, considering only those organisations that organise social innovation projects. The calculation formula of the realised capacity of social innovation is the following:

2.1 Knowledge acquisition The dimension of knowledge acquisition for social innovation (F21) expresses the weighted sum of three sub-factors: a) Monitoring of social demands (S211); b) Diversity 5

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

of the sources of ideas for social innovation (S212); c) Diversity of the cooperation partners for social innovation (S213). The calculation formula of the knowledge acquisition is the following:

2.1.1. Monitoring of social demands The sub-factor monitoring of social demands (S211) expresses the activity of systematically capturing social demands on the part of the organisation (social innovation opportunities). This activity is registered in the question number 15 of the RESINDEX questionnaire which explores if the organisation allocates specific human resources to the task of identifying social demands. The calculation formula of the monitoring of social demands is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of monitoring social demands identifies the existence or not of organisational resources dedicated to mapping social needs and identifying social innovation opportunities. 2.1.2. Diversity of the sources of ideas for social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the sources of ideas for social innovation (S 212) expresses the degree of diversity of the sources of ideas for social innovation. The diversity of ideas is registered in the question number 14 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: a) Internal source of the organisation (P 14.1); b) Source in other regional organisations (companies, NGOs, universities) (P14.2); c) Source in the regional Public Administration (P14.3); d) Source in the regional/local community (citizens) (P14.4); e) Source in the international community (organisations and

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

European/international citizens) (P14.5). The calculation formula of the diversity of the sources of ideas for social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the sources of ideas expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired the competency to integrate different ideas (observed through the access to a diversity of sources) for the development of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency. 2.1.3. Diversity of the cooperation partners for social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the cooperation partners for social innovation (S213) expresses the degree of diversity of the cooperation partners for social innovation. The diversity of the cooperation partners is registered in the question number 17 of the RESINDEX questionnaire which explores different kinds of partners according to following items: a) Public Administrations (P17.1); b) Companies (P17.2); c) Universities (P17.3); d) Other levels of education (non-university) (P17.4); e) Technological Centres (P17.5); f) Hospitals/Health Centres (P17.6); g) NGOs/Foundations (P17.7). The calculation formula of the diversity of the cooperation partners is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the cooperation partners expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired the competency to collaborate with different partners for the development of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency. 7

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

2.2 Development of social innovation The dimension development of social innovation (F22) expresses the weighted sum of three sub-factors: a) Diversity of the funding sources of social innovation (S221); b) Diversity of the types of evaluation of social innovation (S222); c) Diversity of the aspects of social innovation (S223). The calculation formula of the development of social innovation is the following:

2.2.1. Diversity of the funding sources of social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the funding sources of social innovation (S221) expresses the degree of diversity of the funding sources of social innovation in organisations. This diversity is registered in the question number 19 of the RESINDEX questionnaire which explores different kinds of funds according to following items: a) Public funds (P 19.1); b) Private funds (P19.2); c) Own funds (P19.3). The calculation formula of the diversity of the funding sources of social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the funding sources expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired the competency to access economic and financial resources for the development of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency.

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

2.2.2. Diversity of the types of evaluation of social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the types of evaluation of social innovation (S 222) expresses the diversity of the methods and moments of evaluation of social innovation. This diversity is registered in the question number 21 of the RESINDEX questionnaire which explores different types of evaluation according to following items: a) Diagnostic evaluation (P21.1); b) Process evaluation (P21.2); c) Product evaluation (P21.3); d) Impact evaluation (P21.4); e) Sustainable evaluation (P21.5). The calculation formula of the diversity of the types of evaluation of social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the methods of evaluation expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired the competency to evaluate and learn from the development of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency.

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

2.2.3. Diversity of modes of social innovation The sub-factor of diversity of modes of social innovation (S223) expresses the diversity with which social innovation is developed and supported. This diversity is registered in the question number 25 of the RESINDEX questionnaire which explores different modes of social innovation according to following items: a) Technological (P25.1); b) Cultural (P25.2); c) Legal or regulatory (P25.3); d) Organisational (P25.4); e) Infrastructural (P25.5). The calculation formula of the diversity of modes of social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of modes of social innovation expresses the extent to which the organisation has acquired the competency to develop different kinds of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency. 2.3 Impact of social innovation The dimension impact of social innovation (F23) expresses the weighted sum of three sub-factors: a) Diversity of the social impact (S S231); b) Diversity of the organisational impact (S232); c) Diversity of the sectoral impact (S233). The calculation formula of the impact of social innovation is the following:

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

2.3.1. Diversity of the social impact of social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the social impact of social innovation (S231) expresses the diversity of social audiences to which the results of social innovation and weighting of the expenditure on diffusion are disseminated. The diversity of the target population is registered in the question number 22 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: a) Without dissemination of results (P22.1); b) Dissemination of results only to direct users of social innovation (P22.2); c) Dissemination of results to potential (not direct) users of social innovation (P22.3). This diversity of the dissemination of social innovation is expressed through the relation between the total expenditure on dissemination of social innovation (Q27) and the total expenditure of social innovation (Q10). The calculation formula of the diversity of the social impact of social innovation is the following:

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

2.3.2. Diversity of the organisational impact of social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the organisational impact of social innovation (S 232) expresses the diversity of organisational capacities developed as a result of implementing a social innovation. The diversity of improved capacities at organisational level is registered in the question number 23 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: a) Capacity to identify social needs (P 23.1); b) Capacity to implement social innovations (P23.2); c) Capacity to develop social innovations (new products and processes) (P23.3); d) Capacity to cooperate with other social agents (P23.4); e) Capacity to evaluate social innovations (P23.5). The calculation formula of the diversity of the organisational impact of social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the organisational impact of social innovation expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired comprehensive competencies for the development of social innovations. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency. 2.3.3. Diversity of the sectoral impact of social innovation The sub-factor diversity of the sectoral impact of social innovation (S 233) expresses the diversity of impacts that social innovation has on key sectors. The diversity of sectors is registered in the question number 24 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: a) Health (P24.1); b) Education (P24.2); c) Cultural (P24.3); d) Employment (P24.4); e) Environment (P24.5). The calculation formula of the diversity of the sectoral impact of social innovation is the following:

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Interpretation: the indicator of diversity of the impact of social innovation expresses the degree to which the organisation has acquired the competency to develop social innovations in different kinds of sectors. The greater the diversity, the greater is the level of this competency. 2.4 Governance of social innovation The dimension governance of social innovation (F24) expresses the weighted sum of three sub-factors: a) Social governance (S241); b) Organisational governance (S242); c) Sustainable governance (S243). The calculation formula of the governance of social innovation is the following:

2.4.1. Social governance of social innovation The sub-factor social governance of social innovation (S241) expresses the degree of involvement of the target population in the social innovation implemented. The degree of involvement of the target population is registered in the question number 18 of the RESINDEX questionnaire according to following items: 18.1. The population using social innovation has been informed (P18.1); 18.2. The population using social innovation has been involved in active systems of participation (P18.2); 18.3. The population using social innovation has created new organisations in order to sustain social innovation (P18.3). The calculation formula of the social governance of social innovation is the following:

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Interpretation: the indicator of social governance of social innovation expresses the competency to integrate the target population in social innovations activities. The greater the degree of involvement, the greater is the social governance.

2.4.2. Organisational governance of social innovation The sub-factor organisational governance of social innovation (S242) expresses the degree of involvement of the cooperation partners in social innovation, registered in the question number 17 of the RESINDEX questionnaire, which explores different kinds of partners in following items: a) Public administrations (P17.1); b) Companies (P17.2); c) Universities (P17.3); d) Other levels of education (non-university) (P17.4); e) Technological Centres (P17.5); f) Hospitals/Health Centres (P17.6); g) NGOs/Foundations (P17.7). The calculation formula of the organisational governance of social innovation is the following:

Interpretation: the indicator of organisational governance of social innovation expresses the competency to integrate other organisations in social innovation activities. The greater the diversity, the greater is the organisational governance. 2.4.3. Sustainable governance of social innovation The sub-factor sustainable governance of social innovation (S243) expresses the extent to which social innovations have the possibility to remain in the long term. The sustainable governance is registered in two questions of the RESINDEX questionnaire. The question 18.3: creation of new organisations in order to sustain social innovation (P18.3), and the question 21.6: evaluation of the sustainability of social innovation (P21.6). The calculation formula of the sustainable governance of social innovation is the following: 14

FULL PAPER: Unceta, Castro-Spila and GarcĂa-Fronti, (2015), Social Innovation Indicators, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research (Forthcoming).

Interpretation: the indicator of sustainable governance of social innovation expresses the competency to develop new organisations or infrastructures providing future continuity to social innovations.